Anwar Ibrahim

Anwar Ibrahim - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
Anwar bin Ibrahim (Jawi: ‫[ ﺃﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬änwär ɪbrähɪm]; born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian
Yang Amat Berhormat Dato' Seri
politician who is serving as the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia since November 2022.[3] He
served as the 12th and 16th Leader of the Opposition from August 2008 to March 2015 and again Anwar Ibrahim
from May 2020 to November 2022. He has also served as 2nd Chairman of the Pakatan Harapan SSAP DGSM DUPN SPNS SPCM
(PH) coalition since May 2020, 2nd President of the People's Justice Party (PKR) since SSPJ SPDK DMPN KGCR MP
November 2018 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tambun since November 2022. He also ‫ٔا ر إ ا‬
served as Deputy Prime Minister and in many other Cabinet positions in the Barisan Nasional
(BN) administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad from 1982 to 1998.
Anwar started his political career as one of the founders of youth organisation Angkatan Belia
Islam Malaysia (ABIM).[4] After joining the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the
major party in the long-time ruling BN coalition, Anwar held several cabinet positions in
successive governments in the 1980s and 1990s. He was Deputy Prime Minister and Finance
Minister during the 1990s and was prominent in Malaysia's response to the 1997 Asian financial
crisis.[5] In 1998, he was removed from all posts by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and went
on to spearhead the Reformasi movement against the government. Anwar was jailed in April 1999
after a trial for sodomy and corruption that was criticised by human rights groups[6] and several
foreign governments, until his release in 2004 after his conviction was overturned.
He made a comeback as Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2015 and coalesced opposition
parties into the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalition, which unsuccessfully contested in the 2008 and
2013 general elections. He disputed the results of the 2013 elections and led a protest in response. Anwar in 2019
In 2014, Anwar's attempt to become Selangor head of government in the 2014 Kajang Move led to 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia
a nine-month political crisis, which ended when he was sentenced to another five years
Incumbent
imprisonment after a second sodomy conviction in 2015.[7]
Assumed office
While still in prison, Anwar re-joined Mahathir Mohamad under new coalition Pakatan Harapan 24 November 2022
(PH) in absentia, which went on to win the 2018 general election. Mahathir outlined a plan for Monarch Abdullah
Anwar to take over from himself as Prime Minister after an unspecified interim period.[8] Anwar
Preceded by Ismail Sabri Yaakob
received a royal pardon from Yang di-Pertuan Agong Muhammad V[9] and was released from
prison.[10][11] He returned to parliament in the 2018 Port Dickson by-election while his wife Wan 12th and 16th Leader of the
Opposition
Azizah Wan Ismail served as the Deputy Prime Minister in the PH administration. The collapse of
the coalition during 2020–22 Malaysian political crisis led to the new Perikatan Nasional (PN) In office
coalition under Muhyiddin Yassin being sworn-in and Anwar becoming Leader of the Opposition 18 May 2020 – 24 November 2022
for the second time in May 2020. After leading Pakatan Harapan to win the highest number of Monarch Abdullah
seats at the 2022 Malaysian general election, Anwar was sworn-in as the tenth Prime Minister of
Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin
Malaysia on 24 November 2022.[12]
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
Anwar has long been an advocate for Islamic democracy and for reforms to Malaysia's political Preceded by Ismail Sabri Yaakob
system. Outside of politics, Anwar has held positions at various academic institutions. Succeeded by Muhyiddin Yassin
In office
28 August 2008 – 16 March 2015
Contents Monarchs Mizan Zainal Abidin
Early life and education Abdul Halim
Early years (1968–1982) Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad

Badawi
Early political career (1982–1993)
Najib Razak
Deputy Prime Minister (1993–1998)
Preceded by Wan Azizah Wan
Financial crisis
Ismail
Fall from power and first sodomy conviction
Succeeded by Wan Azizah Wan
Reformasi and formation of KEADILAN (1998–1999) Ismail
Interim years (1999–2007) 2nd President of the People's
First sodomy conviction Justice Party
Teaching and non-profit work Incumbent
Return to politics Assumed office
Permatang Pauh by-election 17 November 2018
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Anwar Ibrahim - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim
First term as Leader of the Opposition (2008–2015) Deputy Mohamed Azmin Ali
Petition against Najib Razak Rafizi Ramli
Parliamentary censure over APCO and 1Malaysia Preceded by Wan Azizah Wan
Attempts to form a majority coalition Ismail
2013 general election 2nd Chairman of the Pakatan
Harapan
Kajang Move
Incumbent
Second sodomy conviction
Assumed office
2008 allegations of sodomy
14 May 2020
Pakatan Harapan backbencher (2018–2020)
President Wan Azizah Wan
Royal pardon and release
Ismail
Return to politics and PD Move
Preceded by Mahathir Mohamad
Sheraton Move and return to opposition
Spouse of the Deputy Prime
Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2020–2022) Minister of Malaysia
Support from UMNO MPs In role
Leaked phone call with Zahid Hamidi 21 May 2018 – 24 February 2020
Nominations as the prime minister candidate Monarchs Muhammad V
Prime Minister (since 2022) Abdullah
Forming the federal government Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
Political positions and views Deputy Wan Azizah Wan
Israel and Palestine Ismail
LGBT issues Preceded by Hamidah Khamis
Personal life Succeeded by Muhaini Zainal
Awards and recognitions Abidin
Honours of Malaysia 7th Deputy Prime Minister of
Malaysia
Foreign Honors and Awards
(Acting: 19 May – 22 July 1997)
Election results In office
See also 1 December 1993 – 2 September
1998
References
Other references Monarchs Azlan Shah
Ja'afar
Bibliography
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
External links
Preceded by Ghafar Baba
Succeeded by Abdullah Ahmad
Early life and education Badawi
Minister of Finance
Anwar bin Ibrahim was born in Cherok Tok Kun, Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaya.[13] His father, In office
Ibrahim bin Abdul Rahman, started his career as a hospital porter, later to join politics as the
15 March 1991 – 2 September 1998
UMNO Member of Parliament for Seberang Perai Central between 1959 and 1969 and also as the
Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Health from 1964 to 1969 until his defeat in the 1969 Monarchs Azlan Shah
General Election by a candidate from Gerakan. His mother, Che Yan binti Hussein, was a Ja'afar
housewife active in UMNO grassroots politics in Penang.[14] Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
He undertook his secondary education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar. He was educated at Deputy Abdul Ghani
the University of Malaya, where he got a bachelor's degree in Malay Studies,[15] and worked on Othman
his Masters in Literature through the National University of Malaysia while in prison from 1974 (1991–1993)
to 1975.[16] Loke Yuen Yow
(1991–1995)
Mustapa Mohamed
Early years (1968–1982) (1993–1995)
Affifudin Omar
From 1968 to 1971, as a student, Anwar was the president of the National Union of Malaysian
Muslim Students. Around the same time, he was also the president of the University of Malaya (1995–1996)
Malay Language Society (Malay: Persatuan Bahasa Melayu Universiti Malaya (PBMUM)). In Wong See Wah
1971, he was a member of the pro tem committee of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) or (1995–1998)
Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia, which he co-founded. At the same time, he was elected as Mohamed Nazri
the 2nd President of the Malaysian Youth Council or Majlis Belia Malaysia (MBM). In 1974, Abdul Aziz
Anwar was arrested during student protests against rural poverty and hunger. This came as a (1996–1998)
report surfaced stating that a family died from starvation in a village in Baling, in the state of
Preceded by Daim Zainuddin
Kedah, which was later demonstrated to be false. However, the rubber tappers in Baling were
2 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
experiencing severe hardship as the price of rubber dropped in 1974. He was imprisoned under Succeeded by Mahathir Mohamad
the Internal Security Act (ISA), which allows for detention without trial, and spent 20 months in Minister of Education
the Kamunting Detention Centre. From 1975 until 1982, he served as a representative for Asia
In office
Pacific of World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY).[17] Anwar Ibrahim is also the co-founder of
the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in the USA (founded 1981). Anwar has been 11 August 1986 – 15 March 1991
one of 4 acting directors, a board member of IIIT[18] and a trustee.[19][20] He was also a Monarchs Iskandar
chancellor of International Islamic University Kuala Lumpur between 1983 and 1988.[17] Azlan Shah
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
Early political career (1982–1993) Deputy Woon See Chin
(1986–1990)
In 1982, Anwar, who was the founding leader and second president of an Islamic youth Bujang Ulis
organisation called Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM), by joining the United Malays (1986–1987)
National Organisation (UMNO), led by Mahathir Mohamad, who had become prime minister in Leo Michael Toyad
1981.
(1987–1991)
Anwar rapidly rose to high-ranking positions; his first ministerial office was that of Minister of Fong Chan Onn
Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983; after that, he headed the Agriculture Ministry in 1984 before (1990–1991)
becoming Minister of Education in 1986. Preceded by Abdullah Ahmad
Badawi
During his tenure as Education Minister, Anwar introduced numerous policies in the national
school curriculum. One of his major changes was to rename the national language from Bahasa Succeeded by Sulaiman Daud
Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu. Non-Malays criticised this move as it would cause the younger Minister of Agriculture
generation to be detached from the national language since they would attribute it to being In office
something that belongs to the Malays and not to Malaysians. As the minister of education, Anwar
17 July 1984 – 10 August 1986
was elected as the 25th President of UNESCO's General Conference. In 1988, Anwar Ibrahim
became the second President of International Islamic University of Malaysia.[21] According to Monarch Iskandar
former Law Minister Zaid Ibrahim, Anwar is an Islamist who "helped Islamicise the whole Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
government system" and played a major role in the Islamicisation of the education system when Deputy Goh Cheng Teik
he was Education Minister in the 1980s.[22] Luhat Wan
In 1991, Anwar was appointed as Minister of Finance. During his tenure as Finance Minister, his Preceded by Abdul Manan
impact was immediate; Malaysia enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and economic growth. Othman
Shortly after becoming Finance Minister, Euromoney named him as a top-four finance minister Succeeded by Sanusi Junid
and in 1996 Asiamoney named him Finance Minister of the Year. In the midst of the 1997 Asian
Minister of Culture, Youth and
financial crisis, Anwar as a deputy prime minister and finance minister, was hailed for guiding
Sports
Malaysia through the period of instability. He backed free-market principles and highlighted the
proximity of business and politics in Malaysia. He advocated greater accountability, refused to In office
offer government bail-outs and instituted widespread spending cuts. In March 1998, Anwar was 2 June 1983 – 17 July 1984
selected as the Chairman of the Development Committee of World Bank and International Monarch Ahmad Shah
Monetary Fund (IMF) from March 1998 until September 1998.[23] Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
Deputy Rosemary Chow
Deputy Prime Minister (1993–1998) Poh Kheng
Preceded by Mokhtar Hashim
In 1993, he became Mahathir's Deputy Prime Minister after winning the Deputy Presidency of
UMNO against Ghafar Baba, he was seem and expected to succeed Mahathir as prime minister as Succeeded by Sulaiman Daud
he frequently alluded in public to his "son-father" relationship with Mahathir. By then, Chairman of the Caucus on Reform
speculation was rife about Anwar's ascent to the Deputy Prime Minister's position. and Governance
Incumbent
In May 1997, Mahathir had appointed Anwar to be acting Prime Minister while he took a two-
Assumed office
month holiday.[24] In Mahathir's absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps, which
directly conflicted with Mahathir's policies, to change the country's governing mechanisms. 4 December 2018
Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this Deputy Lim Kit Siang
conflict. Towards the end of the 1990s, however, the relationship with Mahathir had begun to Speaker Mohamad Ariff Md
deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance.[25][26] Yusof
Anwar's frontal attack against what he described as the widespread culture of nepotism and Azhar Azizan Harun
cronyism within UMNO (and the ruling coalition as a whole) angered Mahathir, as did his Preceded by Position established
attempts to dismantle the protectionist policies that Mahathir had set up. "Cronyism" was Chairman of the Development
identified by Anwar as a major cause of corruption and misappropriation of funds in the country. Committee of the
World Bank Group and the
International Monetary Fund
Financial crisis In office
March 1998 – September 1998
During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, Anwar supported the IMF plan as a finance minister. He
also instituted an austerity package that cut government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries Preceded by Driss Jettou
and deferred major projects. "Mega projects", despite being a cornerstone of Mahathir's
3 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
development strategy, were greatly curtailed.[26] Succeeded by Tarrin

