Project Theme

Urban Design
Report
Department of Architecture

T.K.M college of engineering

© 2020 - 2021
 Preface

Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam fugit, cusdani
mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor autem. Ebit as reperro
ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis
dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeper-
ferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagnisitio
etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus, cusci-
mus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo estions eremp
 Acknowledgements

Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam fugit, cusdani
mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor autem. Ebit as reperro
ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis
dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeper-
ferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagnisitio
etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus, cusci-
mus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo estions eremp
Study Faculty(with pic)
 Editorial

Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam fugit, cusdani
mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor autem. Ebit as reperro
ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis
dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeper-
ferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagnisitio
etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus, cusci-
mus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo estions eremp
The sites

Kazhakuttom Alappuzha

BUILT USE MAP

1.Mobilit
ALAPPUZHA CITY_LAND-USE PROPOSAL _2031 300m
200m
100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE
current KSRT

2.Zilla co

3 5
AMOUNT OF OPEN SPACE
ALLOTED IS LESS, ALTHOUGH
THE LOCATION IS VERY
APPROPRIATE FOR TOURISTS
AND RESIDENTS ALIKE
1 1

4
Existing
ARABIAN SEA

2 KSRTC STAND MOVED FROM

TOWN CENTRE- CLOSER TO 3.Private
THE NEW BYPASS REDUCE private bus mobility hub
TRAFFIC renovating
beach side stand
shavakotta bridge
bypass
zilla court
bridge

SOURCE- ALAPPUZHA MUNICIPALITY 9.9 %

13.6 % Active
proposals almost comp
on site
57.9 % 4.Triple

Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide 18.6% The site is located between the two prominent canals of Alappuzha, namely
volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam Vadai canal towards the North and the Commercial
triple bridge,
renovation
canal towards the
fugit, cusdani mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam South.
voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor The land area is mostly occupied by residential settlements. work in prog
GROUP 1 / S9 / TKMCE URBAN STUDY / 2020
autem. Ebit as reperro ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que The town area is towards the East characterised by an even mix of
sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis mixed-use and public buildings.
eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis The Eastern and Western edges of the site are marked by the Vembanad
doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim Lake and the Arabian Sea respectively.
fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeperferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat. Site Features
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus. The site becomes more important as most of the city’s features are in it.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re The Vembanad Lake in the East is one of the most preferred backwater
illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagni- tourism destinations.
sitio etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus. The Sea bridge which tells the story of the city’s sea port and trade via the
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus sea.
quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus, The commercial canal along which stands the old warehouses which shows
cuscimus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo the influence of Dutch architecture in Alappuzha, as well as the time when
the canal system was used as the primary mode of transportation.
The sites
Kazhakuttom
Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide
volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam
fugit, cusdani mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam
voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor
autem. Ebit as reperro ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que
sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis
eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis
doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim
fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeperferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re
illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagni-
sitio etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus
quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus,
cuscimus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo
Kakkanad
Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide
volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam
fugit, cusdani mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam
voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor
autem. Ebit as reperro ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que
sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis
eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis
doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim
fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeperferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re
illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagni-
sitio etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus
quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus,
cuscimus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo
The sites
Thangasseri
Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide
volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam
fugit, cusdani mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam
voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor
autem. Ebit as reperro ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que
sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis
eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis
doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim
fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeperferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re
illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagni-
sitio etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus
quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus,
cuscimus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo
Kollam Link Rd
Odiaspel ius diciatinciet volo est, sunt a ditatibus ped molorro molut essi tem explicabore officide
volupit eat re estios et quibus, occaborro dolorestorem quatiusam et, te corehendae eati dusam
fugit, cusdani mustistia dem fugit et quam, sit, audisci enieni ut fugiaes tiscium quiscie nisitis elitam
voluptatati re optate perum explite mod quiate nest optasped ut re nobisci nulpa sitiamusande dolor
autem. Ebit as reperro ruptatus era nistem quiatus expeliquae quatur rehendae sint arum id que
sunt, eius aut offic tem que volupta tempedi con conestiassi ut mi, evelita ecatem. Nam dolorro quis
eruntibus audi ulpa niscit as nobis dunt archil experum ipsa vent ma atur sinveliciae aut quaeperiatis
doluptatur, con re denduciur, ut quam cor abo. Ga. Et omniendi volectum fuga. Ehenis as re porenim
fugiae dellore prepern aturem saeperferit dolecumque omnimus pa quat.
Pid qui optur, si int quis ra deligenitiis deliqui totas nonsedio tendi opta comnime dolore cus.
Itaquis accuptate molorrum facea sam faccupta sum nitia plia doloratus nosaeped que nobiscit re
illatem quid magnihi lleserunt et officatia sin eossin restibus, que namus minusape pora culpa simagni-
sitio etus alicit am, comnihicid eturio. Et aut volore excearciatia que volorum quibuscimus.
Vidus qui is in porem. Tus im atio. Ut lab istiatur? Qui to blat lautendi quis doluptatio exernatum faccus
quis ium cus ant vid ma nonsendis dolest atem solorehende ma int a cus ate asimentecte alicilibus,
cuscimus nonet pelenietur aute comnis dollorrum quodis unte res si adi reptatus dolendaescia dolo
The sites
Thrissur
A contemplation of its nucleus - The cultural capital of Kerala, a district spirited largely from its cultural,
spiritual significance and proud of its celebration of oneness through Thrissur Pooram. One of the bet-
ter planned cites in Kerala by former king Shakthan Thampuran and is built around a 65 acre hillock
“Thekinkadu Maidan”. The vision is of great appeal to one’s eye and attracts tourists and travellers
from all around the world every year, moreover for its rich history, strong religious and cultural heritage
and immense archaeological wealth.
Nileshwaram
The site is located in the municipality of Nileshwaram, southern end of Kasaragod district, distanc-
ing at 57kms from Kannur and 35kms from Kasaragod, it’s in the Hosdurg thaluk of Kasaragod
district.The area of study is well connected with the nearby towns of Kanhangad and Cheruvathur
and is connected linearly by road and rail networks and horizontally by the district bus routes.
The area comprises the historical town area of Nileshwaram, the major market junction, convent
junction, Harbour junction and the includes the traditional community settlements, highlighting the
river flowing through the centre of the site.
Contents

Kazhakuttom Alappuzha Kazhakuttom Kakkanad

City intro City intro City intro City intro

history and evolution history and evolution history and evolution history and evolution

1. introduction 1. introduction 1. introduction 1. introduction

2. evolution and ecology 2. evolution and ecology 2. evolution and ecology 2. evolution and ecology

3. analysis and inference 3. analysis and inference 3. analysis and inference 3. analysis and inference

Morphology Morphology Morphology Morphology

4. introduction 4. introduction 4. introduction 4. introduction

5. figure ground 5. figure ground 5. figure ground 5. figure ground

6. open space 6. open space 6. open space 6. open space

7. building height 7. building height 7. building height 7. building height

8. built use 8. built use 8. built use 8. built use

9. age 9. age 9. age 9. age

10. elements 10. elements 10. elements 10. elements

11. guidelines 11. guidelines 11. guidelines 11. guidelines

Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation

12. introduction 12. introduction 12. introduction 12. introduction

13. public transportation modes 13. public transportation modes 13. public transportation modes 13. public transportation modes

14. traffic density &node analysis 14. traffic density &node analysis 14. traffic density &node analysis 14. traffic density &node analysis

15. parking & pedestrian traffic 15. parking & pedestrian traffic 15. parking & pedestrian traffic 15. parking & pedestrian traffic

Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure

16. introduction drainage 16. introduction drainage 16. introduction drainage 16. introduction drainage

17. sewage 17. sewage 17. sewage 17. sewage

18. water distribution 18. water distribution 18. water distribution 18. water distribution

19. other services 19. other services 19. other services 19. other services

20. solid waste 20. solid waste 20. solid waste 20. solid waste

21. socio economic status 21. socio economic status 21. socio economic status 21. socio economic status

22. socio-cultural map 22. socio-cultural map 22. socio-cultural map 22. socio-cultural map

Issue mapping Issue mapping Issue mapping Issue mapping

vision + proposals vision + proposals vision + proposals vision + proposals

design design design design

bibliography bibliography bibliography bibliography

Thangasseri Kollam Link Rd Thrissur Nileshwaram

City intro City intro City intro City intro

history and evolution history and evolution history and evolution history and evolution

1. introduction 1. introduction 1. introduction 1. introduction

2. evolution and ecology 2. evolution and ecology 2. evolution and ecology 2. evolution and ecology

3. analysis and inference 3. analysis and inference 3. analysis and inference 3. analysis and inference

Morphology Morphology Morphology Morphology

4. introduction 4. introduction 4. introduction 4. introduction

5. figure ground 5. figure ground 5. figure ground 5. figure ground

6. open space 6. open space 6. open space 6. open space

7. building height 7. building height 7. building height 7. building height

8. built use 8. built use 8. built use 8. built use

9. age 9. age 9. age 9. age

10. elements 10. elements 10. elements 10. elements

11. guidelines 11. guidelines 11. guidelines 11. guidelines

Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation

12. introduction 12. introduction 12. introduction 12. introduction

13. public transportation modes 13. public transportation modes 13. public transportation modes 13. public transportation modes

14. traffic density &node analysis 14. traffic density &node analysis 14. traffic density &node analysis 14. traffic density &node analysis

15. parking & pedestrian traffic 15. parking & pedestrian traffic 15. parking & pedestrian traffic 15. parking & pedestrian traffic

Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure

16. introduction drainage 16. introduction drainage 16. introduction drainage 16. introduction drainage

17. sewage 17. sewage 17. sewage 17. sewage

18. water distribution 18. water distribution 18. water distribution 18. water distribution

19. other services 19. other services 19. other services 19. other services

20. solid waste 20. solid waste 20. solid waste 20. solid waste

21. socio economic status 21. socio economic status 21. socio economic status 21. socio economic status

22. socio-cultural map 22. socio-cultural map 22. socio-cultural map 22. socio-cultural map

Issue mapping Issue mapping Issue mapping Issue mapping

vision + proposals vision + proposals vision + proposals vision + proposals

design design design design

bibliography bibliography bibliography bibliography

12
 13

Kazhakuttom
14
Contents 15

1. CITY INTRODUCTION 5. INFRASTRUCTURE

2. HISTORY i. Introduction

i. Introduction ii. Sewage

ii. History iii. Solid Waste Management

iii. Evolution iv. Electricity

iv. Contour v. Water Supply

v. Hydrology vi. Social structure

vi. Ecology vii. SocioEconomic map

3. MORPHOLOGY viii. Socio Cultural Map

i. Intoduction 6. ISSUE MAPPING

ii. Open Spaces 7. VISION + PROPOSALS

iii. Land Use 8. DESIGN

iv. Built Use 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

v. Building Height & Age

vi. Elements

4. TRANSPORTATION

i. Introduction

ii. Public transport

iii. Traffic Density & Node Analysis

vi. Parking & Pedestrian Traffic

16
17
18
HISTORY

CHOLA

CHERA ELAYIDATH
DESINGANAD
PANDYA
PERAKA
THAVAZHI

AY KINGDOM

THRIPPAPPUR

ETTUVEETTIL PILLAMAR

Ettuveetil Pillamar were the leaders of the land established for maintaining law and justice in Venad. They were the Governors of provinces of the country. The
Kazhakkuttam Region was the centre of power of one of the Pillamar.

During the regency of UMAYAMMA RANI (1677 - 1684) They started opposing the King openly and bringing more and more Madampis or nobles under their influence.
MARTHANDA VARMA, who founded Travancore, right from his childhood had to live constantly in hiding, due to the Pillamar. The Eight were either killed or exiled after
sufficient evidence of conspiracy and murder was procured. Their houses were dug up (Kulamthondal - a common punishment of the time) and all their assets and armies
seized by the victorious Marthanda Varma. The Kazhakkuttam Sree Krishna Temple pond is in the site of the house of Kazhakkuttam Pillai.
HISTORY 19

TRAVANCORE Nairs

Ezhavas

Brahmins

Dalits

Muslims

Christians\Tamils

200 400 600 800 1000

Residences

m Cattle

A decade before the first (unreliable) census was taken
in erstwhile Travancore during 1830s, Ward and Conner in their
survey memoirs gave glimpses of the population in Travancore.
These may possibly be estimates rather than data obtained
through enumeration. This data indicate that Kazhakuttam
had a population of around 2,500 in 1820
Rservoirs
Different communities can be traced in and around
Kazhakuttam. The construction work of the Kazhakuttam
temple is believed to have caused migration of various
communities to this place. Religious \Public Buildings

200 400 600 800 1000

20
Evolution.
Evolution of Kazhakoottam from satellite view.

Satellite image of Kazhakoottam in 2003 Satellite image of Kazhakoottam in 2011 Satellite image of Kazhakoottam in 2013

Satellite image of Kazhakoottam in 2015 Satellite image of Kazhakoottam in 2018 Satellite image of Kazhakoottam in 2020

Kazhakuttom was the centre of power for Kazhakuttathu

Ugran Pillai who was prominent among theso-called Ett-
uveetil Pillamar (Pillais from Eight Houses) who rebelled
against Travancore King Marthanda Varma in the late
18th century.After defeating Pillai, Varma destroyed his
palace and replaced it with a pond. To redeem himself,
he built a temple to Krishna nearby. Both the pond and
the temple survive.The Kazhakuttom Mahadeva Temple
is believed to be around 1000 years.

Data ref:The Hindu editorial.

 21

First cencus of atravancore.(1880s). Construction work of temple caused Goldsmiths in the vicinity of
Population of kazhakuttam- 2500 (yr 1820) migration of various communities to the temple were descendants of
Houses- 1000, Cattles- 250, Reservoirs- 250. kazhakoottam. Pandi kannalan, who was bought
Religious buidings- 18, Public buildings- 4. for temple ornation from Tamil nadu.
25 Toddy shops in Kulathur and Pallipuram.

Ironsmith community making arms for Ettuveettil pillamar
settled in Vaidyar kunnu ( Karyavattom campus).
Now this area occupied by technopark campus ( remains of
foundary was located when earth was dug for construction of park.)
Kanis- prominent communities found in hilly terrains
of Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam had a settlement
in Karyavattom.
Pulayan community, who were brought for
the farmlands settled in Karyavttom area
till 1963. Still they are residing near shasta
temple practicing rituals associated with
sacred groves.

Christian communities migrated towards Kaz-

Kazhakkuttam vadakkumbhagom was known for the
settlement and worship place for Muslim community
during that time. The temple festival was celebrated
by both hindus and muslims. Marking the communal
harmony, the junction between temple and mosque
named as Ambalapally.
hakoottam. In 1909 there was a surge in Nadar
christians as the community got organized.
In 1909 the Kazhakoottam mission hospital
was started.A church was built in Karyavttom
campus area, demolished in 1963 and rebuilt Establishment of Techno park in
in Ambalathinkara.Nadar christian who were The first space center was 1995, this was India’s first IT park.
experts in kalari and vaidyam were settled in Latin church in Karyavattom launched from the VSCC This now employs around 62000
Vaidyarkunnu, where Technopark now standing. dates back to 1936. outside city in 1963. people in 450 companies.
22
Contour map.
Site contour map. Legends. Connectivity.

National High way tracing through low-lying

contours in the site.

Land filling.

OLd coastal plane which undergone frequent

flooding for centuries got filled up and infratr-
ucture and services are built.

Filled up land hosting IT development and

high-rise residential buildings. Low lying areas
experiencing frequentflooding in monsoon.
 23
Contour map with roads. Contour map with roads and buildings.

Some roads near the hilly terrain in the site

having only single connection with the NH
Which creating traffic issues, unsafe dead
ends and slopes.

The sloping site is cut down and an

8 lane high way is provided. This is a
major reason for accessibility issues
associated with bi-roads.

Development of the site with

respect to contour.

Low lying areas were initialy flood plains Techno park was constructed in low lying flood
and served as cultivation land for paddy plains by filling up the area. This initiated a need for Development of Akkulam Tourist Village catalised Real estate value of the area boomed and
and coconut.Settlements were mainly mass residential area for the IT park employees. the rapid formation of road networks towards the people started to buy smaller plots all around
concentrated towardscostal area. Highraise residential buildings were constructed. Akkulam lake through slope of the hillock. Techno park.
24 v
Geomorphology of site. Minerals in site. Site soil types. Pollution potential map of site. 25

Site falls under hevy pollution potent area.

Most of the areas marked as old costal plane were High lying areas in the site posses rich source of Settlement soil can be found mainly in low lying
once fertileagricultural area and now serving as site ‘Garnetiferous biotite’ which is a good quality areas of the site. This is a result of soil settled when
for huge buildings due rapid urbanisation of the area. stone. This creates ecological issues such as it was under old costal plane.
working of quarries and mining centers.

a) Stream flowing through Kannanmoola.

Flooding of the area around akkulam lake carriying

low lying area marked as the old costal plane still Quarries located in the ecosensitive area are not sand and silt towards akkulam lake basin, resulting
suffering from severe flooding in monsoon season. in working conditions. in filling up of the lake.

Source: 1) https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/74065/10/10_chapter%203.pdf
2) Sajinkumar, K.S., Revathy, A. & Rani, V.R. Hydrogeochemistry and spatio-temporal changes of a tropical coastal wetland system: Veli-Akkulam Lake, Thiruvananthapuram,
India. Appl Water Sci 7, 1521–1534 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0333-8 b) Stream flowing through Plamoodu.
26
Ecology.
Ecological assets.
All season bird species. Migratory bird species.
Garganey Anas querquedula.
Herons.
Osprey Pandion haliaetus.
Jacanas.
Egrets. Northern Pintail Anas acuta.
Local fish species and threats.
Kerala mushi.
Extinction of natural fish
varieties from the lake.
Cormorants.
This is due to the heavy
This birds are seen in all months in eutrophication, pollution A total of 35 species of freshwater and marine fishes, classified
the banks and wetland area around and invading exotic fish under 9 orders, 26 families and 30 genera were recorded from
Akkulam-Veli lake basin. species. the lake.
Ecological threats.
Northern Pintail Anas acuta. Common coot. Commarants.
Akkulam lake is the major breeding ground for somany birds including Com-
mon coot and Commarants. Any change in the ecosystem or surroundings
of the ecosystem seriously affects the life cycle of the animal community
associated with this area.
A clear scenario can be seen from declaining of bird population in the lake
caused by clearing the breeding gronds of the birds near Akkulam lake for
construction of Southern Aviation offices.
Peregrine Falcon.
1993 2013
158 species of 80 species of
birds. birds.
Location for aviation
offices.
Rapid urbanisation over two dec-
ades caused reduction of around
Red Avadavat.
78 species of birds.
Invasive plants.
Exceeding number of african catfish and sucker catfish.
Exotic Thelapia escaped from the
fish farms during flooding excee-
ding numbers and causing serious
threat to the natural fish varieties
and ecosystem.
Exotic plant species such as Water hyacinth Eochhornia crassipes causing
serious threat to the ecosystem.

CRZ Rules and areas.
CRZ areas marked in the map given for Akkulam Veli lake basin.
27
Construction of a sea wall in the coast interepted the
interaction of the Akkulam- Veli lake with the sea. This
reduced the chance of thenatural cleansing of lake
water through sea water.
This made the Akkulam lake water, a stagnant water
source for explotion of exotic plant species such as
water hyacinth and water weed.
The recent mud bund constructed for NH construction
divides the waterbody and resulted in excess water
logging and flash flood in area.
Unconventional land filling in the Technopark phase-3
area resulted in flooding of Athippara area.
Ref: Nair, Manoj V. Birds of Aakkulam-Veli Back Waters and
Environs.
Newsletters for Birdwatchers. Vol.34 No.1 Jan -Feb ’94
Reghunadh, K., K. Sajan, and S. Mohanakumar.1995. “Pal-
aeogeographic
evolution of the Akkulamlake and its geotechnical implic-
ations in the urban
development of Thiruvananthapuram.”
CURRENT SCIENCE-BANGALORE-69: 454-454.
28
29
30 4. PRIVATE OWNED PUBLIC SPACES
The only major semi public space on the site was of
The World Market which was hardly landscaped for
public activities, Though it was intended for the
neighbourhood
Another Semi Public Space is the Go Kart Racing
complex which provides Go Karting facilities as
well as Car wash Facilities
GO KART RACING CAR WASH
WORLD MARKET CAMPUS
GO KART RACING
5. PUBLIC SPACES AND OPEN VACANT LOTS
Undeveloped vast barren lands are used by the
neighbourhoods around for communal activies,
Seasonal events during Onam and New Year the
ground is converted into a space for games and
activities.
WATER BODIES
The Aakulam Lake is badly maintained and fishing and
boating activities have been stopped due to the bad
condition of the lake.There are also waterbodies
around the site. However they are also not maintained.
An unused Pullukkaadu Quarry is now filled with water.
Rock extracted: Granite(Building Stone) Charnockite
Owner: Sreekumar, Ratheesh Bhavan, Pullukadu,
Karimanal P.O.
AAKULAM LAKE
PULLUKADU QUARRY
POUNDUKADAVU GROUND
COASTAL REGULATION ZONE-2
The area that have already been developed up
to or the shoreline. For this purpose, ' Developed
Area' is referred to as that area within the
municipal limits or in other legally designated
urban areas which is already substantially built up
and which has been provided with drainage and
approach roads and other infrastructural facilities,
such as water supply and sewerage mains.
a) Buildings shall be permitted neither on the
seaward side of the existing road(or roads
proposed in the approved Coastal Zone Plane
of the area) nor on the seaward side of the
existing and proposed road. Existing authorized
structures shall be subject to the existing local
Town and Country Planning regulations
including the existing norms of FIS/FAR
b) Reconstruction of the authorized building to
be permitted subject to the existing FSI/FAR
norms and without change in the existing use.
c) The design and construction of buildings shall
be consistent with the surrounding landscape
and architectural style
 31
SWOT ANALYSIS POTENTIALS

STRENGTHS 1. The site has approximately 50%

the Naval NCC Unit Kerala is located within the no
development Zone.
There are no other violations in the site based on CRZ
1. The site has many natural resources
like Aakulam Lake which if maintained
can be a good source of income for
both fishing and tourism
2. There are may potential vacant
lands good for future development in
the site.
3. There are various nodes present in
the site that are potential activity
generators.
green spaces that have been
retained. This shows the presence
of virgin land suitable for
development.
2. The future development of
Aakulam Tourism can also give a
new facelift to the area engaging
more crowd
3. The presence of IT sector has
brought a high land value to the
area and potential real estate
development.

