PETER NEIL D.

SEÑO
H237TTM

I. Introduction or Brief Background

 COLOMBIA
- The total number of visitors who visited Colombia in 2020 was one million, placing
the country 83rd in the world in terms of absolute numbers.

It's possible that such a rating list wouldn't be particularly useful if nation sizes
weren't taken into account. When the number of tourists is considered in proportion to
the total population of Colombia, the resulting picture is far more comparable:
Colombia ranks 160th in the world in terms of tourism with 0.027 visitors for every
inhabitant. It held the 11th place among South American countries.

The tourist industry in Colombia contributed around 1.96 billion US Dollars to the
country's overall economy. This amounts to 0.62 percent of the country's gross
domestic product and nearly 18 percent of South America's total revenue from
foreign tourism.

 PANAMA
- In the year 2020, Panama had a total of 647,000 visitors, placing it 117th overall in
the world in terms of absolute numbers.

It should come as no surprise that smaller nations consistently do worse when

compared to larger ones in terms of the absolute number of visitors. When the
number of tourists is considered in proportion to the total population of Panama, the
resulting picture is far more comparable: The country of Panama ranks 104th in the
world with 0.15 visitors per every inhabitant. It held the fourth place among Central
American countries.

The tourist industry in Panama was responsible for around 1.84 billion US Dollars in
revenue. This amounts to around 11 percent of all revenue generated from foreign
tourism in Central America and translates to 2.9 percent of the country's gross
domestic product.

II. New Normal Policies and Procedures

A. TRANSPORTATION (Airlines and Cruises)
- For international travelers over the age of 18 who enter the country by air beginning on
December 14, 2021, Colombia's resolution 2052 of 2021 mandates that they present a
vaccination card with a full vaccination schedule in order to enter the country. This
mandate applies to international travelers who enter Colombia by air. If you do not
possess the whole scheme, please produce a negative PCR test for the Covid-19 gene.
Even if a PCR test comes out negative, non-resident foreigners who do not have proof
that they have received at least one dose of the vaccination will not be permitted entry
into the country. This legislation will continue to be in effect until the first of February in
2022, when Resolution 111 of 2022 will be presented.

The entry requirements for passengers entering the country by air or sea have been made
more relaxed as a result of Resolution 111 of 2022, which has opened the door to the
possibility of presenting a PCR or antigen test with a negative result upon entering the
country. This provision is subject to the conditions where it is applicable.

It is possible to infer from the wording of the norm that the traveler (NON-RESIDENT
FOREIGNER) is not vaccinated, and as a result, he or she is unable to enter the country if
the person's vaccine is not included in either of the two cases (those authorized by the
World Health Organization or those officially approved by a country or territory
recognized by the United Nations). If this is the case, the traveler cannot enter the
country.

While on the other hand, in Panama, AFP The cruise lines are attempting to remove from
the collective memory the pictures of aimless ocean liners that do not have a port at
which to dock, and in order to resuscitate the sector, they have announced "tight" health
regulations, which include vaccinations, testing, and preventative measures. According to
a report from the Cruise Line International Association, the industry experienced
unstoppable growth for a decade, reaching its pinnacle in 2019, with a total of 29.7
million passengers around the world, 15.4 million of whom were from North America,
and 7.7 million from Europe. The year 2020 marked the end of this growth, which had
reached its peak in 2019. (CLIA).

According to Didier Arino, head of the consultancy Protourisme, the industry suffered
losses of $48,300 as a result of the epidemic. According to his estimation, "It is an
industry that will not return to its regular activities until the year 2025." The firms who
are hesitantly reactivating certain ships are adjusting their health policies in response to
the still-uncertain health scenario. These companies are lobbying for vaccinations and
testing. Only passengers who have been "fully vaccinated" will be allowed to board ships
operated by the American cruise line Norwegian Cruise Line. The company will begin
sending three of its 17 ships on routes that depart from Greece and the Caribbean this
summer (ports in the United States will continue to restrict access to these ships).
B. ACCOMMODATION (Hotels)
- In Colombia, due to the sudden and significant disruption that has been caused to the
tourist industry as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, the industry is now experiencing a
crisis that has never before been seen. The OECD's revised predictions on the effect of
COVID-19 suggest to a fall of sixty percent in foreign tourism in the year 2020. If the
healing process is put off until December, this number might reach 80%. It is anticipated
that international tourism would begin to improve initially inside certain geographic-
regions, such as within the European Union.
It is anticipated that domestic tourism would rebound more swiftly than international
tourism. Domestic tourism contributes for around 75% of the tourist business in OECD
nations. It presents the best opportunity for igniting the recovery process, in particular in
nations, regions, and cities where the sector is responsible for the maintenance of a
significant number of enterprises and employment.
The effects of the crisis are being felt across the whole of the tourist ecosystem, and in
order to reopen and restore destinations, it will be necessary to take a collaborative
approach. Businesses and employees in the tourist industry are benefitting from
government stimulus packages that are being distributed more broadly, and many
governments have also introduced tourism-specific initiatives. The efforts of governments
and business are now being focused on:
 Removing limits on travel and assisting companies in gaining access to liquidity
supports, implementing new health measures to ensure travelers' safety, and
providing assistance in diversifying their markets.
 Restoring the trust of tourists and encouraging demand for travel by introducing
new safe and clean labels for the industry, information applications for tourists,
and tourism marketing efforts inside the country.
 Putting up comprehensive strategies for the tourist industry's recovery, with the
goals of rebuilding destinations, fostering innovation and investment, and
rethinking the tourism industry as a whole.
These steps are necessary, but tourist services are interrelated, therefore more has to be
done in a coordinated manner to restore the tourism industry and get enterprises up and
running. The travel and tourism sector and governments should strengthen their
cooperation systems to support small enterprises and employees. The most susceptible
locations should be prioritized during rehabilitation.
Today's initiatives will impact tourism tomorrow. Governments must examine the long-
term effects of the crisis while remaining ahead of the digital curve, supporting the low-
carbon transition, and fostering structural reform to develop a stronger, more sustainable,
and resilient tourist sector. Tourism should reassess its future during the crisis.
Panama, a jewel in Central America, has finally withdrawn all of its Covid travel
restrictions, which prevented thousands of tourists from visiting the country during the
epidemic. It may have taken a long period, but Panama has finally lifted all of its Covid
travel restrictions. They have, in essence, gone back to the admission requirements that
were in place before to the year 2020, which has made it possible for regular tourism to
resume. Everyone is welcome, regardless of whether or not they have been vaccinated, as
of this week.
The country of Panama is a transitory nation that sits on the thinnest isthmus that links
the two continents of the Americas. It has been seeing a boom in demand recently,
similar to what has been seen in its popular neighboring countries, such as Costa Rica and
Colombia, to mention just a few. In addition to the fact that it is relatively inexpensive in
comparison to other vacation spots in the area, the beauty of the surrounding natural
landscape is also a contributing element.
The administration of the Covid in Latin America has been challenging, to say the least.
At one point in time, the collective had some of the most relaxed travel regulations that
could be found elsewhere in the world, particularly when contrasted to Europe and the
United States, where borders were entirely closed for extended periods of time. Then, the
roles were reversed, and a Northern Hemisphere that was traditionally conservative made
an abrupt decision in favor of normality.

The majority of European nations began treating Covid as if it were a common ailment,
which resulted in a loosening of restrictions at the borders, an expansion of economic
activity, and a cascade effect. At the same time, the southern half of the American
continent froze in time or even temporarily tightened laws by implementing prohibitions
against those who were not vaccinated.

Given that they were among the first to let visitors back in as far back as the year 2020,
but now remain among the most restricted in the Americas, it almost looked as if the
geopolitical group had even forgotten that these tough laws were ever there. Surprisingly,
even Australia and New Zealand, who were considered to be examples for the Zero
Covid strategy, eventually overtook them in terms of progress.

Thankfully, Latin America has started to ease mandates gradually, beginning with
Argentina, which became officially the first in the collective to abandon all Covid
policies in favor of unrestricted tourism. This change came about as a result of
Argentina's decision to become the official first country in the collective to do so. Even
though it hasn't done anything to duplicate Argentina's action, Argentina's close partner
Brazil has only this month lifted a prohibition that had been in place for the last nine
months on anyone who choose not to receive the injection.

