P.
E REVIEWER
Francis Magalona-
Hip-Hop Dance
 African-Latino origin that involves polyrhythmic
and polycentric movements.
 Involves the bending of knees, curve spine, and
orientation on earth.
 Pantomime & isolation are example of dance
movements that characterize hip-hop dance
styles
 Energetic type of street dance.
 To express their personalities, to move freely and
to be creative.
 Cultural affinity of Africans.
 Ways of celebrating their festivals.
HIP-HOP DANCER- can create his own style, dance moves,
and fashion sense which define his hip-hop identity.
VERNACULAR DANCE
 Dance that naturally developed as part of
everyday living in a particular community.
The beginnings of hip-hop can be traced to the 1970s
Bronx where Afrika Bambaataa was thought to have
started the whole hip-hop culture. He constructed the
framework of the five pillars of hip-hop together with
Zulu Nation, a rapper.
PILLARS OF HIP-HIP
GRAFFITI
 It is the visual form of hip-hop
 Hip-hop culture that can get the attention of the
public because it is usually done on public walls.
 It sometimes becomes illegal when the writing is
done on private and government properties.
 Someone can be apprehended by doing
vandalism.
MCING
 The one that uses rapping to inform their
audience of their ideas.
 Also tell jokes or anecdotes.
 Can freestyle or rap whatever comes to their
mind that is relevant to their opinions and the
occasion of the event.
 Beatboxing can be accompanied while the MC is
rapping.
DJING (TURNTALISM)
 It is the mixing of different music to reinvent a
new piece of melody.
 It is done on turntables with varying records of
music.
 uses two or more turntables and a cross-fader-
equipment DJ mixer.
B-BOYING (BREAKDANCING)
 It is the actual dance part of Hip-Hop.
 Before, b-boying was mostly breakdancing but
through time new styles, as freestylers developed
new dance moves that contribute to hip-hop
dancing.
 Breaker -original terms used to describe the
dancer.
KNOWLEDGE
 It is about the familiarity of the artists with each
other.
 Their passion for continuing is fueled by knowing
the history of hip-hop and the ideas developed as
expressed with their style.
 The mother of all hip-hop dance styles is the
breakdance originated in South Bronx, New York.
 The dance style follows different levels.
HIP-HOP DANCE STYLES
BREAKING- It is a style in hip-hop that incorporates “cool”
move and spin.
 Top rock- is dancing while on one’s feet.
(performed by standing)
 Down rock- is dancing on the floor which can
involve the upper body directly touching the
floor. (performed near the floor)
 Power moves- an acrobatic spinning, through the
hands or head on the floor
 Freeze-moves- are the dance poses.
POPPING- was invented in Fresno, California by Sam
Solomon. Consists of quick contractions and relaxation of
muscles, causing a jerk in the body, and is usually
incorporated in other dance routines and poses to the
beat of the music.
LOCKING- created by Don Campbell and was first
introduced by his crew. Refers to a quick movement,
locking into another position, then holding the last
position while movements of the arms and hands are
more distinct and exact
BOOGALOO- give the illusion that the dancer has no
rolling of the hips, knees, legs, and head.
SOCIAL DANCE- club dancing or any kind of dancing in a
social environment and there’s no right or wrong way to
go about doing this, just as long as you’re dancing to the
rhythm of the song.
KRUMPING- It is characterized by free, expressive,
exaggerated, and movement. “express raw emotions in a
powerful but non-violent way”.
LIQUIDS AND DIGITS- is a type of gestural and
interpretive street dance.
 LIQUID to describe the fluid-like motion of the
dancers.
 DIGITS refer to illusions constructed with the
dancer's fingers.
THE PREP- It is a dance move in which the dancer takes a
step to one side and points his/her fingers with palms flat
upwards to the side.
THE WOP- It is a dance move in which the dancer
punches his/her arms up to the opposite side.
CABBAGE PATCH- It is a dance move in which the dancers
move their fists held out in front of them horizontally in
either a clockwise or counterclockwise circular motion,
sometimes along with the shoulders or upper torso.
PIONEERS OF HIP-HOP DANCE
CLIVE CAMBELL (April 16, 1955)
STAGE NAME: DJ KOOL HERC
 First Hip-hop DJ
 One of the founding fathers of Hip-hop culture.
 He illustrates the connections between reggae
and rap that have largely been buried by
successive hip-hop generations.
“Hip-hop is the voice of this generation. It binds all of
these people, all of these nationalities, all over the
world together”.