4. The upcoming Lulu Mall which is

Asias Largest Mall is going to come
up near Aakulam Lake

5. There is more scope for tourism

in this area since the NH bypass
connects to the upcoming
Vizhinjam Port and The
international Airport.
6. The presence of veli Railway
station and Kochu veli Railway
station can also bring in more
crowd into the area

WEAKNESSES THREATS

USER INTERACTIVE SPACES
WATERSCAPES AAKULAM WALK PARK
PUBLIC PLAY GROUND
STAGNANT SPACES
UNUSED WATER BODIES IN SITE
ACTIVITY GENERATING SPACES
1. The major natural water body is now 1. Most of the city’s wastes are
dumped and pollued with waste carried by the TS Canal.
2. There are a lot of unused water 2. The increasing Auto motive
bodies in the site that can cause development in the area has led to
breeding of moquitoes less pedestrian friendly spaces
3. The IT development has changed the 3. Since most of the development is
skyline from two storey houses to large IT HUB catalystic it has organic
multi storey buildings with no character development, and thus planning a
new development might cause
4. Development is very minimal towards reallocation of some houses.
the internal roads
Increased duality Lack of parking
in Architecture. spaces can
Increase in Real cause
Estate congestion and
development also heavy traffic in
QUARRY AAKULAM LAKE causes high living the future
costs

WORLD MARKET FINE PLEX GO KART RACING

NON DEVELOPMENT ZONE

Changing skyline makes the streets have a global character

32
LANDUSE BREAK-UP 1996
TVM CORPORATION HAS LARGER LEVELS OF RESIDENTIAL ZONES AND NOT ENOUGH
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS WELL AS TRANSPORTATIONAL AND COMMMUNICATION
SPACES ACCORDING TO URDPFI STANDARDS . SAME GOES FOR RECREATIONAL SPACES . RESIDENTIAL AND GRICULTURAL LAND-USE
HENCE, THE AMENITIES ARE INADEQUATE IN THIS REGION. HAVE BEEN HGHLY FLUCTUATING BETWEEN
1996 AND 2031 PROJECTION IN LAND-USE
SPLIT-UP`

MIXED USE LABD USE NEEDS TO BROUGHT TO

LAND-USE PLANNING SO AS TO UTILISE THE
SPACES WITH RESPECT TO THE POPULATION
EXPLOSION

THIS SIGNIFIES THE INSUFFICIENCY AMENITIES FACED BY THE POPULATION AND THAT ONLY
ECONOMICALLY FORWARD STRATA IS ABLE TO ENJOY MANY/MOST OF THE AMENITIES,
RECREATIONAL SPACES ETC. IN THIS REGION. INCREASE IN IT SECTOR IN THE AREA IS
CLEARLY VISIBLE WITHIN THE SPLIT-UP
HENCE CONFIRMS THE SOCIAL AND SPACIAL SEGREGATION OF SPACES AS THE MIXED USE
RESIDENTIAL ZONES OCCUPANTS ARE MORE CONFINED IN THAT AREA EXCEPT FOR WORK
RELATED OR OTHER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND OCCATIONAL VISITS
LANDUSE-BREAK-UP 2012 INDUSTRIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAND-USE
IS RATHER LOW WITHIN THE SITE AS
COMPARED TO TRIVANDRUM CORPORATION
AS A WHOLE

FUTURE EXPLOSION IN DEVELOPMENT IS

PREDICTED TO BE AROUND THE IT SECTOR AND
IN OTHER SECTORS RELATING TO THE
GOVERNMENT PROPOSALS IN AND AROUND
THE SITE

INADEQUACY OF AMENITIES, SERRVICES AND

OTHER REQUIREMENTS NEEDS TO BE
ADDRESSED.

LANDUSE BREAK-UP 2031

OBSERVING THE EVOLUTION OF LANDUSE

BREAK-UP WE CAN INFER THAT THE
OVERALL RESIDENTIAL AREA IS BOUND TO
DECREASE AONG WITH THE
AGRICULTURAL AREA.

AT THE SAME TIME ALL THE OTHER

AMENITIES AND SERVICES ARE TO
INCREASE IN PROPORTION BRINGING IN
MORE URBANISATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THIS
REGION.
 33
CITY LEVEL LAND
USE PLAN

CITY CORPORATION AREA 214.86 sq.km

NO.OF WARDS 100 wards
POPULATION 9,57,730

TRIVANDRUM LANDUSE TRIVANDRUM

MASTERPLAN CORPORATION
SOURCE:corporationoftrivandrum.in/master-plan-draft

ACCORDING TO URDPFI . TRIVANDRUM CORPORATION (GOVERED BY TRIVANDRUM MUNICIPAL THE SITE FALLS IN A REGION WITH HIGH LEVEL OF ACTIVITY
CORPORATION) FALLS UNDER THE LARGE CITY CATEGORY WITH A POPULATION LESS THAN 10 LAKHS. HENCE IS HIGHLY POPULATED MAKING THIS REGION AN
URBAN HUB WITH MOSTLY TERTIARY ACTIVITY BEING
957730 POPULATION DISTRIBUTED OVER 100 WARDS IN AN AREA OF 214.86SQ.KM. CONCENTRATED.

LAND-USE BREAK-UP

45.5%
19.6%
17.5%
5.8%
3.6%
3.5%
1.4%
1.4%
1%
0.7%

SOURCE:http://kslub.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/natural_resources/Tvm%20final.compressed%20reduced.pdf
34
BUILDING AGE MAPPING
MOST BUILDINGS ARE RATHER NEW.

MOST CONSTRUCTION HAS BEEN

A’ DONE OVER OLD AGRICULTURAL
LAND AND OTHER GREEN SPACES
MOST BUILDINGS ARE RATHER NEW,
BUILT WITHIN THE LAST 20 YEARS.

MAJORITY OF THE LAND WERE SECION AA’

PREVIOUSLY UTILISED FOR
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND FURTHER
BOUGHT OFF FOR INFRASTRUCTURAL
DEVELOPMENTS INCLUDING IT HUBS
AND GATED HIGH-RISE COMMUNITIES. A
SINCE THE ADVENT OF THE IT SECTOR
MMAJORITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT IN
THIS AREA IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE WAS AN AFTERMATH
OF HEAVY MIGRATION TOWARDS THIS
SITE.
CONVERTED AGRICULTURAL LAND, FILLED TO CONSTRUCT THE IT ENTERPRISE.
ROAD BUILT THROGH LOWER SLOPES.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS FOUND NEAR AND AROUND THE IT HUBS.
BY THE EARLY 2000S THE ADVENT OF IT INDUSTRY IN AND AROUND THE
SITE BOOSTED THE CONSTRUCTION IN THE REGION AT A LINEAR PACE.
OCCUPATIONAL SHIFT FROM PRIMARY TO SECONDARY
AND TERTIARY SECTORS CAUSING SHIFT IN LAND AND
SPACE UTILISATION IN THE SITE

LAND-VALUE HAD INCREASED AND

PEOPLE MIGRATED TO THIS AREA FOR
JOB OPPORTUNITIES AS WELL AS THE
SERVICES AND FACILITIES THAT ALSO
GREW IN AND AROUND YTHIS SITE.

VERY FEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WERE

PRESENT BEFORE 2000.

MOST OF THE OLDER BUILDINGS ARE OLD TEMPLES WERE RECONSTRUCTED

TEMPLES AND MOSQUES INTO NEW TEMPLES AT THE SAME
LOCATION INTO LARGER AND
NEWER BUILDINGS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BEAUTIFUL TEMPLES.
BY ITS RATHER RECTANGULAR
CONCRETE STRUCTURE WHEAREAS THE
SLOPING ROOF TRADITIONALLY DEFINED
IN THE HOUSES OF KERALA IS THE
POINTER OF OLDER BUILDINGS IN THIS
REGION

THESE NEW TEMPLES WERE NOT ONLY

RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS BUT SYMBOLS OF
POWER AND PROSPERITY OF THE LOCAL
COMMUNITY.

A SIMILAR TREND CAN BE FOUND IN

MOSQUES IN AND AROUND THE SITE.

MOST CHURCHES IN THIS SITE ARE RATHER

NEW COMPARED TO THE OTHER CENTRES OF
NEWER HIGH RISE STRUCTURES COMMING UP WORSHIP WITHIN THE SITE.
IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SITE

HIGH RISE STRUCTURES
Sub Heading (10 pt bold)
Body (10 pt regular)
UST GLOBAL AND INFOSYS
ARE OFFICE BUILDING HIGH
RISE STRUCTURES EXISTING IN
THE SITE.
LULU MALL TO BE THE
LARGEST MALL IN INDIA
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LARGE NO.OF CLOSED GATE
HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL
COMPLEXES ALREADY EXISTING
IN AND AROUND THE SITE
MULTIPLE CLOSED GATE
HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL
COMPLEXES UNDER
CONSTRUCTION IN AND
AROUND THE SITE
A BUILDING HEIGHT MAPPING 35
A
B’ SECTION BB’
THE MIXED HIGH RISE AND LOW RISE NATURE OF BUILDINGS CREATE A HUGE
DUALITY IN THE ELEVATION OF THE WHOLE SITE
AREAL VIEW FROM THE TOP OF UST GLOBAL TOWARDS
THE SITE
MOST HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES TEND TO DEVELOP
TOWARDS AND AROUND THE NH AND
OVERLOOKING THE AAKULAM LAKE.
MOST BUILDINGS ARE SINGLE STOREYED.
BUILDINGS WITH HIGHER PROXIMITY TO NH AKULAM LAKE SERVES AS A DIVISION
TEND TO BE HIGH RISE/MULTI STOREYED AS
NH ATTRACTS MORE MODERN MIXED USE
B BETWEEN THE IT HUB AND COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL AREA , THE DIVISION WHICH
INFRASTRUCTURE WITH MOST MIXED USE WILL SOON VANISH
BUILDINGS CONCENTRATED ON NH
ROAD-SIDE.
RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS BUILT WITHIN THE PAST
20 YEARS ARE MOSTLY DOUBLE STOREYED
STRUCTURES WITH A FEW SINGLE STOREYED
STRUCTURES CONCENTRATED IN THE INTERIOR
PARTS OF THE SITE.
GATED COMMUNITIES MAKE UP MOST OF THE
HIGH RISE STRUCTURES IN THE SITE OTHER
THAN THE IT HUB BUILDINGS WHICH HAS A
COMPARABLY LESSSER CONCENTRATION.
B
AREAL VIEW TO
THE SITE ATOP LULU
MALL(UNDER
CONSTRUCTION)
36
Morphology
Elements
Body (10 pt regular)

Phase 2 of technopark forms a cluster that does not

interact with the street

Concentration of eateries on
the junctions

LEFT PAGE

Course grained uneven

texture shows organic
development, Most
developments have no
site response

Apartments facing
the lake is present, But
the waterbody is in a
bad condition

Large imposing
structures as a result of
recent urbanization
Morphology 37

Elements

Character districts
Nodes

RIGHT PAGE

Thampuranmukku node is a major congestion zone

where people come for eating and shopping
38
Transportation
Introduction

NH 66 Bypass passes through

Kazhakkoottam. Vizhinjam port
will increase the traffic
congestion in this road leading
to excessive commercialisation
along Kazhakkootam and
heavy traffic congestion.
There is railway line that
connects kazhakkoottam to
trivandrum central. A proposed
silver line connecting trivandrum
to Kasarkodu is proposed.

Public transportation

Kazhakkootam has connectivity

and public transportation in the
means of railway, airways and
roadways.

Mosty used mode of transportation are two wheelers.

Goods are mainly transported through trucks followed
by mini- buses. Major purpose of travel is work. Hence
traffic congestion would be most common near places
of work
Transportation 39

Public transportation

No proper bus stops present

for people to wait for buses.
Only a sign indicating the bus
stop is present throughout the
stretch. Buses pick up
passangers on the side of NH.
The area is blocked by other
vehicles without segregation
for buses.
 Transportation
40

Traffic density and node analysis

Thampuranmukku is the busiest node that has

frequent road accidents because of the lack of
signal. There is a concentration os shops in this
node causing traffic blocks.
 41
Transportation
Parking and pedestrian traffic

Multi-level parking in nine Kunnil hypermarket

levels to accomodate present in
2300 cars, 3000 two Thampuranmukku
wheelers and 25 buses. junction causes
Belongs to Infosys campus traffic congestion in
the service road
Autorikshaw stands
because of the
are present in
huge inflow of
Thampuranmukku and
customers who park
Karimanal junction. 68
along the service
autos in the stand
road restricting
mainly move from
movement of
apartments to
vehicles making this
tecknopark and also
a point of conflict
to residential areas
Arasammudu Kuzhivila
road adjacent to Zam Zam
Ulloor Akkulam
is in a bad condition
road has
sufficient width for
the ease in
movement of
vehicles. Space
for parking area
alongside the
road is present
Ulloor Akkulam road has
sufficient width for ease
in the movement of
Some local roads are
traffic
not tarred roads and
a few two way roads
running along
residential areas are
congested with only
about 3-4 m width

Akkulam Bridge Walk park is

Off parking observed along service roads
the only pathway dedicated
for pedestrian movement

Some buildings alongside the NH Sufficient parking on 25 m Service road

provide parking facilities adequately wide roads dedicated to ends at akkulam
World Market present lake as shown
42
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
SEWAGE SYSYTEM
Muttathara Sewage Treatment Plant

Muttathara waste managemnt Plant The sewge system of Thiruvananthapuram is Divided into Blocks. The site
Area comes under the D block which corresponds to the Medical College-
Kannammoola Area. The sewage from the pumping stations is pumped to the stilling
Kazhakkuttam plastic/waste collection
chamber at Valiyathura and is disposed through sewage farming.
centre

UST Global campus The project is facing a crisis as the facility has failed to find a proper disposal
for the sludge

Infosys Campus

ISRO staff quarters

Waste Management

Drainage
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 43

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ELECTRICITY

The waste is collected and segregated into different categories and collected by
the municipality on different days.
Biodegradable waste is used foer composting and Aerobic Bins are used in a
completely decentralised method. Bags, chappals and E-waste are collected every
3 months and handed over to the authority for recycling.
Plastic waste collection centre is located at Kazhakkuttam. A new RRC unit opened
at Muttathara near the site. the plastic waste is segregated shredded and bailed. Clean
Kerala company collects the clean plastic of the premises at a specified rate and after
shredding, use it for road works.
The Electricity to the site is Provided by the Kerala State Electricity
Board. Source of Power is Hydoelectric Project at Peppara Dam which
provides electricity to the entire Thiruvananthapuram city.
There are three different substations surrounding to the site:
- Thumba Substation
- Technopark Substation
- Veli Substation
Of these the power to the site is Drawn from Veli Substation.

The technopark and VSSC areas have there own substations to

draw power from.

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The site comes Under the west wing of Thiruvavnthapuram

Water distribution system.
Shredding Karamana River is the Source of Water Distribution. Water
Machine is collected at the Aruvikkara Dam. The water is treated at the Water
treatment plant at Aruvikkara. and then Distributed to Different Wings.

Pump Houses and Water tanks are placed at different parts

to ensure proper water distribution. Also tanker lorry distribution under
the coerporation is also there.

The Technopark Compound has its own Water Storage and

Treatment System. Which is also there for The Infosys and UST Global
Campuses. The VSSC compounds have Seperate water tanks and
treatment systems for each of their compounds.

Bailing
Machine

Source Water Treatment Plant Pump

Distribution Pump Storage Tank

44
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Infosys Govt. Medical college,

Thiruvananthapuram

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre

Ust Global
(VSSC)

National Institute of Speech and Thumba Equitorial Rocket

Hearing (NISH) Launching Station(TERLS)
IT Sector Educational Instituitions

Commercial Post Office

Mixed use Religous Buildings

Restaurant Provisional Shops

Instituitional Healthcare

Lulu Mall Veli Beach and Tourist Village

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 45

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUITIONS HEALTHCARE

5

1
Govt. Medical College Thiruvananthapuram 1 Govt. Medical college, Thiruvananthapuram
6 2

3 2 2 Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute of Medical Science

9 College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram

3 3 Regional Cancer Centre

University of Kerala, Kartavattam Campus

4 Cosmopolitan Hospital
4
7 All Saint’s College
1

Sree Uthradom Thirunal Hospital, Pattom

7 6 3 2 5

5 5
Loyola College and School
4

6 Chest Disease Hospital, Pulayanarkotta

6
VSSC Central School
7 Indian Institute of Diabetese, Pulayanarkotta

7
Good shepherd School
4 8 Kerala Intitute of Medical Science (KIMS)

9 TCS Hospital

POLICE STATIONS

The site comes under the jurisdiction of two police stations

The lake serves as the dividing [point between the two.

Thumba Police Station (North) Technopark

Petta Police Station (South)

Thumba Equitorial Rocket Launching Station(TERLS)

Thumba Police Jurisdiction

Valiyathura POlice Jurisdiction

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)

Petta police Jurisdiction

Veli Beach and Tourist Village

Thumba Police Station

Petta Police Station Thiruvananthapuram Internantional Airport

46
47
48
ONLINE SURVEY
General
1. Do you find it difficult to spend so much time at home? 4. During the Covid-19 emergency, how many hours did you sleep a 7. Does the elderly in your house have any illness? If so, whta type?
day?

2. How do you productively use the extra time,if any during the 5. Are you able to stick to a daily routine/pattern, or has it changed? 8. Has the pandemic affected thr availability of goods in your
pandemic? household? If yes, how often is it affected?

3. Which sector of job do you work in? 6. During the Covid- 19 Emergency have you lost/gained any 9. How did the price of materials goods or services change during
weight? If yes, by how much? the pandemic, compared with normal price fluctuations?
ONLINE SURVEY 49

General
10. Did you get free meal or groceries? If yes, from where did you get 13. How many healthcare units nearby are closed due to Covid-19 16. Are you comfortablein your working atmosphere? Does it have
those from? Choose all that spply. pandemic? proper ventilation and adequate covid preventive measures?

11. Is it possible to access public sanitary facilities such as locker 14. How has the pandemic affected your status of employment? What do you think of the Lulu Mall coming up in Trivandrum
rooms, showers, washrooms during events? Choose all that apply.

12. Are you able to consult a doctor and buy medicines through the 15. What kind of workspace do you have at your home?
internet bapp/ services?

Inferences

Most people find the pandemic circumstance moderately difficult

to cope with and a majority of people have changed their routines
to match the new lifestyle. The movement of goods are largely
unaffected and several people are benefited by government
schemes that provide food and other commodities
50
Online survey
Business

1. How well do you manage a work- lif balance? 5. Has the covid pandemic affected the ability to purchase inputs for your
enterprise / sell outputs?

2. Did you have to shut down your office/ shop during the quarantine period? 6. Does your industry completely depend on digital platforms during Covid
19 Pandemic?

3. Which areas do you think will bring up more new oppurtunities out of the pandemic? 7. How has Covid 19 pandemic affected business’s turnover compared to normal
expectations for this time of year?

4. Has the percentage affected international trade of goods? Yes/ No. If yes, what is the 8. Does your business need travelling to places other than workplace? If yes, what
percentage? are the chances of getting exposed to Covid?
Online survey 51

Business

Shops are generaly not shut down

but an increased reliance on
digital platyforms direct to a boom
in e- commerce. Small scale
industries are growing and
Developments in Kazhakkoottam consumption patterns of people
are changing.
1.

2.

3.

A majority of people are in favour

of lulu mall and technopark phase
three, welcoming the new
structures as a result of
urbanization. This in turn will affect
the local population of the arera
drastically.
New developments such as
silververline are seen as a good
development even though a
large number of people are
indifferent to it.
52
ISSUE MAPPING

WATER LOGGING AND FLOODING DUE TO INSENSITIVE CONSTRUCTION AND

LANDFILLING ESPECIALLY NEAR WAAATER BODIES AND AAKULAM LAKE

URBAN SPRAWL WITH FINE GRAIN AND COARSE GRAIN CHARACTER

HAPPENING AT VARIOUS RESIDENTIAL CLUSTORS IN THE SITE

GLOBAL CHARACTER ONLY NEAR

THE NH STRETCH
IMPROPER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ACROSS THE SITE MIGHT BE A HEAVY
ISSUE ONCE THE AREA GETS HEAVILY OCCUPIED IN THE NEAR FUTURE
TAKES AWAY THE VERNACULAR AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT WILL BE A HUGE PROBLEM
CHARACTER OF THE LOCALITY
Heading ( 20 pt regular) LOSS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF WORLD MARKET DUE TO PRESENCE OF LULU MALL WHICH COULD UNDERMINE ITS
53

PURPOSE AND THE OVERLOOKING FLYOVER WHICH MAKES IT LESS VISIBLE FROM THE ROAD
VIZHINJAM PORT AND THE UPCOMMING
LULU MALL WILL CAUSE MORE
POPULATION AND HENCE TRAFFIC INFLOW

EXAMPLE OF WATER LOGGING AREAS DUE TO INSENSITVE

CONSTRUCTIONS AND FILLING UP SURROUNDING THE AREA

UNMANAGED WETLANDS AND WATERLOGGED LAND CREATE REGIONAL FLOODING AND RELATED LOSS OF PROPERTY
SEASONALLY (ROAD QUALITY AND WATERLOGGING IN RESIDENTIAL PLOTS NEARBY) ALONG WITH MOSQUITO BREEDING
AND SUBSEQUENT DISEASE SPREAD.