It is now Panama's time to reduce the number of obstacles posed by bureaucracy,

following in the footsteps of countries that came before it. According to information
issued by IATA on September 15, the country no longer needs travelers from the United
States, or tourists from any other country for that matter, to produce a valid Covid proof
of entrance. In the past, this would have often included either a vaccination or a negative
test.

Up until this point, unvaccinated people were subjected to stricter regulations in Panama,
despite the fact that the country relies largely on revenue from tourism and maritime
commerce. However, with studies emerging to indicate that Central America, of which
Panama is a part, is the world's new favorite tourism destination, it is easy to see why the
government of Panama would take a much more relaxed position on the matter.

As we go into the autumn, American tourists are free to explore Panama without regard
to how their Covid status now stands:

 No vaccination requirements
 No pre-departure testing
 There are no post-arrival exams.
 There is no quarantine required upon entering the country.

In the past, those who had not been vaccinated might circumvent all of the requirements
simply by providing a genuine immunization certificate. More precisely, one that had
been granted at least an entire two weeks before to their date of travel, and a vaccination
whose maker had been authorized either by the World Health Organization (WHO), or
America's very own CDC.

C. FOOD INDUSTRY (Restaurants)

- Because it is unable to produce the necessary quantities of raw materials and ingredients
locally, Colombia continues to be a net importer of a wide variety of agricultural
products. This makes it impossible for the country to satisfy the ever-increasing demand
of the food and beverage processing industry. The COVID-19 epidemic has caused
changes in consumer behaviors and tastes, which has transformed the environment for the
retail, food industry, and food service sectors. U.S. exporters confront new market
circumstances in Colombia, as well as new possibilities, as a consequence of these
changes.

In South America, Colombia is the most important market for agricultural products
exported from the United States, followed by Brazil and Chile. The value of agricultural
goods sent from the United States to Colombia in 2020 was estimated to be $2.86 billion.
As a result of the pandemic and shifting preferences among consumers, Colombia's
imports of consumer goods from all suppliers totaled $1.9 billion in the year 2020, which
was an 8.5% decrease from the previous year. The United States was Colombia's second-
largest supplier of imported goods in the year 2020, with $632 million in revenue,
followed by Chile ($241 million) and Mexico ($196 million). Products geared at
consumers make up 23 percent of the total value of the United States' food and
agricultural exports to Colombia.
Numerous food components are brought into the country by way of international trade.
There is an increasing need in the home market for confectionery items of a better grade.
In order to satisfy the demand from industry, the Colombian fats and oils sector imports
oil that has not been processed from soybeans and other oil seeds. The milling, bread, and
starch industries have all profited from innovations in flavorings and healthier ingredient
options because to these recent developments.

Large supermarkets modeled like those found in the West have become more common in
the last ten years, coinciding with the proliferation of new locations for both local and
foreign grocery store chains. The market share of discount retailers has grown, and these
stores continue to build new locations around the nation while also providing private
label product catalogs.

It is anticipated that the restaurant and food service sector will expand as a consequence
of rising incomes and an increase in the participation of women in the labor force. This
will result in a stronger incentive to dine out and/or utilize delivery food services; roasted
chicken, hamburgers, and pizza are a few of the preferred products that Colombians order
using delivery service.

According to Euromonitor, the expansion of Panama's economy in real terms in 2021 was
driven by rising levels of both domestic consumption and state investment, as well as
rising levels of demand from other countries. However, the pandemic-related risks that
continue to exist, supply bottlenecks, and global inflationary pressures weigh down on
the country's economic prospects and enhance the level of uncertainty.

 Following a real increase in GDP (gross domestic product) of 13% in 2021, it is

anticipated that Panama's economy would develop at an average yearly real rate
of 5.1% during the medium term.

 It is anticipated that the unemployment rate will reduce by 1%, reaching 9.1% in
2022; this will be higher than the level it was at before the epidemic, but it will be
lower than the average of 11.5% in Latin America in 2022.