KEVIN DONOVAN (April 17, 1957)
STAGE NAME: AFRIKA BAMBAATAA
 The Godfather of Hip-hop culture.
 He was a visionary who helped guide the city’s
youth away from gang violence and into the
many expressions of hip-hop culture
 He formed Zulu Nation, a music-oriented
movement of creative people who believed in
unity through a positive hiphop culture
“Hip-hop has different elements dealing with music, rap,
graffiti and B-boys… and also dealing with culture and a
whole movement dealing with wisdom and
understanding, as well as peace unity and fun”.
JOSEPH SADDLER (January 1, 1958)
STAGE NAME: GRANDMASTER FLASH
 He is one of the members of the Furious Five
 One of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting,
and mixing of music.
 He is a hip-hop recording artist and DJ
 Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and
became the first hiphop act to be honored.
“We gotta stop fighting amongst each other. I think the
only rift should be when we take it to the stage and try
to outperform each other”
KOMU REVIEWER
Ang pananaliksik ay isang maingat, kritikal, disiplinadong
inkwiri sa pamamagitan ng iba’t ibang teknik at paraan
batay sa kalikasan at kalagayan ng natukoy na suliranin
tungo sa klasipikasyon at resolusyon nito.
Fred Kerlinger (1973)
-ang pananaliksik ay isang sistematiko, kontrolado,
empirikal, at kritikal na imbestigasyon ng mga
proposisyong haypotetikal tungkol sa mga natural na
pangyayari.
Pilipinolohiya
-ay pangunahing naglalayong bumuo ng karunungan
tungkol sa Pilipinas at sa mga Pilipino mula sa loob at
hindi sa labas.
Paglalahad ng Suliranin
-Ito ang bahaging tumutukoy sa mga pangunahing
suliraning sasagutin ng pag-aaral. Ito ang magsisilbing
tuon ng pananaliksik at dito tutuon ang pagtalakay.
-sanhi o layunin ng paksa sa anyong patanong.
Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral
Sa bahaging ito tinatalakay ang kapakinabangang idudulot
ng saliksik. Dito pinagtatanggol ang pangangailangang
isagawa ang pananaliksik o kung paano ito naging
napapanahon.
Depinisyon ng mga Termino
-Sa bahaging ito, iniisa-isa ang mahahalagang terminong
ginamit sa pag-aaral. Hindi lamang ito simpleng
tumutukoy sa malalalim na salitang ginamit sa saliksik,
kundi lalo sa mga teknikal na terminong ginamit.
Inaasahang kukunin ang depinisyon sa pagpapakahulugan
ng mga eksperto at bubuuin ayon sa anyong termino
(salitang binibigyang-depinisyon), genus (uri o
klasipikasyon ng salitang iyon.) differentia (aktwal na
katangian o kahulugan ng salita.
Saklaw at Limitasyon
 Sa saklaw ng pag-aaral, naglalatag ng mga
pamantayan na gagamiting batayan, alin ang
maaaring isama sa pananaliksik at alin ang hindi,
kasama ang paliwanag dito.
 Ang limitasyon naman ay ang mga sitwasyon o
pangyayaring kinaharap ng mga mananaliksik na
maaaring nakaapekto sa resulta ng pag-aaral.
Kaligiran ng Pag-aaral
-Ito ang bahaging naglalatag ng mga panimulang
impormasyon tungkol sa paksa na magsasakonteksto sa
mga mambabasa, ano ang pinanggagalingan ng saliksik.
Ito rin ang bahaging tumatalakay ng mga batayang
kaalaman tungkol sa paksa upang maintindihan ng
mambabasa, paano ito gagana sa kabuuan ng
pananaliksik. Ilan sa mga maaari nitong lamanin ang
kasaysayan ng paksa, ang mga katangian nito o mga
bahaging bumubuo dito, ang paggana nito o ang
sistemang sinusunod nito, ang kasalukuyang kalagayan
nito o ang mga pagsubok na kinahaharap nito, at iba pa.
Maaari ding talakayin dito kung ano ang nag-udyok sa iyo
na pag-aralan ang paksa o bakit ito ang naisip gawin.
URI NG PANANALIKSIK
1. Empirikal o Mala-siyentipiko
Nangangailangan ng malalim na pagsusuri ng mga
ebidensiya at aktuwal na mga datos. Ito'y nailalarawan,
naihahambing, at natutuos upang makita ang relasyon ng
hipotesis sa panukalang tesis o disertasyon na isang
trabahong siyentipiko.