Nimmanahaeminda
Although many Malaysian companies faced bankruptcy, Anwar declared: "There is no question of
2nd President of the
any bailout. The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not
International Islamic University
interfere." Anwar advocated a free-market approach to the crisis, including foreign investment Malaysia
and trade liberalisation. Mahathir blamed currency speculators like George Soros for the crisis
In office
and supported currency controls and tighter regulation of foreign investment.[27]
1988–1998
Chancellor Ahmad Shah
Fall from power and first sodomy conviction Preceded by Hussein Onn
In 1998 Newsweek magazine named Anwar the "Asian of the Year". However, in that year, Succeeded by Najib Razak
matters between Anwar and Mahathir came to a head around the quadrennial UMNO General 8th Youth Chief of
Assembly. The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwar's associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, gave United Malays National
notice that it would initiate a debate on "cronyism and nepotism". At the General Assembly, a Organisation
book by Khalid Jafri, "50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" ("50 Reasons Why Anwar In office
Cannot Become Prime Minister") was circulated containing graphic allegations of homosexuality, 1982–1987
as well as accusations of corruption against Anwar. Khalid Jafri was an ex-editor of the President Mahathir Mohamad
government-controlled newspaper Utusan Malaysia and former editor-in-chief of a failed
magazine, Harian National. Anwar obtained a court injunction to prevent further distribution of Preceded by Suhaimi
the book and filed a lawsuit against the author for defamation. Police charged the author of the Kamaruddin
book with malicious publishing of false news.[28] The police were instructed to investigate the Succeeded by Najib Razak
veracity of the claims. President of the UNESCO General
Conference
On 2 September 1998, Anwar was fired from the Cabinet, and many reports state that he was
In office
under investigation for sodomy, an act that is illegal in Malaysia. The following day, he was
expelled from UMNO. In what the Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix- 1989–1991
up",[29] Anwar was arrested on 20 September 1998 and detained without trial under the country's Preceded by Guillermo Putzeys
controversial Internal Security Act (ISA). The Home Minister at the time was also the Prime Alvarez
Minister, Mahathir. Weeks later, Anwar was charged with corruption for allegedly interfering Succeeded by Bethwell Allan Ogot
with the police investigation of him. While he was in police custody in 1998, Anwar was beaten by
Member of the
the then Inspector General of Police, Rahim Noor. The public and the media only witnessed his
Malaysian Parliament
black eye after being brought to Court for the first time. Mahathir remarked that it could have for Tambun
been a self-inflicted injury to garner public sympathy. Rahim was subsequently found guilty of
Incumbent
assault and jailed for two months in 2000. He made a public apology to Anwar and paid
undisclosed damages.[30] During the trial, a mattress supposedly stained with Anwar's semen was Assumed office
presented to the court as DNA evidence of Anwar's sexual acts. Anwar denied having anything to 19 November 2022
do with the mattress, although the DNA tests came out positive. Lim Kong Boon, a DNA chemist, Preceded by Ahmad Faizal
testified during the trial that DNA taken from 10 of 13 semen stains on the mattress matched Azumu
Anwar's DNA.[31][32][33] The defence team implied that DNA samples may have been taken from (PN–BERSATU)
Anwar, while unconscious, after his beating in police custody, to create false forensics evidence to
Majority 3,736 (2022)
frame Anwar; however, High Court Judge Augustine Paul accepted that DNA evidence.[32][33]
Personal details
The High Court eventually handed down its decision in April 1999, sentencing Anwar to six years'
Born Anwar bin Ibrahim
imprisonment for corruption and sodomy. Two months later, he was sentenced to nine years'
10 August 1947
imprisonment for sodomy, which he was ordered to serve after completing his six-year sentence
Bukit Mertajam,
for corruption.[34] His trial and conviction were widely discredited by the international
community. Amnesty International stated that the trial proceedings "exposed a pattern of Penang, Malayan
political manipulation of key state institutions including the police, public prosecutor's office and Union
the judiciary" and declared Anwar a prisoner of conscience, stating that he had been arrested in (now Malaysia)[1]
order to silence him as a political opponent.[35] Political party United Malays
National
The Federal Court overturned his conviction and Anwar was finally released from solitary
Organisation
confinement on 2 September 2004.[36]
(UMNO)
(1982–1998)
Reformasi and formation of KEADILAN (1998–1999) People's
Justice Party (PKR)
Shortly after Anwar was dismissed as deputy prime minister by the then prime minister Mahathir (since 1999)
Mohamad, Anwar and his supporters initiated the Reformasi movement. It consisted of several
mass demonstrations and rallies against the long-standing Barisan Nasional coalition Other political Barisan Nasional
government. At the 1998 APEC Summit in Kuala Lumpur, the vice-president of the United States, affiliations (BN)
Al Gore, gave a speech supporting Anwar and the Reformasi movement in front of the Prime (1982–1998)
Minister of Malaysia and other Asia-Pacific premiers. Barisan Alternatif
(BA)
Reformasi led to the formation of a new multiracial-based party named Parti Keadilan Nasional
(1999–2004)
or National Justice Party (KEADILAN). In 1999, a general election was held. The new
KEADILAN, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), and Democratic Action Party (DAP) formed a Pakatan Rakyat
4 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
Barisan Alternatif or Alternative Front (BA), in a combined initiative to replace the standing (PR)
Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition government. In August 2003, KEADILAN merged with Parti (2008–2015)
Rakyat Malaysia or Malaysian's People Party (PRM) to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat or People's Pakatan Harapan
Justice Party (PKR) headed by Wan Azizah as president. PKR made huge gains in the 2008 (PH)
general election, winning 31 seats and becoming the parliament's largest opposition party. In
(since 2015)
April 2008, PKR, PAS and DAP formed a new alliance named Pakatan Rakyat (PR).[37]
Spouse Wan Azizah Wan
Ismail
Interim years (1999–2007) (m. 1980)
Children 6, including Nurul
Izzah
First sodomy conviction
Residence(s) Perdana Putra,
In 1999, Anwar brought suit against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly Putrajaya (official)
uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in SL3, Bandar Sungai
Malaysia.[38] Long, Selangor
(private)
The sodomy verdict was partially overturned in 2004, resulting in Anwar's release from prison as
Alma mater Malay College
he had already served his sentence for the corruption offence.[39] Anwar successfully sued Khalid
Jafri for his "50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" book, but Khalid died in 2005 of Kuala Kangsar
complications from diabetes before the High Court found that he had committed libel and University of Malaya
awarded Anwar millions of ringgit in compensation.[40] The Federal Court on 8 March 2010 ruled (BA)
that the 1998 dismissal of Anwar from his Cabinet posts by Mahathir was constitutional and National University
valid, meaning Anwar had failed in his bid to challenge his sacking.[41][42][43] of Malaysia (MA)
Signature
An appeal on the corruption charges was heard on 6 September 2004. Under Malaysian law, a
person is banned from political activities for five years after the end of his sentence. Success in
this appeal would have allowed him to return to politics immediately. On 7 September, the court Website anwaribrahim.com
agreed to hear Anwar's appeal. However, on 15 September, the Court of Appeal ruled (http://anwaribrahi
unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found Anwar guilty was m.com)
in order, relegating Anwar to the sidelines of Malaysian
politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for Anwar to be freed
from this stricture would have been for him to receive a pardon
from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Teaching and non-profit work
After his release from prison, Anwar held teaching positions at

