Introduction To Pneumatic

Introduction to Pneumatic
Part 1
Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Mechatronics Department 1
Advantages of Compressed Air

1 - Transport
• Air can be easily transported in pipelines, even over

large distances

2 - Storage
• A compressor need not be in continuous operation.

• Compressed air can be stored in a reservoir and
removed as required.
• The reservoir can be transportable.

3 - Temperature
• Compressed air is relatively insensitive to

temperature fluctuations.
• This ensures reliable operation, even under extreme
conditions.

4 - Explosion Proof
• There is minimal risk of explosion or fire.

• No expensive protection against explosion is
required.

5 - Cleanliness
• Unlubricated exhaust air is clean.

• Any unlubricated air does not cause contamination.
• Useful in food, wood and textile industries.

6 - Components
• Operating components are of simple construction

and therefore relatively inexpensive.

7 - Speed
• Compressed air is a very fast working medium.

• High working speeds can be obtained.

8 - Adjustable
• With compressed air components, speeds and

forces are infinitely variable.

9 - Overload safe
• Pneumatic tools and operating components can be

loaded to the point of stopping and therefore
overload safe.

Disadvantages of Compressed Air

1 - Preparation
• Compressed air requires good preparation.

• Dirt and condensate should not be present.

2 - Compressible
• It is not always possible to achieve uniform and

constant piston speeds with compressed air.

3 - Force Requirement
• Compressed air is economical only up to a certain

force requirement.
• At 6-7 bar, and dependent on the travel and speed,
the output limit is between 20000 and 30000
Newtons.

4 - Noise level
• The exhaust air is loud.

• The problem is largely solved with new silencers.

5 - Costs
• Compressed air is a relatively expensive means of

conveying power.
• The high energy costs are partially compensated by
inexpensive components and higher performance.

Comparison of working medium
• Compare the following working media:

• Pneumatic
• Hydraulic
• Electric

Comparison of Working Medium
Characteristics Pneumatic Hydraulic Electric
Availability ** * ***
Transporting ** * ***
Storage Cost *** ** *
Explosion Proof *** *** ***
Cleanliness *** * **
Component Cost *** * ***
Actuator Speed ** * ***
Actuator Force ** *** *
Reliability *** ** **
(working life)
Overload safe *** ** *
Controllable & *** ** *
Adjustable

Summary of Compressed Air as a
Working Medium
• Advantages:
• Air is available everywhere
• Compressed air is easily conveyed in pipelines over
large distances
• Compressed air need not be returned
• Compressed air is insensitive to temperature
fluctuations
• Compressed air is explosion proof
• Compressed air is clean
• Compressed air is fast

Summary of Compressed Air as a
Working Medium
• Disadvantages:
• Straight line movement can be produced directly
• Compressed air is a relatively expensive means of
conveying energy
• Compressed air requires good conditioning
• It is only economical up to a certain force
expenditure
• Air is compressible
• Exhaust air is loud (reduced by using silencers)
• The oil mist mixed with air for lubricating purposes
exhaust or escapes to the atmosphere

The relationship between Pressure and Volume
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 = constant
Dr. Hisham El-Sherif (Boyle’s Law)

Mechatronics Lab MCTR704
Pneumatic Symbols

Pneumatic Symbols
• The development of pneumatic systems is assisted

by a uniform approach to the representation of the
elements and the circuits. The symbols used for the
individual elements must display the following
characteristics:
• Function
• Actuation and return actuation methods
• Number of connections
• Number of switching positions
• General operating principle
• Simplified representation of the flow path

Pneumatic symbols
• A symbol does not represent the following

characteristics:
• Size or dimensions of the component
• Particular manufacturer, methods of construction or
costs
• Operation of the ports
• Any physical details of the elements
• Any unions or connections other than junctions
• The standard used is ISO 1219

Energy Supply
• Compressor with fixed capacity
• Air receiver and ‘T’ junction

Air Service Equipment
• Air filter
• Air lubricator
• Pressure regulator

Air service Equipment
• Air service unit

• filter
• Regulator
• Gauge
• Lubricator
• Simplified air
• Service unit

Directional Control Valves

Directional control valves


• Methods of actuation
• Mechanical
• General manual operation
• Push button
• Lever operated
• Detent lever operated

• Mechanical
• Foot pedal
• Roller operated
• Idle return, roller

• Mechanical
• Spring return
• Spring centered

• Pneumatic
• Direct pneumatic actuation
• Indirect pneumatic
• actuation (piloted)

Non-Return Valves
• Check valve
• Spring loaded check valve
• Shuttle valve: ‘or’ function

Non-Return Valves
• Two pressure valve:
• ‘AND’ function
• Quick exhaust valve

Flow Control Valves
• Flow control valve adjustable
• One-way flow control valve

Pressure Valves
• Adjustable pressure regulating valve,

• non-relieving type
• Adjustable pressure regulating valve,

• relieving type (overloads are vented)

Pressure Valves
• Sequence valve combination

Linear Actuators
• Single acting cylinder
• Double acting cylinder
• Double acting cylinder with

• double ended piston rod
• Rodless cylinder

Linear Actuators
• Double-acting cylinder with non-adjustable cushioning

in one direction
• Double-acting cylinder with single adjustable

cushioning
• Double-acting cylinder with adjustable

cushioning at both ends

Rotary Actuators
• Air motor, rotation in one direction, fixed capacity
• Air motor, rotation in one direction, variable capacity
• Air motor, rotation in both directions, variable capacity
• Rotary actuator, limited travel, rotation in both directions

