FIRST ORDER AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

Experiments

4. STUDY OF STEP RESPONSE OF MERCURY MANOMETER

Theory

The dynamic response of a second order system to a step change can be

described by a secondorder differential equation. The solutions to above equation
involve three cases:
Procedure

• Ensure that mercury level in manometer is set at ‘0’ on the scale.

• Close vent connection by putting finger on it.

• Adjust the needle valve and vent to raise the mercury level to @200mm from ‘0’
level.

• Note the mercury level reading and quickly open the vent to apply step change.
Note the top peak and bottom peak readings. Also simultaneously note the period
of oscillation. (This can be noted by measuring time required for 4-5 oscillations
and then calculating for each oscillation)

• Repeat process 2-3 times for different step changes

Observations

Constants:

Manometer fluid = Mercury

Dynamic viscosity () = 0.0016Kg/m.s.

Mass density () = 13550Kg/m3.

Column length (L) = 0.760m

Tube diameter (d) = 0.005 meter

Step change (m): 0.2

Period of oscillation (sec): 0.916

Calculations

1) Natural frequency of oscillations:

ωn=2 π
√ 2g
L
=2 ( 3.14 )
2∗9.8
0.760 √
=31.89 rad / sec

2) Damping coefficient:

¿ ( 8 Lμ
ρ gD 2 )√ (2g
L
=
8∗0.760∗0.0016
13550∗9.8∗( 0.005 )2 )√ 2∗9.8
0.760
=0.014

3) Period of oscillations:

( )
2π 2∗3.14
P= = =0.196 sec
ωn∗√ 1−❑ 2
31.89∗√(1−0.01 42 )

4) Decay ratio:

DR=exp
(√
−2 π
1−❑
2 ) (
=exp
−2∗3.14∗0.014
√ 1−( 0.014 ) 2 )
=0.915

5) Overshoot:
a
OC= =√ DR =√ 0.915=0.95
b

6) Frequency of damped oscillations:

(
ωn∗√1−❑
)(
( 31.89∗√1− ( 0.014 )2 )
)
2
f= = =5 cps
2π 2∗3.14
 7) Characteristic equation:

τ= ( 2ωnπ )=( 2∗3.14

31.89 )
=0.196 sec

8) Theoretical response:

Table:
act
response(m) theoretical response(m) time(sec)
0.2 0 0
-0.09 0.005033 1
0.07 -0.01928 2
-0.05 0.032241 2.5
0.04 -0.0352 3
-0.03 0.001707 4
0.03 -0.03221 4.5
-0.02 0.056362 5
0.02 0.047056 6
-0.01 -0.03369 7
0.01 0.071286 7.5
-0.01 -0.08693 8
0.005 0.072669 8.5
-0.005 -0.031 9
0.005 0.076726 10
0 0.076726 10

Graph:
 0.25
Mercury
0.2

0.15

0.1
Response(m)

0.05 actual reponse vs t

theoretical response vs t
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15
time(s)

Result:
5. STUDY OF STEP RESPONSE OF WATER MANOMETER

Observations

Constants:

Manometer fluid = water

Dynamic viscosity () = 0.001Kg/m.s.

Mass density () = 998Kg/m3

Column length (L) = 1.050m

Tube diameter (d) = 0.022 meter

Step change (m): 0.2

Period of oscillation (sec):

Calculations

1) Natural frequency of oscillations:

ωn=2 π
√ 2g
L √
=2 ( 3.14 )
2∗9.8
1.050
=4.32rad /sec

2) Damping coefficient:

¿
( 8 Lμ
ρ gD
2 )√ (
2g
L
=
8∗1.050∗0.001
998∗9.8∗( 0.022 )
2
)√ 2∗9.8
1.050
=0.007

3) Period of oscillations:

2π
P= =¿
ωn∗√ 1−❑
2
 4) Decay ratio:

DR=exp
(√
−2 π
1−❑
2 ) (
=exp
−2∗3.14∗0.007
√ 1−( 0.007 ) 2 )
=0.956

5) Overshoot:
a
OC= =√ DR =√ 0.956=0.97
b

6) Frequency of damped oscillations:

(
ωn∗√ 1−❑
)(
( 4.32∗√1−( 0.007 )2 )
)
2
f= = =0.68 cps
2π 2∗3.14

7) Characteristic equation:

τ= ( 2ωnπ )=( 2∗3.14

4.32 )
=1.45 sec

8) Theoretical response:

Table:

act
reponse(m time(sec
) theoretical response(m) )
20 0 0
-18.5 0.000742 1
144 0.000731 1.5
-14 0.000347 2
10.5 -0.00142 3
 -10.5 -0.00358 4
8 -0.0043 4.5
-8.5 -0.00449 5
6.5 -0.00289 6
-7 0.001102 7
5 0.003507 7.5
-5.5 0.005765 8
4 0.008504 9
-4 0.007271 10
3 0.005014 10.5
-3.5 0.001882 11
2 -0.00554 12
-2.5 -0.0114 13
2 -0.01262 13.5
-2.5 -0.01232 14
1.5 -0.00709 15
-2 0.002448 16
1.5 0.007535 16.5
-2 0.011978 17
1 0.016645 18
-1.5 0.013535 19
1 0.003371 20
-1.5 -0.00309 20.5
0.5 -0.00948 21
-1 -0.01887 22
0.5 -0.01982 23
-1 -0.01113 24
0.5 -0.0041 24.5
-0.5 0.003718 25
0.5 0.017914 26
-0.5 0.022482 26.5
0.5 0.024441 27
-0.5 0.019544 28
0 0.004815 29
-0.5 -0.01323 30
0 -0.02602 31
0 -0.02701 32
Graph:
 160
Water
140

120

100

80
Response(m)

60 actual response vs time

theoretical response vs time

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-20

-40 time(S)

Result: