VCDIAI 5 - YAUFA 5 - ZUBZDFIAIF\ @È\DLA\

FIA@BMBOÈA T @FUYDMDIAI.

F\YVIDACYF\;

OFMHB AMFWACIFU LVFMMAU 

_DMHFU ACIUÄ\ LGD\LB LDUB

KVMDAC \YDPFC ZFÑA V\FLGF

OUVZB IFM LVU\B

  5:1015R56

ZUF\FCYAIB A

@UACLD\LB KB\Ä HBCYFAMFOUF

VCDPFU\DIAI AEDFUYA T A ID\YACLDA

 VCAI

@FLGA

5:/:4/5:5:
Amtdtui prbhfidb if mbs sdstfhas if lumtdvb; 156: hsch (vfrfia ma Oudcfa)

Yfhpfratura prbhfidb acuam; 55ºL. (DIFAH, 5:5:)

Zrfldpdtaldüc prbhfidb acuam; 106: hh (DIFAH, 5:5:)

Fvapbtracspdraldüc prbhfidb acuam; 1<:: hh (DIFAH, 5:5:)

Erdmmb sbmar; <.6 (DIFAH, 5:5:)

Cuebsdiai; 9:% (DIFAH, 5:5:)

Uaidaldüc sbmar; <.7 n_ g/h5 (DIFAH, 5:5:)

Cdvfm `rfátdlb; (h)

Hatfrdam Zarfctam

Fm árfa para fstuidar fstá lbc`brhaia pbr rblas actdouas ifm pamfbzbdlb y hfsbzbdlb,
a`mbrac am bfstf ifm hucdldpdb y fc fm lfctrb ifm hucdldpdb, mas rblas sbc if brdofc èocfb,
hftahür`dlb, y sfidhfctardb hardcb, fstas `brhaldbcfs sf difctd`dlac fc fm haldzb if ma
Zmata, fm Zmutüc if Zaäz y mas `brhaldbcfs \amiaña, Laeammbs, Pdmmfta y Ouaiamupf. If mas
 prdcldpamfs lbhpbcfctfs if ma rbla hairf if fsta zbca if ma lbridmmfra lfctram sbc
rblas èocfas y hftahür`dlas> rblas èocfas pmutücdlas (Aracob H, Ubirdoufz O, Efrhûifz
L , & [apata O, 5:16)

Brifcfs taxbcühdlbs ifm sufmb ifm hucdldpdb if Ma Zmata Gudma

 Fm hucdldpdb if ma Zmata Gudma tdfcf pdsbs tärhdlbs ifsif mbs 1::: hsch gasta has if
<6::hsch. Ma prbiulldüc oacaifra sf ifsarrbmma fc tbibs mbs pdsbs, pfrb prdcldpamhfctf
fc ma zbcas hás eakas 1:::-1<:: hsch, fc mbs pdsbs has amtbs 1<::-16:: hsch ma
 prbiulldüc prdcldpam fs fm la`ä y fc hfcbr hfidia `rutamfs.

Ma zbca if acámdsds lbrrfspbcif a ma partf lfctram ifm hucdldpdb mb quf sfrda fm vammf quf
`brha fm rdb ma Zmata, ibcif fxdstf id`frfctfs tdpbs if sufmb pfrb fc ofcfram sf prfsfctac
sufmbs acidsbmfs.

Fc mbs sufmbs acidsbmfs sf ifsarrbmma ma prbiulldüc if la`ä, pastbs, y `rutamfs, aucquf

fxdstfc btrb tdpb if sufmbs fc fm hucdldpdb lbhb dclfptdsbmfs, fctdsbmfs y hbmdsbmfs.

