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INDUSTRIAL
TRAINING REPORT
ON
MAHINDRA TRACTORS,GUDASPUR

Submitted by:
PARMINDER SINGH

Roll No.: - 17062002712

Semester: - 5th
Year: - 3rd
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at Mahindra
Tractors , Gurdaspur.. I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer
for issuing Training Letter, which made my training possible at MT ,Gsp.

I would like to express my gratitude to ‘Er Arun Sharma’ Mahindra Tractors for his
invaluable Suggestions, motivation, guidance and support throughout the training. His
methodology to start from simple ant then deepen through made me to bring out this
project report without anxiety.

I also wish to express my gratitude to my teachers for their constant support and
guidance.

I also wish to express my indebtedness to my parents as well all family member

whose blessings and support always helped me to face the challenges ahead.

I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who rendered their
assistance directly or indirectly to complete this project work successfully.
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PREFACE

The objectives of the practical training are to learn something about industries
practically and to be familiar with the working style of a technical person to adjust
simply according to the industrial environment.

It is rightly said practical life is far away from theoretical one. We learn in the
classroom that the practical exposure or real-life experience help in improving the
personality of the student in long run of life and will able to implement the theoretical
knowledge. As a part of academic syllabus of bachelors in Mechanical Engineering,
every student is required to undergo a practical training.

I am student of the 3rd Year Mechanical Engineering and this report is written on the
basis of practical knowledge acquired by me during the period of practical training
taken at
Mahindra Tractors , Gurdaspur.

This report is presented in very simple and understanding language on the basis of
Primary and Secondary data
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INTRODUCTION

This industrial training is done at MECHANICAL WORKSHOP DIVISION at

Mahindra Tractors, Gurdaspur , which come under the EXECUTIVE ENGINEER of
MT,Gsp. These workshops undertake the major repair of Tractors.

This industrial training is described under syllabus and required for experience
and practical knowledge. We had studied all kind of theoretical things about the
different element, parts, machine and their material of required use in repairing and
assembling work and all the things related to our ‘Mechanical Branch’.

In this workshop the repair work is done by different worker under the guidance of all
the respective Junior engineer present there. Here different departments were also
made for the repair and maintenance purpose. Here during this training, I had seen all
thing and done practically which has helped to enrich my knowledge greatly.

This project report is all what I had seen in the M.T workshop and done practically
with my hand. I am really thankful to all staff member of M.T and the workers, with
whose helpful nature and guidance I completed my industrial training and project
report.
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TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr.no. Title Page no.

1. ACKNOWELDGEMENT 2

2. PREFACE 3

3. INTRODUCTION 4

4. TABLE OF CONTENT 5

5. INTRODUCTION OF MAHINDRA TRACTORS,GSP 6-7

6. MAHINDRA TRACTOR DIVISIONS

7. GEAR BOX

8. VARIOUS PROCESSES USED IN THE WORKSHOP

9. VARIOUS TOOLS USED IN THE WORKSHOP

10. INTERACTION WITH VARIOUS PARTS OF TRACTORS

DURING TRAINING

11. CONCLUSION

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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* GURJIT MAHINDRA TRACTORS , GURDASPUR

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INTROUCTION TO MAHINDRA TRACTORS-

This Organisation was established in 1963 and its assembly

plants throughout the India are as following ;

 Baroda , Gujarat – Mahindra Gujarat

 Chappercheri – Swaraj Plant
 Jaipur – Rajasthan
 Mumbai , Maharashtra
 Mohali,Punjab
 Nagpur , Maharastra
 Rudrapur, Uttrakhand
 Zaherabad , Andhra Pradesh
 Nashik, Maharashtra

 Mahindra Tractors is the number one in sales in India – the

largest tractor market in the world.

 It has been the market leader since 1983 . Its sales are
predominantly in the states of GUJARAT , HARYANA
,PUNJAB ,MAHARASTRA and the SOUTHERN States .

 In 1999, Mahindra purchased 100 % of Gujarat Tractors from

the government of Gujarat and Mahindra purchased a 64.6%
stake in the Swaraj in 2004.
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* STAFF INFORMATION OF Mahindra Tractors, Gurdaspur.

