A S T U D Y OF T E M P E R A M E N T A N D BLOOD-GROUPS*

From the T o k y o Women’s Higher Normal School, T o k y o , Japan

TOKE
JI FURUKAWA

AND STATEMENT
INTRODUCTION OF THE PROBLEM
T h e study and classification of human temperaments has occupied
students from the time of Hippocrates. His classification of tempera-
ments as sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic is well
known. More recent classifications fall largely into two groups, the
physiological and the psychological.
Temperamental differences are everywhere recognized and have
recently been accepted as a most important problem in the field of
education. Unfortunately we have no objective method by which
temperament can be judged or measured.
T h e writer has attempted in this study to determine whether or
not there is a relationship between temperament and a particular
physiological characteristic, i.e., blood-type. If a relationship could
be shown, it might prove a useful basis for the objective study of
temperament.
Since the understanding of the elementary principles of the basis
of blood grouping will make the following discussion more under-
standable, we first give a brief description of blood classification.
In 1899 an English physician, S. Shattock, observed the phenom-
enon of isohemo-agglutination, i.e., the agglutination of bloods when
mixed, in his patients. Landsteiner, in 1901, reported that such a
process also occurred in the blood of normal individuals, and, on the
basis of differences observed in the agglutination, he classified human
blood in three groups. After careful observation, Descatello, Sturli,
Jansky, and Moss added a fourth group.
V. Dungern and L. Hirszfeld ( 1 3 ) , in 1910, found that the human
blood corpuscle contained two types of agglutinogen, A and B, and
that the serum contained two types of agglutinin a and p. They
believed that hemo-agglutination occurred when A came in contact
with a and B with p. On the basis of the presence of agglutinogen,
they distinguished four human blood-groups :
*Received for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board,
March 8, 1929.
194
 TEMPERAMENT A N D BLOOD-GROUPS 495

1) G r . 0 . (ohne Agg1utinogen)-Agglutinin a and p in serum,

but no agglutinogen in corpuscles.
2 ) Gr.A. Agglutinin p in serum, agglutinogen A in corpuscles.
3 ) Gr.B. Agglutinin a in serum, agglutinogen B in corpuscles.
4 ) Gr.AB. No agglutinin in serum, agglutinogen A and B in
corpuscles.
T h e relation between the serum and corpuscles of these groups
and hemo-agglutination are as shown in Table 1.
W e may now define the four blood-groups in terms of agglutina-
tion :
1) G r . 0 . T h a t which is not agglutinated by either the serum of
Gr.A. or that of Gr.B.
2 ) Gr.A. T h a t which is cohered by the serum of Gr.B only.
3 ) Gr.B. T h a t which is cohered by the serum of Gr.A only.
4 ) Gr.AB. T h a t which is cohered by either the serum of Gr.A
or that of Gr.B.
As the result of Furuhata’s ( 3 ) study of the heredity of blood-
types, a further division of groups is possible. Furuhata found that
G r . 0 is recessive in relation to Gr.A and Gr.B. Gr.AB is the
heterozygote of Gr.A and Gr.B. Gr.A or Gr.B may be either homo-
zygous or heterozygous, the heterozygous Gr.A and Gr.B types he
named Gr.A ( 0 ) and Gr.B (0). Therefore, we have six groups,
as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 1
Serum
Blood corpuscle aP P a No.

+ -hemo-agglutination.
- _ no herno-agglutination.
TABLE 2
Hornozygote Heterozygote
Gr. 0
Gr. A Gr. A ( 0 )
Gr. B Gr. B(O)
Gr.AB
496 J O U R N A L OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

In the phenomenon of isohemo-agglutination Gr.A( 0 )is combined

with Gr.A and G r . B ( O ) to Gr.B, so we cannot distinguish them
directly but we can prove it from the relation of heredity.
For the technique of experiments on blood-groups, the reader is
referred to (12).
THEEXPERIMENTAL
STUDY
T h e purpose of the study was to determine the relationship be-
tween temperamental traits and blood-type.