St Antony's College, Oxford, where he was a visiting fellow and Anwar Ibrahim speaking in 2005
US Secretary of Defense William senior associate member, at Johns Hopkins University's School
Cohen (right) meets with Anwar of Advanced International Studies in Washington DC as a
Ibrahim (left) in his Pentagon office Distinguished Senior Visiting Fellow, and in 2005–2006 as a visiting professor at the Prince
in 1998. Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding in the School of Foreign Service at
Georgetown University.[44] In March 2006 he was appointed as Honorary President of the
London-based organisation AccountAbility (Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility).[45]
In July 2006, Anwar was elected Chair of the Washington-based Foundation For the Future.[46] In this capacity, he signed 1 October
2006 letter to Robin Cleveland of the World Bank, requesting the transfer of Shaha Riza from the US Department of State to the
Foundation for the Future. This transaction led to Paul Wolfowitz's resignation as president of the organisation.[47] He was one of the
signatories of "A Common Word Between Us and You" in 2007, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for
peace and understanding.
Return to politics
In November 2006, Anwar announced he planned to run for Parliament in 2008 after his disqualification expired. Anwar was critical
of government policies after his release from prison, most notably the New Economic Policy (NEP), which provided affirmative action
for the Bumiputras. The policy set a number of quotas, such as for units of housing and initial public offerings, that must be met.[48]
Before he became re-entitled to run for Parliament in 2008, he acted as an "advisor" of Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the party of which his
wife Dr Wan Azizah was president. He was at the forefront in organising a November 2007 mass rally, called the 2007 Bersih Rally,
which took place at Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur, to demand clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by Bersih, a
coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups, and drew supporters from all over the country.
The 2008 general election date was set for 8 March 2008, before Anwar's disqualification from politics expired, sparking criticisms
that Barisan Nasional called for early elections in a bid to deny Anwar's plans for a return to Parliament. In response, Anwar's wife,
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, declared that she would step down should she retain her Permatang Pauh parliamentary seat to force a by-
5 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
election in which Anwar himself would contest.[49]
When asked about the possibility of Anwar becoming the next Prime Minister, former leader Tun Dr Mahathir reacted by saying, "He
would make a good Prime Minister of Israel".[50]
On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was
fired as Deputy Prime Minister. The opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst-ever showing for the
Barisan Nasional coalition that has ruled for half a century, with Anwar at the helm.[51] A gathering of more than 40,000 supporters
greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming his return to politics. Police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly two
hours and called for him to stop the gathering since there was no legal permission for the rally.[52]
On 29 April 2008, after 10 years of absence, he returned to the Parliament, albeit upon invitation as a spouse guest of Wan Azizah
Wan Ismail, People's Justice Party and the first female opposition leader in Malaysian Parliament's history.[53]
Permatang Pauh by-election
Anwar Ibrahim was victorious in the Permatang Pauh by-election held on 26 August 2008. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information
chief of the UMNO, stated: "Yes, of course we have lost ... we were the underdogs going into this race."[54] Final results announced by
the Election Commission revealed that Anwar Ibrahim won 31,195 of the estimated 47,000 votes cast in the district, while Arif Shah
Omar Shah received 15,524 votes and a third candidate had 92 votes.[55][56]
On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black "songkok" hat, took the oath at the main
chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia.
He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a
parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and
the nation."[57][58] At that time Anwar needed 30 government lawmakers to defect to the Opposition to form the next government.
[59][60][61]
First term as Leader of the Opposition (2008–2015)