Acidsbmfs

Fm hatfrdam parfctam if fstbs sufmbs fs prbiultb if ifyflldbcfs vbmlácdlas,

hatfrdam
 prbiultb if ifyflldbcfs orufsas lbhb fslbrdas b `dcas lbhb mas lfcdzas, ma caturamfza if
fstbs hatfrdamfs pdrblmástdlb vac ifsif easámtdlbs gasta rdbmdtdlbs

\ufmbs lbc uc gbrdzbctf A if lbmbr bslurb pbr fm amtb lbctfcdib if hatfrda broácdla quf sf
gac brdodcaib pbr ma hftfbrdzaldüc if rblas vbmlácdlas, sbc sufmbs lbc eufca fstrultura y
if eaka pbrbsdiai, prfsfctac gbrdzbctf A/E/L ü A/L (Lfcdla`ä> Hdcdstfrdb if Hdcas y
Fcfroèa, 5:17),

Ofcframhfctf mbs sufmbs acidsbmfs tdfcfc uc fmfvaib lbctfcdib if hatfrda broácdla, if pG

 eakb fc mbs gbrdzbctfs supfr`dldamfs (pG; 6,1-6,6) y hbifraiahfctf áldib fc mbs hás
 prb`ucibs, fmfvaib pbifr eu``fr, amta lapaldiai if dctfrlahedb latdücdlb y acdücdlb
(ifpfcif ifm hfidb), fmfvaibs lbctfcdibs if gdfrrb y amuhdcdb, amta rftfcldüc if `bs`brb
quf am sfr apmdlaib rfalldbca lbc fm Am y @f `brha lbhpbcfctfs hftam-`bs`brb huy
pblb sbmuemfs. (\áclgfz F & Uuedacb \, 5:16)

Fc mb rf`frdib a hdcframfs lbhb fm cdtrüofcb fstf sf aluhuma fc ma partf broácdla, pfrb fs

huy rfsdstfctf a ma alldüc hdlrbedam prb mb luam cb sf hdcframdza rápdiahfctf. Fc sufmbs if
brdofc cb vbmlácdlb y lbc douam lactdiai if hatfrda broácdla, ma lactdiai if C idspbcdemf
 pufif mmfoar a sfr ibemf.
 \foûc (\áclgfz F & Uuedacb \, 5:16) ldtacib a \gbkd, ft am. (5::5), Fm pbtasdb fc mbs
acidsbmfs fstá lbctfcdib fc ma lfcdza vbmlácdla y fc mas arldmmas ifm sufmb, fm cdvfm if n fs
 eakb fc acidsbmfs `brhaibs if lfcdzas easámtdlas, tahedäc huy eakb fc arldmmas amb`ácdlas,
 pbrquf fstas cb rftdfcfc am N y sf mdxdvda a hfidia quf tracslurrf ma hftfbrdzaldüc.
Mbs
acidsbmfs
lbeamtb, maprfsfctac sfvfras
idspbcdedmdiai if`dldfcldasif
y aeuciaclda if fstbs
hdlrbcutrdfctfs fspfldamhfctf
fmfhfctbs ifpfcif if lberf,
ifm hatfrdam zdcl, y
vbmlácdlb
y ifm ratdb if mdefraldüc quf sf prbiulf pbr mbs lahedb quèhdlbs.

Fctdsbmfs

\ufmbs huy küvfcfs quf cb gac tfcdib tdfhpb para su fvbmuldüc, lbc eakb lbctfcdib if
hatfrda broácdla, cb prfsfctac gbrdzbctfs edfc if`dcdibs, ofcframhfctf sf prfsfctac lbc uc
 pfr`dm A/L.

guhfiai oravdhätrdla; fs ma rfmaldüc fctrf ma hasa ifm aoua y ma hasa ifsufmb uca vfz
sflb.

guhfiai vbmuhätrdla; fs ma rfmaldüc fctrf vbmuhfc if aoua (Pa) T fm vbmuhfc tbtam b

aparfctf ifm sufmb (Pt) uca vfz sflb.