A preliminary study was made with members of the author’s
family as subjects, and this seemed to reveal some evidence of a re-
lationship between obvious temperamental traits and blood-type.
From this preliminary study a list of characteristics was prepared as
follows :
Group a Group p
T h e person who T h e person who
1. is optimistic 1. is meek
2. resigns himself easily to his lot 2. worries about the future
3. does not mind being in the pres- 3. is slow to resign himself to his
ence of others lot
4. is not diffident 4. is unwilling to be in the pres-
5. is not scrupulous in decision ence of others
6 . is gay 5. is diffident
7. is sociable 6. is scrupulous in decision
8. is stout-mioded 7. is shy
9. is not affected by outward stirn- 8. is sensitive
uli 9. is easily affected by outward
10. does not deviate from his opin- stimuli
ion 10. does not stand to his opinion
11. is strong-willed 11. is not strong-willed
This list was given to 640 subjects with the following instructions:
Read the G r o u p u and G r o u p p i n the direction of the a r r o w and give
the mark (0) to the group t o which you think you belong. If there is
a n y characteristic in the opposite group which is characteristic of YOU
give the mark (0) also.
T h e group of subjects included 188 persons between the ages of
27 and 70, who were relatives and friends of the author, and senior
and gradbate students of the Tokyo Women’s Higher Normal
School. T h e remaining 452 subjects were younger students of the
Normal School and of the affiliated Girls’ High School; their ages
ranged from 16 to 21 years. Results are presented separately for
these two groups. Table 3 presents results for the older group.
T h e “Common Characteristics” were arrived at for each group in
the following way:
 T E M P E R A M E N T AND BLOOD-GROUPS 497

1) T h e majority of the subjects of the Gr.0 group marked

Group a as representing their temperamental characteristics, but a
few marked Items 1 to 7 of Group p and Items 8 to 11 of Group a.
Therefore, it was assumed that Items 8 to 11 of Group a were the
ones common to both.
2) Items 1 to 7 of Group p were common to persons of the Gr.B
group, but Items 8 to 11 were chosen almost equally from Group a
and Group p. I t seems that this may be related to the fact that
Gr.A contains a homozygous group and a heterozygous group, Furu-
kata’s Gr.A ( 0).
3 ) Items 1 to 7 of Group p were common to subjects of the
Gr.B group, but Items 8 to 11 were again chosen almost equally
from Groups a and p . This blood-group, it must be remembered,
contains both heterozygous and homozygous groups.
From these data it appears that in these subjects certain temper-
amental characteristics seem to go with certain blood-groups. There
are exceptions, of course, and the writer believes these may be due to
such factors as education, environment, adaptation, etc., or to the
segration of the heterozygous groups A ( O ) , B ( O ) , and AB by
Mendel’s law of segregation, or to a combination of factors.
Table 4 shows the data for the younger group.

TABLE 3
RELATION
BETWEEN BLOOD-GROUP AND TEMPERAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF 188 SUBJECTS AGEDFROM 27 TO 70 YEARS
~~~

Common characteristics Number Percentage

Blood-group of the blood-groups
Gr. 0 Items 8 to 11 of Group 4 57 93.0
Gr. A Items 1 to 7 of Group p 73 90.4
Gr. B Items 1 to 7 of Group n 39 92.3
Gr.AB Introspectively Group p 19 84.2
Objectively Group 4

TABLE 4
RELATIONBETWEEN BLOOD-GROUPAND TEMPERAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF 452 WOMEN AGEDFROM 16 TO 21 YEARS
~ ~~~

Common characteristics Number Percentage

Blood-group of the blood-groups
Gr. 0 Items 8 to 11 of Group u 134 82.8
Gr. A Items 1 to 7 of Group p 182 76.4
Gr. B Items 1 to 7 of Group 4 101 57.4
Gr.AB Introspectively Group p 35 82.9
Objectively Group u
493 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

W i t h this group it again appears that there is a fair degree of

relationship between temperament and blood-type, with an exception
in the case of Gr.B. However, as compared with the older group of
subjects, this group shows less conformity in the relationship in
question. It seems that this may be explained in part at least by the
fact that many of the subjects were adolescents and hence physically
and mentally unsettled. T h e “storm and stress” of this period is
particularly marked in individuals of Gr.B.
