Cardiologist

A cardiologist is a physician who's an expert in the care of your heart and blood vessels.
They can treat or help you prevent a number of cardiovascular problems. They can also
specialize in specific areas, such as abnormal heart rhythms, heart failure or heart
problems you’ve had since birth.
What is a cardiologist?

A cardiologist is a doctor who’s an expert in heart and blood

vessel diseases. They can treat heart diseases and help keep you
from getting heart diseases.

After completing four years of medical school, cardiologists spend

three years learning general internal medicine as a resident, plus
at least three more years of specialized training after that.

After 10 years of training, a cardiologist can take an American

Board of Internal Medicine exam. Even after achieving board
certification, cardiologists keep learning for as long as they
practice. They must keep up with the latest advances in how to
treat patients to provide the best care.
What does a cardiologist do?

A cardiologist is a healthcare provider who can treat chest pain,

high blood pressure and heart failure, as well as problems with
your heart valves, blood vessels and other heart and vascular
issues. They can order tests like electrocardiograms,
echocardiograms and CTs (computed tomography) to find out
what’s wrong. With their diagnosis, they can order medicine, help
you start healthier exercise and eating habits or do cardiac
catheterization.

A cardiologist will do a physical exam and discuss your

symptoms, medical history and family history with you. It’s
important to let your cardiologist know if other people in your
family have had heart problems because that can increase the
chances of you having a heart problem.

Some basic information can give your cardiologist valuable

information about your cardiovascular health, such as your:

 Weight.
 Blood pressure.
 Cholesterol levels.
 Blood glucose (sugar) levels.

Your provider will look at all of this information and any test
results to figure out your risk factors for heart problems. They’ll
also want to know if you smoke, how much you exercise, what
you eat and which medicines you’re taking.
What diseases do cardiologists treat or help you prevent?

Cardiologists can treat a wide range of heart and vascular

problems, including:

 Atherosclerosis.
 High blood pressure.
 High cholesterol.
 Angina (chest pain).
 Sudden cardiac arrest.
 Heart failure.
 Heart attack.
 Blood clots.
 Atrial fibrillation and other heart rhythm disorders.
 Endocarditis.
 Cardiogenic shock.
 Heart valve problems.
 Heart abnormalities.
 Cardiomyopathy.
 Myocarditis.
  Congenital (from birth) conditions.
 Problems with your aorta (aneurysm, stenosis).
 Problems with your arteries (peripheral artery disease,
subclavian artery disease, renal artery disease, coronary
artery disease).
 Stroke.
What kind of tests does a cardiologist do?

A cardiologist can order the following tests, but other healthcare

providers may perform some of these tests:

 Cardiac catheterization.
 Chest X-ray.
 Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
 Cardiac CT (computed tomography).
 Coronary angiogram.
 Stress tests.
 Electrocardiogram (EKG).
 Echocardiogram.
 Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE).
 Holter monitor.
 Event monitor.
 Implantable event recorder/implantable loop recorder.
When to see a cardiologist

Your primary care provider may refer you to a cardiologist if you

have a problem with your heart or blood vessels that needs extra
care. If you’re feeling pain in your chest, dizziness or shortness of
breath, you may need to see a cardiologist. Your cardiologist may
keep working with you for a long time as they monitor your
conditions.
What to expect at a cardiologist appointment
A cardiologist will do a physical exam, paying special attention to
listening to your heart. They can hear how well blood flows
throughout your heart and whether you have an irregular heart
rhythm.

Be ready to answer questions about your family history and your

own medical history. Your cardiologist will want to know if your
siblings, parents or others in your family have had heart problems.
Having this information can help your cardiologist know what
types of heart problems you could have.

Your provider may ask:

 How long have you been having these symptoms?

 What does it feel like when you have symptoms (mild pain,
sharp pain)?
 What were you doing when your symptoms started (resting,
exerting yourself)?
 Does anything help you feel better when you have
symptoms?
 Have you had a heart procedure or surgery in the past?
 Do you have records of any scans?
 What medicines are you taking now?

If your cardiologist has the equipment at their location, they may

do an electrocardiogram to get a quick reading of your heart’s
rhythm. They may also set up a separate appointment for other
tests that take a little longer and require special scanning
machines that only hospitals have.
Types of cardiologists

There are at least a dozen different kinds of cardiologists. They

specialize in different kinds of heart and vascular problems, such
as cardiac imaging or cardiac rehabilitation.
Although all cardiologists are experts in understanding your heart
and blood vessels, they can narrow down their field of expertise
even more. Types of cardiologists include:

 Clinical cardiologist.
 Heart failure specialist.
 Interventional cardiologist.
 Cardio-oncologist.
 Congenital heart specialist.
 Cardiac imaging specialist.
 Peripheral interventional cardiologist.
 Preventive cardiologist.
 Cardiac rehabilitation specialist.
 Electrophysiologist.
 Geriatric cardiologist.
 Cardio-rheumatologist.
 Sports cardiologist.
 Critical care cardiologist.
Do I need a referral to see a cardiologist?

