SVENSK STANDARD

SS-EN 13979-1:2004+A1:2009
Fastställd/Approved: 2009-04-14
Publicerad/Published: 2009-06-09
Utgåva/Edition: 1
Språk/Language: engelska/English
ICS: 45.040; 45.060.01

Järnvägar – Hjulpar och boggier – Helhjul –

Procedur för tekniskt godkännande –
Del 1: Smidda och valsade hjul

Railway applications – Wheelsets and bogies – Monobloc

wheels – Technical approval procedure –
Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels

SWEDISH
S TA N DA R D S
INSTITUTE
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Europastandarden EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 gäller som svensk standard. Detta dokument innehåller den
officiella engelska versionen av EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009.

Denna standard ersätter SS-EN 13979-1:2004, utgåva 1.

The European Standard EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 has the status of a Swedish Standard. This document
contains the official English version of EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009.

This standard supersedes the Swedish Standard SS-EN 13979-1:2004, edition 1.

!
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13979-1:2003+A1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2009

ICS 45.040; 45.060.01 Supersedes EN 13979-1:2003

English Version

Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc wheels

- Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled
wheels

Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Vollräder
Roues monobloc - Procédure d'homologation technique - - Technische Zulassungsverfahren - Teil 1: Geschmiedete
Partie 1: Roues forgées et laminées und gewalzte Räder

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 November 2003 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 24 February 2009.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SS-EN 13979-1:2004+A1:2009 (E)
EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 (E)

Contents Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6
3 Parameters for the definition of the application covered ..................................................................6
3.1 Parameters for geometrical interchangeability ..................................................................................6
3.1.1 Functional requirements .......................................................................................................................6
3.1.2 Assembly requirements ........................................................................................................................7
3.1.3 Maintenance requirements ...................................................................................................................7
3.2 Parameters for thermomechanical assessment .................................................................................7
3.3 Parameters for mechanical assessment .............................................................................................7
3.4 Parameters for acoustic assessment ..................................................................................................8
4 Description of the wheel to be approved ............................................................................................8
5 Assessment of the geometrical interchangeability............................................................................8
6 Assessment of the thermomechanical behaviour..............................................................................8
6.1 General procedure .................................................................................................................................8
6.2 First stage – Braking bench test ..........................................................................................................9
6.2.1 Test procedure .......................................................................................................................................9
6.2.2 Decision criteria .....................................................................................................................................9
6.3 Second stage – Wheel fracture bench test ...................................................................................... 10
6.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 10
6.3.2 Test procedure .................................................................................................................................... 10
6.3.3 Decision criterion................................................................................................................................ 10
6.4 Third stage – Field braking test......................................................................................................... 10
6.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 10
6.4.2 Test procedure .................................................................................................................................... 10
6.4.3 Decision criteria .................................................................................................................................. 10
7 Assessment of the mechanical behaviour ....................................................................................... 11
7.1 General procedure .............................................................................................................................. 11
7.2 First stage - Calculation ..................................................................................................................... 11
7.2.1 Applied forces ..................................................................................................................................... 11
7.2.2 Calculation procedure ........................................................................................................................ 12
7.2.3 Decision criteria .................................................................................................................................. 13
7.3 Second stage – Bench test ................................................................................................................ 13
7.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 13
7.3.2 Definition of bench loading and of the test procedure ................................................................... 13
7.3.3 Decision criteria .................................................................................................................................. 13
8 Assessment of the acoustical behaviour ......................................................................................... 13
8.1 General procedure .............................................................................................................................. 13
8.2 Calculation procedure ........................................................................................................................ 14
8.3 Field measurements ........................................................................................................................... 14
8.4 Decision criteria .................................................................................................................................. 14
9 Technical approval documents ......................................................................................................... 15
Annex A (normative) Assessment of the thermomechanical behaviour .................................................. 17
A.1 Assessment organigram .................................................................................................................... 17
A.2 Braking bench test procedure ........................................................................................................... 18