From the data presented for the two groups of subjects we may
conclude that there is a correlation between temperament and blood-
type. T h e relationship seems to be shown in Table 5.
From observation the relationship between temperamental traits
and blood-groups is as shown in Table 6.
T h e reason why the choleric temperament is omitted from our
plan is that it so often appears temporarily in other temperaments.
For instance, illness or loss of sleep brings on the irritable mood,
which is characteristic of the choleric temperament, in almost any
subject.
TABLE 5
A N D TEMPERAMENTAL
RELATIONBETWEEN BLOOD-GROUPS TYPES
HOMOZYCOUS
GROUPS

Blood-group Temperamental characteristics Temperament

Group a
Gr. 0 (Rarely Items from 1 phlegmatic
to 7 belong to Group p.)
Gr. A Group p melancholic
Group a
Gr. B (But Items from 8 to sanguine
11 belong to Group 9.)

HETEROZYCOUS
GROUPS

Blood-group Temperamental characteristics

Principal Subordinate
Gr.A ( 0 ) Items from 1 to 7 of Items from 8 to 11
Group p of Group u
Gr.B ( 0 ) Items from 1 to 7 of Items from 8 to 11
Group a of Group u
Gr.AB Introspectively Group p
Objectively Group (I
 TEMPERAMENT AND BLOOD-GROUPS 499

W e may further classify temperaments as passionate and volitional,

and, again, as dynamic and static. T h e relationships between these
types and blood-groups are shown in Tables 7 and 8.
Although persons of Gr.AB usually appear objectively to be of the
active, dynamic type, they usually state that they belong to the group
characterized by the Group p traits. It would therefore appear that
these individuals belonged to a mixed type as to forms of action.

TABLE 6
RELATIONOF BLOODGROUP,FORMOF ACTION, AND TEMPERAMENT
HOMOZYGOUS GROUP
Blood-group Temperamental characteristics Temperament
Person who
1. is of strong will.
2. is not moved by stimulus.
3. is energetic.
Gr. 0 4. is unyielding. phlegmatic
5. is firm.
6. is seemindv docile but self con-
I _

fident.
Person who
1. is shy.
2. is docile.
Gr. A 3. is diffident. melancholic
4. is of worying temperament.
5. is reserved.
6. is deeply impressionable.
Person who
1. is frank.
2. is light-hearted.
Gr. B 3. is cheerful. sanguine
4. is sociable.
5. is quick in reaction but as soon
cools down.
6. is attentive in everything.
HETEROZYCOUS
GROUP
Temperamental characteristics
Blood-group Principal Subordinate
Gr.A Gr.0
Gr.A(O) melancholic phlegmatic
Gr.B Gr.0
Gr.B(O) sanguine phlegmatic
Person who has temperamenb
Introspectively Gr.A which contradict one another
Gr.AB Objectively Gr.B and, therefore, cannot be easily
judged.
500 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

However, after careful observation the writer believes that they ac-
tually belong to the passive type and are introverts.
Summing up data from Tables 7 and 8, we find:
1) Persons of G r . 0 are the opposite of those of Gr.B in feeling
and will, but resemble them in the form of action as judged objec-
tively.
2) Persons of Gt.0 are the opposite of those of Gr.A in feeling,
will, and in the form of action generally.
3) Persons of Gr.A are the opposite of those of Gr.B in the form
of action, but resemble them in feeling.
4) Persons of Gr.AB are heterozygous as to Gr.A and Gr.B, and
are the opposites of each other in the form of action.
Therefore it is difficult to judge the temperaments of Gr.AB in-
dividuals objectively. But, as in the point of feeling, both groups
are common, such a tendency can be clearly recognized.
On the basis of the data presented above, we have worked out the
accompadying classification of temperaments.