 It is anticipated that Panama's inflation would accelerate to 2% in 2022, up from

1.4% in 2021.

 Even though the country's merchandise exports soared by 89.6% in 2021 and its
imports increased by 40.9%, Panama continued to be a net importer of products
during that year.

 In real terms, Panama's Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) increased

throughout the course of 2021 as a direct consequence of the country's robust
economic recovery, various fiscal stimulus measures, and favorable financing
circumstances.
  In 2021, Panama's ratio of public debt to GDP decreased to 58.5%, which was
much lower than the regional average of 69.8%.

The economy of Panama, which is based on the US currency, is supported principally by

a highly developed services sector, which is responsible for more than three quarters of
GDP. The operation of the Panama Canal is one among the country's many services, as
are banking, logistics, the Colon Free Trade Zone, insurance, container ports, the flagship
register, and tourism. Additionally, Panama is a major hub for offshore banking. The US-
Panama Trade Promotion Agreement (USPTPA) was approved by Congress and signed
into law in October 2011, and it entered into force in October 2012. The transportation
and logistics services sectors of Panama's economy, as well as infrastructure development
projects, have contributed to the country's increased rate of economic growth.

Panama acknowledges the indisputable connection between free trade and increased
levels of competitiveness, and it aspires to become a member of an exclusive club of
nations that have prospered economically via trade. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
between Panama and the following countries are now in effect: Canada, the European
Union (EU), Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Chile (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Nicaragua). The Free Trade Agreement between Panama and South Korea
was ratified in the year 2020.

According to the United States Department of Agriculture's Office of Agricultural Affairs

(OAA) in Panama City, Panama is a promising market for the export of agricultural and
food goods from the United States. Its culturally diverse population, geographical
location, and love for American food and culture provide for increasing export
opportunities for high-value food and beverage products made in the United States. The
population of the country is estimated to be 4.3 million in 2022 by the CIA World
Factbook. It is anticipated that in 2021, agricultural and associated product exports from
the United States hit a record high of $946.3 million, representing increase of 37% and an
all-time high. An ambitious public infrastructure plan and an increasing services industry
are both benefiting from Panama's rising position as a regional center for commerce.
Panama has an ambitious public infrastructure plan.

The value of consumer-oriented food goods exported to Panama in 2021 reached a total
of $548.9 million US dollars, representing 58% of the overall value of agricultural
exports and representing a rise of 28% from the previous year, 2020. Panama is the most
important market in Central America for the export of processed food items from the
United States. In 2021, Panama imported $480.3 million worth of these products,
representing an increase of 28% and roughly 49% of the entire agricultural output.
D. ATTRACTIONS (famous/ known)
 COLOMBIA (Walled city of Cartegana)

-The stunning walled city of Cartagena on the Caribbean coast is Colombia's most
popular tourist destination, but it may be some time before it sees a return of large
numbers of tourists from other countries.
In typical circumstances, thousands of people arrive on the island via cruise ships
and international flights to explore the city's winding streets, unwind in the city's
chic boutique hotels, and marvel at the graceful architecture and bougainvillea-
covered balconies that date back to the colonial era.

However, there is a possibility that the coronavirus would reduce tourism in the
city, at least until a vaccine is created. According to experts in the travel industry,
in a world that is currently dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, tourists will visit
destinations that are less urban, less noisy, and more environmentally friendly.
These locations will allow tourists to relax, explore backwaters, and forget about
the pandemic – at least for a couple of weeks.

Colombia is well-prepared to host this kind of tourism, and as it begins to lift its
travel restrictions, the country is eager to promote it.

According to Juan Guerrero, vice-minister of tourism for Colombia, "there will be

a huge shift in travel habits, and the most evident change will be that people will
prefer to travel in smaller groups to non-crowded areas." This is the change that
will be the most noticeable. We are putting a lot of effort into establishing
Colombia as a tourist destination that can support itself over the long run. We
 don't want to encourage widespread tourism if it can't be maintained in the long
term.

Mr. Guerrero notes that the combined land areas of France, Spain, and Portugal
do not come close to matching the size of Colombia. However, although those
nations have a combined population of over 125 million and draw over 180
million tourists each year, Colombia is a country with a population of 50 million
and only gets 4.5 million visitors. Wide open expanses in Colombia might be a
welcome reprieve for tourists who are worn out by the throngs of people at the
Louvre.

Because it is one of the most biodiverse countries on the globe and because it is
home to about 2,000 species of birds, it has become a popular tourist destination.
Horticulturists, herpetologists, and anyone who wish to get away from city life
and experience the wild will find the Amazon's huge expanses of rainforest to be
a productive field for their work.

 PANAMA (Panama Canal)

-The Panama Canal is widely recognized as a must-see attraction for visitors to

the nation, and it is often one of the first stops on the itineraries of those that fly
into the country. Because of this, the management of the canal in Panama has
started a project to upgrade the visitor centers at both the Atlantic and Pacific
endpoints of the waterway.

The Miraflores Visitors Center, which is located on the Pacific side of the canal,
started building in 2000, shortly after Panama gained control of the canal, and it
was finally opened to the public in 2003.

On the other side, the Visitor's Center at the Agua Clara Locks was constructed
parallel to the Neopanamax locks in Colon as part of the Expansion Program that
ran from 2007 to 2016. This took place between 2007 and 2016. Both the Cocol
 (Pacific) Pavilion and the Santiago Interactive Center (CIS) in the province of
Veraguas were opened in August of 2019. The Cocol (Pacific) Pavilion was
added in 2018.

Before the pandemic, the typical number of patients who sought treatment at the
Centers was close to one million per year, at a pace of three thousand per day.
During the celebration of World Youth Day (WYD) that took place in Panama on
January 28, 2019, a record 9,200 people came to see what was going on (8,400 at
Miraflores and 800 at Agua Clara).

In accordance with the Canal's fiscal calendar, which begins in October and
continues through September of the following year, the Canal Visitor Centers had
served a total of 205,449 customers between October 1, 2019 and March 15,
2020, the date on which they were forced to close their doors as a result of the
pandemic. Since they were reopened, the Centers have seen 116,108 customers so
far in the current fiscal year 2022 (which began on October 1, 2021 and ended on
January 31, 2022), which works out to an average of 239 customers per day.

E. TOURISM ACTIVITIES (Museums, Parks, Shopping, Beach and Water

activities)
 COLOMBIA

Tayrona National Park (Parque Tayrona) is a relatively undeveloped

national park that can be found on the Caribbean coast of Colombia
approximately five hours east of Cartagena. It is characterized by the presence
of both forest and quiet beaches within its boundaries. While you take in the
sights and sounds of what many tourists believe to be one of the most
beautiful beaches in South America, take some time to unwind on a hammock
and let time pass more slowly. Take your time and hike slowly down the
beaches that run along the coast until you reach Playa Cabo San Juan, which
is the beach that I would suggest staying at since it is the greatest.
 The Cocora Valley, also known as Valle de Cocora, is a national park that
can be found in the heart of the coffee-growing area of Colombia. The wax
palm, which is also the national tree of Colombia, may be seen growing in this
valley. It is the tallest palm tree in the world. You will have the opportunity to
go on a tour of a Colombian coffee plantation while you are here.

Horseback riding in Valle de Cocora is an enjoyable way to discover the

natural beauty of the park, and there is no better way to see the cloud forest
area than by doing so.

From the picturesque town of Salento, traveling to Cocora is quick and

simple. You may choose to come here for the day or get accommodations for
a longer stay if you want to spend more time there. Every morning, shared
jeeps set out in order to transport guests to the park. You will have the choice
to either walk or go horseback riding, and due to the potentially treacherous
and muddy conditions of the terrain, I would advise going with the second
option.

Given how muddy the route can become, it is a good idea to bring some
rubber boots with you, which may be provided via your accommodation.
Bring along a packable raincoat since it rains very often.

III. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF YOUR CHOSEN COUNTRY

 COLOMBIA
- The overall objective of the Tourism Sector Plan 2018-22 "Tourism: the purpose
that unites us", is to improve Colombia's competitiveness as a tourist destination.
The Plan establishes six major strategic lines that address the main bottlenecks in
the tourism sector in the medium and long term.
  Generating the institutional conditions for the promotion of the
tourism sector,
 Managing destinations and strengthening the country’s tourism
offer,
 Promoting more investment, better infrastructure and connectivity
for tourism,
 Fostering innovation and business development in the tourism
sector,
 Strengthening human capital for tourism competitiveness,
 Promoting transformative, inclusive and equitable tourism.

The Colombian government has established four tourism goals for 2022:
 Increase accommodation and food services contribution to GDP by
19% to COP 39.2 billion.
 Increase services exports in the passenger travel and transport account
from USD 6.6 million to USD 8.2 million.
 Increase the number of non-resident overnight visitors from 4.3
million to 6 million.
 Increase the number of passengers arriving from international cruises
to a total of 450 000.

 PANAMA
- The nation is often regarded as the commercial heart of the Americas on account
of the existence of the Panama Canal, its robust network of trade ties, and its
rapidly expanding economy. In addition to this, it makes use of a business-
friendly tax structure that encourages the expansion of both domestic and
international companies in the country.
Before developing an efficient plan for entering a market, owners of businesses
need to first analyze the many possibilities open to them for establishing a local
presence in Panama. It is important to keep in mind that these might change based
on the economic resources of the nation as well as the activities that are being
developed there. Possible alternatives include:
 Form a new company
 Hire your sales executives and other staff through a Professional Employer
Organization (PEO)
 Incorporate a branch of a foreign company
 Partner with a local company in a strategic alliance to achieve your
business goals
 Authorize another company in Panama to sell your product or service
IV. RECOMMENDATION
- In spite of the fact that some publications assert that "living in Panama is more
probable living in the United States," I believe that the quality of life in Colombia is
superior to that of Panama. In my experience as an adventurous person, it is not
uncommon to visit locations that are comparable to large nations such as the United
States. In comparison to Colombia, the size of Panama is much more manageable,
and I have read that automobiles can be utilized for travel throughout the entirety of
the country. On the other hand, traveling in Colombia, which is a considerably larger
nation, is more fascinating owing to the various activities that you may do and,
without a doubt, a far more thrilling and distinctive experience to take pleasure in.
When I did some research, I discovered that in Colombia you can experience
everything, including hiking in the mountains, bird watching in the Amazon,
snorkeling in the Caribbean, and whale watching in the Pacific. This makes the
tourism industry in Colombia much more appealing to me than the tourism industry
in Panama. There is a tremendous amount to discover, particularly off the usual path.
The location of Colombia, which is about in the midst of the countries that make up
Latin America, makes it an ideal spot to utilize as a hub for travel to destinations such
as the Caribbean, Mexico, Argentina, and Ecuador. Due to the fact that the primary
airports in Cartagena and Medellin are still relatively tiny in comparison to those in
Bogota or even Panama City, it is possible that not all flights will be direct. However,
about once every three months, new destinations are added to these airports that are
serviced by direct flights. Diversity results in not just a large number of objects to see
but also a large number of activities. Either inside the city itself, such as in the city of
Medellin, where you may spend the morning going on a hike and the evening
relaxing at a rooftop bar in the center of a major metropolitan area. However, if you
want to travel the length and breadth of the country, you can get on an aircraft, pay
fifty dollars, and be on the Caribbean coast in forty-five minutes. You get a lot of
"bang for your buck" in Colombia due to the country's exceptionally low cost of
living, which, when combined with the country's high-quality amenities, such as its
well-developed infrastructure, international cuisine, and efficient public
transportation, makes Colombia an attractive place to live. I would argue that one of
the countries in the world where you receive the best value for your money is
Colombia. The cost of living here is roughly $1,500 USD per month, which is
manageable for some people. Find further information in our in-depth post on the
price of living in Colombia. It's simple to see how "Take it easy and enjoy life" might
become Colombia's national slogan. You still have the ability to get things done if
you really need them (maybe only with a few of extra days' worth of delay), and in
exchange, you have a terrific quality of life in which you can move more or less
efficiently. People aren't as concentrated on making that cash, thus they have more
time to engage in interpersonal connections.
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