Sr. no. Category Name

1. Workshop Manager Er. Rajpal sharma

2. Attendants Er. Ajay

Er. Satish Kumar

Mandeep Sir

Akash Sir

OTHER STAFF

Sr.no. Category No. of person

1. Junior Technician 3

2. Service Men 6

3. Welder 2

4. Electrician 1
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MAHINDRA TRACTOR DIVISION Are As Under ;

 Light Machine Shop

1. All shafts , gears , bushes , which are used in the tractors
are manufactured here .
2. Most of machines are of HMT [ for gear shaver ] and
GERMAN [ for bevel gear ]

 Heavy Machine Shop

1. All heavy casting of tractor machined in this shop.
2. The major operation carried out by milling , boring ,
tapping , champhering , finishing etc

 Assembly Shop
1. It is the process of joining various constituents to form a
final product.

 Paint Shop
1. Chasis painting area.
2. Pre –Treatment Area
3. Joist Painting Area
4. Final Painting Area

 Tool Room
 R and D Dept
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* GEAR BOXES ;
The power transmission is done to the wheels with the help of following important parts -
 Clutch
 Gear Box
 Differential
 Rear axles

 So , Gear Box is a power transmitting part of vehicles .

 Working Principle;

Horse Power{ H.P= k*T*N }

Where, k = const.
T= Torque
N= Rotational speed
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VARIOUS MACHINE USED IN WORKSHOP

1) ARC WELDING MACHINE

Arc Welding Definition:

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Arc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity
to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when the cool result in a
binding of the metals.

Arc Welding Introduction:

Arc welding is one of several fusion processes for joining metals. By applying intense
heat, metal at the joint between two parts is melted and caused to intermix directly, or
more commonly, with an intermediate molten filler metal. Upon cooling and
solidification, a metallurgical bond is created.

Since the joining is an intermixture of metals the final weldment potentially has the
same strength properties as the metals of the parts.

A problem that arises in arc welding is the contamination of the metal with elements in
the atmosphere (O, H, N, etc.). There can also be a problem with the surface that is not
clean.

The solution to this Includes,

1. Gas shields: An inert gas is blown into the weld zone to drive away other
atmospheric gases.
2. Flux: A material that is added to clean the surface may also give off a gas to
drive away unwanted gases.
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Arc welding working or circuit diagram:

An AC or DC power sources, fitted with whatever controls may be needed, is

connected by work cable to the work piece and by an electrode cable to electrode
holder of some type,

which makes electrical contact with the welding electrode.

An arc is created across the gap when the energized circuit and

The electrode tip touches the work piece and is withdrawn yet still within close
contact.

The arc produces a temperature of about 6500-degree centigrade at the tip.

This heat melts both the base metal and the electrode producing a pool of molten metal
sometimes called a creator.

The creator solidifies behind the electrode as it is moved along the joint. This result is
a fusion bond.

Arc Welding Parts or Basic Equipment:

Arc Welding

From the Diagram Some equipment or parts used in the Arc welding process you can
see and Some are not shown in the diagram which also I am going to explain. So,

The main parts are:

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1. Welding Machine (Power Supply)

2. Cable
3. Holder
4. Electrode
5. Cable
6. Hand Gloves
7. Goggles
8. Aprons
9. Chipping Hammers
10.Wire Brush

Welding Machine (Power Supply):

Electric or Power is supplying from Direct Board to Welding Machine to Electrode

cable to Electrode Holder.

Cable:

The main function is to deliver the current to the electrode holder from the machine.

Holder:

The function is to hold the Electrode.

Electrode:

This electrode creates a spark when contacting the work.

Hand Gloves:

While performing welding operation safety comes first so for the hand we use here
Hand gloves.

Goggles:

As the welding operation temperature is too high we can see the operation with the
naked eye but after some time the eye gets damaged.

The eye cannot sustain with high temperature therefor here we use Goggles.

Aprons:

Aprons are like clothes. We wear this for safety purposes.

Chipping Hammers:
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This instrument is for holding the work piece whenever required.

Wire Brush:

To remove unwanted material from the welded work piece that is slag we use a wire
brush.

Arc Welding Working Principle:

The Arc welding temperature ranges from a minimum 3000-degree centigrade to up to

20000-degree centigrade. So as the Diagram is shown above in which set up has been
shown.