Ma guhfiai vbmuhätrdla ^  ꝋ  (%)X pufif sfr fxprfsaia lbhb uca máhdca if aoua
(M), fs ifldr fm fspfsbr quf tfcirèa fsa lactdiai if aoua sd sf fxtfcidfra `brhacib
uca lapa lbctdcua if aoua> ma tracs`brhaldüc sf galf lbc ma sdoudfctf `ürhuma;
g fs fm fspfsbr ifm sufmb, ifm gbrdzbctf b if ma pbrldüc ifm sufmb quf sf fstá laraltfrdzacib.
Fc lasb if quf sf qudfra lbcblfr ma máhdca if aoua lbhpufsta if vardbs gbrdzbctfs ifm
sufmb, sf lamluma
tfxtura; ma tfxtura fs uca prbpdfiai if ma `asf sümdia ifm sufmb if ma `ralldüc dcbroácdla ifm
hdshb fs uca prbpdfiai `ufrtfhfctf ifpfcidfctf ifm hatfrdam parfctam ifm sufmb.
Ma tfxtura fs aqufmma prbpdfiai quf fstaemflf mas lactdiaifs rfmatdvas fc quf sf fclufctrac
mas partèlumas if idáhftrb hfcbr a 5 hh, fs ifldr, ma tdfrra `dca, fc fm sufmb>
fstas
 partèlumas, mmahaias sfparaibs, sf aorupac fc trfs lmasfs, pbr tahañbs; Arfca (A), Mdhb (M)
y Arldmma (Ar).
Iftfrhdcaldüc if ma tfxtura ifm sufmb pbr fm hätbib if sfidhfctaldüc;
lbcsdstf fc ifkar sfidhfctar uca hufstra if sufmb fc uc hfidb mèqudib iuractf
uc iftfrhdcaib tdfhpb, am laeb ifm luam sf luactd`dla ma lactdiai if partèlumas
if uc iftfrhdcaib tahañb quf gay fc suspfcsdüc> ma hfidia if mas partèlumas fc
suspfcsdüc sf galf idrfltahfctf fc fm mèqudib, pbr hfidb if uc gdirühftrb b
hufstrfacib aqufmma lbc uca pdpfta y luactd`dlacib, pbstfrdbrhfctf, ma lactdiai if
hatfrdam fxtraèib.
Ma tfxtura ifm sufmb, para mbs `dcfs práltdlbs cbrhamfs, sf iftfrhdca pbr fm hätbib ifm
gdirühftrb fm luam lbcsdstf fc iftfrhdcar mbs pbrlfctakfs fc quf sf fclufctrac
mbs id`frfctfs sfparaibs ifm sufmb, if alufrib lbc fm pfsb if uca hufstra sfla ifm hdshb>
fstf hätbib sf `uciahfcta fc ma Mfy if \tbnfs, ma luam fstaemflf quf ma vfmbldiai if
laèia if mas partèlumas pfqufñas, fc uc hfidb mèqudib, fs idrfltahfctf prbpbrldbcam a su
tahañb, sfoûc ma sdoudfctf rfmaldüc;
\f utdmdza ma sdoudfctf `ürhuma para su iftfrhdcaldüc;

Ifcsdiai ifm sufmb; fs fm pfsb quf tdfcf idlgb hatfrdam, pbr ucdiai if vbmuhfc. fm sufmb am
sfr ästf uc lufrpb pbrbsb, sf prfsfctac ibs sdtualdbcfs id`frfctfs if ifcsdiai;
sd sf lbcsdifra ma hasa if mas partèlumas sümdias, ûcdlahfctf, sf tdfcf ma ifcsdiai
rfam, pfrb sd,
apartf if ma hasa if mas partèlumas, sf tdfcf fc lufcta su broacdzaldüc, fctbclfs sf tdfcf ma
ifcsdiai aparfctf.
Ifcsdiai aparfctf; sf betdfcf tfcdfcib lbhb easf fm vbmuhfc if ma hufstra, tfcdfcib fc
lufcta fm fspaldb blupaib pbr mbs pbrbs am luactd`dlar fm vbmuhfc if ma hufstra ifm sufmb.
Ifpfcif if ma broacdzaldüc quf prfsfcta ma `ralldüc sbmdia ifm hdshb y fstá a`fltaia
pbr su tfxtura, su fstrultura, su lbctfcdib if hatfrda broácdla, su guhfiai, y su oraib
if lbhpaltaldüc

fc pblas pamaeras
ma broacdzaldüc qufmafmma
ifcsdiai
pbsff.aparfctf fs ma ifcsdiai quf tdfcf ma tdfrra `dca ifm sufmb lbc
Zara su iftfrhdcaldüc sf fhpmfa fm sdoudfctf hätbib;
Hätbib ldmècirdlb edsfmaib; usaib fc sufmbs aorèlbmas lbc pbla prfsfclda if pfirfobsdiai
dctfrca quf cb sbc sufmtbs, sufmbs lbc pbla prfsfclda if raèlfs orufsas fstas lbcidldbcfs
id`dlumtac, ma dctrbiulldüc ifm ldmdcirb y ma fxtralldüc if ma hufstra lbhpmfta ifm sufmb y su
acámdsds fc ofcfram
@ürhuma para betfcfr ifcsdiai aparfctf pbr hätbib if ldmdcirb edsfmaib.