On 26 August 2008, Anwar won re-election in the Permatang Pauh by-election and returned to
Parliament as Leader of the Opposition. He has stated the need for liberalisation, including an
independent judiciary and free media, to combat the endemic corruption that he considers pushes
Malaysia close to failed state status.[62]
Petition against Najib Razak
Anwar continued to attack Najib on his first day as prime minister, stating he found Anwar Ibrahim speaks at an election
inconsistencies in the latter's decision to release 13 Internal Security Act (ISA) detainees. He said campaign in 2009 as opposition
as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional could still detain citizens at will.[63] In September leader.
2011 Prime Minister Najib Razak acted to abolish the ISA and three other laws.[64] Some
members of the opposition did not view this in a positive way.[65]
Parliamentary censure over APCO and 1Malaysia
Anwar has made numerous remarks about a supposed conspiracy among the Malaysian government, APCO (a public relations firm
retained by the Malaysian government), Israel, and the United States. Anwar condemned the Malaysian government for seeking advice
from APCO. He claims that the firm is linked to the "murder of Muslims in Palestine." He further claims to have given proof to a
disciplinary committee of the Malaysian parliament, investigating his comments, that APCO is a front for the Israeli government. On
another occasion, Anwar, speaking from the parliament, claimed that the firm was controlled by Jews and working on behalf of the
American government to influence Malaysian foreign policy. He further implied that changes in Malaysian foreign policy could only be
explained if Jews were manipulating Malaysia for the United States.[66]
On 22 April 2010 Anwar was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30
March 2010. During the press conference, Anwar claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia with One Israel and the public
relations firm APCO but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged.[67] The Malaysian government and APCO have
both strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the
Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend a punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could
include being banned from parliament.[68][69][70] However Anwar retaliated against the Malaysian government attacks by producing
two documents to support his claims of links between APCO and 1Malaysia.[69][70]
Attempts to form a majority coalition
6 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
Anwar has missed several deadlines he personally set for the transfer of power.[71] Anwar said he would need more time, and the
recalibration of his message has not gone unnoticed: Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband
internet program Anwar opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September.[72]
Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that Anwar had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured the
defection of 30 MPs.[73]
By 25 September, Anwar had still not amassed enough votes, creating doubts for Malaysians about whether he was really ready to take
power,[74] particularly in light of his failure to meet his own 16 September deadline for the transition of power. In the interim, UMNO
had its own party meeting[75][76] to broker Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's step down from power in June 2009, a year
earlier than previously promised[77]
On 24 October 2008, Anwar admitted problems with his stalled bid to topple the UMNO's majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is
running out of options to create a majority.[78] His "credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16
and the new promise of forming the Government has not generated the sort of anticipation or excitement as before."[79] Media within
the country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards Anwar's protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority
government.[80]
2013 general election
In the 2013 general election (GE13), Anwar Ibrahim, as the Leader of the Opposition, led his
Pakatan Rakyat coalition (comprising the three parties DAP, PAS, and PKR) to contest in the
election. On 25 February 2013, Pakatan Rakyat launched their manifesto titled The People's
Manifesto: Pakatan the hope of the people, pledging to reduce their financial burden, among other
promises.[81][82] Anwar, who has taught at Oxford and Georgetown University, said he would
return to academic life if he lost the next election to incumbent prime minister Najib Razak.[83]
Pakatan Rakyat did not achieve the regime change target in the election despite obtaining 50.9% of
the popular vote compared to the 47.4% gained by Barisan Nasional. This was attributed to the
heavy malapportionment of the electoral districts.[84] Pakatan Rakyat also gained 7 more
parliamentary seats compared to the 12th general election.
Anwar did not concede defeat, alleging widespread electoral fraud. Al Jazeera reported that Anwar
Ibrahim came close to winning the election on 5 May 2013 but refused to admit defeat, and
therefore also did not step down.[85] In an interview for ABC News, interviewer Jim Middleton
suggested that Anwar Ibrahim was going to be the Lee Kuan Yew of the Malaysian opposition. Anwar during GE13
[86][87] Anwar answered that he was not at that stage yet.
On 7 May 2013, Anwar Ibrahim vowed to lead a "fierce movement" to reform the country's
electoral system and challenge the results of an election he lost.[88] On 8 May 2013, about 120,000
people wearing black gathered at Petaling Jaya Stadium, Kelana Jaya, Selangor, to attend a rally
organised by Anwar to protest against the election results and demand a free and fair election.[89]
The #Black505 movement continued for another 2 months with touring all over the country. A
successful fundraising #Black505 dinner was held in Thean Hou Temple hall on 22 June 2013,
hosted by Wangsa Maju MP Datuk Dr Tan Kee Kwong on behalf of PKR. Anwar Ibrahim
immediately launched electoral petitions for over 30 disputed parliamentary seats in July 2013.
Anwar speaking at a rally
However, the cases were thrown off election court for technical reasons. Anwar described the
denouncing the May 2013 election
decision as a bad decision and disgraced the name of the country's judicial institution.[90] results.
Kajang Move
On 27 January 2014, the member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly for Kajang, Lee Chin Cheh, resigned.[91] This triggered a
by-election. A day later, Anwar Ibrahim was announced as Pakatan Rakyat candidate for the by-election.[92] Anwar's candidacy was
originally to propel him to become Selangor's Menteri Besar.[93] Later, this move was known as the "Kajang Move".
This move, however, did not materialize as he was sentenced to five years' prison after Malaysia's Court of Appeal overturned his
sodomy acquittal, causing Anwar to lose his qualification to be the state assembly candidate.[94] On 9 March 2014, PKR announced
party president Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail as its new candidate for the Kajang by-election.[95] Anwar's Datuk Seri title was stripped by
the Sultan of Selangor for "repeated questioning of the integrity" of the state's ruler during the subsequent crisis that saw the Sultan
refuse to appoint Wan Azizah as Menteri Besar.[96] Anwar was able to continue using the "Datuk Seri" title because it had also been
conferred on him by several other Malaysian states.[97]
Second sodomy conviction
7 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
2008 allegations of sodomy
On 29 June 2008, online news portal Malaysiakini reported that a male aide of Anwar, Saiful Bukhari Azlan, had lodged a police
report claiming that he had been sodomised by Anwar.[98] Anwar said that the possibility of a prison sentence as a result of the
allegations could be seen as an attempt to remove him from the leadership of the opposition following his growing support and by-
election victories. He also reaffirmed his innocence and cited evidence in the form of medical reports.[62] In July 2008, he was
arrested over allegations of sodomy again, but was acquitted of the charge in January 2012 by The High Court.[99] The presiding judge
ruled that DNA evidence used in the case had been compromised and was unreliable.[100] The prosecution filed an appeal against the
acquittal.[101] In March 2014 the appeal court overruled the high Court reinstating the conviction. The decision came as Anwar was
preparing to contest a by-election on 23 March 2014, which he was expected to win. The conviction prevented him from standing.
Human Rights Watch was critical of the decision, saying it was politically motivated.[102]
On 7 March 2014, the Court of Appeal overturned the acquittal by unanimously deciding that the High Court failed to "critically
evaluate" the evidence submitted by government chemist Dr Seah Lay Hong.[103] The Court of Appeal rushed through an unanimous
decision, signed by all three judges, and sentenced Anwar to five years imprisonment, disqualifying him from nomination in the
Kajang by-election scheduled on 11 March. The conviction was viewed by some as a politically motivated attempt to prevent Anwar
from contesting in the 2014 Kajang by-election, which he was expected to win and becoming Selangor’s chief minister.[104] Human
Rights Watch and the International Commission of Jurists have accused the Malaysian government of meddling in this particular
judicial matter and said the verdict was politically motivated.[105] On 10 February 2015, the Federal Court of Malaysia upheld the
decision of the Court of Appeal and affirmed the five-year prison sentence. He was sent immediately to Sungai Buloh Prison, Selangor,
to serve the sentence.[106]
Pakatan Harapan backbencher (2018–2020)
Royal pardon and release
After the Pakatan Rakyat's dissolution during his imprisonment, a new opposition coalition named
the Pakatan Harapan was formed with Anwar as the de facto leader in absentia. The coalition had
come into power by over-throwing Barisan Nasional in the 2018 general election (GE14). Following
the formation of the new ruling government, Anwar was given a full royal pardon and was released
from prison on 16 May 2018. He was designated to take over the reins from interim Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad as planned and agreed by the coalition before GE14.[107][108] In an interview,
he justified his reluctance to immediately step into power on the basis that Mahathir has appeared Anwar met with Prime Minister of
committed to the reform agenda, and doing a good job tackling a "disintegrating" political system. India Narendra Modi in New Delhi,
He also added that he was keen to travel and honour speaking engagements.[109] Anwar also 2019
indicated that he initially had reservations about Mahathir's "reconciliation efforts", but he
eventually forgave his former enemy after Mahathir showed "compassion and concern which
(Anwar) thought was absent in the past".
Return to politics and PD Move
Anwar contested in the Port Dickson by-election, dubbed as PD Move which was set to allow him to return to Parliament.[110] He won
with an increased majority, albeit with a lower turnout, and returned to parliament again after 3 years of absence.
Sheraton Move and return to opposition
In late February 2020, the Pakatan Harapan government of Dr Mahathir Mohamad collapsed following defections by Anwar's deputy,
Azmin Ali, and several PKR MP's aligned to him, along with the withdrawal of BERSATU by party President Muhyyidin Yassin from
Pakatan Harapan. Mahathir promptly resigned from the premiership, as well as from his party, BERSATU. The political manoeuvring
has been labelled the "Sheraton Move" for the hotel in Petaling Jaya at which defecting MP's gathered with the opposition to show
support for a new government.[111] Following the resignation of Mahathir, Anwar attempted to gather support for his appointment as
Prime Minister. However, BERSATU president, Muhyiddin Yassin, was eventually appointed Prime Minister, with the support of a
slender majority in the Dewan Rakyat.[112] Thus, Pakatan Harapan returned to the opposition benches, while Anwar was named
Opposition Leader.[113]
Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2020–2022)