2.Applied Research
-Gumagamit ng sopistikasyon, sapagkat ito'y kongklusyon
at estadistika. Karaniwang ito'y bunga ng madaling
pagsasagawa ayon sa hinihinging panahon. Ang isang
mahusay na halimbawa nito'y sa panahon ng eleksiyon.
Gumagamit ito ng prediksiyon na nagkakatotoo.
Ginagawa rin ito sa benta ng kalakal sa ilalim ng
adbertisment. Ang mabisang resulta nito ay depende sa
sarbey at mga napiling sampling.
3. Pure Research
-Ginagawa ito sa sariling kasiyahan ng isang tao upang
maunawaan ang isang bagay na gumugulo sa kaniyang
isipan. Maaari naman itong gawin ayon sa hilig ng
mananaliksik.
-Metodo ng pananaliksik na kumakausap sa isang
eksperto o awtoridad upang tanungin siya tungkol sa
paksa ng pag-aaral atmakalap ang impormasyon mula sa
kanya
Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral
-Sa bahaging ito tinatalakay ang kapakinabangang
idudulot ng saliksik.
Saklaw at Limitasyon
 Sa saklaw ng pag-aaral, naglalatag ng mga
pamantayan na gagamiting batayan, alin ang
maaaring isama sa pananaliksik at alin ang hindi,
kasama ang paliwanag dito.
Rasyonal
-Taglay ang rationale ng may akda,nasasagot ng parteng
ito ang mga katanungan tungkol sa pinag-aralang paksa at
bakit ito pinag-aaralan.
Instrumento ng Pag-aaral
-gagamitin sa pagkuha ng mga kakailanganing datos sap
ag-aaral ay isangsarbey o kwestyoneyro talatanungan.

Sarbey
-Ang mga sarbey na pag-aaral ay ginagamit para sukatin
ang umiiral na pangyayari nang hindi pagtatanong kung
bakit ganoon o ganito ang isang bagay, paksa, o
pangyayari.
MGA BAHAGI NG PANANALIKSIK
Ang Suliranin at Kaligiran Nito
-Bawat pananaliksik ay nagsisimula sa isang suliranin. Ang
panimula ay dapat tumatalakay nang tuwran sa suliraning
pag-aaralan. Ang ilang mananaliksik ay nagsisimula sa
bahaging ito sa pamamagitan ng paglalahad ng masaklaw
na mga kaisipan at ideya.
Disenyo ng Pag-aaral
-Detalye kung paano isinigawa ang pag-aaral ayon sa
disenyo at instrument nito
SAKLAW AT LIMITASYON
-Ipinapaliwanag sa pananaliksik ang lawak ng sakop na
ginagawangpag-aaral. Tinatalakay din ang maaring
saklawin sa pag-aaral

Metodolohiya
-Paraan ng pangangalap ng datos na dapat isa-isahin ang
mga hakbang ng pag-aaral
Batayang Teoretikal o Konseptuwal
-isang dayagram na nagpapaliwanag sa magiging takbo ng
pananaliksik sa isang tinginan.
Obhetibo
-anumang kinalabasan ng pag-aaral ay kailangang ilahad
taliwas man sa iyong nais na mangyari o inaasahan. Sa
madaling salita, hindi ka dapat maging bias- dapat wala
kang kinikilingang panig.
Interbyu
ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER – NOVEMBER EXAM • Issuing an order or a decision
 SPEECH STYLE - refers to the form of • Giving advice or permission.
language that the speaker utilizes which is 3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT - it happens when what
characterized by a level of formality. the speaker says has an effect on the listener
 2 Categories of Speech Style: Linear and  Inspiring or insulting
Conversational  Persuading/convincing; or
 Deterring/scaring
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. FROZEN STYLE CLASSIFICATION OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
- Also known as fixed speech – it doesn’t change 1. REPRESENTATIVES are utterances that tell how
- it is the highest form of communicative style things are in the world. They are representations
which is often used in respectful situations or of reality.
formal ceremonies 2. DIRECTIVES are attempts by the speaker to get
the listener do something. It is said to obey or
EXAMPLES: wedding vows, pledge, national
disobey.
anthem, preamble
3. COMMISSIVES are utterances that commit a
2. FORMAL STYLE
speaker to some voluntary action.