It depends. Some insurance plans may require you to get a

referral from your primary care provider, so be sure to check with
your insurance company for details. This can help you avoid the
unwelcome surprise of a higher cost than you expected when
visiting a cardiologist. It’s usually more expensive to see a
specialist like a cardiologist than your primary care provider, but
following your insurance company’s rules saves you money.
What does a cardiologist specialize in?

A cardiologist specializes in heart diseases, the top cause of

death in America. Cardiologists can work in even more
specialized areas of heart care, such as treating heart failure,
heart rhythm problems or congenital (from birth) conditions, for
example.
Where do cardiologists work?

You may see a cardiologist in the hospital where they work. Other
cardiologists may have their own private offices where they see
patients. They may send you to a hospital or other medical facility
for testing or procedures.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

You may need a cardiologist if you’re having a problem with your

heart or blood vessels. Depending on your situation, you may
need a specific type of cardiologist who’s an expert in the
condition you have. Your primary care provider can refer you to a
cardiologist, but you need to be comfortable with the person your
provider selected. If you feel they don’t communicate well with
you, you may need to find a provider who does.
Dermatologists

Dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases
of the skin, hair, nails and mucus membrane. Some dermatologists are also surgeons.
What is a dermatologist?

Your skin is your largest, heaviest organ, and it has many important functions. It protects you
from heat, cold, germs and dangerous substances. It’s also a great indicator of your overall health
— changes in the color or feel of your skin can be a sign of a medical problem. It’s important to
take proper care of your skin and be aware of its overall health.

A dermatologist is a doctor who has expertise in the care of:

 Skin.
 Hair.
 Nails.

They’re experts in diagnosing and treating skin, hair and nail diseases, and they can manage
cosmetic disorders, including hair loss and scars.

What do dermatologists do?

Dermatologists diagnose and treat skin conditions. They also recognize symptoms that appear on
your skin which may indicate problems inside your body, like organ disease or failure.

Dermatologists often perform specialized diagnostic procedures related to skin conditions. They
use treatments including:

 Externally applied or injected medicines.

 Ultraviolet (UV) light therapy.
 A range of dermatologic surgical procedures, such as mole removal and skin biopsies.
 Cosmetic procedures, such as chemical peels, sclerotherapy and laser treatments.

What training and qualifications do dermatologists have?

To become a dermatologist, doctors must complete:

 Four years of college.

 Four years of medical school.
 One year of an internship (training in dermatology and other fields).
  Three years of residency (continued training concentrating on the field of dermatology).
 One to two years of a fellowship. A fellowship isn’t mandatory, but it offers additional
training in a dermatology subspecialty.
 Licensing/certification. In the United States, dermatologists must obtain a license to
practice medicine and pass a board certification exam offered by the American Board of
Dermatology, the American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology or the Royal College of
Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.

What are common conditions that dermatologists treat?

Some of the most common conditions a dermatologist may treat include:

 Acne.
 Eczema.
 Hair loss.
 Nail fungus.
 Psoriasis.
 Skin cancer.
 Rosacea.

What types of procedures do dermatologists perform?

Common procedures include:

 Electrosurgery: Electrosurgery involves the surgical use of a high-frequency electric

current to cut or destroy tissue.
 Cryosurgery: Cryosurgery involves the surgical use of extreme cold to freeze and
destroy tissue.
 Laser surgery: Laser surgery involves the surgical use of special light beams.
 Excision surgery: Excision surgery involves using a sharp knife (scalpel) to excise
(remove by cutting) tissue with appropriate closures.
 Mohs surgery: Mohs surgery is a surgical technique that involves a layer-by-layer
removal of cancer cells from your skin.
 Mole removal: A mole removal involves the partial or total removal of a mole from your
body. They study the mole for cancer or other skin diseases.
 Vein treatment: After evaluating your damaged veins, dermatologists may treat them
with sclerotherapy or laser treatments.

What are some dermatology subspecialty fields?

Some dermatology subspecialty fields include:

 Dermatopathology.
 Mohs surgery.
 Pediatric dermatology.
 Cosmetic dermatology.
What is the difference between dermatologists and estheticians?

Estheticians aren’t medical doctors. They can’t diagnose skin disorders or prescribe medications.
They can only help with treatments that affect the appearance of your skin. Some esthetician
procedures include:

 Scrubbing (exfoliating) skin.

 Teaching how to use makeup to conceal scarring.
 Applying acne treatments.
 Suggesting skin care products.
 Waxing.
 Airbrush tanning.

When should I make an appointment with a dermatologist?