While Muhyiddin formed a government under the auspices of a new coalition known as Perikatan Nasional, Mahathir attempted to
regain his post with his Pakatan allies. However, under Anwar's leadership, KEADILAN refused to endorse Mahathir's bid for a third
term as premier, claiming the nonagenarian had reneged on his repeated pledge to hand over the office to Anwar.[114] Mahathir, in
turn, refused to lend support to Anwar's candidacy, and instead nominated Sabah Chief Minister, Shafie Apdal, for the Prime
Minister's post instead. Despite the support of allies DAP and Amanah for this compromise, KEADILAN again rejected the proposal
8 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
and continued to propose Anwar as the coalition candidate.[115]
Support from UMNO MPs
In September 2020, Anwar claimed to have gathered support from a "formidable" majority of MP's for his appointment as Prime
Minister.[116] The move however failed. In July 2022, Anwar said he had the chance to lead the country when a majority of MPs signed
statutory declarations backing him as prime minister. However, he claimed he was forced to back down from his quest to become
prime minister as he was asked to give assurances to key figures in Barisan Nasional and UMNO that he would discontinue their court
cases.[117]
Leaked phone call with Zahid Hamidi
In April 2021, the four-minute clip, allegedly of a phone conversation between Anwar and UMNO's president, Zahid Hamidi, was first
posted on Facebook and started with Zahid’s speech during the recent UMNO general assembly, in which he said the party in which he
is the president would not accept Anwar, DAP or BERSATU as allies. It was followed by a phone conversation, with the speaker who
sounded like Anwar praising the other for the speech. Zahid has since expressed his shock and disappointment at the recording,
calling it fake and an attempt to weaken and destroy UMNO, while Anwar has also rejected the audio recording, similarly calling it
fake and slanderous and the latest ploy by “some elements in the government leadership” to damage inter-party ties within the
Opposition Pakatan Harapan coalition ahead of GE15.[118]
Although Anwar did not publicly admit his involvement, he said the leaked audio recording of a conversation between himself and
Zahid does not reveal any wrongdoing and is simply a political tactic to try and damage his reputation. He says that if the recording is
genuine, then there is no problem as there is no evidence of treachery or corruption.[118]
In July 2021, Zahid Hamidi has admitted that it was his voice in a recording of a phone conversation with Anwar, which exposed his
cooperation with the PKR leader. Zahid also admitted that he had signed a letter supporting Anwar as prime minister.[119]
Nominations as the prime minister candidate
In the 20 October 2022 PH convention, PH officially announced Anwar Ibrahim as the coalition’s candidate for prime minister in the
2022 general election. [120] Anwar announced he will contest the Tambun parliamentary seat in the 2022 general election. He declared
Perak as PH's GE15 frontline state. If he becomes PM, the first order of business will be to form a smaller cabinet and reduce cabinet
ministers' salaries.[121] Anwar has picked Tambun as one of the seats to contest in the upcoming general election as a message that
treachery in politics is not acceptable. The incumbent Tambun MP is former Perak's Menteri Besar Ahmad Faizal Azumu, who is
accused of traitorously switching sides to Perikatan Nasional shortly after the Sheraton Move.[122]
Prime Minister (since 2022)
Forming the federal government
In the 2022 Malaysian general election on 19 November 2022, Anwar's Pakatan Harapan coalition
won a plurality of 82 seats out of 222, below the 112 seats needed for a majority.[123] On 20
November, Anwar said that Pakatan Harapan had negotiated with other parties to form the federal
government with a simple majority pending approval by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, but Anwar
refused to mention which other parties were cooperating with Pakatan Harapan.[124] Also that day,
Perikatan Nasional leader Muhyiddin Yassin claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed Anwar Ibrahim swearing in as 10th
Prime Minister of Malaysia in Istana
as Prime Minister, citing support from Perikatan Nasional, Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti
Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim.
Sarawak, and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah.[125] On 21 November, Anwar was one of several Pakatan
Harapan leaders that met in Seri Pacific Hotel with several Barisan Nasional leaders, including
Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Ismail Sabri Yaakob.[126]
On 22 November, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the statutory declarations for prime minister,
he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him.[127][128] After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a
unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but Muhyiddin rejected it as Perikatan Nasional "will not
cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating that
"given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".[129][130]
Anwar was sworn-in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister just after 5 pm MST on 24 November 2022, by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-
Sultan Abdullah, after consulting with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia.[3][131] However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he
had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove his majority by showing his
Statutory Declarations.[132] As of 24 November, Anwar has received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM,
9 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
as well as independent MPs.[133] Anwar has pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs are sworn into the
Dewan Rakyat.[133]
On 25 November, both Anwar and GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS had joined the unity government, supporting Anwar; this
resulted in Anwar having two-thirds support in Parliament, stated Anwar.[134][135] Meanwhile, Muhyiddin congratulated Anwar and
acknowledged him as Prime Minister, thanked Anwar for inviting PN to join the unity government, and declined Anwar's invitation,
stating that PN would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance".[136][137]
Political positions and views