HEAVY CONCENTRATION OF TERTIARYSECTOR IN CONTRARY TO PRIMARY SECTOR INITIALLY LEADING

TO LESS SUSTAINABILITY OF THE REGION

IRRESPONSIBLE CONSTRUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CAN

CAUSE HEAVY ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATIONS IN THE FUTURE

URDPFI LAND-USE SPLIT UP STANDARDS ARE NOT

FOLLOWED AS MUCH CREATING PROBLEMS IN THE
EMPLOYMENT SECTOR AND PUBLIC AMENITIES
54
55
56
 57

Alappuzha
58
Alapppuzha

Contents

1. CITY INTRO iv. Building Height i. Introduction Drainage 9. Bibliography (to be given at the end of each
site study)
2. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION v. Built use ii. Sewage

i. Introduction vi. Age iii. Water Distribution

ii. History vii. Elements iv. Other Services

iii. Evolution and ecology 4. TRANSPORTATION v. Solid waste

iv. Analysis and inference i. Introduction vi. Socio Economic status

3. MORPHOLOGY ii. Public transportation modes vii. Socio-cultural map

i. Introduction iii. Traffic Density &Node Analysis 6. ISSUE MAPPING

ii. Figure ground iv. Parking & Pedestrian Traffic 7. Vision + PROPOSALS

iii. Open space 5. INFRASTRUCTURE 8. Design

City Introduction 59

Introduction Physical Setting Connectivity Population Density

Area: 1414km2 - 3.64 % of area of Alappuzha, one of the southern districts is the smallest in terms of
the state area in the State. The district lies mostly in the coastal plains. Alap-
Population: 2,127,789 - 6.61% of puzha is the only district without forest cover in the State. Carved
the population of the state (2011) out of the erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts, the district was
Population density: 1504/ km2 formed on 17th August, 1957. A part of the district was later trans-
Literay: 97.36% - 94.24% ferred to the newly formed district of Pathanamthitta in 1982. Ag-
Sex ratio: 1100 females /
riculture is the predominant economic activity with paddy being
1000males
the main crop. The district, thanks to its varied and diverse geo-
Urbanization: 29.46%
graphical features, is well known as a tourist destination of inter-
national acclaim. The extensive navigable water bodies with the
unending stretch of paddy fields and lush green coconut palms
on the polders, streams, canals, rivers and backwaters and a fair-
ly long stretch of unbroken and rather calm sea coast make it an
ideal spot for waterfront tourism.The terrain can be described to
be flat with a gentle slope towards the west.

Character of settlements LSG’s Activity Patterns of LSG’s

Inference:
1. The work opportunities are increasing in proportion to the in-
crease in population.
2. Limited employment generation due to inefficient resource utili-
zation and may lead to reduced local economic growth
3. The number of workers in the primary sector shows a declining
trend
4. Majority of the total workers are engaged in non-agricultural
pursuits.
5. Number of workers in the service sector is on the increase.
6. The backbone of the economy of any region is the production
sector. The production sector including agriculture and industrial
Character of the town Tourism statistics: sectors shows declining trends of growth. This can affect the eco-
1.Administrative town 1.Alappuzha receives 3.5% of the total tourists to Kerala and is ranked 8th in the district-wise nomic growth of the dist.
ranking of tourists’ arrival. 8. Alappuzha is known as the traditional home of the coir industry
2.Historic port town 2.Alappuzha receives 3.2% of the domestic tourists to Kerala and is ranked 11th in the dis- in Kerala. This is on the decline due to various reasons. ghest fish-
3.Internationally acclaimed tourist destination trict-wise ranking of tourists’ arrival. ing population (1.74 lakhs) in the state.
3.Alappuzha receives 8.7% of the foreign tourists to Kerala and is ranked 3rd in the district-wise 9. Alappuzha is known as the traditional home of the coir industry
ranking of tourists’ arrival. in Kerala.
60
City Maps
Land Use - Alappuzha municipality
Detailed Land-use breakup
Area: 42.6 km2
source : http://kslublris.com/
water Drain
Land use as per URDPFI guidelines Existing Landuse Legend
- Residential sector is 29% more than the maximum.
- Recreational space is very less than require.
- Agricultural land is 13% more than the maximum.
( area alloted for which cannot be reclaimed for infrastructure )
- City’s only option to attain balance is to expand its bounds.
 61

Land Use analysis

Analysis of existing Land use Legend Analysis of proposed Land use (2030)

-Ribbon development -Residential mix zone has

been given clearly de-
-Commercial buildings developed fined space.
alongside the N.H
- Eastern highway and
-Major part of landuse falls under westside bypass de-
residential and agriculature typi- crease unwanted traffic.
cal of homstead development.
- KSRTC bus terminal
- Major part of land falls under res- moved away from city
idential. centre,

- Major roads pass right through - Urban development is

the centre of the city, causing traf- moving south of the ca-
fic congestion inside. nal stretch.

- City is picking up an evi-

dent grid pattern.
62
History and evolution Tribal settlements that emerged in highlands during
Introduction Stone Age continued to strive without any biological
blending with other ethnic groups. Agriculture-based
Topography of land influenced the formation of culture and traditions in Alappuzha. Kerala has 3 distinct but related geographical settlements were formed when people stepped out of
highland forest to occupy the midlands. Similarly, trade
regions, composing the highlands, midlands and coastal lowlands. The confluence of religious groups - the Buddhist, Hindus and
related settlements were formed when people settled
Christians led to development of religious institutions in early 8th C. in coastal lowlands from midland regions. These local
and global migrations led to a mixed cultural structure
in Kerala.

St. thomas tradition found 7 spread of Buddhism rise of temples to a place Purackad under Portu- Chempa-
churches. Conversion of Brahmins of prominance. guese Chempakasseri kasseri
to Christians. reign King was
Alappuzha becomes a defeated
part of Kuttanad. by tra-
vancore
King

RajaKesavadas of travancore
implemented development of
Alappuzha as a port city
Blacksmith canal extended
into Commercial xanal which
marked development of Alap-
puzha
63
Economy of Alappuzha was mainly driven by trade. The decline of
potr marked the beginning of new phase in the growth of Alappu-
zha. Many reformation acts and movements like Punnapra- Vayalar
uprising were organised. Alappuzha was also marked as the centre
of emergence of film culture in Kerala by the establishment of Udaya
studio
Trade activities flourished. Surface transportation, re- Industrial town tran-
ligious institutions, schools formed into administra-
Migration of people from Kutch, Bom- and coir factories devel- tive. Migration of ethnic
bay and Gujarat oped communities.
Due to overcrowding of commercial Trade declined due to de-
canal, Vadai canal constructed par- velopment of Kochi port.
allel to it. Punnapara vayalar upris-
ing due to economy col-
lapse.
64
History and evolution
Evolution and ecology

The evolution of activity in Alappuzha begins with the port and the canals which breathed life into

the place before which it was known to be a tropical jungle. Trade activities took place in Black smith

canal and Chungam area. Goods were transportated through forests.

Commercial canal was dug between the lake and the beach. Commercial activity evolved with

godowns built on either sides. Gujarathi, Christian and muslim immigration for trade was followed by

establishment of their settlements, religious institutions, schools and seasonal festivals like Navarathri,

Garbha and Eid. The Kutchi Memon community established the Noorani Masjid by the canal.

Tamil Brahmins arrived. Temples such as Mullakkal Temple and Selvi Amman Kavil constructed. Tradi-

tional festival Mullakkal Chirappu introduced. Early 1800s saw migration of Dutch and origin of Dutch

Square. Another canal dug parallel to commercial canal due to its over crowding in 1810.
 65

Many religious institutions like the first Colonial Church, the first Anglical Church, CSI and St. Mary’s

Forane Church established by Dutch. Educational institutions such as first primary schooli by Colonel

Norton, the first Higher Secondary school, Leo XIII by a Portuguese Bishop. On the industrial front first

modern coir factory built in 1859 which led to flourishing trade.

The early 1900s saw the development of Surface transport. After reaching the highest point of pros-

perity in trade in the late 1800s, Alappuzha as a trade centre began to decline due to the devel-

opment of the Kochi port. The Coir Industry however continued to grow which led to origin of the

Puthengadi market. Political activities commenced.

After independence, Alappuzha’s identity shifted from an industrial town to predominantly adminis-

trative due to the decline of the port activity. Govt. offices and civic amenities were set up. Change

of occupations from trade and commerce to administration, which led to the migration of ethnic

communities resulting in loss of cultural diversity of Alappuzha.

66
Site Introduction

source - alappuzha municipality

LEGEND

SITE AREA = 3.5 KM2

PERIMETER = 10.07KM2

LAND USE DISTRIBUTION

The site is located between the two prominent canals of Alappuzha, namely Vadai canal towards the North and
the Commercial cannal towards the South. The land area is mostly occupied by residential settlements. The town
area is towards the East chatacterised by an even mix of mixed-use and public buildings. The Eastern and Western
edges of the site is marked by the Vembanad Lake and the Arabian Sea respectively.
Site Features 67

The site becomes more important as most of the city’s features are in it. The Vem-
banad Lake in the East is one of the most preferred backwatere tourism destination.
The Sea bridge which tells the story of the city’s sea port and trade via the sea. The
commercial canal along which stands the old warehouses which shows the influence
of Dutch architecture in Alappuzha, as well as the time when the canal system was
used a the primary mode of transpoftation.
68
Figure ground analysis
BUILT USE MAP 300m
200m
100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE

Alappuzha features a dense urban fabric showing

ARABIAN SEA
both coarse ( more along the commercial canal ) and
find grain ( towards inner part away from road network
) texture.
private bus mobility hub
A peripheral commercial andbeach innerside
residential pattern renovating
stand
has made the mullakal areabypass congested, roads being shavakotta bridge
unable to satisfy the traffic. ( a mobility hub propasal is zilla court
bridge
due for the district court bridge- Mullakkal)

A ribbon development followed the canals and and

9.9 % the transverse road links connecting both the canals
resulted in giving the city a grid development pattern.

13.6 % The amount of open space / recreational space is not

Active
sufficient to cater to the existing population.
proposals
on site
57.9 %

18.6%

triple bridge,
renovation

GROUP 1 / S9 / TKMCE URBAN STUDY / 2020

Open space map 69

BUILT USE MAP 200m

1.M
300m 100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE
curr

2.Z

Exis
ARABIAN SEA

3.P
private bus mobility hub
renovating
beach side stand
shavakotta bridge
From the map we can understand that Alappuzha Beach bypass Areal view of the entire beach area Punnamda Finishing point Gallery area
zilla court
the town is densly packed and very less
bridge
space is found vacant.

When considering the open spaces the-

most suitable
9.9place
% for development or
like a park area is unavailable near the
town.
13.6 % Active
Available free areas are on both ends of proposals almo
the site near to the water bodies.
on site
57.9 %
The beach area has a lot of potential 4.T
and It also has a park near to it.
18.6%
No refreshing green zone found inside Recreation Ground near the beach Boat Dry dock Punnamda Finishing point
the town.
triple bridge,
Lack of pedestrian footpath is also a ma- renovation
jor issue.

To the right extend paddy fields are

which marks the entrance to the Kut-
tanad region.

The punnamada finishing point has open wor

Gspaces
R Owhich
U Pis only
1 used
/ Son9a seasonal
/ TKMCE URBAN STUDY / 2020
basis.( Nehru- trophy boat race )
70
Major Paths, Edges and nodes
BUILT USE MAP 300m
200m
100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE

ARABIAN SEA
01_Vadai Canal 05_Paddy Field 06_KSRTC Bus stand Jn Transportation Node

1. KSRTC
private bus mobility hub
2. Boat Jetty
renovating
beach side stand Street character is more com-
shavakotta bridge
bypass mercial with very few residen-
zilla court
bridge tial settlements.

9.9 %Canal
02_Commercial
07_Shavakotta Bridge Transition Node
13.6 % Active The change in character
proposals of surrounding architecture
on site 04_Beach and Bypass points out a clear transition
from rural to an urbna setting.
57.9 %

18.6%

triple bridge,
03_Link Canal renovation
07_Iron Bridge Commercial Node

Due to the high commercial

activity about the commer-
cial canal, and the presence
of the NH cutting through, The
iron bridge Jn is easilyone of
GROUP 1 / S9 / TKMCE URBAN Sthe
TU Dcrowded
most Y / Jn 2 of0 Alap-
20
puzha
 BUILT USE MAP 200m
1.M
300m 100m

Built Use analysis 71

BUILT USE MAP 200m

1.M
300m 100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE
curr

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE
2.Z
curr

2.Z

PUZHA CITY_LAND-USE PROPOSAL _2031 BUILT USE MAP

Exis
ARABIAN SEA

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

3.P
private bus mobility hub
renovating Exis
beach side stand
ARABIAN SEA shavakotta bridge
bypass
zilla court
Infrastructural porposals in site for 2030
bridge
Proposed Highcourt bridge 3.P
private bus mobility hub
renovating
beach side stand
shavakotta bridge
9.9 % bypass
zilla court
bridge
13.6 % Active
3 5
AMOUNT OF OPEN SPACE
proposals
ALLOTED IS LESS, ALTHOUGH almo
9.9 % THE LOCATION IS VERY
on site
APPROPRIATE FOR TOURISTS

57.9 %
AND RESIDENTS ALIKE Proposed Triple bridge
1 13.6 % 1 4.T
Active
18.6%
proposals almo
More than 50% of the site is covered by
on site
4
residential buildings.
57.9 % triple bridge, 4.T
The warehouses are along side the canal renovation
ARABIAN SEA
18.6%
- shows the citys old trade culture and
good transport via the canal system
2 KSRTC STAND MOVED FROM
TOWN CENTRE- CLOSER TO
The commercially active eastern side is THE NEW BYPASS REDUCE triple bridge,
Existing KSRTC bus terminal
TRAFFIC Proposed Mobility Hub Proposed Private bus terminal renovating
the town area/ city centre. renovation beach side
shavakotta bridge
bypass
wor
GThe
Rincreased
O U P in 1commercial
/ S 9activity/ TatK M C E
the city centre is mainly driven by activity
URBAN STUDY / 2020
related public spaces like temples, bus
terminal, boat jetty, schools etc
SOURCE- ALAPPUZHA MUNICIPALITY 9.9 %
wor
GInfrastructural
andR proposed
O U P ) aredevelopment (existing
1 found
/ Sconcentrated
9 / TK MCE URBAN STUDY / 2020
near to the city centre. 13.6 % Active
proposals
on site
57.9 %
72
Built Height analysis
BUILT USE MAP 300m
200m
100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE

1. 2.
ARABIAN SEA

Predominantly a fishermen settlement region with single-storeyed residences. The traditional buildings in the region are inter- The old warehouses
rupted by double-storeyed cafes, homestays etc due to increase in income from tourism and closeproximity to the beach. near the port area
Although the fishermen community has been residing in the area for a long time, the buildings are less than 20 years old. The are hidden from private bus mobility hub
high chances of tidal waves restrict the formation of any permanent settlement in the area. beach side renovating
direct visual access stand
shavakotta bridge
as they are sin-
bypass
gle-storeyed and is zilla court
bridge
located away from
Built Age map Gujarathi School 154 years old the main roads.
The lighthouse
9.9 % located near the
ware houses can
be sighted from a
13.6 % Active long dis tance.
proposals
on site
3 .
57.9 %

18.6% The old single-sto-

reyed residences be-
Built Height map Holy cross Forane church
hind the Vazhicherry
triple bridge,
renovation street market are very
densely packed. The
commercial buildings
surrounding the area
hides this slum settle-
ment within.
GROUP 1 / S9 / TKMCE URBAN STUDY / 2020
Built Age analysis 73

BUILT USE MAP 200m

1.M
300m 100m

WATER COSTAL RAIL INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC / SEMIPUBLIC COMMERCIAL

VENBANAD LAKE
curr

2.Z

4 5 6 Exis
ARABIAN SEA
Most of the commercial buildings The Mullakkal temple being 500 years The skyline near the punnaada lake is defined by the new multistoreyed tourst resorts. Its loca-
alogn the canal precinct are tow old is the oldest structure in the site. The tion is based on the proximity and view towards the lake and the boat race finishsing point.
or more storeys in height, espe- temple is losing its landmark quality due 3.P
cially the newer buildings. to the several storeyed commercial private bus mobility hub
renovating
beach side stand
buildings coming up along the street. shavakotta bridge
bypass
zilla court
bridge

9.9 %

13.6 % Active
proposals almo
on site
57.9 % 4.T
18.6%

triple bridge,
renovation

wor
GROUP 1 / S9 / TKMCE URBAN STUDY / 2020
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
 93

Kakkanad
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
 129

Thangasherry
130

BATCH 2
GROUP 4

CONTENTS
1. CITY INTRO vii. Building age and height iii. Movement pattern 9. ISSUE MAPPING
2. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION viii. SWOT analysis iv. Activities
i. Kollam history ix. Contour and ecology analysis 10. VISION + PROPOSALS
ii. Site history 6. OPEN SPACES
4. INFRASTRUCTURE i. Study 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. MORPHOLOGY i. Social infrastructure ii. Analysis
i. Land use ii. Physical infrastructure
ii. Building use iii.SWOT analysis 7. BUILDING TYPOLOGY AND COMMUNITY
iii. Figure ground
i. Study
iv. Character districts 5. TRANSPORTATION
ii. Analysis
v. Imageability i. History
vi. Street view and enclosure ii. Map and Analysis 8. PANDEMIC SURVEY AND ANALYSIS
 131
URBAN DESIGN STUDIO KOLLAM
TANGASSERI-COLLECTORATE AREA

GROUP MEMBERS

S KAVERI NADIA HAMEED DEVIKA S RAJESH IDA MARIAM EAPEN AGAM LEGO
132
CITY INTRODUCTION
KOLLAM CITY CLIMATE

Kollam (Business Capital City Of Travancore) known by its former name Quilon, is an old seaport and city on
the Laccadive Sea coast of the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated 66 kilometres north of the state capital
Trivandrum. The city is on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. Kollam has a strong commercial reputation since
the days of the Phoenicians and Romans. Fed by the Chinese trade, it was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the
14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four-year travels.
Desinganadu's rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settle-
ment at Kollam. In the 9th Century, on his way to Canton, China, Persian merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir found
Kollam to be the only port in India visited by huge Chinese junks. Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who
was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his
capacity as a Chinese mandarin. Kollam is also home to one of the seven churches that were established
by St Thomas.
Kollam district has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive summer, plentiful sea-
sonal rainfall. Summer season is from March to end of May temperature is almost
steady throughout the year and temperature in the coastal regions are somewhat
less than in the interior region. Punalur taluk in Kollam district is the hottest place in
Kerala. The average high temperature varies from 31C to 33C and average low tem-
perature varies from 22C to 24C. Average annual rainfall is 2272 mm. Second rainy
Thirumullvaram Beach season is North East Monsoon (Thulavarsham) starts from October to November. De
cember January, February is the coolest months of the year
Natural Tourism,
Munroe Island, Kollam

Heritage Tourism,
Kollam Beach British Guest House, Ashramam

Pilgrim Tourism,
HINDU
CH Andawalleswaram Temple, Kutchery TOURISM
MUSLIM
CHRISTIAN The tourism industry strongly relies on
OTHER
the natural beauty of the region. It
ERAV

Cultural Tourism,
Kettu Kutira, Kollam occupies a predominant role in the
Jatayu Earth Center scope of development of tourism.
Kollam is blessed with abundant
RELIGION & ECONOMY beauty of its Backwaters,
Beaches,Wildlife, Hill stations, Rivers
Hinduism is majority religion in Kollam city with 56.35 % followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city
Adventure Tourism, etc.
Jatayu Eart Center, Kilimanoor
of Kollam with approximately 22.05 % following it. In Kollam city, Christinity is followed by 21.17 %, Jainism by
0.00 %, Sikhism by 0.01 % and Buddhism by 0.01 %. Around 0.01 % stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.39
% stated 'No Particular Religion'. Kollam is the fourth largest city in Kerala and the fifth largest in terms of cor-
poration area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the
southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam Ashtamudi Lake
urban area includes suburban towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east and Karunagapally CLIMATE ANALYSIS
in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur and
Chavara. The city life of Kollam has changed in the last decade. In terms of economic performance and
per capita income, Kollam city is in 5th position from India and third in Kerala. Kollam is famous as a city with .The Eastern side has scattered as well as high
excellent export background. Dairy farming is fairly well developed. Kollam is an important maritime and density of built up area.
port city. Fishing has a place in the economy of the district. Neendakara and Sakthikulangara villages in the .The buildings mutually shade each other.
suburbs of the city have fisheries. Kollam is one of many seafood export hubs in India with numerous compa- This area has little to sparce vegetation which
nies involved in the sector.There are two Central Government industrial operations in the city. also contributes to the shade.
.The beach area being the most prominent
public open space lacks tree cover which in
turn affects the activities in the area.
.The only trees present are the cashuarinas and
the neem but that too in very sparce numbers.
.Towards the western side the buildings are
more scattered and hence the shadow pat-
tern is clearly evident in the area.
.The area has high density of trees with thick fo-
liage, which is the primary source of shade in
the region.
.The central portion lacks tree cover but the
built area density is very high providing mutual
shading.
 HISTORY OF KOLLAM 133