Now supplying the power from the machine to the electrodes by the electrode cable
and holder.

The work piece is mounted there than before the electrode touches the work piece we
have to maintain a 2 to 3 mm gap because when you directly touch it, it might get
sticks and do vibrates.

Arc Welding Advantages:

1. The process gives high deposition rates.

2. Welding speed is high.
3. Wire consumption is low.
4. The consumption of electrical energy is low, as a maximum of 97 % of heat
energy can be utilized.
5. Any length can be welded without any interruption.
6. High-quality Welds are achieved with no fusion defects, no porosity and slag
inclusions.

Arc Welding Disadvantages:

1. High skilled operator required to perform an operation.

2. Arc is invisible, it can be controlled only by measuring arc voltage and current.
3. It can be used only in the down hand welding position.

Arc Welding Application:

1. The application of Arc welding in the various department like:

2. Industries Construction
3. Shipbuilding
4. Farm equipment
5. Lawn and Garden
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6. Highway Equipment
7. Institutional Equipment
8. Railways Department
9. and There are various other places there also this arc welding is used

2) PEDESTAL GRINDING MACHINE

DEFINATION
Grinding is the process of removing material by the cutting action of the
countless hard and sharp abrasive particles of a revolving grinding wheel as they
come in contact with the surface to be ground.
Grinding machines are made in a variety of types and sizes, depending upon the
class of work for which they are to be used.
Pedestal grinders are used to sharpen high-speed steel cutting tools used on the
lathes and milling machines, deburr, or used to remove surface imperfections and
to work extremely hard materials.
Dressing a Grinding Wheel
Dressing is the process of restoring the sharpness of the grinding wheel by
breaking away the dulled abrasive crystals or by removing the glazed or loaded
surface of the wheel, thus presenting new sharp cutting edges of the abrasive
grains. This breaking away is caused by the pressure of the dresser crushing the
bond and releasing the dull abrasive.
This process should not be confused with treeing, which refers to the shaping of
any part of the wheel to run true or to alter it to some desired shape.
The tools used for dressing are made in a variety of types and are
called dressers. The more commonly used off-hand dressers are: the star type and
the diamond stick
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Dressing Cont.
Slowly press the dresser against the face of the revolving wheel until it "bites."
Then move it back and forth to obtain a straight surface, and at the same time,
hold the dresser rigidly enough on the tool rest to maintain trueness while
dressing.
Wheel Loading is caused by:
1) metal too soft and/or
2) wheel bond too strong (Figure
5). When self-sharpening the
wheel, the pressure of grinding
will either fracture the grain or
pull it out of the bond when it becomes dull.
This action exposes new, sharp-cutting
edges.
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VARIOUS TOOL USED IN WORKSHOP

1) TOOL BOX

A toolbox (also called toolkit, tool chest or workbox) is a box to organize,

carry, and protect the owner's tools. They could be used for trade, a hobby
or DIY, and their contents vary with the craft of the owner.

Types
Simple wooden toolbox
A toolbox could refer to several types of storage to hold tools. It could mean a small
portable box that can carry a few tools to a project location or a large storage system
set on casters. Modern toolboxes are predominantly metal or plastic. Wood was the
material of choice for toolboxes built beginning in the early 19th century.
Toolboxes can be mainly divided as 5 types. They are:

 Plastic
 Steel
 Aluminium
 Waterproof
 Cantilever
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Cantilever toolbox
Small portable toolboxes are sometimes called hand boxes or portable tool storage.
Most portable toolboxes have one handle on top and a lid that opens on a hinge. Many
have a removable tote tray that sits on a flange inside the lip of the box, with a single
larger compartment below. The tote tray helps organize smaller parts and accessories.
Portable toolboxes sometimes use slide-out trays or cantilever trays in lieu of the
removable tote tray. Metal toolboxes (typically steel) weigh more than plastic ones. A
plastic toolbox laden with tools can weigh the same as a comparable steel box does
when empty. Metal boxes are also subject to rusting and their sharp edges can mark
the surfaces of things they are banged against. Metal is, however, known for being
stronger than plastic, so one should balance its disadvantages against the need to
withstand abuse and support the weight of many tools.