Some of the more common symptoms for which you may want to see a dermatologist include:

 A patch of skin or a mole has changed in size, color or shape.

 Skin cancer.
 Severe or persistent acne.
 Rash.
 Hives.
 Scars.
 Eczema.
 Psoriasis.
 Rosacea.
 Dark spots on your face (hyperpigmentation).
 Long-lasting skin irritation.
 Infections.
 Warts.
 Hair loss.
 Nail disorders.
 Signs of aging.
 Varicose and spider veins.

How should I prepare for my first dermatologist appointment?

To get the most out of your first dermatologist appointment, it’s helpful to prepare. You can:

 Bring a list of the most important issues you want to discuss with your dermatologist.
 Note any changes in your overall health.
 Keep a symptom diary (and bring it with you) and record your events, including the day
and time they occurred, how long the event lasted, severity, triggers, symptoms and any
action you took to end the event. Bring clear photos, if possible.
 Learn about your family medical history. This information can help your dermatologist
make an accurate diagnosis.
  Wear loose clothing so your dermatologist can easily perform an examination.
 Avoid wearing makeup or nail polish. Wearing makeup or nail polish may make it
difficult for your dermatologist to examine your skin or nails properly.
 Consider using a washable pen to circle spots on your body. Physical reminders help you
remember what to mention to your dermatologist.
 Bring copies of test results, including images and lab work ordered by other healthcare
providers outside your dermatologist’s healthcare network.
 Bring a list of all current products you take or use. Include prescription medications,
over-the-counter (OTC) medications, vitamins, supplements, herbal products, soaps,
makeup and sunscreens. Also, let your dermatologist know about any previous
medications that didn’t work or caused side effects.
 Bring a list of your known allergies.
 Bring a friend or relative with you to take notes and be another set of ears and eyes to the
appointment. This person can help review your dermatologist’s discussion, ask questions
and remind you about scheduling tests and follow-up appointments.
 Ask if you should schedule another appointment to discuss any additional concerns.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Dermatologists are medical doctors who specialize in skin, hair and nails. Dermatologists also
handle cosmetic disorders, like hair loss and scars. Your dermatologist will examine you, order
lab tests, make a diagnosis and treat your condition with medication or a procedure. They may
refer you to and work together with another specialist, if appropriate. Before your appointment,
prepare notes and organize your health information. Be sure to ask any questions that come to
mind. Your dermatologist wants to help you diagnose your condition, treat or manage it in the
best way possible and support you.

pathologist
What is a pathologist?

A pathologist is a medical healthcare provider who examines bodies and body tissues.
He or she is also responsible for performing lab tests. A pathologist helps other
healthcare providers reach diagnoses and is an important member of the treatment
team.

Pathologists have completed medical school and must have at least 3 years of
advanced medical education in a residency training program to be eligible to take board
certification exams. Pathologists are board-certified through the American Board of
Pathology.

Most pathologists receive training in both clinical and anatomical pathology.

Pathologists may practice in all areas of pathology, but the American Board of
Pathology also provides subspecialty certifications in the following areas: 

 Blood banking/transfusion. This field includes monitoring, processing, and

compatibility of blood products.
 Chemical pathology. This is the study of organic and inorganic substances in
body fluids, including toxicology.
 Clinical informatics. This is the study of informational systems, databases,
and quality control and assurances.
 Cytopathology. This field includes cellular alterations in disease.
Cytopathology is often used to diagnose cancer.
 Dermatopathology. This is a subspecialty of both pathology and dermatology.
These pathologists specialize in interpreting skin biopsies. Dermatopathological
results can help diagnose common skin diseases, as well as complex
immunological diseases.
 Forensic pathology. These pathologists study tissue in people who died
suddenly, unexpectedly, or violently.
 Hematology. This is the study of disease, illness, and dysfunction of the blood.
 Medical microbiology. This is the study of infectious organisms and antibiotic
susceptibilities.
 Molecular genetic pathology. This is the study of genetic markers and
testing.
 Neuropathology. This is the study of the nervous system. Neuropathology can
help diagnose neurological diseases.
 Pediatric pathology. This is the study of pathology in children.

Pathologists practice in community, university, and government hospitals and clinics, as

well as in independent laboratories, private offices, and other medical facilities.
Pathologists recertify every 10 years through the American Board of Pathology.
S

P/N INDEX
1 CARDIOLIGIST
 2 CARDIOLIGIST
3 CARDIOLIGIST
4 CARDIOLIGIST
5 CARDIOLIGIST
6 CARDIOLIGIST
7 DERMOTOLOGIST
8 DERMATOLOGIST
9 DERMATOLOGIST
10 DERMATOLOGIST
11 PATHOLOGIST
12 PATHOLOGIST

For reference all of the information has

been taken from google