KINGDOM OF VENAD

11TH -14TH Century 15th Century 15-17th Century 18-20th Century

MEDIEVAL PERIOD ARRIVAL OF PORTUGUESE DUTCH PERIOD BRITISH PERIOD

Earlier the ships were only as big as large fishing URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING/APPROACH TO
boats(payikappal) that will pass easily through the PLANNING Introduction.of new institutions
Neendakara estuary to the port. But the Portuguese ships (railway stations, law courts.colleges, hospital,
were bigger cauSing the shift of port from Neendakara to post offices etc) Emergence of new urbanity
Thangasseri. The Portuguese were the first Europeans came modernising forces, industrial and structural
to the city of Quilon. They came as traders and established a functionalism, urban inserts and a new sense of
trading center at Thangasseri. In due course a number of urban design, overlaying of the new on the old,
Portuguese factories and warehouses were created and the attitude to planning. - Extension pf cities and
Portuguese settled around them.As the trade and development of suburbs, hillstations,
commerce flourished, the number of the Portuguese canionments etc. - Churches and cometeries,
casados e maradores (married settlers) increased. In 1519, club, race and gelf courses and other trappings
the construction of Kollam Fort was begun secretly by the of an easy civil life foilowed. Building materials
commandant Rodrigues. The fort was later destroyed in the used - Introduction of new builiding practices
subsequent wars with the Dutch. The first European power to rupture affecting rural as well as urban scales.
Ay kingdom functioned as a buffer state between
the trade monopoly of the
Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas.Ays were closely related
Portuguese in the East were Dutch. In
to Cheras of central Kerala.As a result of encroachment
1602 the different Dutch commercial
of the Pandyas and Cheras Ay kingdom was
companies untied to form the Dutch
partitioned into two, Venad under Chera and
East india Company. Dutch entered
remaining under Pandya. After the chola victory over
the port of Kollam in 1658. They
Pandyas, Chola attacks chera. Mahodayapuram and
captured the fort of Kolam from
Venad was destroyed.Control of chera ruler
Portuguese Dutch prescribed the
Ramavarma Kulasekhara at Kodungallur then spread
arrangements for the administration
to Venad. Head quarters shifted from mahodayapuram
of law and order in Kollam town in
to Kollam kollam regained its power under the king and
their treaty. Ihe Dutch pepper export
Cheras defeated the Cholas in the battle at Thakkolam,
from Kerala slumped and it came
after which Cholas completely withdrew from
down day by day dew to the over
Venad.Chiefs of Venad extended their sway into Ay
exploitation.
dynasty.
DEVELOPMENT OF TANGASSERI FORT AND ITS TRANSFORMATION

Kollam is an ISO 9001:2015 certified city corporation for the best Municipal administration and services. As per the
survey conducted by Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) based on urban area growth during January 2020, Kollam
became the 10th fastest growing city in the world with a 31.1% urban growth between 2015 and 2020. It is a coastal
city on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake that took the title God's Own Country. The Ashtamudi Lake lie about 71 kilometres
(44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. The city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and
is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the
500 most populous cities in India.Kollam is one of the least polluted cities in India.Four major trading centers around
Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur and Karunagapally. Kollam is the fourth largest city in Kerala and the fifth
largest in terms of corporation area.It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is
considered the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The
Kollam urban area includes suburban towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east and Karunagapally in
KOLLAM CORPORATION KOLLAM DISTRICT FORMATION
the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur and Chavara.
134
SITE HISTORY
THE OLD DUTCH CAPITAL

KOLLAM ERA
Quilon or Coulão is one of the ancient civilizations in India. It is
Kollam Era (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham
one of the oldest port cities in the Malabar Coast and was the
or Malayalam Calendar or Malabar Era) is a solar and side-
capital city of historic Venad Kingdom and Travancore King-
real Hindu calendar used in Kerala, India. The origin of the
dom. Quilon was once an important trading port in India. It was
calendar has been dated as 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at Kol-
also known as Desinganadu. It is now known as the "Cashew
lam(Quilon). It replaced the traditional Hindu calendar
Capital of the World".
used widely else where in India and is now prominently used
in Kerala. All temple events, festivals and agricultural events
COYLANG SURRENDER TO BRITISH in the state are still decided according to the dates in the
Since the ancient times, city of Kollam(Quilon) has played
Malayalam calendar.
some major roles in the business, economical, cultural, religious
and political history of Asia and Indian sub continent. The Mala-
There are many theories regarding the origin of the Malay-
yalam calendar(Kollavarsham) is also known so with the name
alam calendar - the Kolla Varsham. A major theory is;
of the city Kollam. The city is mentioned in historical citations
dating back to Biblical times and the reign of King Solomon,
According to Herman Gundert Kolla Varsham started as
connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported
part of erecting a new Shiva Temple in Kollam and because
by a find of ancient Roman coins). The teak wood used in build-
of the strictly local and religious background, the other re-
ing King Solomon's throne was taken from Quilon. Merchants
THE BRITISH FORT IN RUINS gions did not follow this system at first. Then once the Kollam
from Phoenicia, China, Arab countries, Dutch and the Romae
port emerged as an important trade center the other coun-
used to visit and trade from Quilon in the ancient times.
tries were also started to follow the new system of calendar.
This theory backs the remarks of Ibn Battuta as well.
The history of the district of Kollam as an administrative unit can
be traced back to 1835, when the Travancore state consisted
of two revenue divisions with headquarters at Kollam and Kot-
tayam. During the integration of Travancore and Cochin states
THE ANCIENT PORT
in Kerala in 1949, Kollam was one among the three revenue divi-
sions in the state. Later, those revenue divisions were converted
as the first districts in the state.

An ancient trading town – trading with Romans, Chinese,

Arabs and other Orientals – with historical citations of trade
dating back to Biblical history to Red Sea ports of the Arabian
Sea and the reign of Solomon (supported with a find of ancient
Roman coins). Internal trade occurred through the Punalur
Pass connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The overland
trade by bullock cart of its produce pepper and the trade over
the waterways connecting Allepey and Cochin ensured trade
linakges that grew into shaping it as a town playing host to one
of the earliest industrial townships. The rail links established to
Tamil Nadu supported firmer trade links. The marine exports pro-
cessing factories and the processing and packaging of ca-
shewnuts took the produce of these shores across the globe.
Kollam was a flourishing port of the Chera Dynasty until the for-
mation of the Venad kingdom, when it became the capital of
the independent Venad kingdom. Before that, Kollam was con-
sidered one of the four early entrepots in the global sea trade
around the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in
Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou, and Malacca in the Ma-
laysian archipelago.
ANCIENT TANGASSERI PORT
The Kingdom of Quilon or Venad was one of the three promi-
nent late medieval Hindu feudal kingdoms on the Malabar
Coast in South India. The rulers of Quilon, the Venattadi Ku-
lasekharas, traces their relations back to the Ay kingdom
and the Later Cheras. The last Chera ruler, Rama Varma Ku-
lashekhara, was the first ruler of an independent state of
Quilon. Kollam shares fame with Pattanam (Muziris) as an an-
cient seaport on the Malabar Coast of India from the early
centuries before the Christian era. Kollam had a sustained
commercial reputation from the days of the Phoenicians
UMAYAMMA RANI and Ancient Rome. Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentions
Greek ships anchored at Muziris and Nelcynda. There was
also a land route over the Western Ghats. Spices, pearls, dia-
monds, and silk were exported to Egypt and Rome from
these ports. Pearls and diamonds came to Chera Kingdom
from Ceylon and the southeastern coast of India, then
known as the Pandyan Kingdom.

DUTCH ATTACK IN TAGASSERI

 LAND USE OF KOLLAM CITY 135

CHANGES OVER TIME

EVOLUTION OF LANDUSE IN KOLLAM
Body (10 pt regular)

ANALYSIS

LAND USE MAP 1914
LAND USE MAP 1914 The early Land Use indicates the unplanned
growth during early half of 20th century. The
town was confined to a very small region sur-
rounding the railway station, Kaltupalam and
Chinnakada. The boat jetty near to Kallupalam,
on the T.S.Canal, must be the reason for the
built-up areas in its surroundings. This has further
developed into the main market place of town.
Vast areas of paddy fields and coconut palm
groves are visible in the Land Use map. Built-up
areas in and around Thangassery are notice-
able and it has its own history.
LAND USE MAP 1965
Land Use map of 1965 shows a similar pattern
and the Ribbon Growth has intensified in this
stage. More built up areas came up in the
LAND USE MAP 1965
areas south of railway station, on the coastal
stretches. Those, which are seen closer to the
railway station happens to be mostly commer-
cial areas and further south, are mostly the
angler settlements. As the study area is flanked
by the Ashtamudi Estuary and Lakshadweep
The city's core area demonstrates a pure urban character. The
av erage plot size is about 20 cents while the coastal areas
demon strate a semi-urban character with high density but the
prime land use is under residential category.The periphery of
the city along the north-south and east demon- strate semi-ru-
ral settlement characteristics with a sustain share of land use
under agriculture. The average plot size in these areas are
about 50 to 70 cents. KOTTARAKARA GANAPATI TEMPLE
NEENDAKARA PORT
MUNROE ISLAND
ASHTAMUDI BACKWATERS
Chinnakada clock tower
The area under paddy fields has come down from 11.531
sq.km in 1914 to 8.71 sq.km in 2004. In addition, the built-up
area has grown from 3.9 sq.km in 1914 to 12.244 sq.km in
1968 and to 23.758sq.km in 2004. This indicates the phenom-
enal rate at which urbanization has happened in the study
area during the last 100 years and is an indicator of unsus-
tainable nature of planning outputs.
LAND USE ANALYSIS
Kollam Development Plan 2011 is currently in force in KMC.
As per the DP 2011, of the total area in Kollam, around 80%
is reserved for residential use, which includes not only the
area occupied by the houses and their immediate outdoor
living spaces but also the coco nut gardens around
--houses. As a result, a major portion of the urban land is
classified under residential use. The table below pro vides a
break up of the city's existing land use in 2011 and pro-
posed land use in DP 2011,
Constituents of Planning Area
Kollam district can be divided into three geographical re-
gions, highlands, midlands and lowlands. Natural growth
and spatial devel opment is happening mainly in the mid-
land and lowland regions, while the highlands mostly have
plantation cash crops, scattered set elements and re-
PUNALUR BRIDGE
served forests. The major urban centers in the district are
Kollam, Punalur, Karun agaplly and South Paravoor. Kollam,
THENMALA
PALARUVI WATERFALLS Karunagapally and South Par voor are along the sea coast
and Punalur is in the highland region. All these centers are

Sea the growth of the built up area correspond-

SHENDURNEY WILDLIFE
SANCTUARTY surrounded by village settlements within the close proximity.
ing to the increase in population has happened
THIRUMULLAVARAM BEACH
The growth is more or less uniform in the lowland and mid-
land regions. In 2011, DTCP prepared GKDP for 2031 for an
TANGASSERI ARCH & FORT
within the marked area and no sprawl of town KOLLAM PORT

outside the same area 1s seen. KOLLAM BEACH

area of 87.05 sq.km. The planning area for GKDP was delin-
eated in accordance with the recommendations of IDDP.
The planning area includes the KMC and three panchayats
JATAYU PARA

LAND USE MAP 2004
The Land Use map of 2004 is indicating a more
intensified growth in line with what was there
before the implementation of Master Plan. The
LAND USE MAP 2004
intensified form of Ribbon Development, while
a Master Plan is in force, makes one sceptical
of its usefulness and efficiency and raises too
many questions regarding the concepts of
Master Plan. Extensive reduction of area under
paddy fields is quite visible which might have re-
sulted due to reclamation for residential con-
struction process owing to the low land value of
these properties.
MAJOR LANDMARKS OF KOLLAM
SPATIAL GROWTH TRENDS
The city is growing along the road network towards the north,
south and east along the national highways. GKDP has also en
dorsed growth of the city in these directions. The planning area
for GKDP was delineated based on the prevailing trends in the
spatial growth
Hence, Neendakara, Thrikadavoor and Kottamkara were in-
cluded in the planning area. However, Census 2011 haidenti-
fied a much bigger area to be part of the Kollam Urban Ag-
glomeration from Ochira to Adhichanalloor.
that exhibit urban characters with multi-functional activi-
ties. Interestingly, a substantial proportion of Ashtamudi
Lake falls within the planning area.
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS
• Chinnakada, the most influential region of the town, is lo-
cated in the central area of the city, where the major com-
mercial centres, im portant commercial offices, major traf-
fic and transportation and other infrastructure facilities are
located. A national highway, state highway, and a few
major district roads all pass through Chinnaka da.
136
LAND USE PLAN AND ANALYSIS OF SITE
LAND USE PLAN SCENIC BEAUTY NOT UTILISED

The site lacks recreational areas and industries. The EXPANSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AREA NOT POSSIBLE COMMUNITY OPEN Land abutting the coastine is predmoninatly residential.
commercial zones and other facilities like restaurants, malls
SPACES WITH NO PROPER
INFRASTRUCTURE
The natural beauty of the landcape is hence not properly
etcare located out of the site in the commercial area. Expansion of the administrative area is not possible due to utilised. More public facilities like jogging
Absence of large scale industries is due to the dense the densely packed residential zone that is existing and is OPEN GOVERNMENT parks,parks,open grounds, cycling tracks would enhance
residential zone also proposed by the dtpo. Currently at its saturation point, AREAS AS DUMPING
YARDS the character and beauty of the area. The area is not
with future road widening and proposed transit hub the used to its full potential considering kollam having an
1- COMMERCIAL AREA NOT IDENTIFIED BY DTPO expansion of collectorate is not possible in its immediate amazing coastal stretch leading upto varkala.
surroundings.
The NH 66 is the major transport route in the site also a new
growth zone. This area connecting the developed centres in 2 & 3- PARKS & OPEN SPACES NOT UTLISED
kollamm has a high potential to be developed into a
commercial zone that supports all the facilities required by the
Existing open spaces of churches, communities and
NH. Instead the area acts as a strictly residential zone and is
government are not utilised properly causing it to be areas HERITAGE ZONES NOT
even categorised by the DTPO as residential land-use, thereby PROTECTED
of waste dumping and illegal activities
not utilising the area to its full potential and land value. HERITAGE OPEN
SPACES WITH ILLEGAL
ACTIVITIES

LAND USE BREAK UP ( site level)

EXISTING RESIDENTIAL ZONE predominant low rise residential area along the NH-66,
LEGEND 9 RESIDENTIAL
57 EXISTING
despite the possibility of commercial zone development
COMMERCIAL USE
MIXED 17 EXISTING MIXED USE
PORT AREA
1 PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC 10 4 - SCATTERED AND UNDER UTILISED COMMERCIAL ZONES
SMALL INDUSTRIAL
OPEN SPACE
7
RESIDENTIAL
5 SATURATED Land along the ts canal is very much uder-used. Ths area
PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLIC COMMERCIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT has huge potential but the pending development and
3
HERITAGE ZONE SMALL INDUSTRIES widening of the canal is adding upto waste disposal in the
1 SURROUNDING LAND-USE DOES NOT canal. Most of the godowns identified as commercial
PARKS AND OPEN SPACES HERITAGE
ALLOW EASY EXPANSION OF zones continue to remain 4 - scattered and under utilised
LOW LYING LAND ADMINISTRATIVE AREA commercial zones Land along the ts canal is very much
COMMERCIAL EXISTING uder-used.
RESIDENTIAL MIXED ZONE
ThIs area has huge potential but the pending
development and widening of the canal is adding upto
waste disposal in the canal. Most of the godowns
identified as commercial zones continue to remain

6- PORT EXPANSION NOT FEASIBLE

2 3 4
8 RESIDENTIAL LAND USE ALONG COASTAL STRETCH INSTEAD Land use zoning as per the master plan of kollam includes
OF POSSIBLE PARKS & RECREATIONAL SPACES. the harbour and port. With very high potential and no
availability of land, development of the port to support its
infrastructural facilities are not possible.

The are for associated can only be attained by

6 RESIDENTIAL AREA
resheltering the coastal community which is
practically difficult with a longer implementation
5 period. COASTAL ROAD
7
PORT COMPLEX

land not available for port extension due

to surrounding dense residential zone
 137
The residential area along the sub
arterial road has very little population
BUILDING USE
and built structures.

The residential areas in this areas are

The area has predominant
spread up and are not close to each
residences with dew commercial
other.
Institutional zone: with buildings for theh local public. The School in the
comparatively more built area is less and there are open institutional
lands. area of Ezhava house in the residential
number of institutions
tangasseri zone which has sparse buildings
than the rest of the site,
the area has more
Civil station cutchery
institutional built use. The collectorate along the NH has
along the NH which is
mainly commercial, mixed use and
densely packed with
administrative buildings and its densely
The other institutional buildings of all uses
packed.
areas are also near
The harbour along the coastal churches except for
stretch occupies the beach The fisherman settlement has densely government schools
area with structures dedicated packed houses along the coastal
for its’ activities. area with different typology of
residences.
Harbours in the
coastal zone
which makes up a
part of the beach
The built up area is high with Fisherman
The harbour along the coast has high mostly residences and very few colony with
levels of activity during different times of commercial buildings. densely
the day including sale for import and The valappuras to store packed
export fishing nets also occupy this houses
area along the coast.

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL - 75 Change in built use across site NEW GROWTH WITH ALL USES. CENTRE OF COMMERCE
PUBLIC / SEMI PUBLIC - 8
PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC INSTITUTIONAL - 7
RESIDENTIAL MIXED ZONE RELIGIOUS - 5
COMMERCIAL - 2
COMMERCIAL EXISTING PORT & HARBOUR - 1
PORT / HARBOUR HERITAGE - 1

HERITAGE

DENSITY OF RESIDENCE &

RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
The nh area is anew growth area The ts canal area, once and still a
OF
INSTITUTIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE

with multi use buildings coming up

trade centre is densely populated
along it and is dense.
& COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

with shops and godowns with few

residential areas.
CONCENTRATTION

DENSE RESIDENTIAL BUILT USE INSTITUTIONAL IN PRIME LOCATION

FIGU
RE G
ROU
ND P
LAN

The presence of fisherman The government set up/ ancient

settlement is because of the close
BUILT USE MAP proximity of the sea, densely
travancore institutional area is in
close proximity with the nh and has
populated since ages. prime location.
138
PLANNED GRID PATTERN_HOUSING
The residence typolgy has fine
grained even texture with the
surroundings having fine grained
uneven texture. This housing has
been planned and developed for
rebhabitalation.
FIGURE GROUND PLAN
COARSE GRAINED RESIDENTIAL
FINE GRAINED UNEVEN COARSE GRAINED COARSE GRAINED UNEVEN
INORGANIC RESIDENTIAL UNEVEN_COMMERCIAL ORGANIC PATTERN COMMERCIAL The police quarters has been
planned and has an inorganic
pattern. The urban grain of this
area is fine grained even. The
building blocks are evenly
placed with cross roads.

The old fort complex comprises The commercial zone near the TS The new growth area along the
of cottages, bungalow, villas and canal comprises mainly of large NH has an uneven coarse
institutional areas that godowns thus giving it a coarse grained pattern and has
developed organicaly over time. grained uneven texture. The developed organically over the
The road patterns portray area developed inorganically years without any proper
irregular grids. The urban grain in around the ancient trade planning.
this area is fine uneven. centre.

EVEN GRAINED ORGANC

RESIDENTIAL ZONE
The fisherman settlement along
thr coastal road has an
organic pattern of growth with
fine even grained texture. It
comprises of dense closely
spaced house with roads after
LEGEND each row of housing.

FINE GRAIN EVEN TEXTURE

FINE GRAIN UNEVEN TEXTURE
COARSE GRAIN UNEVEN TEXTURE

VALAPPURA: The irregular arrangement

of small sheds to store fishing nets dates
back to the ancient time and can be
observed to be of fine grain and uneven.

SCHOOLS: The institutional area

can be seen to have a U shaped COARSE GRAINED UNEVEN
plan with a large open space at
the centre facilitating
vwntilation, easy access and The temple settlements around the ancient
gathering. Anandavalleshwaram temple has an organic pattern with
ueven coarse grain texture with buildings facing the temple
shrine.

FIGURE GOUND PLAN

 139
RESIDENTIAL & RELIGIOUS RESIDENTIAL_ LOW DENSITY
CHARACTER DISTRICTS
INSTITUTIONAL COASTAL ZONE HOUSES- CHARACTER

CZ12 14-15 20 19
St Stephen’s church Tangasseri Arch Ezhava house ST Alosiyus school

ROW HOUSING ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

25 26

25
Brahmin row housing
23
COMMERCIAL ZONE 24 British jail administration
23 converted to advocate office

RELIGIOUS SETLEMENT
22
20 PORT ROAD ELEVATION

CZ-8
21 The residence in this area are at a higher level with retaining walls preventing soil erosion .The reason for this being water
17-18-19 looging in the nearby areas. The residences are arranges in rows with one building behind aanother with intermediate
Lakshmi nada-chamakkada 19 roads running in between to facilitate ventilation.The houses are densely spaced and not enclosed with narrow streets and
a wide main road.
14 18
15
16 17
CZ1 CZ3 KOTTAPURAM ROAD ELEVATION
CZ4 24
CZ6 CZ 7 CZ5 Anandavalleshwaram temple CZ 2- CZ 3
The kottapuram road has small huts and are not enclosed. They are adjoining the roads that are narrow with very low street
CZ8 enclosure ratio. The buildings in this area are low rise and are occupied by fisherman community.
CZ2 CZ1
3 The tangasseri-vaddy transition zone has relatively larger buildings, with comparitively wider streets and enclosed houses
but with small properties.
CZ 12

CZ 1
1
TANGASSERI VADDY TRANSITION ZONE
CZ 10.
. CZ9 The site has different character districts and they can be identified to have a particular or similar character each. These
character districts developed as a result of socio-economic and cultural reasons.

TANGASSERI ROAD ELEVATION

ZONE - 14
The area has residential, religious and commerce for the local public. The building space relationship in this area is mainly
commercial buildings facing the road and residential buildings arranges in rows behind them. The houses are enclosed with
open grounds and varies from one to three floors depending upon use.
140
IMAGEABILITY
MAJOR NODES IN THE SITE EDGES WITHIN THE SITE

TRANSPORT NODES
Tangasseri bus terminal & bus stop,Moothakara auto stand,
Kollam port, TS canal, Lakshminada, Altharmukk,
Ammachiveed, Anchukallumood, Kaval, Kutchery, High
school junction

Arbian sea & kollam beach Coastal Road

COMMERCIAL NODES
Anchukallumood-Lakfhminada Road, Collectorate Area,
Anchukallumood, Lakshminada, Tangasseri Market,
Lakshminada - Chamakada Area, Ts Canal-Jonakapuram
Road.