- uses formal words and expressions
4. EXPRESSIVES are utterances representing
- mostly seen in writing rather than speaking
psychological attitudes
EXAMPLES: news casting, research paper 5. DECLARATIONS are the foundations of human
3. CONSULTATIVE STYLE civilization.
- unplanned speech since the speaker uses the
participation and feedback of the listener
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
EXAMPLES: asking questions expecting
1. NOMINATION - It is presenting a particular topic
answers – doctor and patient, lawyer and client
clearly, truthfully and saying only what is
4. CASUAL STYLE
relevant.
- informal style, it is usually used between, friends,
- Introducing a topic, has concept of feedback
or even insiders who have things to share
2. RESTRICTION - It is constraining the
EXAMPLES: hi, hello to a friend, good response/reaction within a set of categories.
morning to a classmate - No concept of feedback
5. INTIMATE STYLE
- used in talks between two very close individuals
EXAMPLES: conversation between lovers
 LANGUAGE REGISTER
- refers to the appropriate use of language in
different situations

TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTER

1. STATIC REGISTER - RARELY or NEVER changes

2. CONSULTATIVE REGISTER– standard form of
communication
3. CASUAL REGISTER - informal language used by
peers and friends
4. INTIMATE REGISTER - This communication is
private

 SPEECH ACT
- it is the action that the speaker hopes to provoke
in his or her audience

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT

1. LOCUTIONARY ACT - occurs when the speaker

performs an utterance which has a meaning in
the traditional sense
EXAMPLES: wow, whaaaat?, oh my God
2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT - a performance of the act
of saying something with a specific intention

• Stating an opinion, confirming or denying.

• Making a prediction, a promise, a request.
DRRR REVIEWER
OTHER GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
TYPES OF RAINFALL-INDUCED GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
LANDSLIDES
-also called “landslip” is a ground movement on a sloping
terrain. Landslides do not happen on flat grounds.
Because of the angle on the ground, gravity induces the
land to move downward. The hazard of landslides can be
induced further or aggravated by rain. Water is a natural
agent for erosion, and if rain or any source of water
frequently flows down a sloping area, the gravitational
descent of loosened soil makes it possible for landslides
to occur.
SINKHOLES
-are depressions or holes on the ground that resulted
from the collapse of the surface layer of the soil.
Sinkholes occur in areas where the soil foundation is
made of soft minerals and rocks such as limestone, salt
beds or any acidic rocks. The rocks can be weakened
further by frequent submersion in water, such as when
there is repeated rainfall or unmanaged flood. The rocks
dissolve in water and gradually weaken, carving and
forming spaces and underground passages for water.
When the spaces underground become bigger and the
layer of bedrock above it can no longer support the
weight above it, a sudden collapse of the land surface
dramatically takes place. The depth of sinkholes varies
from a few meters to even kilometers deep.
Signs of an Impending landslides and sinkholes
For landslides here are signs of an imminent danger;
1. Springs, water seepage or water saturated grounds in
areas that are not typically wet.
2. Soil that loosens and moves away from foundations.
3. New cracks or unusual bulges on cemented ground or
walls.
4. Underground utility lines that are broken due to
vibration or tremors from the surface of the ground.
5. Buildings, poles, walls and fences that are leaning.
6. Sudden rapid flow of creek waters carrying more silted
water.
For sinkholes, here are the sign of an imminent danger;
1. For sinkholes, there are signs of an imminent danger in
groundwater that does not provide the same amount and
quality as before or has become cloudy, acidic, silted or
soiled.
2. Sign posts or poles that are leaning, slumping, sagging,
slanting or bent.
3. Ponds that have recently formed or puddles that grow
or have never disappeared.
SCIENTIFIC TOOLS FOR ASSESSING LANDSLIDES AND
SINKHOLES
For Landslides
• In areas that are susceptible to landslides, an
Abney level or a laser rangefinder equipped with
a tilt meter is used to measure the slope angle,
soil compaction and soil strength of an area. The
data determine the level of risk to landslides. The
same data can also be used for future terrain
alterations or guide to urban planners to plan a
safer structural development in any area.
For Sinkholes
 Sinkholes are validated using ground –
penetrating radar or GPR to provide images of
subsurface ground. It can detect the type of
objects, changes in materials and void and cracks
under a layer of soil. Good penetration is
achieved in soft layers or porous material such as
dry sandy soils or massive dry materials such as
lime stone. The measurement can reach up to 15
meters. This is why the GPR is a good tool in
determining whether the sinkholes may occur or
not because of the relatively accurate
determination of the soft ground underlying the
ground surface.
USING GEOHAZARD MAPS
 Areas that have the highest vulnerability to
rainfall-induced landslides have already been
identified by the MGB of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
TOP 10 MOST LANDSLIDE PRONE PROVINCES IN PHIL.
1. MARINDUQUE
2. RIZAL
3. CEBU
4. LA UNION
5. SOUTHERN LEYTE
6. BENGUET
7. NUEVA VIZCAYA
8. BATANGAS
9. MOUNTAIN PROVINCES
10. ROBLOM
Precautionary Measures in Case of a Landslide or a
Sinkhole
Once vulnerability and exposure to geohazards is
determined and validated through scientific tools, visible
signs and maps, communities are advised to take
precautionary measures to prevent unnecessary damages
to lives and properties.
• Landslides
If your area is prone to landslides:
1. Plant more trees, grasses and other vegetation to
prevent erosion and for compaction of soil.
2. Build channels for diversion of mudflow or debris
flow to direct the flow away from your property.
Make sure though that the diversion does not
affect your neighbor or any property and/or
cause more significant damage as a result.
3. Do not build your house on or near steep slopes,
mountain edges, drainages or natural erosion
valleys.
BEFORE A LANDSLIDE
1. Be familiar with your surroundings. Watch for any
changes in appearance or positions of these
objects. When there is a sudden debris and ri
flow, this could be a good indicator of an
incoming landslide.
2. Avoid open storm-water drainage and run off as
these areas are likely to receive debris and soil
from higher elevations, especially if there is a
storm or heavy rainfall.
3. Be updated on news regarding the condition of
your area. Be aware of the disaster plans of your
local government.
4. Learn and participate in an emergency response
and evacuation plans for your community.

DURING A LANDSLIDE
1. Be attentive to unusual sound such as cracking
objects, moving debris and rolling boulders.
2. Stay away from the path of debris. This is more
dangerous if mudflow occurs because it increases
in strengths as it meets more water from ponds
or streams and it could be aggravated by heavy
rains.
3. Stay on an elevated and sturdy area. Avoid low-
lying area and steep slopes.
4. If escape is not possible, curl into a tight ball and
protect your head. Find a structure that can serve
to protect you from the flow of debris.
AFTER A LANDSLIDE
1. Avoid the slide area. There is still danger of more
landslides.
2. Listen for the latest emergency information.
Follow warning and instructions by the local
government.
3. If landslide is caused by rainfall, watch out for
flooding as it will follow the same path taken by
the debris flow.
4. Check for injured or trapped people near the
slide, and for damaged structures and other
potential hazards. Report these immediately to
the rescuers and authorities.
SINKHOLES
If sinkholes are not detected earlier and it appears
suddenly, do the following:
1. Find refuge in a stable ground or open area.
2. Wait until the structures on and around the
sinkhole stops moving. Do not attempt to go back
and retrieve your belongings.
3. Wait for the local government announcement
when it is safe to go back.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)
• A narrow zone near the equator where northern
and southern air masses converge, typically
producing low atmospheric pressure.
• It is the region that circles the Earth, near the
equator, where the trade winds of Northern and
Southern Hemisphere come together.
• Trade winds flow in opposite directions and this
is the reason that strong whirling of wind
happens. As a result of this swirling movement,
frequent natural hazards in the atmosphere and
oceans take place.
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS -are dangers
associated with the natural processes or phenomena
involved in the transfer of water and energy between the
land surface and the lower atmosphere.
TYPHOONS or bagyo -are intense circulating winds with
heavy rain over tropical waters and land. Typhoons are
actually tropical cyclones whose winds have reached
more than 118 kilometers per hour which it is described
as “intense”.
 As a background, tropical cyclones in the
Philippines usually begin on the surface of warm
northwestern portion of the Pacific Ocean.
 The increase in temperature and humidity can
induce the trade winds in the atmosphere to
spiral as it moves from a higher pressure area to a
lower pressure area.
Depending on the speed of the wind, tropical cyclones
are recently classified as follows:
1. Tropical depression (TD): up to 61 kph
2. Tropical storm (TS): 62 to 88 kph
3. Severe Tropical Storm (STS): 89 to 117 kph
4. Typhoon (TY): 118 to 220 kph
5. Super Typhoon (STY): exceeding 220 kph
Signal No. 1
• A tropical cyclone will threaten/affect an area.
• Winds of 30-60 kph are expected.
• Intermittent rains may be expected in at least 36
hours.
Signal No. 2
• A tropical cyclone will affect an area.
• Winds of greater than 60 kph and up to 100 kph
may be expected in at least 24 hours.
Signal No. 3
• A tropical cyclone will affect an area.
