UUM COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
(SZRZ6014)

TUGASAN 4
Disediakan Untuk:
Dr Phat a/l Awang Deng

Disediakan Oleh:
Siti Aslinda Binti Mahat
851654
Kumpulan J1
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Technology Overview

The pace of development in this country has resulted in the ownership and use of

private vehicles in Malaysia has increased rapidly. The direct effect of the increasing

number of motor vehicles is high demand for parking spaces, especially in urban

areas.

Parking is a very important facility in transportation planning and traffic. Provision of

parking facilities is good and systematic is a way to control the traffic flow in addition

to providing parking facilities adequate to the car drivers who visit the city center.

Car parking is also affecting the development activities of other land uses in the city

center. Inadequate preparation will result in urban activities could not develop

properly. In general, car parking facilities can be considered as a support function of

a city.

Technology Investigation

Technology of Mobile Operating System

Android

In 2008, Google release Android operating system. HTC was its first major adopter

and Android phones met with relative success. Things began to look even better for

Android operating system when Google introduced the Google Nexus One phone.

Android operating system is free and open-source software, in actual devices, much

of the software bundled with it (including Google apps and vendor-installed software)

is the proprietary and closed source.

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Apple ios

Apple made its now-famous move to enter the mobile smartphone market with its

iPhone. The phone and operating system itself were nothing much to shout about.

Apple came up with a brilliant user interface and it correctly bet on a touchscreen

input device. If that was not enough, the Apple store shows that consumers were

hungry with mobile apps. The iPhone stormed the world and, by the end of the

decade, had captured 15% market share in the smartphone sector. Along with the

astonishing popularity of the App Store, which had more than 185, 000 applications

and which hit three billion application downloads in early January 2010, the iPhone

OS has the strongest momentum entering this decade (Charles F. Moriera, Leon

Wing, Kashminder Singh (2010) Mobile World Magazine: The Great OS Wars:

Round 2, Issue No. 87).

Blackberry OS

According to Charles F. Moriera, Leon Wing, Kashminder Singh (2010) Mobile World

Magazine: The Great OS Wars: Round 2, Issue No. 87, Blackberry phones emerged

around 2002. Research in motion wisely focused on push email and by the end of

the decade it had replaced the communicator as the defector mobile device of big

enterprise executives, mainly because it was able to bring their corporate emails

onto mobile devices. By 2010, Blackberry had also managed to reinvent itself and

become a desirable consumer device.

Windows OS

In 2002, Microsoft entering the smartphone market through its Windows CE

operating system. The operating system would later evolve into the Windows Mobile

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operating system. Brands like HTC, Samsung, LG and more at one time or the other

came out with Windows Mobile smartphones. While not a failure, HTC, for instance,

did very well with its devices.

Payment Method Technology

Electronic Ticketing (E-Ticketing)

A ticket is a card or coupon, usually purchased at the box office, showing that the

holder is entitled to something (as to ride on a public transport or to enter a public

entertainment (wordnet, (2006). Definitions for a ticket). With the advance of the

internet, there has evolved the needs to change the conventional to E-ticketing. An

E-Ticketing is a paperless electronic document used for ticketing travelers, mainly in

the commercial airline industry (Whatis.com, (2007). E-ticket).

According to Zwas, V. (1999). Structure and Macro-Level Impacts of Electronic

Commerce: From Technological Infrastructure to Electronic Marketplaces, K.E.

Emerging Information Technology, Kendall: Sage Publications, the conventional

ticketing services are transactions that are not supported with IT. This type of

ticketing conducts using paper, telephone or fax. With the traditional system,

travelers have to carry physical tickets at all time of traveling. But with E-Ticketing, all

related information will be stored digitally in a central database and, therefore, there

are no changes of the traveler losing them or having them stolen.

E-Ticket means an additional and convenient tool for passengers, a saving of time

spent on purchasing the ticket of aviation, new chance in the full-scale

encouragement of the web-reservations and the web-purchasing, which represent

the most rapidly segment of the global market of aviation. According to Dan, N.

(2006, November). E-ticketing implementation in Africa. Retrieved Feb 17, 2008,

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Electronic-Ticketing is an innovating manner to employ technology electronically to

issue plane tickets, which eliminates the traditional paper tickets and creates a

record electronically held (ticket) of the transaction. This electronic image of the

ticket is stored in the separate database of the system of reservations of an airline.

Electric Commerce (E-Commerce)

The internet nowadays is the most important communication, marketing, and

business medium in the world. It presents a collection of new ways to reach the

customers as marketing and advertising medium.

The Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) is an example which describes how the

internet can be used as marketing and business medium. While continuing to evolve

in information technology, producers and consumers now do most of the business

transactions over the internet. Additionally, internet commerce continues to grow

rapidly, with growing customers.

There are many definitions of the E-Commerce, according to Hesterbrink, C (1999).

E-Commerce and ERP: Bring Two Paradigms Together, Price Waterhouse &

Cooper, the E-Commerce is the enterprise designed for success in the information

economy. Electronic-Commerce doing business online, typically via the web (ZDNet,

2007).

The E-Commerce applications consist of electronic publishing and advertisement,

real-time information delivery, product ordering, transaction processing, galleries for

the photograph, digital libraries, web newspapers and magazines, network video and

audio and personal communication (Kwonk, S., Yang, C., and Tam, K. (2004)

Intellectual property protection for electronic commerce applications. Electronic

Commerce Research, 5(1).)

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Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce)

With recent advances in devices, applications and networking infrastructure, the

wireless internet is becoming a reality. Some of the major drivers of the wireless

internet will be emerging mobile platforms such as Mobile E-Business, or Mobile-

Business, with a strong focus on Mobile Commerce, or “M-Commerce”, for both the

consumer and business markets. Mobile E-Commerce is the arena in which

innovation and powerful solutions are anticipated. It is an extension of E-Commerce

that allows the users to interact with other users and businesses at any time and any

location. The success of mobile communication is changing the E-Commerce into M-

Commerce and the mobile devices users are considered as a large group of possible

market (Aungst, and Wilson, (2005). A primer for navigating the shoals of applying

wireless technology to marketing problems. The Journal of Business and Industrial

Marketing. 20(2), 59).

Much of the diversity of the information that was available to the user in E-

Commerce environment is also available to the user in M-Commerce environment.

However, the M-Commerce differs from the E-Commerce in that the internet access

will be done by using mobile devices such as smartphone and the PDA (Personal

Digital Assistant). M-Commerce is a technology that provides commerce anywhere

and anytime. ZDNet, (2007) defines M-Commerce as the using of smartphones and

handheld computers with wireless connections to place orders and business

transaction over the web. M-Commerce creates completely new service

opportunities like payments, banking and ticketing transactions through wireless

devices.

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According to Zheng and Chen (2003) in their study, M-Commerce methods which

are currently in use or under trial may be classified according to the basis of

payment.

Basis of Payment

Account-based: every consumer is associated with a specific account maintained by

an Internet Payment Provider (IPP). Then the consumer is periodically billed and

paid for the balance of the account to the IPP.

Token-based: users have to purchase an electronic token that is equivalent to some

monetary value. This token can be used to purchase goods or services and the

value will be deducted electronically upon using.

Timing of Payment

i. Real Time (cash): Users make the payment upon purchasing such as the use

of cash, but it involves some kind of electronic currency.

ii. Pre-paid (debit): Users must have a stored monetary value before making any

purchase. The purchase amount will be debited from the user’s stored

monetary value.

iii. Post-paid (credit): Like a credit card, users purchase the items first and then

pay for it later. The amount will be credited to the users’ account for later

payment (e.g. at the end of every month).

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Medium of Payment

i. By bank account or credit card: This method requires a direct link with the

financial. The payment will be authorized and approved by the financial

institution.

ii. By phone bill: User’s purchase will be credited to his or her monthly phone’s

bill. This method is less complicated compared to the method of payment

using credit or bank account.

Mobile Ticketing (M-Ticketing)

While the most important feature of the mobile technology is the ability to access

services ubiquitously, that what is called the portability. So users can access the

internet anytime in any location through the wireless network and a variety of devices

such as smartphones and tablets.

Mobile ticketing is a new form of M-Commerce service that uses the mobile

technology. It provides a quick and easy way for event promoters to connect with

their mobile audience in a secure and convenient environment. Mobile commerce

ticketing has been extending the ordering of paper tickets on a fixed E-Commerce

site to the mobile channel. According to Mobica, (2007, November 13) Blockbusting

success for mobile cinema tickets. mobile ticketing contains many applications such

as follows:

 Events: Cinemas, concerts, theaters and museums

 Transportation: Flights, trains, and buses

 Travel: Boats and ferries

 Facilities such as spas

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Events (Cinemas, concerts, theaters and museums)

To buy a cinema tickets, for example, the users need to receive an electronic receipt

as a proven of buying in order to get the cinema ticket. Production of such electronic

receipt must meet requirements list: it must be identified by the entity of the delivery;

it can be employed as appearance of proof that the support of the receipt made with

the purchase and of the goods can be delivered; it cannot be falsified and it cannot

be reproduced or employed twice. These characteristics are to ensure the originality

of the ticket bought by the customer.

Using mobile ticketing service customers don’t have to wait for their role in order to

get cinema tickets they want in along queues at the box office or the self-service

machines, mobile tickets help to reduce the operational distribution costs of printing

and handling paper tickets Mobica, (2007, November 13) Blockbusting success for

mobile cinema tickets. Mobile technology for ticketing and marketing offers

opportunities for theaters visitors to address this issue and is the key to improving

the ease and flexibility for the customers.

Transportation (flight, trains and buses)

Online travel continues to be one of the most successful E-Commerce categories on

the internet. M-Commerce is concerned with the set of applications and services

accessible from internet-enabled mobile devices. It has requirements over and

above those of more traditional E-Commerce. Mobile ticketing is a new kind of

mobile commerce that was coming up in the last New Year’s. This ticketing concept

uses customer’s mobile devices to buy transport tickets, instead of special devices

owned by the transport operators. According to Angelica M, (2008, January 8) Bus

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operator sprints ahead with mobile ticketing. Retrieved Feb 9, 2008, bus ticketing

service intends to increase security by eliminating the need of cash, and information

coded within the ticket that can reduce the digital attempts in counterfeiting tickets

are also locked to the ordering handsets, making transfers between phones

impossible.

Travel (boats and ferries)

The internet comprises an important channel of distribution that interacts with

customers. Information on the web gains exposure, as it is immediately available to

prospective clients, 24 hours day, and 7 days a week. An additional significant

feature of the web is its global market. Travel is now the largest e-business in the

world Richard Q. (2004, April 17) Windows on the world, retrieved Feb 9, 2008. The

use of portable devices to check availability and booking ferry tickets enhance better

for a greater degree trend towards travel industry.

Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce) Application

Mobile commerce is likely important for a wide variety of industries, including

telecommunications, IT, finance and the media, as well as for end-users. M-

commerce applications refer to conducting business and service using wireless

devices. These applications according to James A, (2000, December) The

Emergence of M-Commerce, IEEE, 33(12), 149-150 can be grouped into transaction

management; digital content; and telemetry services.

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Transaction Management

Using the mobile devices, users can gain a wide range of business transaction.

There are many classes of the M-Commerce transactions such as online shopping

sites that designed according to the smartphones, these sites include the necessary

shopping features, the online booksellers, and the M-Commerce transactions that

initiate for paying and purchasing and services. These classes of transactions will be

more comfortable for the users to manage them.

Content Delivery

That means the potential of delivering digital contents between wireless devices

using wireless channel’s distribution characteristics, which include information

browsing and instant retrieval of status information (weather, sports score, ticket

availability, and market prices).

Telemetry Services

It includes a wide range of applications such as:

 Transmission of status and management information

 Communications with various devices from homes, offices, or in the field

 Activation of remote recording devices or service systems

Parking Technology

Prohibition to park the vehicle between bus route, near the junction areas or busy

shopping or narrow streets had been widely implemented. As previously stated in

Chapter 2, there got some method of parking disbursement which applied in

Malaysia.

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Receipt system

According to Road Transport Act 1987 (2007), Road Transport (Provision of Parking

Places): Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad,“Receipt system means a parking

place as prescribe in the first schedule, where the fees rates are based on hour, and

every hour a motor vehicle park in a parking place, a ticket will be produce by

parking attendant stated a rate fees”.

Parking disbursement via receipt system had been widely used in Malaysia

particularly from the early 1970s according to Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan

Desa Semenanjung Malaysia (2011), Garis Panduan Perancangan Tempat Letak

Kenderaan: Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Publications. It is usually used

in places visited by the public such as shop lot area or office. This receipt system

method is a way to ensure that short-term parking seeker has ample opportunities to

use the parking spaces by the roadside for a maximum time limit can be set down

with his car. The method is applicable in many short-term placement areas such as

shopping centers, banks, and post offices. For the long-period parkers, such as the

employee, are more suitable parking at the off-road car park. Lack of space for

short-period parkers will cause loosens of customers.

Parking meter

According to Road Transport Act 1987 (2007), Road Transport (Provision of Parking

Places): Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, “Parking meter means any

apparatus constructed and designed to receive and indicate payments for the use of

parking spaces in a parking place for the parking of a motor vehicle, and includes the

steel post, bracket or other support attached to the meter”. Management method

using metered parking is often used in an urban area with high traffic volume. Some

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area in the city zoned only allows placement of cars in metered spaces. In terms of

traffic management, this method allows the usage of parking more effectively in the

day to optimize the level of usage for each lot. This system can accommodate more

cars in a time where it can reduce the provision of parking places.

Parking Coupon

Users are required to display their coupon based on time, date and period of usage.

Coupon is deploying to indicate the proper time arrived at the parking space. This

time can be read by an enforcer for the operation of parking regulations adopted by

the local authorities.

Figure 3.1. Example of coupon

The Substitute

Mobile Portal

Mobile portal is a single point of access to all of the services provided by the local,

regional or national governing body, allowing online interaction with its constituents

including associated internet applications to improve service delivery (Mandato,

Kovacs, Hohl, & Amir-Alikhani, 2002).

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Comparison Analysis

Three conventional payment methods which had been discussed above got several

disadvantages respectively. Therefore, the assessment should be made to the

selection of the best methods can be done easier.

Receipt or coupon system allows more vehicles to park at not designated lot space

and most importantly, it is cheaper in implementation. In addition, visual

disturbances can be avoided because not require the installation of road equipment

which is costly. However, despite these advantages, this system requires the

management and administration costs higher because it involves more labor and

clerical for supervision. Enforcement is difficult to implement and control a little less

user only who does not pay parking charges. Therefore, other methods are often the

choice of effective operators of car parks.

Difficulties arise when conventional parking payment methods that are widely used

nowadays, cannot be used optimally by the user, as shown in the Berita Harian, e-

mails from the public "Sistem atur kereta MBI (Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh) rakyat

menyusahkan" (Berita Harian, June 18, 2010). And in another article, "MBMB (Majlis

Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah) tak lantik ejen jual kupon letak kereta" (Berita Harian,

February 16, 2011). Furthermore, sometimes there are no sellers at the counter.

Card system, for example, is easy to manage and requires no maintenance costs.

The collection fee is also more secure because the prepaid payment is made before

the parking space used. The implementation of this system requires agents to sell

the cards. Users need to use his card before the expiry date (usually every 31st

December each year). However, the use of the card creates a risk of fraud such as

improperly punched cards or loss. In addition, no information on the use of parking

space available for use in planning.

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The metering system requires less work because the users were enforced to

remember the payment, although sometimes less accurate. Also, could create job

opportunities because an employee is provided to maintain 50 to 70 parking spaces.

However, the implementation of these systems requires large capital outlays for

each parking space must be fitted with a meter. This meter is very easily damaged

by such an irresponsible person, but also illegal advertising (DBKL Bersih Iklan

Haram, Sinar Harian, October 22, 2012).

Mechanical damage in some autopay machine also sometimes cause difficulties for

users (Pembaikan yang dilakukan ke mesin pembayaran automatik, The Malay Mail,

October 29, 2009). The problem indirectly stated that the system will involve high

maintenance costs.

This system also deteriorated urban environment with the spikes of many meters.

Sometimes, fraud cases can cause loss of income for entrepreneurs as the materials

that resemble coins can be inserted into the meter as payment. This system does

not allow local authorities to collect data on parking demand for planning purposes.

Relatively pay-and-display method is inexpensive for a large area where a meter is

used for 30 to 40 parking spaces. Meters used in this system are more damaged-

resistant because the metal-casing is thick and it can be programmed to accept

certain coins to reduce the possibility of fraud. Consumers will also remember the

expiry of the tariff charges and adjustments can be made when circumstances

require payment to be increased.

Another advantage of this system is that it can record amount of money received and

this facilitates the audit work. Visual disturbance is also reduced because only a

small number of meters required for a large car park numbers. Operators also can

increase revenue when their tickets were used for printed advertising. Just like the

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other car parks, pay-and-display also has a weakness as consumers look for

assigned meters and required to walk back to the car only to display the ticket. In

addition, this system requires electricity to enable it to operate. At the start of the

implementation, staff needed to assist consumers as less likely to understand how

users use it.

For mobile phone applications, the advantage is it always with us and the payment

can be carried out regardless of where or what is being done. For example if you are

doing an important meeting, during which the parking time expires, you simply need

to take less than five minutes to renew parking without having to go to your vehicle.

In addition, the payment is carried out by using this technology to reduce paper

consumption and save on maintenance costs.

The Innovation

Wireless web development is in procession with the development of wireless

telecommunications. The technology of telecommunications is synonymous with the

development of the wireless web. Technology is defined as cell phones, PDAs, and

various mobile technologies. All this technology carries the basic criteria of mobile

and able to receive digital signals.

If the first cell phone only allows you to send short messages, but now Electronic

mail can be revised and sent as usual through on microcomputers. Perhaps the

handphone can only be seen by typing out a deal but now it is also able to provide

Web services. It facilitates daily business and it is possible it will be necessary to

society.

A most preferred mobile phone user now is because it is small, easy to carry and

has a specific usability for consumer use. For example, users just want to see her

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personal calendar, and then the mobile phone will suffice. There are also users just

want to check brief information through the internet, so handphones now also have

to meet this requirement.

Chapter Summary

Communities need to be aware of the importance of gaining knowledge related to

information technology because it is seen as a necessity in this era and future. One

of which is mobile internet technology. Although it is new in Malaysia, it certainly will

dominate the world of human communication.

Mobile internet technology has invited some ideology and the latest technology such

as Wi-Fi and 3G. It is due to the requirements and needs of a human who want

something quick, easy and effective.

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