INSTITUTIONAL NODE
LEGEND Ashtamudi backwaters Breakwaters
Mount Carmel, Infant Jesus, St Alosiyus, Devamatha, Trinity
PATH- MOST IMAGEABLE Lyceum, Boys School, Girls School.
PATH- IMAGEABLE
PATH- LEAST
IMAGEABLE
TRANSIT NODE
COMMUNITY NODE COMMUNITY NODE
COMMERCIAL NODE St Peters Church, Infant Jesus Church, Vaddy Church, St
INSTITUTIONAL NODE Thomas Church, Rameshwaram Temple,
Anandavaleshwaram Temple, Ammachiveed Temple,
Konkani Church.
Rocky edge TS canal
LIGHTHOUSE, TANGASSERI
INFANT JESUS CHURCH ANANDAVALESHWARAM
RELIGIOUS NODE, TANGASSERI MAJOR LANDMARKS IN THE SITE RELIGIOUS NODE, TANGASSERI

JONAKAPURAM MOSQUE,
640 A.D RELIGIOUS NODE BOYS SCHOOL
INSTITUTIONAL NODE, TANGASSERI
ST PETERS’CHURCH, ARCH, TANGASSERI FORT,
RELIGIOUS NODE, MOOTHAKARA HERITAGE NODE, TANGASSERI

COLLECTORATE,
ADMINISTRATIVE NODE,KUTCHERY
 STREET VIEW AND ENCLOSURE 141

HIGH SCHOOL JUNCTION STREET ENCLOSURE COASTAL ROAD TANGASSERI-KOTTAPURAM STREET ENCLOSURE
PROPOSED
HIGH SCHOOL JN

TO CHINNAKADA VADDY COASTAL STREET ENCLOSURE MCC- 2:1 STREET ENCLOSURE KOTTAPURAM- 1.5:1
ROAD TO BEACH
KOTTAPURAM ROAD
ROAD- 15M, PEDESTRIAN - 3M, STREET ENCLOSURE RATIO - 1:2

High school junction is a major node that lies between chinnakada and collectorate and connects the commercial and administrative zones. The tangasseri kottapuram area has narrow streets with both institutional and residential uses. These roada are so narrow for the building
The future dvelopment proposal for a transit hub is to pass through here. the road has high traffic levels due to it being the NH-66.The place of use in the area that it leads to congestionor traffic jam. Since there are no pedestrian pathway there is an interference of pedestrian
intersection of road from anchalumood, thevally and national highway. This place is focused on institutional development. This is one of the flow with the vehicular flow. This is also a reason for higher accident risk. The kottapuram road on the other end doesn’t have sufficient
width to support tourism or flow of tourists due to lack of space. The institutional areas have the roads acting as ine way routes so as
major commercial node in kollam city and also closest place to bus terminal and civil station.
toregulate traffic flow. The roads are interconnected and function as two way roads except during school hours, sufficient speed
ROAD AND STREETSCAPE
breakers are not provided , hence the speed with which two wheelers pass by are fast even during school hours.
IMAGEABILITY
The Nh is 15 m wide with buildings on ROAD AND STREETSCAPE
either side of the road. the street Street section with a ratio of
IMAGEABILITY
enclosure ratio is 1:2 where height is 1 building height to road corridor
and road width is 2. Buildings are width is 2:1 ,1.5:1this ratio is
aligned with the existing built form or comfortable for sky view but is
the average setback of the poor in terms of spatial quality
adjacent building in order to create depending upon the use of
a visually continuous streetscape buildings. The most faced issue is
ROAD PATTERN STREETSCAPE
the traffic congestion.
RESIDENTIAL ZONE 2: 1 STREET ENCLOSURE.

COASTAL ZONE STREET ENCLOSURE COLLECTORATE-KOTTARAKULAM

STREET ENCLOSURE

TO TANGASSERI

TO BEACH

BRAHMIN/ KOTTRAKULAM SETTLRMENT ROAD, STREET ENCLOSURE- 2:1

STREET WIDTH 15M, STREET ENCLOSURE 1:1
The pallithottam coatsal road along the coatsline connects tangasseri to the city centre. With wider roads and less traffic, the ease with which
one can reach the city centre is more tha the normal route. The coastal roads have parallel roads running towards the interior where residential
areas are present. These roads can barely carry sigle route transport and are thus classified as feeder roads that are only pedestrian and two
wheeler friendly. The coastal road and the feeder roads forms a network of transport routes used mostly by locals for commute.
The most important arterial road of the site, the NH-66 connects not only the city with the rest of it but districts and states as well. The
most bustling area in the site, the road also has high traffic flow throughout the day and transport of goods during the night. The roads
have separate pedestrian walkway, therefore the interferece of both is comparitively less. The roads are lined with avenue trees
intermittently and are lanked by two storeyed taditional houses.

ROAD AND STREETSCAPE

IMAGEABILITY
Street section with a ratio of
building height to road corridor
width is 1:1 this ratio is comfortable
to human scale. There is no
frontage zone of 1m from the house
boundary, no pedestrian path are
provided. There is no green belt
and its so sunny throughout the day.
Street lights are provided.
ROAD AND STREETSCAPE IMAGEABILITY The Nh is 15 m wide with buildings on
either side of the road. the street
enclosure ratio is 1:2 where height is 1
and road width is 2 that of narrower
street is 2:1. Buildings are aligned with
the existing built form or the average
setback of the adjacent building in
order to create a visually continuous
ROAD WIDTH OF 15M
streetscape
142
BUILDING AGE
1887 1820
FEEDER TO THE CENTRAL INSTITUTION ETHNIC GROUPS
BOYS’ SCHOOL THEVALLY- An initiative by SWATHY CANARA ROAD_ KONKANI SETTLEMENT :
THIRUNAL, to offer education to boys in each ditrict,
Having mgrated from Goa to Kerala, the
the school still continues to be the centre of educa-
tion. The oldest building in the campus still stands at Konkani Brahmins settled around temple. This
1885 the centre of the plot offering a magnificient feast community in the site is very few in number
to the eyes. compared to the olden times.
EDUCATION FOR GIRLS
Daing 150-200 years back in time, their culture
The European school founded by by
and lifestyle has lead to the creation of a
Mother Veronica of the Passion, place with a particular architectural charac-
encouraged the education of girls. It is one ter. Over time the community has died out
of the earliest British education systems not only in number but also in their culture
offered for the girls with a boarding and and architecture settlements. The identity of
day school. It continues to be tone of the the particular area has been lost due to mod-
best education centres for girls. ernisation and demolitition of structures for
future devlopment.

1506
IN RUINS
St. Thomas Fort / Fortaleza da São Tomé : Constructed by the Portugese in the 1500’s,
2 the fort formed the wall city of Tangasseri. The Fort was then colonised by the Dutch
after conquering the former in a battle, thereby altering the entire fort structure. A cen-
1 tury later the British took possession of the land where the anglo Indian society resides
LEGEND today.
Over 500 years of the age, the fort withstood the test of time, witnessing battles and
7 being subjected to it as well. After centuries, a part of the fort still stands tall in all its’
LESS THAN 50 YEARS glory reminiscing the ancient past.
1884
A ONCE PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, NOW DILAPTED
The building used to be a headquarters for the British. The building
was further used as an office which later was left to stay hostile and
later it was left without any care and renovation of any kind the build-
ing can be reused for many purposes as the building invokes tradition-
al heritage value and also with the open space in the centre of the
structures could possibly increase a good amount of interaction
space. Some of the different ways are by making it into a museum
resort or mixed-use space

50 - 100 YEARS
MORE THAN 100 YEARS

5
3

1880 11th Century

DEMOLISHED
Once the major trade spine of
Kollam, with traders from all over the
world stocking and trading goods
6 with the locals, the state of the TS
canal - Chamakkada area has fallen
to a state where all of the olden
structure including the kallupalam
has been demoished with very few of
them left as a memoir of the once
trade capital.
URBAN IDENTITY AND INCOHERENCE
ANANDAVALLESHWARAM - CUTCHERY: Mentioned in the ancient book
mekhasandesham and travelogues, Anandavalleshwaram temple is a
1200 year old structure. Adjacent to the temple is the palace of the
Queen of Venad now being used as the office of anti corruption cell. The
accessory buildings of the then palace are now being used as supporting
facilities of the collectorate, the old guest house of the palace is now
being used as the post office, the other buildings as shops, advocates’ of-
fices, courts and so on.
This precinct was once the administrative centre of the province and
continues to be that of the city. Although the buildings have changed in
the type of use it was intended for, it still continues to function serving an-
other function
 143
SETTLEMENT AROUND THE TEMPLE BUILDING HEIGHT
The settlement behind the civil station SEA
comprises of mostly olden buildings sindle and INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL BRAHMIN SETTLEMENT HIGH RISE COMMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
double storey heights. The settlement being
olden and around the anandavalleshwaram The institutional zone dates back to the 1800’s from when The ancient Brahmin settlement near the old
LAND

temple has led to the creation of low rise
buildings as per the ancient planning
principles where the temple was of utmost
importance and the views were not to be
hindered.
it evolved into a centre of education with structures that palatial complex is mainly of the people
are multi-storeyed. The recent past also witnessed the associated with it. The palace complex was
growth of commerce in this area, the structures being the most important structure and the rest were
multi- storeyed aids the local people. thus modest.

SEA
LOW RISE RESIDENTIAL FISHERMAN SETTLEMENT
LAND

Single/ double storey brahmin residences

Single and double storey buildings
predominant nair and brahmin settlements Multiple storey commercial, mised-use
and institutional buildings

ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS
The administrative centre comprises SEA
of multi- storeyed building to house VALAPPURA OF 2M HEIGHTS TO STORE FISHING NETS
the various activities anf function
LAND
associated with it.

Multiple storeys administrative building

LOW DENSITY LOW RISE

HIGH DENSITY LOW RISE

SEA
HIGH LAND VALUE ALONG KUTCHERY & ANCHULALUMOOD RD

LAND

LEGEND
GF (ONLY 3 m)
SEA
GF ONLY (ABOVE 3m)
LAND VALUE IS VERY HIGH IN TANGASSERI BECAUSE OF THE SEA
G +1 (UPTO 6 m) LAND
G +2 (UPTO 10 m)
MORE THAN 10 m

SEA
LAND VALUE HIGH ALONG BEACH ROAD AND BEACH FRONT
LAND
144
MORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS - SWOT

WEAKNESS
Improper edge treatment
THREAT
Under bed open spaces
Intense trolling at Neendakara region causes degradation of
Improper waste management
Fauna.

Coastal edge act as a A physical barrier

OPPOURTUNITY Drainage lines opening to the sea without warning

Close proximity to Varkala improves the tourism Drinking water shortages in certain low lying area
Environmental issues due to lack of facilities for fishermen
in kollam due to ease of accessibility from the water logging
Available open spaces under pressure of development former.
Limited open spaces for recregion
Some of the parts of the ancient port is still
Disruption of work-based settlements due to road widening
active, proper execution of the port system Lack of connection of internal roads with coastal
can improve the state of Kollam port. link
STRENGTH Proposed road network can cause major accidents Waste
disposal in T.S canal and isolated roads TS canal a major trade route can now be
Lack of shaded and pedestrian friendly roads
Strength Diverse ecological developed into a tourism spot.
Bus routes through dense residential settlements
features. Lack of parking facilities except the coastal link
Potential to generate energy from
Roads being used for fishing related activities. breakwaters.
The deep zone provided safety for Low frequency of public transportation through the
settlement Scope of T-5 Conal to be developed for inlad site
Most of the arterial roads inadequate capacity substandard
and cargo movement
road have geometry and carry significant amount of intercity
New Bus terminal near heritage Traffic congestion along sub-arterial roads
traffic in addition to local traffic. As a result, there is huge
zone Port road and new National waterways proposal connecting T.S
congestion on the main roads as well as at the intersections. canal Proposal to develop Kollam port as a
connections with beach and city Traditional streets have lost their character
The core city has narrow roads (8 m-15 m): due to this, high major connection port
traffic volume has been reported.
Active internal roads - community Deterioration of historic elements due to low
activities Potential for hastle free cargo movement
management. eg Dutch cemetry, Buckingham
Owing to the absence of bypass or ring roads, the major Potential for multimodal transportation hub
canal
percentage of intercity traffic passes. through the central city
Connections with old commercial
roads. Further adding to traffic congestion. Proposed coastal highway connecting the
core - Paikkada road Major streets entire coast. Infrastructure Issues like lack of storage facilities,
of the colonial layout have toilets, public drinking water, wash areas.
Inadequate parking facilities are resulting in on-street parking
retained their hierarchy Combined planning between wards help in an
across the major roads.
integrated development of the area. Lack of Facilities like health center, community hall,
T.S canal passing through the site. community parks, net mending yards, fish drying
Delineated hawker zones are absent hence, street vendors Large Open spaces under the ownership of the areas etc.
are using road space for conducting small and petty trade Port or church is not utilised properly.
The rich heritage value of
activities.
Thangassery Ward representatives restricted to development
Lack of integration of various modes of transportation system. Tourism is not developed to its full potential.
within their ward boundaries without an integrated
In addition to this the public transportation hubs and
The economic potential of Kollam approach.
integrating the different mode of public transport is lagging in Good coastal cargo movement potential.
Port
the city. Potential of usinf canal systems for cargo
movement. Unscientific traffic designs - junctions, sidewalks, bus
The presence of majoreducational shelters, absencea of parking lots
Land acquisition for additional road space is an issue in the city
Institutions like Trinity Lyceum, Infant Infrastructure can be enhanced to benefit the
due to high land rates.
Jesus School etc making it into an local people. No integrated systems for sewerage and storm
educational hub. water management.
There is no truck terminal in the city to facilitate freight Availability human resources (high density
movement at the FCI godown and port area which further area) increases the feasibility of new
Strong connectivity through link Water transport is in a standstill.
creates congestion on the major roads. developments.
roads and NH.
Narrow roads that can barely support two way
IWT systems are not fully used and the city lacks facilities for
traffic in residential areas.
inter-modal transfers such as water transport to road transport
and vice versa.

The land here is almost flat with gentle slopes, the drainage is
made downwards through the drains between the houses, it
then collectively flows towards the beach side. The settlement
are mostly concentrated towards the higher levels of the con-
tour away from the beach.
Because of the presence of Asthamudi lake and arabian sea,
most of the drainage are natural, there for the site is least af-
fected by flood among all the 14 districts.
The contour has a maximum elevation of +18m and minimum
of 0 with an interval of 1m.
145
CONTOUR ANALYSIS
There are five major soil type encountered in the district. They are laterite soil, brow hydro-
morphic soil, Greysih onattukara soil, riverine soil, coastal alluvium soil and forest loam. Later-
ite soil is the most predominant type of soil in the distrcit and predominantly found in mid
land and hill area. Brown hydromorphic soil is confined between undulating in the midland
and in the low lying area along the costal strip. They have been formed as a result of trans-
portation and sendimentation of material from the hilly region. The alluvial soil is seen in the The region has costal alluvium soil, of
western costal track of the district. The costal alluvial soil is cheracterised by secondary soil, marine origin, the texture generally
which are sandy and it is sterill with poor water holding capcity, riverine alluvium is along the ranges from sand to loamy sand, the
river beds. Forest loam soil is found in the eastern hilly area of the district. area has high water table, the water
holding capacity of poor due to pre-
dominance of sand.
All the costal village in the dis-
trict are flood prone areas,
high intiensity if rainfall during
the monsoons causes severe
floods. Increasing flood plain
occupancy and recalmation
of water bodies and wet lands
results in increasing flood Water loggin area are towards
damage, the sloping side of Asthamudi lake
towards the north, TS cannal to-
wards the southeast, and towards
the northwest.
The anciant harbor town of kollam has 37km of costal lines. Sea erosion is a perpetual
threat to many stretches of Kollam district. The erosion process is nither uniform, nor in-
duced by the same process at different location.
The natral drainage pattern is gen-
erated in accoredance to the con-
tour analysis
146
ECOLOGY
FLORA

Once Kollam was blessed with variety of natural vegetaion, due to humang intervantion they are now confined
to some pockets in the eastern part of the district. It is same for the case of rainforest they can be seen in tiny
pockets of Thenmala range.

The unique wetland ecosystem of Kollam are,

• Marshy and water logged areas.

• Paddy field associated with backwaters.

•Lakes

• Myristica swamps
About 53 patches of Myristica swamps have been there in Anchal and Kulathupuzha. The area under the
Kollam forest district is 81438ha, and it falls under Thenmala, Punalur and a portion of Achenkvoil forest division.

Kollam’s tropical rain forest has a wide varity of wildlife and some endangered species are found here. Species
found includes Tiger, Bonnet, Lion tail macaques, Nilgiri langur, Gaur (Indian bison), Sambar deer, muntjac
(Barking deer), Indian spotted chevrotain (mouse deer), Wild boar, Inain elephant and different species of squr-
rels such as indian giant and indian palm squrrels.
Follwing plants are identified in the site region and prediminantly found:- Coconut tree, Mango tree, Jack fruits,
Teak,Almond tree, Guava tree, Pooparathi tree, Tamarind tree, Neem tree, Portia Tree, Shiok Tree, Panjikamar-
am, Banyan tree.

The temperature is more during the month of March to May and is less during December to January. The aver-
age mean monthly temperature ranges from 29.9 to 36.4c. And minimum temperature reanges from 19.4 to
23.8c.

Sunshine ranges from 4.3 to 9.7 hours/day. Maximum sunshine is during the month of February. The month of June
and August record the minimum sunshine due to the cloudy sky. Generally good sunshine is recorded in the
LION TAIL MACAQUE SAMBAR DEER months of November to may.

Wetlands: Ashtamudi lake (Avifauna), Sasthamkotta Lake (Aquafauna).The Ashtammudi lake supports 57 spe-
cies of avifauna, of which 6 are migratory and 51resident species. Terns plovers, comorants, and herons are most
abundant birds in the lake. 27 species of fresh water fishes include pearl sport (Etroplus suratensis) and catfish,
two genera of prawns, 21 species of herrings and sardines of the family Clupeidae. The common teal or dab-
bling duck is the smallest migratory bird found in the lake. The insectivorous plants Drosera sp is found on the east-
ern shore of the lake.
The wind speed ranges from 1.3 to 2.1 km/hr. The wind speed is high during the months of March to June and
less during September to December.
The relative humidity is higher during the monsoon and all through the year it is higher during morning hours.
Evaporation is more during summer mmonths of January to April and it is low during the rainy months of May to
August. The maximum rate of 4.5mm per day is recorded in March and lowest of 2.6 mm is recorded during july.

There are 4 major pollution :- Air, Water, Soil and Organi pollution.

Vehicular pollution is the majoi issue of air contamination and burning of garbage adds on
to it, disposal of waste from helth secotr, residential area and petrolium hydrocarbon con-
tent from fishing boat to the water are also a major concern.
ASHTAMUDI LAKE COMMON TEAL
 CITY SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
As per the 2011 census, the percentage of SC population in KMC
limits is about 8% and the percentage of ST is 0.2%. As per the CDS
study, the crude birth rate for hindu and muslims in Kollma districts
are 15.5% and 18.5% respectively. The total fartility rate is 1.6 among
hindu and 2.1 among Muslims. In Kollam, 58% of the population fol-
lows Hinduism, about 16.6% follows christinity and 14.2% are Muslims.
Kollam accomodates a major share of Nairs and Latin christains re-
siding in the state. About 43% of the total population belongs to the
OBC including the Ezhavas, Latin christains and Muslims.
147
EDUCATION
Among the three educational districts of Kollam revenue district, Kot-
tarakakara and Kollam educational districts have sufficient number of
schools. But Punalur, which has remote forest areas, does not have suffi-
cent educational institue even at primary levels. More over in the existing
schools in Punalur the scarcity of teachers is a crucial problem.
Kollam districts has a well-established eductional stream from pre-prima-
ry to college level, including Vocational education, Arts and science, pro-
fessional education and technical education.
LITERACY RATE
HEALTH
The health directorate Kerala runs around 85 hospitals in and around the
Kollam districts including a district hospital, a TB hospital and PHC working
round the clock. In KMC, at least one hospital with IP facility is accessible
to all the wards with in 23km and is reachable to people with in reasona-
ble time. There are 34 PHCs and people could reach a PHC at average
distance of 1-2km. The two major government hospitals in the city the dis-
trict hospital with 537 sanctioned beds and the Government Victoria Hos
pital with 273 sanctioned bed.
148
SITE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The site is saturated with different commnity, the influencing the dynam-
ic arcitectural character of the site. communiyt like Anglo-Indians,
Hindu, Konkani Brahmins, Tamil Brahmins, Gujarati, Muslims and others GOVERNMENT MODEL BOYS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, KOLLAM
live together in hermony.