ifcsdiai rfam (ir); ma ifcsdiai rfam fs fm pfsb if mas partèlumas sümdias ifm
sufmb, rfmaldbcaib lbc fm vbmuhfc quf blupac, sdc tfcfr fc lufcta su broacdzaldüc fc fm
sufmb, fs ifldr, sdc dcvbmulrar fc fm vbmuhfc fm fspaldb blupaib pbr mbs pbrbs> sf ifiulf,
fctbclfs, su ifpfcifclda if ma lbhpbsdldüc hdcfram ifm sufmb y ifm lbctfcdib if
amoucbs sümdibs fspfldamfs fc äm, lbhb ma hatfrda broácdla y mbs üxdibs if gdfrrb.
Iftfrhdcaldüc; fm hätbib hás rflbhfciaib para ma iftfrhdcaldüc if ma ifcsdiai rfam fs fm
 pdlcühftrb.
\dc fhearob, sf utdmdzac mas sdoudfctfs `ürhumas para su iftfrhdcaldüc.
pbrbsdiai tbtam;  ma pbrbsdiai tbtam fs fm vbmuhfc ifm sufmb quf cb fstá blupaib
pbr sbmdibs fs fm vbmuhfc quf gay idspbcdemf fc fm sufmb para mbs mèqudibs y mbs oasfs.
Ma idstrdeuldüc ifm fspaldb pbrbsb ifpfcif if ma lbhpbsdldüc y arrfomb if ma `ralldüc
sümdia, fs ifldr if ma tfxtura, ifm lbctfcdib if hatfrda broácdla y if ma
fstrultura, if`dcdäcibsf ibs tdpbs if fspaldbs
Ydpbs if pbrbsdiai fc fm sufmb;
 pbrbsbs;
Hdlrbpbrbsdiai b Zbrbsdiai tfxturam, fstá lbhpufsta pbr fm vbmuhfc if mbs pbrbs hás
`dcbs
quf tdfcf fm sufmb y quf, fc su haybr lactdiai sf fclufctrac fc fm dctfrdbr if mbs pfis.

Halrbpbrbsdiai b Zbrbsdiai fstrulturam, fs fm vbmuhfc if pbrbs oracifs ifm sufmb, mbs

luamfs sf fclufctrac, fc haybr prbpbrldüc, uedlaibs fctrf mbs pfis.
ma pbrbsdiai tbtam sf betdfcf ifpfcif if mas laraltfrèstdlas ifm sufmb, if su `ralldüc sümdia,
lbc easf fc ifcsdiai rfam y aparfctf ifm sufmb fs ifldr ma pbrbsdiai ifpfcif if ma ifcsdiai
ifm sufmb.
Pfmbldiai if dc`dmtraldüc; Ma vfmbldiai if dc`dmtraldüc b tasa if pfcftraldüc ifm aoua fc fm
sufmb fs uc `altbr iftfrhdcactf ifm tdfhpb if rdfob, fm quf sf pufif if`dcdr lbhb fm cûhfrb
if gbras b hdcutbs fc quf fm aoua ifef fslurrdr sberf fm sufmb para quf pfcftrf y hbkf ma
zbca if ra`ffs if mbs `rutamfs. Ma vfmbldiai if dc`dmtraldüc varèa lbcsdifraemfhfctf sfoûc fm
tdpb if sufmb (tfxtura). Fs as` Lbhb mbs sufmbs pfsaibs (arldmmbsbs) prfsfctac uca eaka
vfmbldiai if pfcftraldüc if aoua fc lbhparaldüc lbc mbs sufmbs mdvdacbs (arfcbsbs), quf
tdfcfc uca Amta vfmbldiai if dc`dmtraldüc. Fstb galf quf mbs sufmbs arldmmbsbs sf ifeac
rfoar Iuractf hás tdfhpb quf mbs arfcbsbs para hbkar a uca hdsha prb`ucidiai if sufmb.
Lbciultdvdiai gdiráumdla;  Ma lbciultdvdiai gdiráumdla rfprfsfcta ma haybr b
hfcbr 
`aldmdiai lbc ma quf fm hfidb ifka pasar fm aoua a traväs if äm pbr ucdiai if árfa tracsvfrsam
a ma idrflldüc ifm `mukb. Ydfcf mas idhfcsdbcfs... if uca vfmbldiai (M Y-1) y hbifrcahfctf
sf idstdcoufc ibs tdpbs; ma lbciultdvdiai gdiráumdla iarldaca b mdcfam, NI y
ma lbciultdvdiai gdiráumdla tureumfcta, NY.
Ydpbs if fstrultura; Mas partèlumas if guhus y mas arldmmas tdfcfc sus supfr`dldfs laroaias
fmflältrdlahfctf pbr mb quf prfsfctac uc lbhpbrtahdfctb lbmbdiai. Mas arldmmas fctrf sè y
fstas lbc ma hatfrda broácdla sf ucfc `brhacib aorfoaibs pbr mb quf mas partèlumas Ifm
sufmb cb sf fclufctrac adsmaias, `brhac ucbs aorfoaibs fstrulturamfs quf sf mmahac pfis,
fstbs aorfoaibs (b tfrrbcfs) pbr rfpftdldüc iac fm sufmb. Fs Lbhb VC pblb ma lfidmma
ucdiai if mbs lrdstamfs quf pbr rfpftdldüc brdodca fm hdcfram. Mbs aorfoaibs fstác `brhaibs
 pbr partèlumas dcidvdiuamfs (hdcframfs, Hatfrda broácdla y guflbs) y mf lbc`dfrfc am sufmb
uca iftfrhdcaia fstrultura.
Hdoakbsa ( b oruhbsa). Aorfoaibs pbrbsbs if `brha rfibcifaia (cb sf akustac a mbs
aorfoaibs vfldcbs). Yèpdla if mbs gbrdzbctfs A.

 
 Oracumar. Aorfoaibs sdc apfcas pbrbs fc su dctfrdbr, if `brha rfibcifaia (cb sf akustac
a mbs aorfoaibs vfldcbs). Fs sdhdmar a ma hdoakbsa pfrb lbc mbs aorfoaibs lbhpaltbs.
Yèpdla if mbs gbrdzbctfs A.

Acoumar (b fc embqufs acoumarfs). Aorfoaibs if `brha pbmdäirdla, lbc supfr`dldfs

 pmacas, if ardstas vdvas y lbc värtdlfs. Mas laras Ifm aorfoaib sf akustac huy edfc a mas if
mbs aorfoaibs vfldcbs. Yèpdlahfctf fc mbs gbrdzbctfs arldmmbsbs, Lbhb sbc mbs gbr. E.

\ueacoumar (b fc embqufs sueacoumarfs). Aorfoaibs if `brha pbmdäirdla, lbc supfr`dldfs

cb huy pmacas, if ardstas rbhas y sdc `brhaldüc if värtdlfs. Mas Laras ifm aorfoaib sf
akustac hbifraiahfctf a mas if mbs aorfoaibs vfldcbs. Yèpdlahfctf fc mbs gbrdzbctfs
arldmmbsbs, Lbhb sbc mbs gbr. E.

Zrdshátdla. Luacib mbs embqufs sf ifsarrbmmac fc uca idrflldüc (vfrtdlam) hás quf fc mas
ibs gbrdzbctamfs. Zrfsfctf fc mbs gbrdzbctfs hás arldmmbsbs, a vflfs gbr. E y fc blasdbcfs
gbr. L.
  

Lbmuhcar. Zrdshas lbc su Lara supfrdbr rfibcifaia. Fstrultura huy rara. Fs tèpdla if
mbs sufmbs amlamdcbs rdlbs fc sbidb, fc mbs quf mas arldmmas-Ca idspfrsac y `brhac fm
gbrdzbctf dmuvdam lbc fstrultura prdshátdla quf, lactb fm pG fs huy fmfvaib, tdfcif a
rfibcifarsf fc su partf supfrdbr Lbhb lbcsflufclda if uca gdirümdsds amlamdca

 
Mahdcar. Luacib mbs aorfoaibs sf ifsarrbmmac fc ibs idrflldbcfs (gbrdzbctams) hás quf
fc ma tfrlfra (vfrtdlam). Fstf tdpb fstrulturam fs huy pblb `rflufctf y sf besfrva a vflfs fc
mbs gbrdzbctfs arfcbsbs, Lbhb mbs gbr. F.
 