Anwar has advocated for Islamic democracy and has expressed hope that Malaysia is an example of democratic practices in the
Muslim world.[138][139] He has been described as a "liberal reformer, talented technocrat, genuine intellectual and perhaps even a man
capable of bringing the spirit of the Arab Spring to one of Asia’s largest majority Muslim nations."[140] He has supported the Islamic
concept of Ummah as a framework for democracy in Muslim countries, and called the three-world model "redundant" and
"simplistic".[141] Anwar has called for judicial independence, good governance and rejection of authoritarianism.[142] Referencing
longstanding affirmative action policies for Malays and other bumiputera, he has called for transitioning to "affirmative-action
policies [being] premised on need instead of race" and that those living in poverty can receive government support regardless of their
race.[142]
In 2018, The Guardian described him as a "uniting figure" for the opposition throughout his imprisonment and trials.[143]
Israel and Palestine
In a press conference at the London School of Economics in March 2010, Anwar stated that Jews should not be condemned, but rather
only the state ideology of Zionism and the aggression and injustice perpetrated against the Palestinians. He also believes that there are
good and bad Jews, just as there are good and bad Muslims.[144]
In May 2010, B'nai B'rith International, a prominent Jewish human rights organisation, argued that Anwar has used his position in
Malaysian parliament to spread anti-Semitic propaganda, such as his claim that Israeli spies are "directly involved in the running of
the government". B'nai B'rith asked US officials to suspend their ties with Anwar Ibrahim.[145]
In a 2012 interview with The Wall Street Journal, Anwar Ibrahim stated that he believes the policy towards Israel and Palestine should
be clear - protecting the security of Israel while also being firm in protecting the legitimate interests of the Palestinians.[146] This
sparked criticism from UMNO, with MP Khairy Jamaluddin stating that Anwar's comments show blanket support for anything Israel
does.[147] Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad also said he was not surprised by Anwar's comments, and stated that
Ibrahim's relationship with the Jewish community must be taken into account.[148] Anwar later clarified his stance, saying that the
remarks were consistent with the two-state solution adopted by the United Nations and Malaysia itself.[147]
LGBT issues
Anwar has stated that while he opposes gay marriage and upholds the sanctity of marriage between men and women, laws on sodomy
in Malaysia must be changed as they are archaic.[149] In a 2015 interview with BBC, Anwar reaffirmed his belief that marriage should
remain between men and women. However, he clarified that he does not advocate legalising homosexuality or making gay marriage
permissible—only that the laws should be amended to ensure private affairs are not penalised.[150] In 2018, Anwar called for people of
all faith to oppose efforts to recognise LGBT people from "super liberals".[151]
Personal life
He is married to former Deputy Prime Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail on 26 February 1980,[152] and they have five daughters and a
son. His eldest daughter, Nurul Izzah Anwar, was a former MP for Permatang Pauh.[153]
Anwar Ibrahim family tree

