Group no.

Name: Thea Marie A. Cabaccan

Marc Alexis Galacio

Exercise no. 4

Exercise title: Plant Tissue

I. DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM: EPIDERMIS

A. External Feature
1. Compare your observations in 1 and 2 with your own skin. Discuss your results.
- The old dicot tree feels slightly rough. The stem and leaves of the young growing plant felt
very fragile, soft, and bendable. My skin, however, is soft, smooth, and elastic.

B. Internal Feature
1. What does this tissue look like? How about the individual cells which make up the tissue?
- The tissue looks brown in color and slightly messy in arrangement. The individual cells
that make up the tissue have some parts that are darker than the rest, while the individual
cells on the right side have a lighter color and seem thinner in structure.

2. Note the presence of epidermal hairs. Describe their shape (if present) and the guard cells.
- The epidermal hair looks like a small, pointy strand. As for the guard cells, it looks like
an ovulated coffee bean with a space at the center.

3. Which of the epidermal cells have chloroplasts?

- The epidermal cells that contain the chloroplast are guard cells.
-
4. Describe the shape of the epidermal cells of the different specimens you observed.
a. Monocot root - The shape of the cells in an epidermal cells of a monocot root consist of a
circular shape on which larger circles lined up forming another circle which outlines the
epidermis. And outside them, tiny circles surround them. Lastly, the center are polygonal
in structure and is quite visible.
b. Dicot root - The dicot root forms an X-shaped figure with various circles that makes it one.
From the center, larger circles acts as its base. Next to it, smaller circles were embedded to
it and this is where the X-shape is becoming noticeable. And lastly, the smallest ones
stucked to them. The membrane after the latter are cylindrical stains, circling around the
previously mentioned parts.
c. Monocot stem - The monocot stem comprises of a circular shape whereas, at its center,
white, smaller circles reside on and is surrounded with a darker membrane. As being further
observed to the outer surface, lines are present and circles are within those lines.
d. Dicot stem - Dicot stem has a number of various sizes of circles on which some are stained
under them. At the top, big, polygonal shape were observed. At the middle, the smallest
ones reside. And at the bottom, larger ones are present where most of them consist of a
stained nucleus.
 II. STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EPIDERMIS
A. Observing Trichomes (Epidermal hairs/appendages)
1. Describe the epidermal cells with the trichomes.
a. Stinging - the cells looked purple and they were over a streak of blue, red, and purple tissue.

b. Branching - the cells had a sea-urchin-like structure, but with fewer spikes, and the body
connected to it has a circular hole at its center. Furthermore, the body’s shape was shown
to be like a pole with a spherical point at its top.

c. Stellate - the cells have a similar structure to the branching trichome except it’s green and
not as transparent.

d. Scaly - the cells looked like the bottom of a hairy creature with a fur-like border
surrounding its whole structure. The color varies from aquatic green then going outwards
from the very center of the cell it transitions into a light green.

e. Glandular - the cell looks very colorful with a saturated sky blue color, pink and blue root
hairs visible at the outer part of the cell. At the very center of the cell, tiny circles closely
packed can be seen together, their colors varying from pink, purple, and sky blue.

B. Observing Guard Cells and Stomata

1. Describe the shape of the guard cells of dicot and monocot leaf.
- The monocot’s guard cells have a tighter opening at their center, while the guard cells of
the dicot leaf have a bigger one.

2. Describe the shape of the guard cells and compare it with the other two specimens.
- The guard cells are primarily located within the epidermis. As for its shape, it is circular
and no other shape that outlines the cell unlike the previous specimens.

3. What are the functions of the epidermis?

- The epidermis is crucial for correct organogenesis and growth regulation in addition to
protecting plants from infections and dehydration (Takada & Iida, 2014).

III. DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM: PERIDERM

1. In a tabulated form, compare the tissue layers that make up the periderm according to: a) shape of
cells; b) position of layers; c) number of cell layers; and d) deposits.