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EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 (E)

A.2.1 Principle of the test ............................................................................................................................. 18

A.2.2 Definition of braking ............................................................................................................................ 18
A.2.3 Method of measuring the decision criteria ....................................................................................... 18
A.2.4 Tests and measurements ................................................................................................................... 20
A.2.5 Anomalies............................................................................................................................................. 21
A.3 Wheel fracture bench test procedure ................................................................................................ 21
A.3.1 Principle of the test ............................................................................................................................. 21
A.3.2 Definition of drag braking ................................................................................................................... 21
A.3.3 Pre-cracking of the rim ....................................................................................................................... 22
A.3.4 Special measurement methods required for this test ..................................................................... 22
A.3.5 Tests and measurements ................................................................................................................... 22
A.3.6 Anomalies............................................................................................................................................. 23
A.4 Field braking test procedure .............................................................................................................. 23
A.4.1 Principle of the test ............................................................................................................................. 23
A.4.2 Definition of braking ............................................................................................................................ 23
A.4.3 Method of measurement of the decision criteria ............................................................................. 24
A.4.4 Standard test run ................................................................................................................................. 24
A.4.5 Tests and measurements ................................................................................................................... 25
A.4.6 Anomalies............................................................................................................................................. 26
Annex B (normative) Organigram of the mechanical behaviour assessment .......................................... 27
Annex C (informative) Mechanical behaviour – Finite element code assessment ................................... 28
Annex D (informative) Mechanical behaviour – Bench loading and test procedure ................................ 29
D.1 Principle of bench loading and test procedure ................................................................................ 29
D.2 Definition of loading ............................................................................................................................ 29
D.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 29
D.2.2 Measurement of the stresses during field tests ............................................................................... 30
D.3 Fatigue bench test ............................................................................................................................... 30
D.3.1 Method 1 – Random fatigue test ........................................................................................................ 30
D.3.2 Method 2 – Single-stage fatigue test ................................................................................................. 31
Annex E (informative) Assessment of the acoustical behaviour ............................................................... 34
E.1 Assessment organigram..................................................................................................................... 34
E.2 Calculation procedure......................................................................................................................... 35
E.2.1 Preliminary comment .......................................................................................................................... 35
E.2.2 Calculation of the wheel modal basis ............................................................................................... 35
E.2.3 Selection of the reference track model ............................................................................................. 35
E.2.4 Definition of the calculation parameters ........................................................................................... 35
E.2.5 Power calculation ................................................................................................................................ 35
E.2.6 Insertion................................................................................................................................................ 36
E.2.7 Calculations of the decision criteria for acoustical technical approval of the wheel .................. 37
E.2.8 Optional calculations .......................................................................................................................... 37
E.3 Field measurement procedure ........................................................................................................... 37
E.3.1 Objective and preliminary remark ..................................................................................................... 37
E.3.2 Recommendations for the operating conditions ............................................................................. 38
E.3.3 Measurement procedure ..................................................................................................................... 41
E.3.4 Analysis of results ............................................................................................................................... 43
Annex F (informative) !Drag braking values for interoperability"
" ...................................................... 46
Annex ZA (informative) !Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
" .................. 47
of 17 June 2008 on the interoperability of the rail system within the Community"
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 49

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EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256
“Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by October 2009.

This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2009-02-24.

This document supersedes EN 13979-1:2003.

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ".

Annexes A and B are normative.

!Annexes C, D, E and F are informative."

This document contains a bibliography.

This European Standard is part of a series of two EN 13979 standards, Part 2 of which is:

!Part 2: Cast wheels."

!For relationship with EU Directives, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document."

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

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EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 (E)

Introduction
To date, UIC regulations specified that for a wheel to be used in Europe:

 its design had to be standardized;

 it had to conform to the quality requirements of UIC leaflet 812-3.