SOME APPLICATIONS
A Comparative Study of National Temperaments. T h e study of
national character is an interesting one to psychologists. Mythology,
tradition, religion, languages, art, history, and geographical relations
of a people have hitherto been considered the materials of study of
its national character. However, if our hypothesis that there is a
close relationship between temperament and blood-type is true, this
TABLE 7
BETWEEN VOLmIONAL A N D PASIONATETEMPERAMENTS
RELATION
AND BLCHX~~OUPS
-~
Principally Subordinately
Volitional Passionate Passionate Volitional
GI. 0 Gr. A Gr. A (0)
Gr. B Gr. B ( 0 )
Gr. AB

TABLE 8
OF AWON TYPES
RELATION TO BLOOD-GROUPS

Active and dynamic type Passive and static type

Gr. 0 Gr. A
Gr. B Gr. A ( O ) ,
Gr. B ( 0 ) Gr. A B (Introspectively)
Gr. AB (objectively)
 TEMPERAMENT A N D BLOOD-GROUPS 501

THECLASSIFICATION
OF TEMPERAMENTS
~ ~~

Principal Subordinate Temperamental characteristics

phlegmatic
internally and externallyunexcitable unyielding

I. Active
1) Gr. 0
i (or only internally)
strong-willed obstinate
self-confident selfish
self-acttng

bright
energetic
sanguine
easy responsive
type 2) Gr. B mainly externally social nervous
meddlesome busy
soon hot and soon cold
Princ. resembles Gr. B Principally resembles Gr. B
3) Gr. B (0)
Sub. resembles Gr. 0 Subordinately resembles Gr. 0
melancholic
internally mild shy
4) Gr. A {and obedient emotional
11. Passive externally worrying undecided
type unyielding
Princ. resembles Gr. A Principally resembles Gr. A
5) Gr. A (0)
Sub. resembles Gr. 0 Subordinately resembles Gr. 0
active (externally) externally resembles Gr. 0
XI. Mixed 6) Gr,d B
type Dassive (internally) internally resembles Gr. A

should suggest a useful and important method of study of national

character or temperament.
It is interesting at this point to examine blood-type records of the
various national groups for which they are available and consider
them in relation to a particular blood-group and its corresponding
temperamental correlate. W e shall take as our particular blood-
group Gr.0, and study it in its relation to the phlegmatic tempera-
ment with which, according to our hypothesis, it is related. Table 9
shows the percentage of the various blood-groups in certain national
groups.
It will be seen from this table that 29.5% of the Japanese,
31.3% of the Indians, and 32.6% of the Chinese are classed in Gr.0.
With most of the European groups, however, this percentage is con-
siderably greater. Temperamentally the Oriental peoples are in-
clined to be excitable, sensitive, and passionate, while the Europeans
are more of the phlegmatic temperament as shown in their study of
science, in their diplomacy, military affairs and other activities. It
is also worthy of note that the peoples of the Far East have produced
502 J O U R N A L OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

TABLE 9
PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTION
OF BLOOD-GROUPS
IN VARIOUS
NATIONALITIES
Nation Number Gr.0 Gr.A Gr.E GrAB A+B+AB
Japanese 18432 29.5 57.7 21.2 11.6 70.5
Indian 1000 31.3 19.0 41.2 8.5 68.7
Chinese 4428 32.6 31.4 27.3 8.7 67.4
German 17882 38.4 44.4 12.6 4.6 61.6
Italian 1932 42.0 42.1 11.6 4.3 58.0
Austrian ? 42.0 40.0 10.0 8.0 58.0
French 500 43.1 43.8 10.6 2.5 56.9
American 2536 46.3 38.9 9.5 5.2 53.7
Belgian 1972 47.9 41.8 7.1 3.2 52.1
English 3899 51.4 34.8 9.8 3.9 48.6

such excitable and passionate heroes as K6u and Saigo Takamori and
that they are venerated and idolized by the young people of the
East, while in Europe we find such strong-willed heroes as Napoleon,
Bismarck, Cromwell, and Mussolini.
Temperamental Characteristics of Local People. A second ap-
plication of the hypothesis may be made to the temperaments of dif-
ferent groups of Japanese people. T h e contrasting temperaments of
the people of the Northeastern District (TBhoku Chihe) and of
those of the Southwestern District (Kyushii ChihB) have been no-
ticed by students. T h e former are said to be tenacious, the latter
passionate. From data gathered by Dr. Kishi in the Northeastern
District, by Dr. Furuichi and Dr. Kishi in Kagoshima, by Dr. Furu-
ichi in Kumamoto, by Dr. Torii, Dr. Fukamachi, and Dr. Furuichi
in Fukuoka, and by Dr. Tajima in Nagasaki, we may compare the
blood-group records of these groups.
TABLE 10
PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTION
OF BLOOD-GROUPS
IN T W O JAPANESE PROVINCES
A+B+AB
Province Number Gr.0 A+B+AB Average
0

Northeastern
District

Southwestern
Morioka
Yamagata
Akita
Aomori
Kagoshima
Kumamoto
386
786
251
69
285
130
34.9
30.5
31.5
35.8
28.5
22.3
65.1
69.5
68.5
64.2
71.5
77.7
E
2.2
1.8 I 2-1

District Fukuoka 357 23.7 76.3 3.2

Nagasaki 1000 27.9 72.1 2.6
 TEMPERAMENT AND BLOODCROUPS 503
TABLE 11
D ~ I B W I I OOFN BLOOD-GROUPS
PERCENTAGE IN STUDENlX OF TOKYO GIRLS’
HIGHER
NORMAL SCHOOL I N COMPARISON WITH GENERAL POPULATION

Blood-group
Group Number Gr.0 Gr.A Gr.B Gr.RB
Average
Japanese 18432 29.5 37.7 21.2 11.6
Girls of
Higher 126 56.5 34.1 22.2 7.2
Normal
School

A+B+C
For convenience of comparison we present the ratio
0
in Tables 10 with the other data. These data indicate that the per-
centage of Gr.0 individuals in the Northeastern provinces is greater
than that in the Southeastern District. In the former Gr.0 includes
+ +
approximately one half the total of the A B AB group, while in
the latter the Gr.0 includes approximately one third the number of
the others. The fact that there are more Gr.0 individuals in the
Northeastern District also means that there are more heterozygous
Gr.A ( 0 )and Gr.B ( 0 )individuals, according to Furuhata’s theory.
Since these may have some of the Gr.0 characteristics, it may mean
that the persons having the corresponding phlegmatic temperaments
are more numerous. This would not be so true of the peoples of
the Southwestern District where Gr.A, B, and AB individuals are
three times as numerous as are the G r . 0 ’ ~ .
T h e Distribution of Blood-Groups in the Pupils of the T o k y o
Women’s Higher Normal School. Table 11 shows the relationship
between the blood-type of 126 girls of the 1st and 2nd classes of the
Tokyo Girls’ Higher Normal School and that of the average Japan-
ese population.
I t must be remembered that from ancient times Japanese women
have been considered inferior to the men, have made it their principle
to be gentle and good, and have been ashamed of failure caused by
their own active behavior. At the present time there are only two
higher normal schools open to the graduates of 1200 girls’ high
schools. It is easy to suppose that the girls who come from the
remote native villages and plan to take the difficult entrance examina-
tion would be of a strong-minded, steadfast type rather than of a
504 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

shy and negative type. Again supposing that our hypothesis of tem-
perament-blood-group relationship is true, the above supposition is
somewhat borne out by the fact that 36.5% of the girls belong to
Gr.0, while 29.5% of the total population are in that group.
Distribution of Blood-Groups in a Military School. T h e author-
ities of a military school kindly consented to allow us to make blood
tests of about 300 soldiers. W e were particularly interested in the
distribution of blood-types of 103 cadets who were to be commis-
sioned officers and who had been selected from all the regiments of
Japan. Table 12 shows the distribution of their types as compared
with that of the average Japanese adult.
T h e predominance of Gr.A will be noted in this group.
An officer informed us that the desired characteristics of this group
of cadets were that they be generally excellent in their special learn-
ing and attainments, be obedient, gentle, and sound in their nature.