Layers of the Periderm Shape of cells Position of layers Number of cell Deposits
layers

Polygonal and Outermost layer;

Phellem uniform in shape, closely packed 1 Suberin
thin cells

Rectangular to 2nd layer after the

 Phellogen polygonal in Phellem; closely 1 Quercus suber
shape packed cells

Circular to oblong Innermost layer

Phelloderm in shape after the 1 Chlorophyll
Phellogen; loosely
packed cells

2. What are the functions of the Periderm?

The corky outer layer of a plant stem known as the Periderm is created during secondary thickening or as
a reaction to injury or infection (Smriti, 2020). It is cylindrical tissue that covers the surfaces of perennial
plants' stems and roots during the early stages of secondary growth.

The Periderm consists of three parts namely the Phellem, Phellogen, and Phelloderm.

1.) Phellem - provides protection (EBC, 2020).

2.) Phellogen - responsible for the periderm, which covers the stem shoots and roots, formation
(Fosket, 1994).
3.) Phelloderm - provides defense (University of Florida, 2020) and storage for food materials and
ergastic substances (EBC, 2020).

IV. GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM (Fundamental Tissue)

A. Parenchyma Tissue
1. What are the characteristics of parenchymatous tissue?

The characteristics of a parenchymatous tissues are as follows (BYJUS, 2021):

- They are living, permanent tissues that can divide when they are mature and aid in wound
healing and regeneration.
- The reproductive cells that make up a plant's base (spores and gametes) are
parenchymatous in nature.
- A zygote's single parenchyma cell has the capacity to grow into an entire plant.
"Totipotent" cells are what these cells are.
- Occurs as homogeneous parenchyma tissues in continuous masses, such as the pith and
cortex of stems and roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the flesh of succulent fruits, and the
endosperm of seeds.
- Can form heterogeneous complex tissues, such as the parenchyma of xylem and phloem,
in association with other types of cells.
- It is necessary for processes like photosynthesis, storing, secreting, assimilation,
respiration, excretion, and radial transport of water and solute.

2. What function does it perform?

The following are the functions of a parenchymatous tissues (BYJUS, 2021):

- Provides storage for water, fats, oil droplets, and ergastic substances.
- Transports nutrients and other chemicals.
- Photosynthesis.
- Gas exchange.
- Provides protection.
 - Totipotent (an ability to change into other cell types and serve as a precursor for other cell
types)
- Buoyancy.
- Healing and regeneration.

B. Collenchyma Tissue
1. Describe the shape of collenchyma cells.
- The shape of collenchyma cells are typically polygonal, spherical, elongated, or elongated
(BYJUS, 2021a).

2. In what part of the plants do they occur?

- Collenchyma cells are usually found under the epidermis of most dicot plants (BYJUS,
2021a).

3. What are their functions?

The following are the functions of a collenchyma tissues (BYJUS, 2021a):

- Allows for adaptability and supports the developing parts.
- Grows with the growing part of the plant.
- Prevents tearing of leaf margins.
- Develops phellogen or cork cambium and goes through dedifferentiation to regain
meristematic activity.
- Performs photosynthesis, accumulates food, and contains chloroplasts.

V. VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM (Conducting Tissue)

1. What type of cells may be found in the Xylem? Phloem?
- The type of cells that may be found in the Xylem are (Schuetz et al., 2012) :
a. Xylem tracheary (vessel) elements
b. Xylary fibres
c. Xylem parenchyma cells

- The type of cells that may be found in the Phloem are (Pace, 2018):
a. Sieve elements
b. Parenchyma cells
c. Sclerenchyma cells

2. Give the function of each conducting tissue.

- The follow are the functions of the Xylem (Myburg et al., 2013):
a. Transports nutrients and water from the soil to the stems and leaves.
b. Plays a crucial "supporting" role by giving tissues and organs strength, preserving the
structure of the plant, and resistance to bending.

- The follow are the functions of the Phloem (Epron et al., 2019):
a. Transporting carbohydrates through sieve elements from sources to sinks.
b. Made up of parenchyma cells, which are essential for storing water, non-structural
carbohydrates, and storage proteins.
REFERENCES
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cork-cambium

EBC. (2020, August 5). Phellem vs Phelloderm: Similarities & Differences | Easy Biology Class. Easy Biology Class.

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Smriti, S. N. (2020, October 20). Periderm: Structure and Development. Plantlet. Retrieved August 28, 2022, from

https://plantlet.org/periderm-structure-and-development/

University of Florida. (2020, January 24). Tree biology - Pruning - Landscape plants - Edward F. Gilman - UF/IFAS.

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