In order to be able to adapt to new railway working conditions, on the one hand, and to facilitate the
introduction of new technical solutions, on the other, it has been necessary to replace the concept of
standardization with the definition of specifications that a wheel design shall meet to be accepted on a
European network.

The standard covers these specifications and describes precisely how to assess the wheel design.

To be able to apply these specifications, it is essential to define the use of the wheel; this standard also states
how to define this use.

At least four aspects are described with different purposes:

 a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application;

 a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause
wheels to break;

 a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the web;

 an acoustical aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel, for the use in
question.

For each of these three latter aspects, the rules proposed tend to limit the procedure, the easier the objectives
are to attain by the wheel under study.

This standard does not cover assessment of the hub nor of the static mechanical dimensioning of the wheel.

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EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 (E)

1 Scope
The aim of this European Standard is to define the requirements that a monobloc wheel of a freight of
passenger railway vehicle non-powered axle shall meet in order to be able to be used on a European network.

For wheels of powered axles or wheels with noise dampers, the requirements may be amended or
supplemented.

For light vehicles and tramways, other standards or documents accepted by the customer and supplier may
be used.

This European Standard only applies to wheels of new design.

These requirements are intended to assess the validity of the design choice for the proposed use.

The assessment of these requirements is the technical approval procedure.

This European Standard is applicable to forged and rolled wheels for which the quality requirements are
defined in !EN 13262".

2 Normative references
!The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies."

EN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing – Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment –

Part 3: Combined equipment

EN 13103, Railway applications – Wheelsets and bogies – Non-powered axles – Design !guide"

!EN 13262", Railway applications – Wheelsets and bogies – Wheels – Product requirements

3 Parameters for the definition of the application covered

The application for which the wheel is to be approved shall be defined by the following parameters.

If the application parameters are changed for an approved wheel, the customer and supplier shall review the
assessments.

3.1 Parameters for geometrical interchangeability

The application shall be defined by geometrical interchangeabliity parameters divided into three categories
according to whether they are linked to functional, assembly or maintenance requirements.

3.1.1 Functional requirements

 the nominal tread diameter that influences the buffer height and the loading gauge;

 the maximum rim width linked to the points and crossing and the track brakes;

 the tread profile outside the conical part of the tread;

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EN 13979-1:2003+A1:2009 (E)

 the position of the rim internal surface relative to the corresponding surface of the hub;

 the conicity of the hub bore;

 the space required for disc brakes mounted on the wheel;

 the space needed on the bogie frame, braking equipment and suspension equipment.

3.1.2 Assembly requirements

 the bore diameter;

 the hub length to ensure overhanging of the hub on the wheelseat.

3.1.3 Maintenance requirements

 the wear limit diameter or the last reprofiling diameter;

 the wear groove shape;

 the geometry of the area for wheel clamping on reprofiling machines;

 the position and shape of the hole and groove for displacement under oil pressure;

 the general rim shape to allow ultrasonic measurement of residual stresses in wheels braked by shoes.

3.2 Parameters for thermomechanical assessment

The application shall be defined by:

 the maximum braking energy created by the friction of the brake shoes on the rail surface. This energy
may be defined by a power Pa, a time ta and a train speed Va during drag braking. If it is defined by other
parameters (for braking to a stop, for example), these parameters are defined by agreement between the
customer and the supplier;

 the type of brake shoes applied to the wheel (nature, dimensions and number).

!NOTE For interoperable freight rolling stock, the thermomechanical behavior does not need to be verified when braking
to a stop, but only drag braking, because of the lower energy in stop braking."

3.3 Parameters for mechanical assessment

The application shall be defined by:

 the maximum vertical static force per wheelset;

 the type of service to be provided by the vehicles that will be fitted with the wheels to be approved:

 description of the lines: geometric quality of the tracks, curve parameters, maximum speeds ... ;

 running times on these lines;

 the calculated service life of the wheel, in kilometres.