eee bh C AY 1t (OR Pa PHASE eeu ae} [Nb aoa See ci eI sof MaMa omer aaa aA ob i} vie EAN Cae NANG, SHAMINA CORO ames aoa esd NS o a a ARPA, RAMJAN GARCIA, GETHZEMANIEObiectives At the end of the topic discussion the student will be able to: * Identify the two empirical methods and their differences. * List the steps on now to conduct empirical research. * Develop a clear understanding about the importance and phases of the empirical researchEMPIRICAL RESEARCH * The term empirical basically means that it is guided by scientific experimentation and/or evidence. * It collection of data using evidence that is collected through observation or experience or by using calibrated scientific instruments. * Itisa research approach that observes the rules of empiricism and uses quantitative and qualitative methods for gathering evidence.died VA Pgas us 7 Vvy an Vd For Instance, when research is being conducted to find out if listening to happy music while working may promote creativity? An experiment is conducted by using a music website survey on a set of audience who are exposed to happy music and another set who are not listening to music at all, and the subjects are then observed. The results derived from such a research will give empirical evidence if it does promote creativity or not.0 te irical Research ® Fea ote eer eT Na ORCL Role eM oe tee aoa co e@ r ) Pe Soe Ten mara eeu oa cmt eee ec ttce) e SNe Ce tN cease Tatarstan ae tere eur one oe T al treat TN les @ . leech aac teen ulate a ee eer n gel specific drug on controlled groups or random groups to study the effect and cause. This way they prove certain theories they had proposed for the specific drug. Such research is very important as sometimes it can lead to Sine EURO Nee oCC Rag ecg Roce ego Tnastaatea teen Md uC e aSner| sciences, business, etc.TYPES AND METHODOLOGIES OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Quantitative research — Quantitative research methods are used for gathering information via numerical data. This type is used to measure behavior, personal views, preferences, and other variables. Quantitative studies are in a more structured format, while the variables used are predetermined.~~ Quantitative Research Methods Quantitative methods primarily help researchers to better analyze the gathered evidence. Here are the most common types of quantitative research techniques: * Experiment- research hypothesis is commonly tested using an experiment, which involves the creation of a controlled environment where the variables are maneuvered. Aside from determining the cause and effect, this method helps in knowing testing outcomes, such as when altering or removing variables. y* Survey - Aresearch is designed to generate statistical data about a target audience (Fowler, 2014). Surveys can involve large, medium, or small populations, and can either be a one-time event or a continuing process. * Causal-Comparative research- This method leverages the strength of comparison. It is primarily utilized to determine the cause and effect relationship among variables (Schenker & Rumrill, 2004). ross-sectional research- focuses on the similarity in all variables except the e being studied. This type does not allow for the determination of cause-effect ionships since subjects are now observed continuously.Longitudinal study - A longitudinal method of research is used for understanding the traits or behavior of a subject under observation after repeatedly testing the subject over a certain period of time. Data collected using this method can be qualitative or quantitative in nature. Correlational research - This method is used to determine the relationships and prevalence among variables (Curtis et al., 2016). It commonly employs regressiot as the statistical treatment for predicting the study's outcomes, which can onl anegative, neutral, or positive correlation.Qualitative Research Methods * Case study: method is used to find more information through carefully analyzing existing cases. Itis very often used for business research or to gather empirical evidence for investigation purpose. * Observational method is a process to observe and gather @ data from its target. Since it is a qualitative method it is time consuming and very personal.* .One-on-one interview- Such a method is purely qualitative and one of the most widely used. The reason being it enables a eS researcher get precise meaningful data if the right questions y are asked. @ e Focus groups- are used when a researcher wants to find @ e answers to why, what and how questions. A small group is generally chosen for such a method and it is not necessary to interact with the group in person Text analysis- method is a little new compared to the other types. Such a method is used to analyse social life by going through images or words used by the individual.Steps for Conducting Empirical Research Step 1: Establishing the research objective 6 ( to do in the study. He or she should likewise frame the problem statement, plans of action, and determine any potential issues with the available ro) ¢ Researcher must be clear about what he or she precisely wants r.) fo) resources, schedule, etc. for the research. Step 2: Reviewing relevant literature and supporting theories Po -t-1cels annem aU en a cleld Rema ole CoM) or her research problem. If there are any such theories or models, they must understand how it can help in supporting the Pr outcomes.ws esis anc measurement @ rame an initial hypothesis or educated guess that could be the likely @ ‘Step 4: Defining the research design, methodology, and data collection techniques. + Researcher must establish an appropriate approach for the research. + Researcher must organize experiments to gather data that will allow him or her to frame the hypothesis. Step 5: Conducting data analysis and framing the results * Data analysis is done either quantitatively or qualitatively. Depending on the nature of the study, the researcher must determine which method of data analysis is the appropriate one, or whether a combination of the twois suitable. ‘Step 6: Making conclusions & * Areport must be prepared in that it presents the findings and the entire resear proceeding. If the researcher intends to disseminate his or her findings t. audience, the report will be converted into an article for publicatiEmpirical Research Methodology Cycle The Empirical Resea Ce A ery r Research.comFIVE PHASES OF THE EMPIRICAL CYCLE 1. Observation During this initial phase, an idea is triggered for presenting a hypothesis. It involves the use of observation to gather empirical data. For example: a particular species of flower bloom in a different color only during a specific season. 2.Induction Inductive reasoning is then conducted to frame a general conclusion from the data gathered through observation For example: As stated above it is observed that the species of flower blooms ina different color during a specific season Induction : A researcher may ask a question “does the temperature in the season cause the color change in the flower?"Eat) De esis sae een ce eae ae eka ag based on rationality and logic in order to come up with unbiased outcomes. eee cu eine he a eR Cea teams chica cu eC eee Reet Petes ei a] This phase involves the researcher to return to the empirical research steps to help Cee eee ae nee Recut ur heer nee ic a) Beets es Eater Gee eu ac aur eae cee ac eis coke) Pe ee OR hue Om ase eer eee cen egta) Cea eeu Lene ae Deed en ue eae tC LL ca Be eet ee ec aon aera eet en cd Pe ish euc tsAdvantages and Disadvantage: XQ . Empirical Research Advantages Since the time of the ancient Greeks, empirical research had been providing the world with numerous benefits. The following are a few of them: ‘* Empirical research is used to validate previous research findings and frameworks. * Itassumes a critical role in enhancing internal validity. * The degree of control is high, which enables the researcher to manage numerous variables. * Itallows a researcher to comprehend the progressive changes that VN can occur, and thus enables him to modify an approach when needed. ‘* Being based on facts and experience makes a research project more authentic and competent.Disadvantages Despite the many benefits it brings, empirical research is far from being perfect. The following are some of its drawbacks: * Being evidence-based, data collection is a common problem especially when the re involves different sources and multiple methods. * It can be time-consuming, especially for longitudinal research. * Requesting permission to perform certain methods can be difficult, @ involves human subjects. * Conducting research in multiple locations can be very expensis * The propensity of even seasoned researchers to incorrectly, significance. For instance, Amrhein et al. (2019) made ana journals and found that half incorrectly interpreted tha effectwe ee ' “Thank you for listening! ge Pe ope