KOTTARAKKULAM SREE
The road shaded as shown in the MAHAGANAPATHY TEMPLE
figure is a major traffic route as it
contains all the traffic flow from all
the four major schools within the The area connecting the collectorate, the boys high shcool and the Anandhav-
area. The mount Carmel school, alleshwaram passes through this route and hence the traffic and noise within this
The infant Jesus school, Trinity area is even more severe.
Lyceum and St. Aloysius High
School. All the school are well A police station is located behind the collectorate and the route connecting the
populated with students with in NH and to the sub arterial road, which is main administrative centre of Kollam. This
the area and also those from out- area is the part of the site with the least residential area. Most of the area here are
side. This form the major traffic public and semi public zone, inclusive of the other buildings such as religious and
congestion during morning and educational building.
evening hour, Since the pendam-
ic, the traffic flow with in the area
had a huge impact as all four
schools has been closed.
HOLY CROSS LATIN CATHOLIC CHURCH

These schools have placed itself

since decade and their impor- ST. ALOYSIUS HSS, KOLLAM
tance stands inntact. The culture
of the place is also been held up
with in this these institution. For in-
stance Mount Carmel school has
it’s connection with the Anglo-In Schools here are mostly Latin
dian Community and it’s been -Catholic or Anglo Indian commu-
there since the beginning. Hance nity. It is because most of the resi-
the residence surrounding the dence around the school also
Mount Carmel school is mostly come from the same community,
owned by Anglo-Indians. Also area surrounding Mount
Carmel school, Infant Jesus school
and St. Aloysius is completely a
dedicated residential zone, while
Trinity Lyceum school is toward the
sub-arterial road and is hence
commercial zone.

MOUNT CARMEL CONVENT ANGLO

INDIAN GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL
 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF CITY 149

WATER SUPPLY

The existing scheme is such that water is taken from Shasthamkota Lake from where water is treated
through mainline which run through the National Highway and is supplied to houses. The water in the
lake Faces the threat of deletion. Hence a scheme was proposed and work has commenced.
10-20% of work is completed.

Water is proposed to be brought from Kallada lake and treated in a 100 MLD plant. It is reached
Ayathil which is 28 km from he Kallada Lake, where the plant is set. The scheme proposes water
supply to Kollam Corporation an Kottamkara Panchayat. Normally 50-60 MLD plants suffice as per
current demands. But 10 MLD is proposed considering future demands.

The existing Sasthamkotta scheme has 2 plants of 22MLD each. 44 is increased to 100 currently be-
cause of the increase in demand. Currently minor rural schemes also exist. Other than the main one,
3 other pump houses supply water. 40 hp 50hp pumps use ground water to suppy these. Current
demand will be satisfied with around 50% of the capacity

There are certain areas where lamp poles are provided without light. These poles run
through mainly in the thangassery-thani road where streetlight is essential. There are
around 40 Poles which are simply standing which could have been lighted up and
would have resulted in well lightened up road. The street light in this area is mainly
tube lights perched on electric poles.

There are few stand alone streetlights. These types are seen in the open area-near
the fort, beach area and open spaces. This area are usually the geathering spaces
for the public even before it get dark. But after sunset this area is the main congre-
gational space due to high lighting. The amount of streetlights in this area in not suffi-
cient enough. After sunset, there are many dark spots. Only building lights are there
be the street. Even though it is dominantly dark, the crime rates induced due to this
is very little.
150
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF SITE

Deterioration of the quality of water in Ashtamudi Lake and The streetlights are placed at an interval of 15m
Travancore domestic and industrail effluents. Water bodies, along the national highway and the sub arterial
lowlying marshy areas are being reclaimed due to demand for road, and at 30 m interval along other collector
development land, weak regulations and ineffective enforce- road.
ment of laws that exist to safeguard water bodies.

Ground water is the primary sources for domestic consumption

in newly developed areas but over extraction has resulted in
brackish water, especially along the coastal belt. Thus, for any
future use, ground water exploitation must be effectively moni-
tored and controlled.

Along th local roads the street lights are kept further

apart leading to a number of shadow streets in be-
tween making night light hard along the clustered
local streets.

Some issues raised by the people along the coastal

region (Fisherman community) about the avaiability of
water when most of their drinking water supply was
used by the port. Hence a seperate pump house for
the poor alone was established.

Government aided water stand posts are provided in

the fisherman community region where house hold are
seen to be in a clustered from. In these areas the avail-
ability of water through pipes for individual households
is difficult and hence the common water taps help
providing water to the water to the households. The
taps are placed at un-uniform according to the need
and the density of household in every cluster.
 INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS 151

In the Tangassery area

there is a local pump
house for providing
water to the near by
households. Also, the
Laurie Baker houseing
settlements have their
own rain water harvest-
ing system. Due to this
people here have suffi-
cient water supply
during the monsoon
season while experi-
ance shortage during
summer.

LANDFILL AT KUREEPUZHA PUMP HOUSE AT KUTCHERY PUMP HOUSE AT KOLLAM PORT RAIN WATER HARVESTING TANKS IN LAURIE BAKER COLONY

WASTE DUMPING ALONG THE TANGASSERY COST
There are certain area where lamp post are provided without light. This
poles run through mainly in Tangassery-tani road where streetlight is es-
sential. There are around 40 poles which are simply standing which could
have been lighted up and would have resulted in a well lighted up road.
The streetlight in this area is mainly tube lights perched on electric posts.
There are few stand along street lighs, this types are seen near the fort
area, beach area and open spaces. This areas are usually the geath-
ring spaces for the public even before getting dark. But after sunset this
area is the main congregational space due to high lighting. The number
of streetlights in this area is not sufficient enough. Only building lights are
there by the street. Even though it is dominantly dark, the crime rates in-
duced due to this is very little.
AEROBIC COMPOSIT UNIT IN TANGASSERY

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGHT WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

•The majority of househoulds and commer-
cial zones in the area have access to individu-
al wells for water consumption due to the
abuandance of water body in the surround-
ing area.
• The roads in Kollam Municipal is kept neat
by sweeping in the morning daily from up to
96km.
•Existing senitation facilities in Kollam, mainly
consist of individual septic tanks generally in
the middle and high income residential arae.
And shallow pit latrines in areas with lower
income groups.
• More than 90%of the households have
access to individual toilets in the city.
• The site dose not have proper waste
management near the Tangassery area.
The governent waste mangement activites
are very poor in this area and the banks of
the Arabian sea are completely covered
in sewage and solid waste.
• The people in the fisherman colony resid-
ing in clusters along the costal area have
insufficient water supply, as they are resid-
ing in groups here.
• Since the area is close proximity to sea,
drilling well is optional, as the ground water
here is likely to be saline.
• The Kollam port located along the Thangas-
sery coast and the fishing activities in the area
provide a wide range of job opportinuties for
local.
• The istallation of high mast light along the
costal area have given birth to a busier and
safer night life here. The womens in this area
has come up with the small shop at night.
•The collectorate area is the major administra-
tive centre of KMC. It also comprises most of
the social infrastructure within its premises. Be-
cause of the crowd here the area opens up a
lot of job oppurnitites here.
•The Tangassery area has the potential of
being converted into a tourist attraction since
it holds of lot of heritage anf cultural values of
its past.
• The tangassery area has become a waste dumping
zone for the locals as they don’t have proper waste man-
agement and people relentlessly throw there house hold
waste (both organic and inorganic) into the sea. This
reduce the possibility of turning the place into tourist
centre.
• The presence of Mount Carmel school and the InfantJe-
sus School brings in a lot of Pedestrain and Vehiculat tref-
fic into this road. But the road width here is very narrow to
accomodate all the traffic.
• Small single storey structures with sloped roof. These
were constructed under government schemes. But the
fault is such that these structure aere constructd not Tsu-
nami resistant.
152

HISTORY OF KOLLAM HISTORY OF RAILWAY HISTORY O ROADWAYS

1873 Kollam KSRTC bus stand

Kollma has a rich history of transportaion
as the first railway station and airport in During British reign, • Inagurated by his higness Sri Chithira Thirunal on
Kerala was established here. As kollam there started discus- 20th february 1938 the state motor service brought 34
was an important trade centre in the sion on building rail- buses on the road driving through the Kawdiar
world even before the christ period, way line, for teanspor- square.
trade emerged from communication tation from Madras to 1888
and thus transportation system and net- Kollam (commercial • The first fleet consisted of 60 comet chassis fitted
work evolved and developed. capital of Travancore) Money contribution with Perkins diesel engines imported from England.
was made by Railway
(7lakh) Madaras gov- •The bus body was build by staff of the Travancore
ernment (17 laka)and state transport deartment.
1900 Trivancorre diwan Ram-
Construction of rail iyyangar (6 lakh) • The government of Kerala state Road Transporta-
RAILWAY HOSPITAL QUILON 1903
line started construc- tion Corporation by notifiation was in 1965.
tion, labours were
from bengal, who Transportation in Kollam includes various modes of road, rail
1902 • The first formal bus stand at Kollam is the prsent day
build the 1st railway and water transportation in the city and it’s suburbs. State
garage.
line from Bombay Kollam-Thirunelveli rail- owned Kerala state Road Transport corporation buses, pri-
Thane way line was complited vate buses, Indian Railways, state owned water transport
• Ar J.C Alexander designed the present bus station in
department boat and ferry, taxis and auto rickshaws are
early
serving the city of Kollam. the city has a strong commercial
Transportation through water ws oldest 1904 repuation since the day of Phoenicians and Romans. Ibn
way of transport. As Kollam was the June 1 - 1st stage of Battua mentioned Kollam port as one of the five Indian
major trade centre, it was mainly passenger train ser- 1918 ports he had seen during the course of his twenty four year
throught the sea routes, sea ports were a vice from Kollam to Jan 1- Kollam-Trican- travels.
major element in the water transporta- Punalur.
tion. Kollam was the oldest port in India. drum railway line was
completed A Kollam city bus at Ramankulangara. The city service of
It was founded by Marabo with sanction
Kollam were blue in colour. Now the city buses folllow green
from udaya Marthanda Varma, the
1931 colour as per the new bus colour code of Kerala.
Tamil king from Venad in 825 AD. It is also
beleived that Marabo actuall volunt- NOV 4 - Chaakka-
1958 Kollam is known as cashew capital of the world. 90% of In-
ered to the Chere king to creat a new Thampanoor service
dia’s export quality cashew Kernels are prepared in Kollam.
seaport town near at Kollam instead of started.
JUNE 1- Kollam -Kottay- It is the largest processed cashew exporter in the world. It is
his request for renewing the almost van-
1971 am train service started the headquarter of Kollam district. The city of Kollam is
ishing Tyndis or Neleynda inland sea port
home to the largest number of Bullet owners of India. As per
at the Kollam. Even before 8th centuary, NOV 23- Kollam - Er-
the survey done by Royal Enfield in 2009.
trade began with arrival of Chinese, nakulam broad
shortly followed by the Arabs. First port in gauge started HISTORY OF WATER WAYS
Kollam was in the banks of Asthamudi
lake. The ships that reached at Kollam
port travelled to Padapakkara and
Kallada through this canal. Rani Bhai 6TH CENTUARY 8TH CENTUARY 11TH CENTUARY 16TH CENTUARY 17TH CENTUARY 18TH CENTUARY 19TH CENTUARY 20TH CENTUARY
once decided to construct a sea bridge
at Kollam in 1926. • 1512- navigation • 1661- Dutch • Travancore con- • Quilon canal •Kollam port was
center of shipyard at took possession of quered Kollam fol- connecting Para- active and
•Kerala’s main • Kollam was capital • Became the Tankassery the city. lowed by British in vur and Ashta- godowns were
port was Kollam of Venad. world trade port 1795. mudi lake. Water made near Kallu-
(2500 years of his- in Venad •1517- Portuguese ap- way route in this palam.
tory) • Trade began with proched to build a • TS canal was com- region was com-
the arival of chinese, factory at Tankassery missioned in stages pleted by 1880. • 1973-1978 cash-
• First port in shortly followed by for purpose of trade, under 3 erstwhile ewnut were im-
Kollam was in the the Arabs. which was granted. states of Madras, ported at
bank of Ashtamudi Chochin and Travan- Neendakara.
Lake • Ships size were •Portuguese built the core.
small, could easily St. Thomas fort,
• Chinese, Persian pass into the lake Tankassery
through estuary at
Neendakara •Portuguese traders
settled in Kollam.
 153
CITY TRANSPORTATION ANAYLSIS
PROPOSED TRANSIT ROUTES

Kollam KSRTC Bus Station

Final alignment of link road

INTRODUCTION View of National Highway-66

near Downtown Kollam
Transport in Kollam includes various modes of road,
rail and water transportation in the city and its
suburbs. State-owned Kerala State Road Transport
Corporation buses, private buses, Indian Railways,
state-owned Kerala State Water Transport
Department boats & ferry, taxis and auto rickshaws
Kollam Bypass
are serving the city of Kollam. The city had a strong
commercial reputation since the days of the
Phoenicians and Romans. Ibn Battuta mentioned
Kollam Port as one of the five Indian ports he had MAJOR NODES IN THE CITY
seen during the course of his twenty-four year travels.

Kollam is known as the Cashew capital of the world. Asramam Link Road near Kollam
90% of India's export quality Cashew Kernels are
prepared from Kollam.It is the largest processed
cashew exporter in the world. It is the headquarters
of the Kollam District.

Port Road near Tangasseri

There are two major bus stations

and one bus terminal in the city.
City bus station, Andamukkam
KSRTC bus station, Cutchery
Bus terminal, Tangasseri
154
NODES
LEGEND REGIONAL MOVEMENT NETWORKS
BUS STATIONS / NODES
ROAD WIDTH ANALYSIS
1.Anchukallumoodu Junc- The three wards are conected to the national High-
tion way by a linear axis which formed the historic avenue
The width of the road changes most along the coastal
2.Collectorate Junction from the palace to the old port.
area with the highest being the coastal road and least
3.High School Junction Major roads of wards connect to the comercial spine
lthe feEder roads leading to the fisherman houses .The
4.Boys school Junction of the city.
locals living in this area mostly rely on 2 wheeler trans-
5.Kottamukku Major linkages of the road are parallel to the are
port.Hence the greater number of feeder roads are
6.Lakshminada Junction coastal road
sufficent to maintain traffic without congestion.The
7.Ammachiveedu High densitý residential settlement between the
coastal road being the widest ,is used by larger vechil-
8.Altharamoodu Junction coastal road and transportation route would lead to
es and also acts as gathering or comunityy for the
9.Vaddy Junction vertical transformation in the future
people living that area to carry out their activites
10.Harbour
11.Kaval Junction RICKSHAW STANDS
12.Tangaseeri Junction
13.Light house/ Breakwater 4
14.Port

2
Traffic congestion points 3
1
Collector roads COASTAL ROAD(15M)

Arterial roads(NH 47)

Feeder roads
7
Subarterial roads
ROAD HIERARCY
5 CIVIL STATION ROAD(5M-6M)
8
11
AMMACHIVEEDU(6M)
6

9
12
PALLITHOTTAM (5M)
10
COASTAL ROAD(15M)

13 T S Canal

Arabian Sea
14
ROAD PATTERN ANALYSIS

RADIAL PATTERN TREE PATTERN IRREGULAR GRID GRID PATTERN

PATTERN

FUTURE CITY PROPOSALS
The future city proposal for trans-
port and road developments in-
cludes fly over, bridges, under
pass, terminalsetc. This is associ-
ated with the future growth of
the city keeping in mind the
conditions that would prevails
years from now.
Multi level parking, road widen-
ing and other proposal to
reduce traffic congetion be-
cause of the last of space are to
be compensated by this. The
city level development of transit
networks has been thought of
KOLLAM PORT
It is the second largest port in
Kerala by volume of cargo
handled and facilities. Locat-
ed on the south-west coast of
India, under the name of
Quilon Port it became one of
the country's most important
trade hubs from the ninth to
the seventeenth centuries.
Main aterial road-NH 47
Panavel- Kochi-Kanyakumari highway
TS CANAL
The Kollam Canal development proj-
ect is expected to meet the water
transportation and irrigation needs of
the people of Kollam Urban Agglom-
eration in future.The transportation
system through Kollam Canal is in-
tended for providing facilities for pas
senger and cargo transportation at
cheaper rates. The waterway has tre-
mendous tourism potential .
MOVEMENT PATTERN ANALYSIS
REVISED DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KOLLAM THE ROAD
NETWORK SYSTEM
COASTAL ROAD FROM THANKASSERY TO SAKTHI-
KULANGARA VIA THIRUMULLAVARAM: This road is
the continuation of the coastal road passing
through Thirumullavaram Tourist centre. A major
portion of this stretch has been formed. The entire
length of the Coastal area could be connected
to the town by the Coastal road. The transporta-
tion of Sea Food and raw products will become
quicker and easier once this road is completely
developed. Another feature is that this road
passes through three parks and open spaces viz.
Thirumullavaram, Thankassery and the Koch-
uplammoodu beach all having enough tourist po-
tential. In general, theouter ring road will facilitate
the smooth movement between the residential
areas and the industrial and commercial work
centres. The roadconnects the major industrial
areas and recreation centres and collects the
traffic entering the town from outside distributing it
over the entire town and its environs with the help
of the intermediate roads.
155
Major Public Transportion
COASTAL ROAD FROM ERAVIPURAM TO
THANKASSERY: This road is a part of the pro-
posed Kollam- Varkala road and is aligned
along the southern bank of T.S Canal. Major Trade /Goods and service network
PROPOSED ROAD NETWORKS IN THE SITE
ROAD FROM MULANKADAKOM TO CIVIL STA-
TION
The existing road from mulankadakom to civil
station has been proposed to undergo a
road widening of upto 25m. This is NH/ arterial
road passing through the site. On either sides
of the road are new growth areas with high
potenial.This road also acts as abypass which
has been recently developed. The future de-
velopment of this road woul ensure less trafic
congestion and will also conect residential
KOLLAM - ANCHUKALLUMOOD ROAD
The kollam- anchukallummod is a major sub
arterial road that serves as the spine of the
bus transport. The widening of the road to
25m is proposed with ensured pedestrian
pathways and ability to carry ,ore traffic with
les congestion than the present scenario. This
road acts as the major spine connecting insti-
tutional to residential areas. and also areas of
commerce.
156
COLLECTRATE JUNCTION
HIGH SCHOOL JUNCTION
TRAFFIC GENERATORS
1. INFANT JESUS ANGLO-INDIAN HIGHER
SECONDARY SCHOOL
The road in front of the school is a one
way and has to control the traffic ap-
proaching Infant Jesus and that retreat-
ing from Mount Carmel.
2. MOUNT CARMEL CONVENT ANGLO
-INDIAN GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL
Two nearby schools make traffic confl-
cits in thangassery junction during morn-
ing and evening of
weekdays because of the school buses.
3. THANGASSERY LIGHTHOUSE
The light house area attracts tourists so,
the taxi movement is moderately fre-
quent in this area.
4. FISH MARKET
The fish market attracts a lot of vehicles
during 6.30 in the morning including light
commercial vehicles.
5.KOLLAM BEACH
A major tourist attraction, the beach at-
tracts tourists andthe locals.thus the
area witnesses heavy traffic during the
evenings, especially weekends.
6.AMMACHIVEEDU JUNCTION
Ammachiveedu is a major node along
the sub arterial road connecting the
educational, administrative and
commercial nodes in the site thereby
resulting in heavy traffic.
7.KAVAL JUNCTION
A node thta connects residential zone to
the nearby instituional becomes an area
of traffic congestion due to narrow
streets.
KAVAL JUNCTION
TANGASSHERI JUNCTION
The above graph shows the parking accumulation at
varioustimes of a week day in Tankasseri – Vadi area.
10 am to 12 pm is the peak time in parking . There is a
sudden rise and fall in parking rate at this time. Its
because of the accumulation of parking of school
buses in addition to the two wheelers of the fishermen
Street elevation of Mount Carmel Convent Anglo -Indian Girls High School ,the street is considered one of the busiest and contribute largely to traffic generation in the site.
MOVEMENT PATTERN
public bus route
PREDOMINENT BUS MOVEMENT
Movement of school bus is concentrated to the
Thankassery region due to the presence of three
major schools; Infant Jesus, Mount Carmel and
Mount Carmel Anglo Indian School and to
fatima road where two other prominent schools
are located, St.Aloysius HSS and Trinty Lyceum.
PREDOMINENT BUS MOVEMENT
The Govt. Boys HSS is located near the NH66.
PREDOMINENT PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT
Heavy pedestrian traffic is observed at
Thankassery MountCarmel road and Infant Jesus
during 8:15 to 8:45 am and in the evening from 3
to 4 pm. Traffic is also experienced at the beach
road between 4 to 5 pm due to the increase in
the number of beach users at this time.
There is sparse pedestrian users and those that
are there mainly consist of fishermen and
women to hang their clothes for drying. PREDOMINENT PEDESTRIAN
MOVEMENT
Majority of pedestrian traffic is observed on
weekends; Saturday and Sunday due to move-
ment of people towards the church. The move-
ment is seen to be concentrated between 6:00
am to 9:00 am.
PARKING
At Tankasseri bus terminal, it has a parking ca-
pacity of 55. It is almost 95% occupied by the pri-
vate school buses on weekdays. Private buses
are parked here only sometimes and it will be
only 2-3 private buses parked here.The study
area doesn’t have enough parking space espe- PARKING
cially in the Tankasseri region and Kollam beach
area.In the beach area, there isn’t enough
open spaces for the offstreet parking. The exist-
ing offstreet parking is maximum utilized and still
it is not sufficient for the number of vehicles
coming in this area.
 157
PRE PANDEMIC & POST PANDEMIC ACTIVITY MAP & ANALYSIS

The area held the traffic of both Mount
Carmel Girls School and Infant Jesus
School. The pandemic has now made
the area traffic free as no other factors
of people crowding happens here
The road connecting the High School
Jn. and the Boys School used to be
crowded by student traffic in the Girls
and Boys School along the road. But
due to the pandemic the schools
remain closed.
The road circling the Kollam This route has the local market along it.
Collectorate has been a busy road The people residing in the Vaddy area
both before and during the Jonakapuram areas usually visit there
The tangassey area has been a tourist for their daily needs. The region is
pandemic. Along the road is the
attraction due to the historical importance mostly owned by the Latin Catholic
court and hence it is a no-horn
of the place and its rich heritage.The light community and gatherigs happens
zone. The area is always crowded
house located here is another major along the church located in the
with advocates and locals. The
attraction of the location. The tangassery opposite route. Due to the pandmic
road opposite the collector is
breakwater is also a tripping area for the the intensity of crowd in the church has
where a series of small tea shops
locals and the tourists as well reduced. Although the market is still
are located. This is a public/semi
public zone. alive.