• Winds of greater than 100 kph up to 185 kph may
be expected in at least 18 hours.
Signal No. 4
• A very intense typhoon will affect the area.
• Very strong winds of more than 185 kph may be
expected in at least 12 hours.
Signal No.5
• A Super Typhoon will affect the area.
• Very strong winds of more than 220 kph may be
expected in at least 12 hours.
THUNDERSTORM -also known as electrical storm is a
storm characterized by heavy rain with the presence of
thunder and lightning.
• May not have strong winds in contrast with
typhoons.
• Happen because there is an uneven distribution
of heat in the air and on land.
• The heat from the surface of Earth flows upward
and the cold air from the atmosphere sinks to the
ground.
• Thunderstorms usually happen in summer
because of the atmosphere’s high humidity and
high temperature.
The hazard in thunderstorms is associated with the
following:
• Heavy rainfall that can lead to flooding.
• Lightning that can electrocute humans and
livestock and damage electrical facilities.
• Air Turbulence which can displace or disorient a
flying craft.
• Fire that can burn buildings and vegetation.
FLOOD -is the presence of excessive water on a
supposedly dry land.
• It can be caused by continuous heavy rain or
poor drainage. Usually, low-lying areas are prone
to flooding because they receive all the water
coming from high elevations.
1. Disruption of commercial and industrial operations
leading to loss of income.
2. Stand-still traffic causing paralysis in network
transportation and communication.
3. Displacement of affected homes and families.
4. Damaged properties resulting from corrosion and
water intrusion.
5. Waterborne diseases such as leptospirosis and typhoid
fever.
FLASH FLOOD -is a rapid flow of water on saturated soil
or dry soil or any foundation that has poor absorption
capability.
• This usually takes place in slopes such as
mountains, volcanoes and waterways where the
peak of maximum force takes place downstream.
• Flash floods are usually cause by extensive
rainfall but can also be induced by man-made
structures such as water overflows from a dam.
STORM SURGE -is an abnormal rise in coastal waters due
to massive force from the sea or from the air above the
sea.
• Can be caused by a strong typhoon or a sea
quake. The force from the strong winds of a
typhoon or from the movement of sea bottom
from a quake push the seawaters toward the
shore, sometimes generating the huge waves
capable of destroying seawalls and other
structure near the shore.
• Storm surges can instantly flood coastal areas.
WHIRLWIND -is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in
contact with the air and land. Its rotational movement is
so violent that it can pick up objects from the ground and
sling them away at far places.
TORNADOES form when there are strong winds and low
thunderstorms clouds. The turbulent clouds are pushed
to the ground due to low pressure and strong winds. As
the warm air on the ground comes in contact with the
thunderstorm clouds, a cyclonic, counter-clockwise
motion happens. Tornadoes belong to the major (or
greater) category of whirlwinds that have bigger and
stronger cyclonic winds. Because of the funnel-like swirl
of winds, tornadoes can destroy structures and uproot
trees.
EL NIÑO PHENOMENON - refers to the large-scale
warming of the ocean and atmosphere across the
central and east-central Equatorial Pacific.
• This event begins with the heating up of the
Pacific Ocean near the equator. Trade winds in
the ITCZ would move the heated waters
westward toward Southeast Asia including the
Philippines, while some global winds blow the
warmer waters and air toward the western
portion of the Americas. In effect, the winter
seasons of Canada and the western portions of
the United States become warmer than the
average temperatures. In like manner, warming
takes place in the Philippines during the cold
season of December.
LA NIÑA -begins in the Eastern part of the Pacific Ocean,
much to the location of El Niño.
• The sea surface temperatures during this period
become lower by 3-5 degrees Celsius.
• Cyclones formed during this time shift westward
going to the direction of China. In effect, the
Philippines is affected by the excessive rainfall
and cold temperatures.
Doppler radar – used to measure important weather
parameters such as amount of rainfall and direction,
speed, and intensity of winds. The data are used to
forecast weather conditions and upcoming typhoon
weeks before the occurrence.
Automated rain gauge- usually installed in
telecommunication cell sites to observe and locate areas
with excessive amount of rainfall. This is used to detect
for possible flooding and flash floods.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING AND
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
BEFORE:
5. Transfer valuables, appliances, and furniture to a
higher ground especially if your place is flood-
prone.
6. Participate in cleanup activities to clear
waterways such as canals, ditches, creeks,
streams and rivers of wastes garbage.
7. Remove dead or rotting trees and branches that
may fall and can be carried away by water
current.