These temperamental traits are such as would be expected of persons
of the Gr.A blood-type.
Distribution of Blood-Groups of Suicides. Suicide seems to go
with the introverted and melancholic temperaments. In Prussia 963
boys and girls committed suicide between 1884 and 1898. Seventy-
T A B L E 12
PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD-GROUPS
DISTRIBUTION I N CADETS I N COMPARISON W I T H
THE GENERAL
POPULATION
Group Blood-group
Average Number Gr.0 Gr.A Gr.B Gr.AB
Japanese 18432 29.5 37.7 21.2 11.6
Cadets 103 26.3 53.4 13.6 6.8

T A B L E 13
C A U S E S OF 488 CASES OF SUICIDE AMONG P R U S S I A N BOYS A N D GIRLS
Cause Boys Girls Sum
Regret, shame, and conscience 240 75 315
Vexation and strife 72 23 95
Passion 19 3 22
Satietv of life 13 3 16
Bodily suffering 14 4 18
Grief 11 2 13
Vice 6 3 9
Sum 375 113
Total sum 488
 TEMPERAMENT AND BLOOD-GROUPS 505

six of these suicides were attributed to mental disease; the causes of

the remaining 488 were given as shown in Table 13.
These data seem to indicate that there is a close relation between
suicide and a certain type of temperament. T h e temperament Seems
to be that which we have decided belongs to Gr.A individuals.
Since we did not have the opportunity to investigate the problem,
we asked students of forensic medicine to make some observations for
us. So far only one case has been reported. A boy of 16 years com-
mitted suicide because he was “tired of living”; his blood-group was
&.A. Another case has come to our attention, the case of a soldier
who attempted suicide because of a trivial moral fault. T h e writer
found his blood-group to be Gr.A.
The Blood-Type of Criminals, Street-Women, and the Mentally
Deranged. Gundel ( 5 ) found in his recent study of the blood-types
of criminals that the habitual criminal belongs to Cr.B. Street-
women also belong to this group. Meyer (8) reports that among
the manic depressive groups which he studied the proportion of per-
sons of Gr.B was greater than that of any of the other groups, when
compared with the average percentages for the population as a whole.
This fits in well with our hypothesis, for the sanguine temperament
goes with Gr.B.
CONCLUSION
W e have shown that there seems to be a correlation between
blood-type and temperament. I t should, therefore, be possible to
determine temperament scientifically without the subjective judg-
ments of different observers. This should prove of value in various
fields :
1) I n education, especially in matters of discipline and vocational
guidance.
2) In applied psychology, to the choice of vocations.
3) In folk-psychology, to the study of the character of peoples.
4) In medical science, to the problem of the relation between
mind and body.
5 ) To eugenics, and to other mental and social phenomenon.
APPENDIX
An important recent study of temperament and character is that
of Kretschmer and his students at the University of Tubingen in
which they attempt to make a classification based upon physical con-
stitution. Another interesting modem theory regarding tempera-
506 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

ment is that of some European students of medicine in which is

stressed the influence of internal secretions upon temperament. These
studies have rendered a great service to the science of character, and it
is true that these theories have been established by careful experiment-
ation and keen observation of eminent scholars and are worthy of
attention, but I have some fundamental questions which I should
like to raise concerning them.
1) I n Kretschmer’s study did his subjective classification agree
with the results of introspection of the subjects?
2) W i t h respect to the endocrine theory, the writer feels that
the whole situation is similar to that mentioned above with regard to
the loss of sleep and illness in producing temporary temperament
traits of a choleric type. It seems to the writer that the disorder of
function of the thyroid or generative glands has only such a tem-
porary influence on a sound, healthy man, although it may produce
an abnormal mental state. However, even if it is a fact that when,
in Basedow’s disease, the thyroid becomes abnormally active the
patient becomes excessively sensitive and nervous, it seems that it
would be committing the fallacy of affirming the consequence to
conclude that a man of a highly nervous temperament must be suf-
fering from disorder of the thyroid gland.