Portable chest with a carrying handle

Portable chests are a type of tool storage that is small enough to carry, but has drawers
to organize contents. Portable chests have a handle on top for portability and a top lid
that opens on hinges. Portable chests typically have 3-4 drawers. Most are made from
metal, but some have a plastic shell with metal drawers in order to help lighten the
piece.
A toolbox can also refer to a large tool storage system, or tool chest combos, that
includes multiple pieces. These systems are almost always made from metal. Most
tool storage systems are painted steel, but some are stainless steel and aluminium.
They include a top chest that has drawers and a top lid that opens on a hinge. The top
chest is designed to sit on a cabinet, also called a rolling cabinet (roll cab) or rollaway.
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The cabinet sits on four or more casters and has drawers to organize tools. Other
pieces can be added to the system or combo. A middle chest, also called an
intermediate chest, can be placed between the top chest and cabinet for extra storage.
A side cabinet with more drawers can be hung from the side of a cabinet. A side
locker can also be hung from the side of a cabinet; usually with a door that protects
shelves or small drawers.

Tool chest with wheels

Tool carts (also known as roll cabs) are commonly used in the transportation industry
for maintenance and repair of vehicles on location. Used as portable work stations,
some of the larger types are self-powered and propelled, for example, pit carts in
automobile racing.
After several decades of decline in popularity, today a resurgence in use is underway.
Viewed by many as intended primarily for specialized craftsmanship, such as
machinists, tool and die makers, jewellers and other specialized craftsmen, they are
also sought after by average tradesman and collectors as working heirloom. Many
toolboxes and chests from a variety of trades can be seen at the Smithsonian Museum
of American History.
Material
Tool chests are primarily made of metal, though some expensive models are made of
hardwoods.
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2) MECHANICAL SCREW JACK

A screw jack is a gearbox assembly (either worm gear or bevel gear) and a
transmission product (lead screw, ball screw or roller screw) which through use of a
motor is used to convert rotary into linear motion. They can be used to push, pull,
tension, lock, unlock, tilt, pivot, roll, slide and lift or lower loads, anything from a few
kilos to thousands of tonnes.

Screw jacks are essential components in automated machinery. Safety and legislative
concerns drive the automation of handling and lifting of heavy loads, particularly in
regions which have developed workplace and health and safety legislation.
The trend to electromechanical actuation from hydraulic actuation.
Screw jacks usually operate in high-load applications. The competing technology at
high loads tends to be hydraulics; however, hydraulics is less energy-efficient than
electro-mechanical actuation provided by screw jacks. Hydraulic systems waste
energy as the fluid circulates at constant pressure, regardless of the amount of work
required to be carried out by hydraulic positioning. A hydraulic jack or ram requires a
constant pressure to maintain its position when holding a load in place. By contrast, an
electric motor used to power a screw jack uses energy only when it drives the load to a
required position.
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The advantages of electro-mechanical over hydraulic can be summarized by:

 Demand for increased safety, in the event of power loss, screw jacks can be
self-locking
 Demand for machinery that operates with better energy efficiency
 Demand for machinery that operates greater levels of precision
 Machinery that requires less maintenance
 Machinery that requires less manual intervention to set up processes
 Increased range of actuation in terms of variable positioning
 Accurate and smooth delivery of force
 Cleaner machinery

3) WRENCH
DEFINATION
A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical
advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners,
such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.
Types

Americ British/Commonw
Description Group
an name ealth name

A double-ended tool
with one end being
like an open-end
wrench or open-
ended spanner, and
combinati combination spanner commo
the other end being
on wrench open-ring spanner n
like a box-end
wrench or ring
spanner. Both ends
generally fit the same
size of bolt.
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Americ British/Commonw
Description Group
an name ealth name

A wrench that is
used for gripping the
nuts on the ends of
tubes. It is similar to
a box-end wrench
but, instead of
encircling the nut
completely, it has a
narrow opening just
flare-nut
wide enough to allow
wrench flare spanner
the wrench to fit over
tube flare nut spanner commo
the tube, and thick
wrench brake spanner n
jaws to increase the
line crow's-foot spanner
contact area with the
wrench
nut. This allows for
maximum contact on
plumbing nuts,
which are typically
softer metals and
therefore more prone
to damage from
open-ended
wrenches.

An old type of
adjustable wrench
with a straight handle
monkey gas grips historica
and smooth jaws
wrench King Dick l
whose gripping faces
are perpendicular to
the handle.
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Americ British/Commonw
Description Group
an name ealth name

A tool that is similar

in design and
appearance to a
monkey wrench, but
with self-tightening
properties and
pipe
Stillson wrench hardened, serrated
wrench adjustab
Stillsons jaws that securely
monkey le
Pipe wrench grip soft iron pipe
wrench
and pipe fittings.
Sometimes known
by the original patent
holder's brand name
as a "Stillson
wrench" or a "Stilly".

A hollow cylinder
that fits over one end
of a nut or bolt head.
It may include a
handle, if it does not
then it is often just
referred to as a
socket and is usually
socket socket wrench used with various socket
wrench socket spanner drive tools to make it
a wrench or spanner
such as a ratchet
handle, a tee bar
(sliding tommy bar)
bar or a knuckle bar
(single axis pivot). It
generally has a six-
point, eight-point or
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Americ British/Commonw
Description Group
an name ealth name

twelve-point recess,
may be shallow or
deep, and may have a
built-in universal
joint.

An open-ended
multi-size ratchet
wrench.
The ratcheting mech
anism allows the nut
to be clamped-on or
loosened with a
reciprocating motion;
flip the wrench to
clamp change direction of
clamp ratchet adjustab
ratchet the drive. The
spanner le
wrench wrench takes the
advantage of the
clamp action to allow
multiple sizes in
both SAE and metric
standards. Each
wrench typically will
allow up to 3 non-
metric sizes and 3
metric sizes.

Allen A wrench used to

wrench turn screw or bolt
Allen key Allen key heads designed with keys
hex key a hexagonal socket
L wrench (recess) to receive
the wrench. The
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Americ British/Commonw
Description Group
an name ealth name

wrenches come in
two common forms:
L-shaped and T-
handles. The L-
shaped wrenches are
formed from
hexagonal wire
stock, while the T-
handles are the same
hex wire stock with a
metal or plastic
handle attached to
the end. There are
also index able-
driver-bits that can
be used in index able
screwdrivers.

A thin open-end
wrench used to fit
narrow wrench flats
of adjustable
bearing bicycle hubs.
Called a "cone"
wrench because it
cone fits wrench flats of specialt
cone spanner the cone section of a y
wrench
"cup and cone" hub,
this tool is also used
with some other
adjustable hub
bearings. The wrench
is very thin so has
little strength; to
compensate, cone
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Americ British/Commonw
Description Group
an name ealth name

wrenches typically
have a large head.
Most bicycle front
hubs use a 13 mm;
most rears use
15 mm.

A small, square-head
socket wrench used
drum key on drum (percussion
lug musical instrument)
specialt
wrench drum key tuning lugs and
y
drum fasteners. This key is
wrench often interchangeable
with radiator bleed
keys.

4-way lug
wrench
wheel lug
A socket wrench
cross
wheel brace used to turn lug nuts specialt
wrench
tyre spanner on automobile wheel y
cross rim
s.
wrench
spider
wrench
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4) HAMMER

A hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is

swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to
drive nails into wood, to shape metal (as with a forge), or to crush rock.[1][2] Hammers
are used for a wide range of driving, shaping, and breaking applications.
The modern hammer head is typically made of steel which has been heat treated for
hardness, and the handle (also known as a haft or helve) is typically made of wood
or plastic.
The claw hammer has a "claw" to pull nails out of wood, and is commonly found in an
inventory of household tools in North America. Other types of hammer vary in shape,
size, and structure, depending on their purposes. Hammers used in
many trades include sledgehammers, mallets, and ball-peen hammers. Although most
hammers are hand tools, powered hammers, such as steam hammers and trip hammers,
are used to deliver forces beyond the capacity of the human arm. There are over 40
different types of hammers that have many different types of uses.