DURING:
• If there is no advice to evacuate, stay indoors.
Keep calm and do not go to isolated or open
areas.
• Listen to weather updates by PAGASA and
advisories by the NDRRMC. If the electricity is
out, use battery-powered radios.
• If you see any signs of water rising, unplug any
electrical equipment and switch off the main
circuit breaker or fuse box.
• Move to a safer ground or evacuate as advised by
local authorities. Wear protective clothing as you
move to the evacuation site.
• Bring basic necessities such as food, drinking
water, extra clothes, and medicines to the
evacuation site.
• Beware of open electrical cables that can
electrocute when these come in contact with
water. Power surges from lightning can cayuse
serious damage.
• Do not go near windows and doors.
AFTER:
• Wait for any announcements from local
authorities as to whether it is safe to return home
or not. Listen to weather updates or advisories
from local authorities. Get information on which
areas are still not passable or accessible and avoid
going to these places until cleared of any
obstructions.
• Report fallen power lines or cracked roads to
local authorities.
• Check your house for any damage and do needed
repairs immediately. Do not go back until it has
been examined and declared safe by a
professional engineer or architect.
 • Watch out for live wires or any electrical outlet
immersed in water. Have a licensed electrician or
a knowledgeable person inspect electrical
connections and appliances before you use them.
• Boil water before drinking as it may be
contaminated.
21ST REVIEWER
WORLD LITERATURE
• Literature is meant to be universal. This rapid
transit and transmission of literary data have
been predicted before in letters that one
particular German literary critic has written to so
many of his colleagues. His name was Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe who coined the term
“weltliteratur”, which literally means “world
literature”.
THE GREAT WALL
• is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
• The wall is also referred to as ‘Long Wall’ as it is
over 21,196 km/13,171 miles long. It was built
with stones, bricks and tiles, earth as well as of
wooden material. The wall was completed in
1644, but it took more than 2,000 years to build.
• There are more than 20,000 watchtowers along
the wall as it was built to protect the country
against invasions from nomads and enemies and
to make it easier to collect duty for goods that
were transported along the Silk Road.
EIFFEL TOWER IN FRANCE
• This metal tower with three floors stands in the
city center of Paris. It was built for the 1889
World Fair (Universal Expo) to celebrate the
100th anniversary of the French Revolution.
• The 324metres/1062ft high Eiffel Tower was
constructed by Auguste Eiffel and a team of
engineers. If you would like to take the steps up
to the tower viewing platform on the second
floor, there are 704 steps to climb, but luckily
there are also lifts in each of the leg up to the
second floor.
LITERARY APPROACHES
NEW HISTORICSM
• The idea of historical criticism is a reiteration that
for you to understand any given literary text, you
need to understand first who the author is, his
or her social background, the concepts that were
established during his or her time, and the
milieu he or she lived in back then.
THE DEATH OF THE AUTHOR
• Another theory that counteracts new historicism
is from an essay by French philosopher Roland
Barthes entitled “The Death of the Author”.
• He further states that the readers must separate
the literary text from its writer so that the text
itself may be liberated from the tyranny that the
author’s context may impose on the selection.
FORMALISM
• Formalism aims to look at the medium in which
literature is written. More than that, it aims to
look at how literature, most especially poetry,
artistically alter or “renew” the everyday
common language in which everyone speaks so
that they come up with a “defamiliarized” work
of art that is new to the senses.
• The idea is to focus on the form and technique
used in literature rather than its content, so that
literature becomes an autonomous form of art
which may stand on its own-without its content.
POST-COLONIALISM
• is an era or theory that is deveIoped after a
certain colony gains independence from its
mother country.
• Postcolonialism looks at these colonial countries
and sees how being colonized has affected their
political, economically, and social climate.
DECOLONIZATION
• is the intellectual process of returning to the
former independence that colonies have
enjoyed before the colonizers came. It is an
extensive and exhaustive process of change, of
eliminating the tethers that bind the colonies
with their colonizers and regaining the power
that was lost upon colonization.
MARXISM
• The idea of Marxism began with questions Such
as these. The founder of the critical concept, Karl
Marx, wanted to understand how the capitalist
society works (for whom does it truly work better
and worse for) and where it would likely lead.
NEW CRITISM
• is a literary concept that places the emphasis on
“close reading” of the work or text itself. The
rejection of old historicism’s attention to context
and background is a way to look at the literary
selection as to “how it works.” New criticism has
been the most common approach to explicating
literary selections in grade school and high school
English subjects.
