Blockchain

Technology
What is Blockchain Technology?
Originally, blockchain was just the computer
science term for how to structure and share data.

Today blockchains are hailed the “fifth evolution”

of computing.

Blockchains are a novel approach to the

distributed database.

The innovation comes from incorporating old

technology in new ways.
Blockchains create permanent records and
histories of transactions, but nothing is really
permanent.

The permanence of the record is based on the

permanence of the network.

In the context of blockchains, this means that a

large portion of a blockchain community would
all have to agree to change the information
and are incentivized not to change the data.
 A blockchain is a peer-to-peer system
with no central authority managing
data flow.

One of the key ways to removing

central control while maintaining data
integrity is to have a large distributed
network of independent users.

This means that the computers that

make up the network are in more than
one location. These computers are
http://dailyblockchain.github.io/
often referred to as full nodes.
Why blockchains matter
Blockchains are now recognized as the “fifth evolution”
of computing, the missing trust layer for the Internet.

Blockchains can create trust in digital data.

When information has been written into a blockchain

database, it’s nearly impossible to remove or change it.

This capability has never existed before.

When data is permanent and reliable in a digital format,

you can transact business online in ways that, in the past,
were only possible offline.
Use of Blockchain
• Everything that has stayed
analog, including property
rights and identity, can now
be created and maintained
online.
• Slow business and banking
processes, such as money
wires and fund settlements,
can now be done nearly
instantaneously.
Applications
of Blockchain
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Cryptocurrency
A cryptocurrency is a digital asset

Designed to work as a medium of exchange

Individual coin ownership records are stored in a ledger

existing in a form of computerized db

The db using strong cryptography to secure transaction

records, to control the creation of additional coins, and to
verify the transfer of coin ownership
Cryptocurrency
Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a digital currency created
in January 2009 following the
housing market crash.
It follows the ideas set out in a
whitepaper by the mysterious and
pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto.
The identity of the person or
persons who created the
technology is still a mystery.
Trading on Bitcoin
Using Cryptocurrency
• Moving money faster
• Fraud Prevention – Due to auditable trail
• Guaranteed payments
• Faster and better trade
• Border-free Payroll
• Micropayments
Blockchain in Finance
Banking was the first industry to recognize the threat of Bitcoin and then the
potential of blockchain to transform the industry.

The banking sector is highly regulated, and the fees to organize and operate as a
bank are expensive.

These heavy regulations have been an insulating and protective shield for the
whole industry, as well as a burden.

The application of fast, efficient, digital money that doesn’t carry the cost of
handling cash and that is traceable as it moves through the financial system was
an intoxicating and threatening proposal.

The idea that value can be held outside the control of central authorities also
piqued the interest of financial institutions and governments that back
currencies.
Blockchain in Real Estate
Blockchain technology has been proposed as a supplement
to help consumers in common law title systems.

Blockchains are fantastic public recordkeeping systems; they

also can’t be backdated or changed without a record.

In theory, blockchains could transform common law systems

into distributed title systems.
Blockchain for Governments
• Blockchain technology could also
be used to share information
between networks in a smart city
securely.
• The Indian government launched
its Smart Cities Mission in 2015,
with the intention of building 100
new smart cities. Many of these
developments will be in the Delhi
Mumbai Industrial Corridor, which
is a 620-mile (1,000km) stretch
between Delhi and Mumbai.
• Singapore has been a leader in
smart city development and has
begun developing smart cities in
other countries.
• Andhra Pradesh and the Monetary
Authority of Singapore have
announced a financial technology
(fintech) innovation partnership,
with a primary focus on blockchain
and digital payments.
Blockchain for Governments
• Indian authorities have also
engaged a team of Singaporean
experts to assist the
development of a satellite town
in Himachal Pradesh.
• The 49-acre (20-hectare) project
aims to help decongest Shimla, a
town that has had a massive
population rise in the past few
decades.
• In 2016, the central government
of the United Kingdom put out a
report called “Distributed Ledger
Technology: Beyond Block
Chain” ( https://goo.gl/asIz6L ),
which asserted that distributed
ledger technology (blockchains)
could be used to reduce
corruption, errors, and fraud,
and make various processes
more efficient.
Blockchain for Governments
• The Dubai government has
estimated that its blockchain
initiative has the potential to
save 25.1 million hours in
productivity. This boost in
efficiency will also help to cut
back on carbon emissions.
• Dubai’s Global Blockchain
Council (GBC) announced seven
new public-private
collaborations, combining the
skills and resources of startups,
local businesses, and
government departments.

The government of Dubai has an ambitious plan to move all government

documents and systems onto the blockchain by 2020.
Smart Contracts
Smart contracts are computer code
that are stored on a blockchain and
automatically execute when
predetermined terms and conditions
are met.
At the most basic level, they are
programs that run as they've been set
up to run by the people who developed
them
Smart Contracts
Benefits of Smart Contracts
Cutting out middleman means savings for the
business.

According to a McKinsey report it is estimated that

blockchain could save businesses at least $50 billion
in B2B transactions by 2021.

According to Accenture research published at the

start of 2017, investment banks alone could save up
to $12 billion per year by adopting blockchain and
smart contracts, effectively.
Gartner has estimated that by 2022, smart contracts
will be in use by more than 25% of global
organizations.
Benefits of Smart Contracts
Security:
• The smart contract is
encrypted and distributed
among nodes.
• This guarantees that it will
not be lost or changed
without your permission.
This means that you don’t have to trust people and organizations, you trust code, which is open source and
Economy and speed:
• Most processes are
automated, and most
intermediaries are
eliminated.
provides transparent processes.
Standardization:
• There is a wide range of
different types of smart
contracts nowadays.
• Radically reduce transaction
costs (bureaucracy) through
machine consensus and auto-
enforceable code.
• Bypass the traditional
principal-agent dilemmas of
organizations, thus providing
an operating system for what
some refer to as “trustless
trust”.
“Smart” Contracts?
A smart contract can only be as smart as
the people coding taking into account all
available information at the time of
coding.

While smart contracts have the potential

to become legal contracts if certain
conditions are met, they should not be
confused with legal contracts accepted
by courts and or law enforcement.
Bibliography
• Blockchain for Dummies by Tiara Lawrence
• Blockchain - Blueprint for a New Economy by Melanie Swan
• https://kustard.io/blog/are-smart-contracts-really-smart/
• https://blog.goodaudience.com/blockchain-for-beginners-what-is-
blockchain-519db8c6677a
• https://kustard.io/blog/are-smart-contracts-really-smart
• https://www.ibm.com/blogs/blockchain/2018/07/what-are-smart-
contracts-on-blockchain/
• https://bravenewcoin.com/insights/mckinsey-sees-blockchain-
technology-reaching-full-potential-in-5-years