Auxiliary Symbols
• Exhaust port
• Exhaust port with threaded connection
• Silencer
• Line connection

Auxiliary Symbols
• Crossing lines (not connected)
• Pressure gauge
• Visual indicator

Conversion of Units of Pressure
Bar 0.069 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
kPa 7 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
psi 1 14.5 29 43.5 58 72.5 87 101
PSI: pound per sqare inch
Rules of thumb
1 bar = 100kPa = 14.5 (15)
psi (100 000 Pa)
1 Pa = 0.00001 bar = 0.000145
psi
Dr.1Hisham
psiEl-Sherif = 0.069 bar = 6897.8PaMechatronics Lab MCTR704
Samples of
industrial gauges

Air generation and distribution

Compressed Air Production
• Energy supply • Drying
• Absorption drying
• Adsorption drying
• Compressor • Low temperature drying
• Piston compressors
• Flow compressors • Distribution
• After-cooler • Branch line
• Ring circuit
• Storage • Interconnected system
• Compressed air receiver • Service unit
• Plant

Types of Compressors
• Reciprocating piston compressor
• Rotary piston compressor
• Flow compressor
• Piston compressor
• Diaphragm compressor
• Radial-flow compressor
• Axial flow compressor
• Sliding vane rotary compressor
• Two-axle
• Screw
• Compressor
• Roots blower

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Piston Compressor

Screw Compressor

Axial Compressor

Axial Compressor

Axial Compressor

Air Receiver
Temperature
Gauge
Pressure Gauge
Compressor
Shut Off Valve
Pressure
Relief Valve
Air Receiver Water

Drain

Air Receiver
• Air receivers are used for
• Providing constant air pressure in a pneumatic system
regardless of fluctuating consumption
• Emergency supply to the system in cases of emergency
• The large surface area cools the air
• Moisture can be separated from the air

Air Dryers
• Water produces
• Hardening of seals
• Corrosion
• Washing out of original lubrication of cylinders
• Swelling of seals and diaphragms
• Therefore air dryers are used to reduce the moisture
content.

Air Dryers
• Commonly used air dryers are :

• Low temperature drying
• Adsorption drying

Low Temperature Drying

Adsorption Drying

Adsorption Drying

Air Service Unit
• The air service unit consists of
• Air filter
• Pressure regulator
• Air lubricator
• Pressure gauge

Air Service Unit
• The air filter is used for
• Preventing dirt particles from entering into the
system
• Separate condensate out of the compressed air

Air Filter
Pressure
regulator Baffl
e
Filter
Condensat
e
Lubricator Filter
bowl
Filter unit Drain
screw
Types and Sizes of Contamination

Air Filter
Inlet Outlet
Filter
Baffles
Element
Water Trap
Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Drain Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Micro filter

Pressure Regulator
• The pressure regulator is used
• To provide a constant supply pressure
irrespective of the pressure fluctuations in the
main line

Pressure Regulator

Pressure regulator
Inlet Outlet
Pressure operation
Valve Body
Spring
Vent
Adjusting screw

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
4 Bar
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
4 Bar
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
4 Bar
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
4.5 Bar
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
4.5 Bar
6 Bar

Pressure Regulator
6 Bar

Air Lubricator
• The air lubricator is used
• Extremely rapid oscillating motions are required
• With cylinders with large diameters (> 125mm diameter)

Air Lubricator
Viaduct
Drip
chamber
Duct
Check valve
Ball seat
Pressure
regulator
Riser
Oil
Lubricator
Filter unit

Air Lubricator

Air Lubricator

Air Service Unit

Air Service Unit

Air Service Unit Symbol

Piping System (air distribution)
• Diameter of pipe-lines depends on:
• Flow volume
I.e. Volume diameter
• Pipe length
I.e. Longer length diameter
Otherwise, pressure drop is high
• Pressure drop
Permissible pressure drop between receiver and user
should not be more than 0.1 bar

Piping System (air distribution)
• Working pressure
Should not be more than 0.1 bar.
• Number of restrictions
I.e. Number of resistance to flow; Example:
shut-off valves, bends, t-joints, etc.

Air Distribution
1-2% Gradient

Air Distribution (air ring main)
Production
Plant

Air Distribution (ring main cross-
connected)
Production
Plant


Introduction To Pneumatic - Part 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Pneumatic - Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Air can be easily transported in pipelines, even over

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• A compressor need not be in continuous operation.

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compressed air is relatively insensitive to

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• There is minimal risk of explosion or fire.

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Unlubricated exhaust air is clean.

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Operating components are of simple construction

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compressed air is a very fast working medium.

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• With compressed air components, speeds and

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Pneumatic tools and operating components can be

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compressed air requires good preparation.

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• It is not always possible to achieve uniform and

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compressed air is economical only up to a certain

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• The exhaust air is loud.

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compressed air is a relatively expensive means of

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compare the following working media:

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif (Boyle’s Law)

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• The development of pneumatic systems is assisted

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• A symbol does not represent the following

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Compressor with fixed capacity

• Air receiver and ‘T’ junction

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Air service unit

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Idle return, roller

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Spring loaded check valve

• Shuttle valve: ‘or’ function

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Quick exhaust valve

Dr. Hisham El-Sherif Mechatronics Lab MCTR704

• Flow control valve adjustable