5) PLIERS

Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used
to handle hot metal in Bronze Age Europe. [1] They are also useful for bending and
compressing a wide range of materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal
first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the levers, creating
short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side. [1] This
 Page 29

arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hand's grip to
be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to
manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the fingers.
Diagonal pliers, also called side cutters, are a similarly-shaped tool for cutting rather
than holding, using a pair of stout blades, similar to scissors except that the cutting
surfaces meet parallel to each other rather than overlapping. Ordinary
(holding/squeezing) pliers may incorporate a small pair of such cutting blades. Pincers
are a similar tool with a different type of head used for cutting and pulling, rather than
squeezing. Tools designed for safely handling hot objects are usually called tongs.
Special tools for making crimp connections in electrical and electronic applications are
often called crimping pliers or crimpers; each type of connection uses its own
dedicated tool.
There are many kinds of pliers made for various general and specific purposes.

6) SCREWDRIVER

A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for screwing (installing) and

unscrewing (removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft,
ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. This form
of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more
modern and versatile tool, a power drill, as they are quicker, easier, and also can drill
holes. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip
may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual
contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for additional 'grip'. Handles are
typically wood, metal, or plastic[1] and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-
section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. Some
manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the
shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically. These often have a hollow handle
that contains various types and sizes of tips, and a reversible ratchet action that allows
multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or the user's hand.
A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the driving surfaces—slots,
grooves, recesses, etc.—on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the
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screwdriver's tip engage the head of a screw of the same size and type designation as
the screwdriver tip. Screwdriver tips are available in a wide variety of types and sizes
(List of screw drives). The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted
screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-point".
A wide variety of power screwdrivers ranges from a simple 'stick'-type with batteries,
a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "pistol" type VSR (variable-speed
reversible) cordless drills that also function as screwdrivers. This is particularly useful
as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common operation. Special
combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator rapidly alternate between the
two. Variations include impact drivers, which provide two types of 'hammering' force
for improved performance in certain situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in
tight spaces. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in bubble levels, high/low
gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks,
'gyroscopic' control, etc., are available.
7) MEASURING TAPE

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used to measure size or distance.
It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a
measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to
measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature
form as a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of
over 100 m.
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8) SPIRITE LEVEL

A spirit level, bubble level, or simply a level, is an instrument designed to indicate

whether a surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb). Different types of spirit
levels may be used by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers, other building trades
workers, surveyors, millwrights and other metalworkers, and in
some photographic or video graphic work. Early tubular spirit levels had very slightly
curved glass vials with constant inner diameter at each viewing point. These vials are
incompletely filled with a liquid, usually a coloured spirit or alcohol, leaving
a bubble in the tube. They have a slight upward curve, so that the bubble naturally
rests in the centre, the highest point. At slight inclinations the bubble travels away
from the marked centre position. Where a spirit level must also be usable upside-down
or on its side, the curved constant-diameter tube is replaced by an incurved barrel-
shaped tube with a slightly larger diameter in its middle.

Alcohols such as ethanol are often used rather than water. Alcohols have
low viscosity and surface tension, which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly
and settle accurately with minimal interference from the glass surface. Alcohols also
have a much wider liquid temperature range, and won't break the vial as water could
due to ice expansion. A colorant such as fluorescein, typically yellow or green, may be
added to increase the visibility.
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INTERACTION WITH VARIOUS PARTS OF THE TRACTORS ;

 Page 33

CONCLUSION

In my industrial training, I was introduced to industrial environment. I learned

discipline and cooperation during my industrial training and I felt good when I came
in contact with engineers and worker of workshop.

After the completion of industrial training I enhanced competencies and

competitiveness in our respective area of specialization. I tried to relate the experience
in the workplace with the knowledge learned in the institute and applied the
knowledge on the job under supervision.

Here, I gained the experience and knowledge that can be used for suitable job
without delay after studies.

I learned to hone soft skills appropriate to the work environment. Also get improvised
in communication skills. I assess career ability, knowledge and confidence as well as
enhanced our marketability to be more competitive.

With experience, knowledge and skills acquired during industrial

training I will be better prepared to face working world.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.co.in
 www.wikipedia.org
 Under the guidance of: -

- Himanshu Khanna Sir

- Er. Ajay Sir
- Er. Rajpal Sir