The Vaddy area is a very highly
populated region. The people here
hardly follow the pandemic protocols
and continue with their daily routines.
There is children playing, elderly
roaming around and the usual daily
routines as such
The Kollam Port is the second
largest port in Kerala. It’s a
major trading center in the
whole of Kollam. The port used
to be a very active fishing as
well as other goods trading
area.

The sub-arterial road connecting

the Collectorate to the The Anandavalleshwaram Temple road
Ammachiveedu Junction also used to be a very busy route, as the
was a well crowded place with temple was an important feature of the
the ganpathy temple, public place which held history and
library and acted as a main bus importance within the surrounding
route for Kollam - Iravipuram brahmin community. The temple
buses. The street used to be an constantly had “katchery” (musical and
active space for government dance concert) and where people
meetings too. The main from differenent places used to come
east-police station is located here. and watch.
158
PRE PANDEMIC & POST PANDEMIC ACTIVITY MAP & ANALYSIS
GOVERNMENT These are vacant spaces owned by the
government. These areas have no spe-
cific function as such. Accessed by the
public and can be converted to poten-
tial sites in the future. Some areas are
covered with vegetation but some
others are barren land.
These spaces have restricted access by
the public.The Collectrate building, Post
PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC Offices, Police Stations etc. are owned
by the government but can be used by
public for specified purposes. The vast
coastal region at Thangassery which in-
cludes the fish market and the harbour
belongs to the government. However
the activities around it convert it to a
public zone.
LEGEND
GOVERNMENT
VARIOUS ACTIVITIES IN THE SITE
PUBLIC SEMI-PUBLIC
PRIVATE
INSTITUTIONAL
RELIGIOUS
PARKS AND RECREATION
SECTION SHOWING THANGASSERY BACKWATERS AND LIGHT HOUSE
INSTITUTIONAL All areas around schools , colleges includ-
ing their play grounds come under institu-
tional open spaces. These areas are
owned by private individuals and hence
its use is restricted solely to the user group.
Schools in the site include Govt. Model
Boys HSS , Mount Carmel Convent Girls
High School, etc. The user groups include
students , faculties , and other officers as-
sociated to the institutions.These areas
are more active during working days
Since the site comprises mostly of resi-
PRIVATE
dences, most areas are owned by private
individuals. Towards the coastal region of
Thangassery, a densely packed arrage-
ment of buildings can be seen . Hence
open to built area ratio is low. But towards
the main residential zone, open areas are
more compared to built space.
TOWER
GUEST HOUSE
FISHERMAN HOUSE
Recreation Parks
DISTRIBUTION OF OPEN SPACES WITHIN THE SITE
THANGASSERY BACKWATERS
RELIGIOUS The spaces around temples , churches and
mosques come under religious open spaces.-
Main temples around the region include Anan-
davalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple , Ra-
meshwaram Mahadeva Temple and Kottarakku-
lam Sree Mahaganapathy Temple. St. Peters Ca-
thedral, St. Antonys Roman Catholic Church,
Holy Cross Latin Catholic Church are the main
churches found in the site. These spaces are re-
stricted to religious purposes hence used by pil-
grims and other devotees for prayers and rituals.
The areas near the Thangassery backwaters are
PARKS AND RECREATION
the proposal areas for parks, gardens and rec-
reation .The Kodimaram ground near
Thamarakkulam and the beach also comes
under this category. People use these areas es-
pecially during evenings and weekends.The
user group include children , adults and elderly.
FOOTBALL
RECREATION
FISHING
JOGGING
PLAYING
Fish markets institutions Religious Adminstration
ADMINISTRATIVE ZONE RESIDENTIAL ZONE

LIGHT HOUSE AND BREAKWATERS
A proposal for parks and recre-
ation was given by the local
government which has finished
its first stage and is under the
second stage. At present the
region is mostly used by the
local citizens of the region for
fishing and other recreational
acti-vities.
VADDY FISH MARKET
The region is crowded most of
the times since selling of fish
takes place in the market.
Most of the area is owned by
the port where export and
import of goods take place.
The local citizens especially
males gather around this area
for recreation.
COASTAL STRETCH
A majority of the site has the
potential for recreation which
at present is underused. The
park infront of the fort and the
breakwaters is mostly used by
the local citizens since the
region has a very poor road
network. The sea is prone to
water pollution since people
dump waste here which is a
major threat to the site.
OPEN SPACES ANALYSIS 159
Religious and educational Open spaces are used for election purposes Residential units are closely
and for religious festivals and other celebra- packed resulting in lesser
zone premises contain rel-
atively more open spaces tions.The area near the breakwaters includ- space between buildings.
than residential areas ing the park in front of the fort acts as parks
within the zone. and recreation was given which is an ongo-
ing project.The coastal stretch is protected
from tsunamis by the sea wall which was
constructed in 2010.
The park in front of the fort face various issues The coastal stretch consists
Along the Theeradesom
including social riots since the area is misused more of open spaces par-
road are mainly commer-
by the people especially the youth.Open ticularly recreational as
cial buildings facing the
spaces owned by the government is now compared to built struc-
street and residenal build-
converted as waste disposal areas which is a tures.
ings behind them.
major threat in the site.The accumulation of
plastic wastes in the sea due to the lack of
open spaces since buildings are densely
The port road residential zone
More of open spaces can packed.The coastal stretch is prone to floods
has witnessed less construction
be identified near religious and tsunamis. and development for the past
institutions especially open few years.
spaces in front of the
church contribute to a
wider portion of the area.
SECTION SHOWING THE COMMERCIAL STRETCH SECTION SHOWING THE FISHERMEN COLONY
Closely packed residential units with
very little area for interaction. Difficult Very small gap provided in between
for elder members due to the vertical the structures. Densely packed ar-
planning. rangement, with very less open space.
SECTION SHOWING THE LAURIE BAKER
HOUSING COLONY
SECTION SHOWING THE FISHERMEN COLONY
EDUCATIONAL
RELIGIOUS RESIDENTIAL
Open spaces solely used by the in-
Open spaces used by wor- Open space to built ratio
stitution as playgrounds and during
shippers everyday and gets varies for different sectors.
kalotsavams. These are also used RESIDENTIAL
crowded during religious Some sectors have large
for election purposes and during The commercial stretch is so
festivals and other gather- ratio while some others
Public Service Examinations. Since densely packed with old and
ings during special occa- are small. Towards the
it is purely owned by the respective new shops, government build-
sions. Temples like Ananda- coastal stretch, all build-
authorities , may be used by the in- ings and other structures . Some
valleeshwaram , have rela ings are densely packed.
stitution in the future for further de- areas remain barren where
tively large open spaces Hence very less open
velopments. wastes are dumped frequently
which functions for the space in the sector.
same. and hence is a major threat to
the site.
160
BULDING TYPOLOGY
BRAHMIN COMMUNITY
The site has predominant brahmin population near
the temple area.
Most of the Brahmin settlements are near the tem-
ples mainly the Sree Anandavalleshwaram Shiva
Temple which is 120 years old and the 12th century
Sree Rameshwaram Mahadeva Temple.
The predominant Brahmin population comprises of
Tamil and Konkani Brahmins followed by Tulu Brah-
mins.
The temple has much sugnificance that it is men-
tioned in the famous poetry Meghasandesam by HIJARA MUSLIM COMMUNITY
Kalidasa. Located in the main commercial spine of Kollam city on
Konkani Brahmins came to Kerala when forced the banks of TS Canal is a Muslim settlement.
conversion came into action in Goa. TS Canal area has been the centre of trade and com-
Hence they settled near the temples and their oc- merce.
cupation was associated in and around the tem- This has lead to the formation of Muslim community in the
ples. area due to the strong intent in trade and business.
The settlement is also around the Jonakappuram Juma
Masjid.
The shops are facing the collector roads and the house is
approached through feeder roads.
Muslim community predominant here are the working
class and not the aristrocrats.

BASIC PLAN OF A KONKANI HOUSE

BASIC PLAN OF TAMIL BRAHMIN HOUSE

BASIC PLAN OF THE MUSLIM HOUSE

ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY

1502 saw the arrival of Portuguese in India and establishment
of St.Thomas fort.
Further on, in 1661, Dutch took possession of the city destroy-
ing the Portuguese establishment and the fort.
British were the last of Europeans to arise in the 18th century.
All of these altered the character of the coastal town of
Kollam mainly Thangassery which remains an Anglo-Indian
settlement in character with very few Anglo Indians in the
present.
GROUND FLOOR
The area witnesses a cross cultural influence of the Latin fisher-
men community , Roman Catholic, the Anglo Indians.

FIRST FLOOR
BASIC PLAN OF A COTTAGE BASIC PLAN OF A BUNGLAW
 161

BUILDING TYPOLOGY
TYPOLOGY - 4 - EZHAVA TYPOLOGY - 5 - FISHERMEN
ABOUT THE COMMUNITY TYPE - 1 - HUTS
Latin Catholics settled along the adjacent coastal area.They
Predominant community from early period about 128
were mainly engaged in fishing and selling since they settled
years ago. Commonly seen around the ezhava temple
near the sea. At present , markets and harbours arised where
and thus the area hashigh ezhava concentration.The
export and import of goods take place.Temporary shelters
place got its name kaval since they were assignes as ka-
called Vallappura is also located along the area which mainly
valkaars of the dutch fort. Most ezhavas were mainly
functions as storage area for fish nets, boat engines , etc..The
traders and businessmen engaged in the trade of rice ,
huts have a single room which act as a multi-functional space
spices and other commodities.At present, they have
with toilets outside the structure.
small shops set up along the main road.

BASIC PLANNING
Located at close proximity to the Ezhava temple.The house
portrays the living style and culture of the community.The A densely packed arrangement of structures can be seen here.Howev-
great philosopher and social reformer Sree Narayana guru er small gaps are provided along the edge the edge which facilitates
visited the house and stayed for various purposes like SNDP proper ventilation.
yogams and other functions.A floor of the house isfully dedi-
cated to eminent people who visit the house.A guest house
is provided for travellers outside the house.The house still has
a small shrine dedicated to Hindu gods and Sree Narayana
guru.

TYPE - 2 (a) - LAURIE BAKER HOUSING TYPE - 2 (b) TYPOLOGY - 6 - NAIR TYPOLOGY - 7 - MODERN HOUSE
BASIC PLANNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY

This type shared duplex houses were built y the govern- They are an integral part of Keralas culture and have a long
ment as rehabilitation for the community after the tsuna- history.They dominated the civil, administrative and military
mi in 2004.The houses have typical mirrored layouts.Each elite of the pre- British era of Kerala.They live in large family
house have their own rainwater harvesting systems units called Tharavads.
which is not used currently. Each house is inside a single
block.Each block has eight houses.A common stair is BASIC PLANNING
given for entrance to the upper floor.

BASIC PLANNING

The houses of the community in the area do not face the

main road.Houses are in a small property and comprise of
small rooms.Shops are set up along the main road the
house is behind it and is approached by small roads. A small
verandah or sitout leads to the interior which is used by the
men and elderly.Store and kitchen is adjacent to the Modern houses with prominent compound walls , backyards and front-
shop.Bedrooms are confined to a corner while the common yards. The houses are built in contemporary style with living, dining, bed-
areas are along the central portion.All the openings are in- rooms, kitchen and work area.
wardly positioned due to privacy reasons with separate
toilet blocks outside. TYPOLOGY - 8 - PWD HOUSE

Verandah with columns present. The house has a courtyard

to facilitate proper ventilation inside the house. Large living
and dining area. Bedrooms are spacious and each room has
distinct function.

BASIC PLAN OF THE HOUSE

162

TYPOLOGY - 7 - INSTITUTION TYPOLOGY - 8 - RELIGIOUS TYPE - 2 - CHURCH

TYPE - 1 - SCHOOL TYPE - 1 - TEMPLE a) St. Peter’s Church , Moothakkara
GOVT. MODEL BOYS HSS a) Rameswaram Mahadeva Temple
The church was constructed in 1891 for the Latin Catholic
community in the village. It was the then community in the
The temple is located in the the city of Kollam. The presiding deity of the temple is Lord
Rameswara facing West . The temple is one of the 108 Shiva temples of Kerala and is in- village. It was the then Varappuzha Archdiocese’s Verapoly
stalled by sage Parasurama dedicated to Shiva. It is one of the two Rameswaram tem- Bishop Leonard who spearheaded the initiative . In the earth-
ples in 108 Shivalaya Sothram . The main deity is Shiva and is constructed in Kerala style. quake of 1899 , the church was ruined . Though reconstruct-
Its construction was completed in the 12th century. There are two small towers in the
West and North sides of the temple.There is a Copper flag mast infront of Balikkal pura ed , it was again destroyed . In 1916, the church was rebuilt
at West. The main Sanctum Sanctorum is in rectangular shape and the shrine is decorat with a strong foundation.
ed with beautiful stone and wood carvings. Valiyamabalam and Bakalpura are
common in Kerala-Dravidian style. A pillar is setup in the courtyard which contains a
royal order of King Rama Kulasekhara, a 12th century Chera King of Kerala.

The history of the school , under the control of Kollam Corporation, is conected
with the great king Swathy Thirunal ( 1829 - 1847 ), the ruler of modern Travan-
core.District schools were opened as feeders to the central institution at Travan-
core.Thus a district school building was constructed in thecompound which is the
present school.It was initially opened as a primary school, with the name “His High-
ness Maharajas English School.”

TYPOLOGY - 9 - ASSEMBLY TYPOLOGY - 10 - COMMERCIAL

MOUNT CARMEL CONVENT ANGLO-INDIAN GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL
b) Kottarakkulam Sree Mahaganapathy Temple TYPE - 1 - HALL TYPE - 1 - SHOPS
BASIC PLANNING NSS HALL

The school was founded on 22 July 1885 by Mother Veronica of the Passion, the The temple , dedicated to Lord Ganesha , is a
foundress of The Carmelite Religious.It was built to cater to the educational needs famous temple situated in Kollam district and serves
of girls, empwerment of women and the less privileged.It consists of a boarding as a halting point for devotees heading to Sabarima-
house located within the convent and a day school. la from Thiruvananthapuram. The main deity is Lord
Vigneshwara , who is believed to be the person who
takes responsibility of the whole region. The festival
celebrated here is Mandala Pooja (Sasthapreethi Sa-
maradhana) , Thiruvarattu, Vinayaka Chathurthi. A

c) Ananadavalleeswaram Sri Mahadeva Temple

The temple is one of the ancient Hindu temples in Kerala , located in
Kollam city. Lord Siva and Goddess Anandavally are the main deities of BASIC PLANNING
the temple . According to folklore , sage Parashurama has installed the
idol of Lord Shiva
The temple has a Kerala Dravidian style and its construction was com-
pleted in the 11th century. The main Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple
is 1200 yeras old and is constructed in Teak wood. It is one of the three
Mahadeva temples of Kollam city mentioned in 108 Shivalaya Sothram.
 163
COMMUNITY MAP AND ANALYSIS
TANGASSERI _ANGLOS AND LATINS

ANGLO INDIAN COMMUNITY

Life in Tangasseri by Frankpet Fernandez:
Jasper Labrooy’s memories of Tangasseri: “In the old days, Tangasseri consisted of
ANGLO - INDIANS INSTIUITION gravel roads marked by kerosene lamp posts. Most properties spread across its
MIXED COMMUNITY LATIN - CATHOLICS
distinct lattice-like layout from one end to the other. They were extensive
HINDUS (NAIR) BRAHMIN
properties with a single house in the centre of coconut, jackfruit and mango trees,
to name a few. There were few walls in those days. And fences, boundary stones
HINDUS(EZHAVA) GUJARATI

demarcated properties. The roads were clean as the people of the place
ANGLICIAN MUSLIM

KONKANI BRAHMINS OTHERS

CHRISTIANS
stepped out every morning to sweep the streets. The clothes were distinctively
TAMIL BRAHMINS British – in many cases brought down from England. The men wore top hats, suits,
shirts and trousers while the women wore long skirts, tiered shirts with ruffles. Sewing
was done by hand.

The identity of a Tangasserian was a well defined one and it came with respect
and all that goes with recognition. In most houses of the time, a quaint mix of
Malayalam and Portuguese was spoken.

Also unique to the place was its neo-Portuguese cuisine such Dhopa, Kuseed, Dhol
Dhol, White Halwa and an array of other sweets”. Tangasseri’s cuisine is something
of a legend. Tangasseri’s dining tables always bore vestiges of the different
cultures that influenced it. Kerala’s rice and coconut-based dishes, the
neo-Portuguese ‘kuseed’-a clear fish stew spiced with ginger, the English brown
stews and caramel custards have been eternal favourites in Tangasseri homes.
Christmas was a very special time in Tangasseri. Jasper remembers it as a time for
families and friend to come together. Of course, those memories for him come
COMMUNITY BREAK UP with that tinge of nostalgia: “Life in those days was a very simple thing…X-mas
drew the whole community together from early December to late January

Mount carmel street elevation

FISHERMAN / LATIN CATHOLIC COMMUNITY

LIFESTYLE
COMMUNITY MAPPING SCALE 1:8500

Christmas was a very special time in Tangasseri. Jasper remembers it as a time for
families and friend to come together. Of course, those memories for him come
with that tinge of nostalgia: “Life in those days was a very simple thing…X-mas
drew the whole community together from early December to late January.
Christmas and New Year fare were, of course, the Events of the year. Months in
advance, homes in Tangasseri would prepare for this truly special time of the
year. Ruby red sweet wines would be bottled months ahead. (In the not too
distant past, they were fermented in huge earthen-ware pots that were often
the size of a man) The ducks and turkey had to be fattened. As the time drew
close, rose cookies and cul-culs would be made in large quantities. And
delicious puddings would be steamed to just the right consistency… The church is the main institution around which th social
organisation and the community of the Latin Catholic fisherfolk is
This was a time of great rejoicing and home-coming. Those who had moved to organised. The priest is the main leader who looks after the
other parts made it a point to be at Tangasseri at this time of the year. And, of religious and socio-economic concerns of the community.
course every one knew that the grand Christmas and New Year Balls – the Christian fisherfolk are the ‘real’ fisherfolk of Kerala (Hapke, 2001).
biggest social events of the year were just around the corner. There would Ram (1991), who has worked amongst the Mukkuva Christians of
innumerable Masses and Church services to attend. Most weddings were OPEN SPACES FISHING AS MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME STREET AS A COMMUNITY the south, traces the low status of the fisherfolk in the society to
planned at this time of the year. In fact, no Christmas in Tangasseri would be their geographical isolation and being concentrated in the
complete without its share of weddings, yet another reason to celebrate in this Vast open spaces abutting the beach Since the ancient times fishing was the Since the habitable rooms are very less coastal areas, in slum-like and crowded settlements.
season of Joy. are the main congregational space for main occupation of the people near and congested they being a very social
the community. Religious gatherings and the coastal belt. A family occupation community get out into the streets and They are god fearing people who make the most of all religious
They are fond of music, dance and hace their own authentic cuisine.The mid christmas celebrations are held here. The passed on from generation to genera- makes it their own space for all sorts of act- festivities. The main means of livelihood is fishing. They are a
1900s to the late 1900s saw a vast population of Anglo-Indians in Tangasseri but spaces also acts as playground for the tion, it is being followed even today. vities, like social, religious, etc. The spaces close-knit community with strong social bonds and they live in
their populations have dwindled to a bare minimum. They engaged in children of the locality where the eldery The younger generation has commer- are used for selling fish, drying fish and also small one or two room houses closely packed together.The
government services like railways and postal department while the women were spend their evenings. cialised it and has become a profit- cooking fish in small temporary shacks evenings and sundays are a time when the community comes
mostly associated with education professions. able business today with Kollam export- during the night where people from differ- together and gather in the open spaces near the churches for
ing the best fish to different parts of the ent parts of the town gather. chit-chatting and playing cards.
164
CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE BRAHMIN COMMUNITY
The Brahmin settlement pattern
With increasing income the small thatched single room houses have
evolved into two storeyed concrete houses with attached toilets in most
places. A ll modern facilities electricity and drinking water are available at
their disposal. The younger generation are shying away from their traditional
occupation due its lack of glamour.

Most of the population have gone overseas especially to the middle east in Street elevation of Tamil Brahmin settlement
search of better oppourtunities. This has lead to an increase in the per
capita income of the households thereby leadinng to a more luxurious life-
style. They do not maintain the habit of saving money hence they continue
to live in the same households.