Another suggestive recent study is that of Yoshida, a student of
medical jurisprudence in the Nagasaki Medical College, in which he
found that such excretions as tears and sputum of persons of the
same blood-group have similar qualities. T h i s finding may furnish
the basis for other objective studies of temperament.
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1) LWERATURE
ON THE HEREDITY
OF BLOOD-GROUPS
AND THE COMPARISON
OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF BLOOD-GROUPS AMONG RACES,CRIMINALS, m.
1. -.
BERNSTEIN, Ergebnis einer biostatischen zusarnrnenf assenden Be-
trachtung uber die erblichen Blutstrukturen des Menschen. Klin.
Woch., 1924.
2. .Zusammenfassende Betrachtungen iiber die erblichen Blut-
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5. GUNDEL, -.Dfsch. med. Woch., 1928, No. 35.
6. HIRSZFELD,L. Ergeb. der Hygiene, Bakferiol., Zmmunitutsforsch. u.
exper. Thcrap., 1926, 8.
 TEMPERAMENT AND BLOODGROUPS 507
7. .
Konstitutionsserologie und Blutgruppenforschung. 1928.
8- MEYER, -. D t d . Zsch. f. d. ger. gcrliehtl. Med., 1928, 71.
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10. .
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Thrrap., 1910, Orig. 4.
-. Z w h . f. Zmmunitutsforrch. u. exper.

JAPANESE LITERATURE
14. A ? ~ AH.
, The lecture at the 13th meeting of Japanese Forensic Med-
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15. FURUHATA, -, ICHSDA, -.
-, & K ~ H I , The report of the Japanese
Scientific Society. 1925, 1.
16. .
The report of the Japanese Scientific Society. 1926, 2.
-.
17. KISHI,-, & KAMIMICHI, The lecture at the 13th meeting of Japan-
ese Forensic Medicine. 1928.
-.
18. KAMIMICHI, Jucenkai Zarri, 88, No. 5.
19. Krsnr, -. Jurcnkai Zassi, 32, No. 8.
20. K~RIHARA, -, & HAKU, -.
Tokyo Zjuhinshi, 1922, No, 2295.
-.
21. NAKAZONE, Sn'ikai Zarsi, 1927, 46, No. 4.
-.
22. TAJIMA, Tokyo Zjishinrhi, 1928, No 2558.
23. .
Nagarakiigakkai Zarri, 1928, 6, No. 2.
24. YOSHIDA, -.
The lecture at the 13th meeting of Japanese forensic
Medicine. 1928.
LITERATURE ON TEMPERAMENT
25. ACH, N. Willenskraft und temperament, 1919.
26. Buww, C. Temperament, a survey of psychological theories, 1928.
27. EWALD, -. Temperament und Charakter, 1924.
28. -.
FROEBES, Lehrbuch der experimentellen Psychologie, 1922.
29. HALL,G. S. Adolescence. 1905, I.
30. -.
HAEBERLIN, Der Charakter, 1925.
31. -.
HOFFMANN, Das Problem des Charakteraufbaus, 1926.
32. J A S ~ O W ,J. Character and temperament, 1921.
33. JUNG, C. G. Psychologische Typen, 1925.
34. -.
KUAGES,Die Grundlage der Charakter, 1926.
35. KRE~IICHMER, E. Kiirperbau und Charakter. (5 u. 6. unverand. Aufl.),
1926.
36. MCDOUCALL, W. An introduction to social psychology, 1919.
37. PODACH,E. F. Korper, Temperament und Charakter, 1927.
38. PORTEUS,S. D, & BABCOCK, M. E. Temperament and race, 1926.
39. REIN, -. Enzyklopadisches Handhuch der Padagogik, 1895, 1.
40. ROBACK,A. A. The psychology of character, 1927.
41. SHAND, -. The foundation of character, 1926.
508 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

42. SOLTZ,-. Uber die personlichkeitstypen und Methoden ihrer Bestimm-

ung, 1924.
43. UTITZ, E. Charakterologie, 1925.
44. .
Jahrbuch der Charakterologie, 1924, Vol. I ; 1926, Vol.