Zfcidfctf ifm tfrrfcb; Zbirèahbs if`dcdr ma pfcidfctf ifm tfrrfcb fc uc puctb iaib Lbhb
fm ácoumb quf `brha fm pmacb gbrdzbctam lbc fm pmacb tacofctf a ma supfr`dldf ifm tfrrfcb fc
fsf puctb. Fs, fc if`dcdtdva, ma dclmdcaldüc b ifscdvfm ifm sufmb. Fc muoar if fxprfsarma
Lbhb uc ácoumb, fs hás dctfrfsactf rfprfsfctar ma pfcidfctf ifm tfrrfcb lbhb uc vambr if
tactb pbr ldfctb. Fstb sf betdfcf humtdpmdlacib pbr 1:: ma tacofctf ifm ácoumb quf if`dcf fm
ifscdvfm Ifm sufmb. a)@ufctfs; Hbifmb Idodtam ifm Yfrrfcb (IYH V\ Arhy) prbpbrldbcaib
 pbr fm \frvdldb Ofborá`dlb ifm Fkärldtb. Lbhb ya sf ga idlgb fc fm apartaib 1, sf trata if uc
IYH rástfr ofbrrf`frfcldaib hfidactf ma prbyflldüc fs`ärdla (lbbrifcaias if matdtui, ÷ y
mbcodtui, î) lbc uca rfsbmuldüc if trfs sfoucibs if arlb. Luerf tbia Aciamulèa y zbcas
ldrluciactfs (Hurlda, partf if Zbrtuoam, ftl.). e)Hftbibmboèa; Fm prblfsb sfoudib gasta
betfcfr ma pfcidfctf ifm tfrrfcb fc laia puctb if ma rfodüc `uf fm sdoudfctf ; Apmdlaldüc ifm
`dmtrb if pfcidfctfs if \ðefm fc sfctdib gbrdzbctam (if Bfstf a Fstf) ; 1:: 0i( ) 1 1: 1 5 : 5
1: 1 pO 8 R R ÿ
 UF@FUFCLDA\ EDEMDBOUÁ@DLA\;

 Aracob H, H. D., Ubirdoufz O, O., Efrhûifz L , K. O., & [apata O, O. (5:16).

Latámbob if ucdiaifs mdtbfstratdorá`dlas if Lbmbheda. Hfifmmèc; \
frvdvldb Ofbmüodlb Lbmbhedacb. Uflupfraib fm 17 if :4 if 5:5:, if;

 Lfcdla`ä> Hdcdstfrdb if Hdcas y Fcfroèa. (5:17). If ma Ofbmboèa am La`ä. Ebobtá;

\frvdldb Ofbmüodlb Lbmbhedacb T Lfcdla`ä. Uflupfraib fm 17 if :4 if 5:5:, if
gttps;//www5.sol.obv.lb/Zuemdlaldbcfs/Ldfctd`dlas/Cb\frdaias/Ibluhfcts/Ofbla` 
%L<%A4Rs.pi`#sfarlg8HAYFUDAM%5:ZAUFCYAM%5L%5:GVDMA.
 DIFAH. (17 if :4 if 5:5:). Ydfhpb y Lmdha. Betfcdib if
gttp;//www.difah.obv.lb/wfe/tdfhpb-y-lmdha/sfoudhdfctb
 \áclgfz F, K. A., & Uuedacb \, T. (Kucdb if 5:16). ZUBLF\B\ F\ZFLÈ@DLB\
IF @BUHALDÜC FC ACID\BMF\, AM@D\BMF\ T VMYD\BMF\
FC
LBMBHEDA. Ufvdsta Fslufma if dcofcdfrbs if Actdbquda, cb. spf 5. Uflupfraib fm
17 if :4 if 5:5:, if

 Karahdmmb, I. @. (5::5). Dctrbiulldüc a ma ldfclda ifm sufmb. Ibluhfctb if traeakb.

Lapètumb 1, páodcas 11-7:> Lapètumb 5 paodcas 71-74. Vcdvfrsdiai Caldbcam if
Lbmbheda. Uflupfraib if gttp;//www.eidodtam.ucam.fiu.lb/5595/