Street elevation of Konkani Brahmin settlement

JONAKAPURAM & MOODAKKARA
EZAHAVA COMMUNITY GUJARATI COMMUNITY
Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)
Built edge andbuilding orientation Outer road / Coastal road
as activity generator
Multifuntional public space
Kollam union was formed in 1940. With a vision to realise
the social dreams of Sree Narayana Guru, a powerful
social renovator of Ezhava community in Kerala, the
Kollam SNDP union has a great role in the rise of Kollam
Ezhava / Thiyya community to the forefront of the society.
playground/ open

chatting place for women in

place to prayer

JONAKAPURAM MUSILIM COMMUNITY

the community

These two node forms the intersection of the christian and muslim communi-
ty whose main occupation is fishing. Jonakapuram has a majority of mus-
lims while the latter has latin catholics. The muslim community that resides
near the TS Canal and near the coastal zone also has business people.
The migration of the Gujaratis to the three port cities of Kerala occurred
Years before communal riots were very common in the area. There used to at different stages of time. Due to the climatic conditions prevailing in
be tension all year round. With increasing education and literacy offered by Kerala none of them wanted to settle down there. They stayed there
the community as well as by private/ public institutions people have only during the business seasons.The Gujaratis confined themselves to
become more peace loving and have learnt to co-exist with each other. their business activities through out the days of their early settlements in
Kerala.The Gujaratis confined themselves to their business activities
The community mainly consist of traders and are involved through out the days of their early settlements in Kerala.They stayed in
with fishing and selling of other commodities.They ex- the warehouses where their goods were stored. This isolated life contin-
panded their settlement around the TS canal. The business ued till they began to bring their families and settle down when they
/ trade was cocentrated in this region. They also had were convinced that the conditions were favourable for it.
homemade food stalls along with their residence .
Very soon the Gujarathi merchants needed more warehouses for their
goods. They had to depend upon the ware housing facilities provided
MODERN HOUSES WITH GATED PROPERTY IN FISHERMAN COLONY The Story behind Jonakappuram Juma Masjid by the authorities for a long time. In the early stages they were satisfied
with these facilities, but as the quantum of their trade increased they
Jonakappuram Juma Masjid (also known as Jonakappur- needed more accommodation. Safety and privacy were two basic re-
am Valiyapalli) is one of the oldest mosques (640 AD) in quirements, which they needed for the progress of their trade.
NAIR COMMUNITY India and is believed to be among the first few in Kerala. It
is situated in Thangassery, In Kollam district, Kerala. The The Gujarati community in this area is mainly jains and bora muslims .
Nair tharavadus have in the past, and most still do, own large estates and even tem- current mosque is reconstructed on remains of the ancient They expanded their settlement near the coastal area and the TS
ples and mansions built in the traditional Nair stylc. They follow the Marumakkalha- one which was washed away by sea erosion. canal which helped them with their trade .The trade was mainly of to-
yam system of inheritance, thus Nairs bekong to their mother's tharavadu rather than bacoo , pulses and other commodities.
to their ta:her's ene. This is a particular trait of Nairs. These tharavadus tormed a tocal It was built by Malik ibn Habib, who was the nephew of
point in Nair society, as most of the day to day dealings were Malik ibn Deenar. It is believed to have been inaugurated
associated with it in the past, however recently, they are less important than they on 642 CE. However, Ibn Battuta who visited this magnifi-
were centuries ago. Tharavadu is a system of joint tamily practised by pecple in cent congregational mosque in AH 743 (1342-43 CE) re-
Kerala, south India, especially castes like Namboothris, Nairs and Ezhavas. . Maru- cords it as a relatively modern mosque at his time. Some of
makkathayam is a matrilinear system of inheritance that is unique to Nair Tharavadus. the remnants of this ancient mosque that was destroyed
by sea erosion-the decorated marble tomb stones from
The most remarkable thing about the Nairs is their style of pagoda likc termple archi- Gujarat with delicate Thuluth inscriptions,Granite lamp
tecture and house construction which are stylized bcautifu lly. I lowever, it must be posts, granite containers to hold water for ablution,
stated that huge Tharavadu houses were built only by thosc familics who could wooden carvings etc. are kept in the precincts of the Jon-
afford il. Others however, had miniature and less opulent versioris of the sarmc style. akappuram mosque.
Tharavadu names as a means of identity unlike the name of birth place is a poculiar
system followed by nairs. Howover, this has been a major causc of rivairy amongst Jonakappuram Valiyapalli is among the oldest mosques in
the nairs as tharavads were compared against one another based on wealth and Kerala and believed to be established by the Arabs who
tame.One example of this is the famous boat races held ir Allapuzha where compet- had left for Kerala from Arabia according to legend of
ing tamilies would have ther boats racing aginst one another in the backwaters.Of Cheruman Perumal. Some Scholars agree to this fact and
late many Tharavads are in a state of recession. is of the opinion that the Valiyapalli is the second mosque
after Cheraman Juma Masjid in Thrissur .

SPENDING TIME AT HOME
Since pandemic, most of the people (37%) ocassionally
had difficulty in spending much time at home . Pandemic
period resulted in mental and physical stress when they
were faced with uncertainty or the unknown. However ,
release of lockdown resulted in a new lifestyle including
work from home for some and people slowly started going
out following the rules. Very small percentage (13%) found
it very difficult to spend time at home.
USAGE OF EXTRA TIME
Around 31.5% are mostly into different entertainments
mostly engaging themselves in various indoor and out-
door games since they bound to live around rules and re-
strictions. A very small of people (5.4 %) started or joined a
startup business like production of masks , starting a com-
pany , delivery services, starting fitness studios , building
better applications or browser based secure solutions due
to increase in number of cyber hacking attacks. While
21% claim that they dont get extra time for such activities.
JOB SECTOR
Majority of the population ( 61.1 %) are either students or
home makers and 14.4% work in the teaching sector.
12.2% are engaged in business , 8.9 % in med
ical sector while a very small percentage are in the public
sector. According to a joints report by the International
Labour Organization ( ILO ) and the Asian Development
Bank , 41 lakh youth in the country lost jobs due to the
pandemic .
PANDEMIC SURVEY AND ANALYSIS
DAILY ROUTINE
A majority of the public around 37 % had changed their
routine since pandemic since it changed the entire lifestyle
of the people . They started working from home , and un-
availability of public transport had forced majority of the
population mainly the middle and the lower class to spent
their time inside homes. Very small percent of about 17.4 %
claim that they were able to follow a specific schedule.
HOURS OF SLEEP
Since pandemic , about 50.5 % of the people sleep for
about 8 hours a day which indicates that people started fo-
cusing on to their health which offered tremendous bene-
fits . Proper sleep helped beat their back stress, depression
and anxiety. Only a small percent of about 7.7 had the
least hours of sleep of about less than 6 hours a day. This
may be due to their hectic work schedule or due to grief
and depression by isolation at home,cancelled trips, isola-
tion from friends and family.
PHYSICAL HEALTH (WEIGHT GAIN OR LOSS)
Due to the pandemic , a large population ( 39.1 % ) claims
that they lossweight by less than 5% while 21.7% gained
weight by more than 5%. 34.8% had neither a weight gain
nor weight loss during the pandemic. Since people spend
most of their time in their houses experimenting different
recipes , chances of weight gain is high. Stress is another
factor which lead to weight gain.
ILLNESS
Since pandemic, a large population is not affected by any illness
while 37.4 % has been prone to lifestyle diseases and a small por-
tion to respiratory diseases. However a very small popualtion has
been affected by other illness like fear and anxiety. Public health
actions , such as social distancing , made people feel isolated
and lonely and increased stress and anxiety. This may have result-
ed in worsening of mental health, increased use of tobacco, al
cohol and other substances.
AVAILABILITY OF GOODS IN HOUSEHOLDS
About 46.8 % claimed that pandemic affected the availability of
goods in their households every one month and every week for
17.7 %. The pandemic has led to market failure where high
demand meets limited supply. Delivery delays , due to practices
such as filling orders out of sequence and moving the highest
paying customers to the front of the line.
PRICE FLUCTUATIONS OF GOODS AND SERVICES
Majority of the population , about 41.6 % claim that the prices of
materials , goods and services had increased on a large scale
and only 25.8 % claim that some prices increased while some
others decreased. However 32.6 % of the public are not sure
about the price fluctuations . Since pandemic , the index for
meats, poultry, and fish rose sharply by 4.3 percent and bakery
index increased 2.9 percent. Transport of goods from one point to
the other has slo-wed for multiple reasons , including workers get-
ting sick from virus and truckers struggling to get products to
stores.
165
FREE MEALS AND GROCERIES
A large percent of population about 35.3 % got free meals
and groceries through families , friends and neighbours and
29.5 % through other community programs. Meals for 15.7 % of
the household was home-delivered and a very small popula-
tion got their meal services through churches , synagogues
and temples.
PUBLIC FACILITIES
About 48.8 % of the population did not have access to public
sanitary facilities such as locker rooms , showers and wash-
rooms during events while only 11.9 % had access to these fa-
cilities. Services were delivered in a regulated manner so as to
minimize the negative impact of the pandemic on individuals
and companies.
MEDICAL SERVICES
53.2 % of the population claims that they were not able to
consult a doctor and buy medicines through internet appli-
cations or services since the hospitals in their area did not
have such services. However , 27.3 % had access to these
online services. Since pandemic, patients were under lock-
down and health workers were at a risk of infection, during
emergencies individuals could use interactive apps with
audio and video capabilities to visit their clinician for an even
broader range of services.
166
STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT
32.1 % claims that their job was not affected during the pan-
demic while 21.4 % got change in the location of their previ-
ous job. Moreover, 31 % did their job from home. However ,
they had lack of access to the tools and equipment needed
to perform the job. Hence they had to adapt to a different
workspace or work schedule and learn new communication
tools and had to deal with technical difficulties.
WORK SPACE
Since pandemic, majority of the population of about 55.3 %
had no fixed workspace as they sat wherever comfortable
since they work from home while 19.7 % worked from office
seated in good ergonomic setup. 9.2 % have separate
office room in their houses.
WORKING ATMOSPHERE
43.6 % of the population are comfortable in their working at-
mosphere with proper ventilation and adequate covid pre-
ventive measures while 15.4 % are not really satisfied and 11.5
% are not concerned about these issues. Since most of the
people work from home , they are comfortable with their
working atmosphere.
SALARY DEPRECIATION
62 % of the population had no depreciation in their salary while
29.6 % had depreciation between 0% - 25% . A very small percent-
age had depreciation above 50%.
MENTAL HEALTH
A large group of working class enjoyed working from their houses
while 29.3% was not affected at all. About 26.7% claimed that they
were frustrated by their works. Fear and anxiety about the new dis-
ease and thus workplace stress can lead to burnout. They may lack
motivation , feel tired, overwhelmed , or burned out.
WORK-LIFE BALANCE
35.9% were able to manage work and life very well while 24.4%
was not at all affected the pandamic. A very small number found
it difficult to find time for work.
WORKING OF OFFICE OR SHOPS
53.5% had to shut down their office or shop during the pandemic
while 46.5% had no such issues. Some were forced to shut down
their shops due to carelessness of the customers who dont abide
by the rules and regulations. At times, there had been incidents
of violence and death at reatil and fastfood outlets. But some
open their shops solely to help the public amidst the pandemic.
OPPORTUNITIES IN VARIOUS SECTORS
A large public of about 32.5% are of the opinion that medical
sector would bring up more new opportunities out of the pan-
demic while 29.9% believe in E- commerce and the rest in deliv-
ery services and other fields. Also they believe that non- Allo-
pathic systems of medicine - mainly Ayurveda and Homeopathy
- as useful systems. Also they believe that the public health care
system ( PHS ) must be rerevamped and strengthened on a prior
ity basis.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF GOODS
A majority of the public (42%) believe that between 50%-30% of
international trade of goods has been affected while 40.6%
claim that more than 50% of the trade has been affected. Their
was a raise in the cost of international trade imports, a sharp
drop in international tourism and travel-related services,
demand switch by households who purchase fewer services
such as mass transport,domestic tourism, restaurants, and recre-
ational activities.
PURCHASE OF INPUTS FOR ENTERPRISES
61.4% is not aware of the effect of pandemic on the pur-
chase of inputs for the enterprise while 11.4% found difficulty
in accesssing inputs domestically and 10% found difficulty in
importing inputs from abroad. A very small number found dif-
ficulty in exporting.
DIGITAL PLATFORMS (ENTERPRISES)
A large number of the group of about 76.8% depended
completely on digital platforms during the pandemic. Digital
platforms like video conferencing , E-commerce, or E-learn-
ing are being used as they were originally intended. E-learn-
ing platforms have become the primary means to educate
school children and university students. People purchase
goods including food and other products including cosmet
ics and clothes online.
BUSINESS TURNOVER
47.1% are not sure about the effect of pandemic on busi-
ness’s turnover comparing with normal expectation this year
while 28.6% are of the opinion that the turnover has de-
creased by upto 20%. A very small percent of 5.7% believe
that the turnover has increased by more than 50%.
 167

ISSUE MAPPING MORPHOLOGICAL ISSUES

THE AREA IS DENSELY PACKED WITH RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

THE BUILDINGS DO NOT HAVE ADEQUATE INFRASTRUVTURAL
FACILITIES, LACK WATER SUPPLY, LIGHTING, OPEN LANDS
AND ALSO FACE SECURITY ISSUES.

EXPANSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AREA NOT

POSSIBLE

THE COASTAL BELT, DUE TO DENSE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

EXISTING RESIDENTIAL ZONE
EXPANSION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AREA IS NOT
WITNESSES AN OVERCROWDING IN EACH HOUSEHOLD. DUE
POSSIBLE DUE TO THE DENSELY PACKED RESIDENTIAL
TO UNAVAILABILITY OF LAND NEARBY, THE GROWING
ZONE THAT IS EXISTING AND IS ALSO PROPOSED BY THE
GENERATIONS ARE FORCED TO LIVE UNDER THE SAME ROOF
DTPO. CURRENTLY AT ITS SATURATION POINT, WITH
DUE TO THEIR POOR ECONOMIC STATUS.
FUTURE ROAD WIDENING AND PROPOSED TRANSIT HUB
THE EXPANSION OF COLLECTORATE IS NOT POSSIBLE IN
ITS IMMEDIATE SURROUNDINGS.

EXISTING
COMMERCIAL USE

EXISTING MIXED USE

THE ABRUPT CHANGE IN THE GRAIN TEXTURE NEAR THE

COLLECTERATE AREA CAUSES THE POOR STRUCTURAL
COHERENCE AS THE FOCUS IS ON THE COLLECTRATE AND
THE BUILDINGS IN AND AROUND WHICH ARE CULTURALLY
AND ARCHITECTURALLY SIGNIFICANT GOES UNOTICED.
SATURATED
ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT
168

ECOLOGICAL ISSUES INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES

SCATTERED AND UNDER UTILISED COMMERCIAL ZONES
COMMUNITY OPEN SPACES WITH
UNUSED WAREHOUSE NO PROPER INFRASTRUCTURE

ENCROCHMENT AREA

OPEN GOVERNMENT AREAS

AS DUMPING YARDS

WASTE DUMPING

TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
RECREATIONAL AREAS NOT PLANNED PROPERLY
T.S CANAL
INSUFFICENT WIDTH OF ROAD
W.R.T. TO THE TRAFFIC FLOW.
IMPROPER WATSE MANAGEMENT HAS LED TO WASTE DUMPING IN THE T.S. CANAL INSUFFICENT WIDTH FOR
.THE ENCROCHMENT ON EITHER SIDE OF BANKS HAS LED TO OTHER ECOLOGICAL PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT
PROBLEMS.

Ammachiveedu (6 m)

HERITAGE ZONES NOT IDENTIFIED PROPERLY

VADDY COASTAL ROAD TO

BEACH

COASTAL ROAD PROPOSED

Students
Recreational
ROAD WIDENING IN THE TANGASHEERI ROAD
Vendors
IS NOT POSSIBLE AS THIS REQUIRES
IMPROPER PLANNING CREATING SLUMS
DEMOLISHING OF A HISTORICALLY SENSIVITE
STRUCTURE ,THE ARCH.

THE ROADS ARE NOT WIDE AND NOT

PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY.IN AREAS WHERE THE
STREETS ARE NARROW THE SKY VIEW IS LIMITE
THE AREAS ALONG THE COASTAL BELT ARE NOT CONSTRUCTED ON THE BASIS OF AND THE SPATIAL QUALITY IS VERY POOR.
CRZ. THIS POSES A THREAT TO THESE BUILDING. THEY ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE INSUFFICENT STREET WIDTH W.R.T. THE
ACTIVITY GENERATION OF THE AREA.
AFFECTED BY TSUNAMIS, FLOODING ETC. THIS IN TURN POSES A THREAT TO THE
LIVES OF THE INHABITANTS AND ALSO TO THE STRUCTURE ON THE LONG RUN.
 169

VISION STATEMENT & DESIGN PROPOSALS

VISION STATEMENT: “ The city of Kollam has been an administrative- coastal town since the ancient periods.It
EXISTING GOVERNMENT has grown over time accomodating the needs of its people while maintaining its character and identity. But
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS. ADMINISTRATIVE AREA IN THE SITE. ADMIN the evolving times demand a change for the same, developing it into a bus linked city centre with civic
BUILDINGS ALONG THE ROADS. amenities, providing economical oppourtunities and infrastructure for its predominant coastal community
while also emphasising its rich, varied and diverse cultural-architectural heritage.”
EXISTING ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

PROPOSED SITE FOR PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY ROAD NETWORK

ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT CONNECTING THE ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRES

NEW ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

HERITAGE GATEWAY COURT AND POLICE QUARTERS
TRANSITIONAL AREA
RESIDENTIAL ZONE
(PREDOMINANT)
CONNECTING THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND RECREATIONAL CENTRES IN THE SITE

COMMERCIAL ZONE
(PREDOMINANT)

OPEN PARK

HERITAGE WALK &

TOURISM - BUILDINGS SITE FOR FISHERMAN FACILITIES- MARKETS, NET
MENDINGS YARDS ETC.

TOURISM & RECREATIONAL

FACILITIES

PROPOSED FACILITIES- OBJECTIVE REQUIREMENTS IN THE SITE STRENGTHEN THE TOURISM TRIANGLE- BETTER
CONNECTIVITY

CONCLUSIONS FROM ISSUE MAPPING DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR COASTAL ZONE

- SITE SHOWS NO CONNECTION : ACTIVITY GENERATORS
ARE INDEPENDENT ENTITIES
-IF PROPER LINK IS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN COASTAL AND
ADMIN AREAS WITH BETTER INFRASTRUCTURE,
COMMUTATION FACILITIES, DEVELOPED PARKS AND
TOURISM, FLOW OF PEOPLE TO THE SITE WILL INCREASE.
-COATSAL AREA CAN BECOME THE RECREATIONAL
AREA FOR OFFICE PEOPLE, COMMUTERS USING PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION ETC. IT CAN ALSO BE A PLACE TO
INCORPORATE CYCLING, JOGGING TRACKS, MARKET
AREA WITH HAWKER ZONE FOR LOCAL WOMEN ETC.
-SINGAPORE EST COAST DEVELOPMENT PATTERN WITH
KHAO GALLIS LIKE IN CARTER ROAD MUMBAI.
THE COASTAL AREA OF THE CITY HAS A RESIDENT POPULATION
OF THE FISHERMAN COMMUNITY. THE AREA IS ALSO CLOSE THE
THE HERITAGE AREA OF THE TOWN. THIS WHOLE AREA CAN BE
DEMARCATED SINCE IT HAS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER. THE
HERITAGE GATEWAY , FOLLOWED BY KIOSKS, ADMIN AREAS,
SHOPS, OPEN PARKS, HERITAGE WALK WITH BUILDINGS,
PARKING SPACES, MARKETS, JOGGING- WALKING TRAILS, ETC
SHALL BE PROVIDED TO TRANFORM IT INTO AN ACTIVITY AND
INCOME GENERATING HUB
DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE OF THE CITY.
NEW SITE FOR EXPANSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AREA: OFFICES,
RECREATIONAL SPACES, PARKING, RESTAURANTS, SHOPS, EXISTING ADMIN EXISTING ADMIN
RESTROOMS, CONFERENCE HALLS, EXAM CENTRES ETC; CENTRE CENTRE
CONNECTING ROADS TO BE REVAMPED, INTRODUCE
PEDESTRIAN NETWORKS, RESTING AREAS, OPEN SPACES,
BENCHES, TREES; STRENGTHEN COMMERCIAL SPINE ETC. ADMINISTRATIVE AREA DEVELOPMENT
170

DESIGN PROPOSALS HERITAGE WALK ROUTE MAIN SPINE

DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR COASTAL ZONE

THE COASTAL AREA OF THE CITY HAS A RESIDENT
POPULATION OF THE FISHERMAN COMMUNITY. THE
AREA IS ALSO CLOSE THE THE HERITAGE AREA OF
THE TOWN. THIS WHOLE AREA CAN BE
DEMARCATED SINCE IT HAS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
THE HERITAGE GATEWAY , FOLLOWED BY KIOSKS,
ADMIN AREAS, SHOPS, OPEN PARKS, HERITAGE
WALK WITH BUILDINGS, PARKING SPACES,
MARKETS, JOGGING- WALKING TRAILS, ETC SHALL
BE PROVIDED TO TRANFORM IT INTO AN ACTIVITY
AND INCOME GENERATING HUB COASTAL ZONE- HERITAGE ROUTE AND DESIGN SITE
EXISTING ADMIN AREA

PROPOSED PARKING

PROPOSED GREEN SPACE

PEDESTRIAN ROAD LINED WITH

EXISTING ADMIN BUILDINGS
EXISTING ADMIN
EXISTING ADMIN
CENTRE
CENTRE

ADMINISTRATIVE AREA DEVELOPMENT

HERITAGE ZONE DESIGN SITE PROPOSED SITE.

GATEWAY
OPEN PARKS AND
AMENITIES
RECREATION

DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE OF THE POLICE QUARTERS AND

CITY.
FAMILY COURT
NEW SITE FOR EXPANSION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AREA:
OFFICES, RECREATIONAL SPACES, PARKING,
RESTAURANTS, SHOPS, RESTROOMS, CONFERENCE
HALLS, EXAM CENTRES ETC; CONNECTING ROADS TO BE
REVAMPED, INTRODUCE PEDESTRIAN NETWORKS,
RESTING AREAS, OPEN SPACES, BENCHES, TREES;
STRENGTHEN COMMERCIAL SPINE ETC.
 171

SOURCES AND REFERENCES:

Sreedhara menon- History of Kerala, Makers of Kerala history;
DTPO -reports and proposals; Shoreline assessmentb reports;
Kollam corporation report; Kerala part 3 IDDP KOLLAM;
Kerala sustainable urban development project vol2 city report;
Economics of urban water supply system: case study of kollam: Previous studies;
Kollam jilla padathi;
District survey of minor minerals;
SDMA Kerala; Environmental clearance NIC;
Shodhganga;
Archinet;
Town planning kerala government report;
Land resource information system.
172
 173

Kollam Link rd
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
 187

Thrissur
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
 229

Nileshwaram
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
 279

Attingal
280
The team ( photograph to be updated)
281
282
283
284
285
286

MORPHOLOGY
LAND USE
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296