Datuk Haji
Datin Che
Ibrahim bin
Yan Hamid
Abdul
Hussein
Rahman
1926-2001
1919-2015
Wan
Anwar Azizah
Ibrahim Wan
1947 Ismail
b.1952
10 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
Raja Ahmad
Nurul Mohd
Shahrir Nurul Nurul
Izzah Ihsan
Iskandar Nuha Iman
Anwar Anwar
Raja Salim Anwar Anwar
b.1980 b.1988
b.1979
Awards and recognitions
Honours of Malaysia
Pahang :
Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1990)
Malacca :
Grand Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DGSM) – Datuk Seri (1991)
Penang :
Companion of the Order of the Defender of State (DMPN) – Dato' (1991)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)
Selangor :
Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (SSSA) – Dato' Seri (1992,[154] revoked
3 November 2014)
Negeri Sembilan :
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)
Sabah :
Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1994)
Perak :
Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1995)[155]
Perlis :
Knight Grand Companion of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (SSPJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja
(1995)
Foreign Honors and Awards

Philippines:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Knights of Rizal (KGCR) (1997)[156]
Election results
11 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
Parliament of Malaysia[157][158][159]
Ballots
Year Constituency Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Majority Turnout
cast
Zabidi Ali
4,497 17.90%
Anwar Ibrahim (PAS)
1982 18,849 74.88% 25,885 14,352 Unknown
(BN-UMNO) Tan Ah
P041 1,825 7.25%
Permatang Huat (DAP)
Pauh, Anwar Ibrahim Mohamad
1986 Penang 17,979 70.56% 7,500 29.44% 26,098 10,479 74.82%
(BN-UMNO) Sabu (PAS)
Anwar Ibrahim Mahfuz

1990 23,793 75.69% 7,643 24.31% 31,740 16,150 78.32%
(BN-UMNO) Omar (PAS)
Abdul
Rahman
4,715 12.84%
Manap
Anwar Ibrahim (DAP)
1995 27,945 76.08% 37,618 23,230 78.79%
(BN-UMNO)
Mazani
Abdullah 4,071 11.08%
(PAS)
Arif Shah
P044 Omar Shah 15,524 33.16%
Permatang Anwar Ibrahim (UMNO)
2008 31,195 66.64% 47,258 15,671 80.84%
Pauh, (PR-PKR) Hanafi
Penang Mamat 92 0.20%
(AKIM)
Mazlan
Ismail 25,369 40.06%
(UMNO)
Anwar Ibrahim
2013 37,090 58.56% Abdullah 63,332 11,721 88.33%
(PR-PKR)
Zawawi
201 0.32%
Samsudin
(Ind)
Mohd
Nazari
7,456 17.14%
Mokhtar
(PAS)
Mohd Isa
Abdul
4,230 9.73%
Samad
(Ind)
P132 Port
Dickson, Anwar Ibrahim Stevie
2018 31,016 71.32% Chan Keng 337 0.78% 43,489 23,560 58.25%
Negeri (PH-PKR)
Sembilan Leong (Ind)
Lau Seck
214 0.49%
Yan (Ind)
Kan Chee
154 0.35%
Yuen (Ind)
Saiful
Bukhari 82 0.19%
Azlan (Ind)
Ahmad
Faizal
45,889 36.78%
Azumu
P063 (BERSATU)
Anwar Ibrahim
2022 Tambun, 49,625 39.77% 124,769 3,736 77.71%
(PH-PKR) Aminuddin
Perak
Md
28,140 22.55%
Hanafiah
(UMNO)
12 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
Abdul
Rahim Tahir 1,115 0.89%
(PEJUANG)
See also
Caucus on Reform and Governance
Port Dickson (federal constituency)
Permatang Pauh (federal constituency)
Tambun (federal constituency)
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Bibliography
Alias Muhammad, PAS' Platform: Development and Change, 1951-1986 (https://books.google.com/books?id=lqKNAAAAMAAJ),
Gateway Publishing House, 1994, ISBN 9677500236
Charles Allers, The Evolution of a Muslim Democrat: The Life of Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim (https://web.archive.org/web/20150605
181714/http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=75076&cid=335&c
19 of 20 27/11/2022, 08:28
oncordeid=312356), Peter Lang, 2013, ISBN 9781433123566

Moktar Petah, Kerajaan mansuh kekebalan Raja Melayu (https://books.google.com/books?id=UmNxAAAAMAAJ), ART Media,
1993, ISBN 9839835009
External links
Official homepage (http://www.anwaribrahimblog.com/)
Profile: Anwar Ibrahim (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3618586.stm)
Victor Pogadaev. Anwar Ibrahim – A Phoenix Rising From Ashes [1] (http://istorja.ru/articles.html/sea/anwar-ibrahim/)
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Anwar Ibrahim

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Anwar Ibrahim

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Anwar Ibrahim - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Early years (1968–1982) Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad

development strategy, were greatly curtailed.[26] Succeeded by Tarrin

Teaching and non-profit work

After his release from prison, Anwar held teaching positions at

election in which Anwar himself would contest.[49]

Permatang Pauh by-election

First term as Leader of the Opposition (2008–2015)

Petition against Najib Razak

Parliamentary censure over APCO and 1Malaysia

Attempts to form a majority coalition

2013 general election

Second sodomy conviction

2008 allegations of sodomy

Pakatan Harapan backbencher (2018–2020)

Royal pardon and release

Return to politics and PD Move

Sheraton Move and return to opposition

Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2020–2022)

and continued to propose Anwar as the coalition candidate.[115]

Support from UMNO MPs

Leaked phone call with Zahid Hamidi

Nominations as the prime minister candidate

Prime Minister (since 2022)

Forming the federal government

Political positions and views

Israel and Palestine

Anwar Ibrahim family tree

Awards and recognitions

Foreign Honors and Awards

Anwar Ibrahim Mahfuz

21. "International Islamic University Malaysia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141012125533/http://www.iium.edu.my/rector/resource-c

48. Malaysia's Anwar Says He Plans to Run for Parliament (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAjtL0wmit

71. "Anwar fails to form next Government" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160125063052/http://www.asiathisweek.com/index.php?mo

oncordeid=312356), Peter Lang, 2013, ISBN 9781433123566

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anwar_Ibrahim&oldid=1124066219"

This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 04:36 (UTC).

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