ROMANTICISM
• Aside from imagination and emotions,
romanticism also believed in the liberty of a
person’s ideas. Freedom is emphasized to a
degree so that a person may be free enough to
explore his or her own emotions and the tenets
of imagination. Due to this, it is also characteristic
of romanticism to be quite egocentric, because
the person has to look at his or her own emotions
before looking at the world.
FEMINISM
• it analyzes textual representations from the
woman’s perspective, such as those involve the
stereotyping and “objectification” of womanhood. The
20th century witnessed efforts to put an end to the many
forms of discrimination against women, thanks to early
feminist voices like Simone de Beauvoir, Rosa
Luxemburg, and Hannah Arendt.
LITERACY STANDARS
Universality
• Great literature is timeless and timely. Forever
relevant, it appeals to one and all, anytime,
anywhere, because it deals with elemental
feelings, fundamental truths and universal
conditions.
Artistry
• This is the quality that appeals to our sense of
beauty.
Intellectual Value
• A literary works stimulates thought. It enriches
our mental life by making us realize fundamental
truths about life and human nature.
Permanence
• A great work of literature endures time. It can be
read again and again as each reading gives fresh
delight and new insights and opens a new world
of meaning and experience. Its appeal is lasting.
Style
• This is the peculiar way in which writers sees life,
forms his ideas and expresses them.
Spiritual Value
• Literature elevates the spirit by bringing out
moral values which makes a better person. The
capacity to inspire is part of the spiritual value of
literature.
Suggestiveness
• This is associated with the emotional power of
literature.
Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy
• It is one of Italy’s major tourist attractions. The
freestanding bell tower of the Pisa Cathedral was
built over almost two hundred years and was
finished in 1399.
• The original height of the tower was 60
meters/196ft, but as it is leaning, the lowest side
is now less than 56 meters/184ft. The
construction already caused many problems as
the soil was soft, sandy and unstable.
Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt
• The Great Pyramid of Giza near Cairo is one of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and
the only one of these ancient world wonders
which still exists. The pyramids are made of
stone and bricks and stand near Cairo which is
the capital of Egypt.
• The Egyptian pyramids were built during a time
when there was only manual labor and no
machine lifting equipment available. The
pyramids were built to house the bodies of the
pharaoh who ruled in ancient Egypt.
• Next to the Giza pyramids there is the Sphinx, the
famous monument of a lion body with a
pharaoh’s head.
• The Giza pyramids are around 4,500 years old
and are considered among the largest structures
ever built. 
SPECULATIVE FICTION
• explores the “what ifs” of what is possible in the
world. What if all human functions could already
be done by robots? The author creates a world
entirely different from ours and speculates upon
the results of changing what is real or possible.
• Includes genres such as science fiction, fantasy,
supernatural fiction, utopian and dystopian
fiction, apocalyptic and post- apocalyptic fiction,
alternate history and parallel universe. Let’s
briefly discuss these sub-genres.
SUB-GENRES OF SPECULATIVE FICTION
SCIENCE FICTION -deals mainly with the impact of actual
or imagined science upon society or individuals. The
premise may either be based on or flatly contradict
scientific facts and principles.
FANTASY -uses magic and supernatural elements in plot,
theme, and setting. Magic is central to the fantasy genre.
UTOPIAN FICTION -presents a world that is ideally
perfect in all aspects of society.
DYSTOPIAN FICTION -presents a futuristic, imagined
world in which there is only an illusion of a perfect
society, but is in fact one which is oppressed through
corporate, bureaucratic, technological, moral, or
totalitarian control.
APOCALYPTIC FICTION -deals with the end of civilization
either through nuclear war, plague, or some other
general disaster.
POST-APOCALYPTIC FICTION -is set in a world or
civilization after such a disaster. The time frame may be
immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the
struggles of survivors, or sometime later when the
existence of civilization before the catastrophe has been
forgotten.
DYSTOPIA -refers to a state or condition in which life is
extremely bad. Think of it as a worst cases future
scenario. What do you think is the worst thing that could
happen to our society in the future?
The following is an excerpt from a young adult dystopian
novel written by Veronica Roth in 2011. Divergent is the
first novel in trilogy set in a society that defines and
categorizes its citizens according to their social and
personality traits. The purpose of classifying citizens into
factions is to prevent people from exercising independent
will. The protagonist, Beatrice Prior, defies categorization
into any single faction – a divergent - and is thus
considered a threat to the society’s safety. Divergent
explores the issue of individuality and belonging.
PERDEV REVIEWER