11, 111; 1927, Vol. IV; 1928, Vol. V.
45. STERN,W. Die menschliche Pereonlichkeit, 1923.
46. WUNDT,W. Viilkcrpsychologie, 1918.
JAPANESE LITERATURE
47. MATSVMOZV, M. Chino Schinrigaku, 1925.
48. .
Shinrigaku Kowa, 1924.
49. .
Seishinteki Dora.
50. NAGAX,H . Naibunpi, 1927.
LITERATURE O N THE RELATION BETWEEN TEMPERAMENTS AND
BLOOD-GROUPS
51. FURUKAWA, T. Die Erforschung der Temperamente mittels der ex-
perirnentellen Btutgruppenuntereuchung. Ztsrh. f . angew. Psychof.,
1928, 31,
LITERATURE
JAPANESE
52. -.
KISHI, -, & KAMIMICHI, The lecture at the 13th meeting of Japan-
ese Forensic Medicine, 1928.
53. FURUKAWA, T. Jap. J . Psychof., 1927, 2, No. 4.
54. .Kyoikushirho Kenkyu, 1927, 1, NO. 1.
55. .The lecture a t the 13th meeting of Japanese Forensic
Medicine, 1928.
56. .
Skakaiigaku Zassi, 1929, No. 504.
T o k y o Women’s Higher Normal School
Tok y 0 , Japan

UNE ETUDE DE GROUPES CLASSES SELON LE TEMPfiRAMENT E T

LE SANG
(RCsumC)
L’auteur a essay6 dans cette Ctude de faire des corrilations entre cer-
tains types de temperament et les divers groupes classCs adon le sang. On
a fait une Ctude expCrimentale avec 188 sujets entre les Pges de 27 et de
70, et avec 425 itudiantes de l’hole Normale SupCrieure pour Jeunes Filles,
PgCes de 16 h 21 ans. On a obtenu des Cvaluations du ternpkrament eii
faisant noter au sujet sur deux listes de traits caracttristiques ceux appli-
cables A lui-m0me. Des donnies obtenues, on a conch qu’il y a une relation
entre le groupe class6 selon le sang et le tempirament. En gintral, les gens
du Gr. 0 sont flegmatiques, ceux du Gr. B, sanguins, ceux du Gr. A, mClan-
coliques, tandis que les Gr. A(O), B(O), et AB sont de temgrament mixte,
bien que dans les deux premiers les milancoliques et les sanguins sont domi-
nants h l’igard des flegmatiques; et on a montrt aussi que les Gr. A et B
sont dominants A l’igard du Gt. 0.
 TEMPERAMENT AND BLOODGROUPS 509

On cite de I’tvidence qui acmble soutenir la thkorie qu’il y a une corrtla-

tion entre le groupe clarrt d o n lc rang et le tempCrunent, laquellc vient
der ttuder den temptrarnenta nationaux et den grouper clasds relon le Bang,
den Ctuder remblablea de certrina groupea japonair, dcr crimincls, der Ccoles
militairer, e t c
FURUKAWA

EINE UNTERSUCHUNG DES TEMPERAMENTS UND DER

BLUTTYPEN
(Referat)
Der Author hat in dicser Unterauchung verrucht, gewisre Tempera-
menttypen mit den verschiedtncn Blutgruppen zu korrelieren. Man unter-
nahm cine experimentelle Unterruchung mit 188 Verruchrperronen im Alter
von 27 bin 70 Jahren, und mit 452 Studenten der HIhern Madchenseminarr
(Girls’ Higher Normal School), im Alter von 16 bin 21 Jahren. Man nahm
die Schltzung den Temperamentr vor, indem man die Vercluchsperronen in
zwei Listen von Charaktermerkmalen ihre eigenen anzeichnen licrr. Aur
den erhaltencn Angaben Lam man zum Schlurs, dare cine Beziehung
zwiachen Temperament und Blutgruppen bestche. Im Allgemeinen rind
Leute der Gr.0 phlegmatiach die der Gr.B r a n g u i n i d , die der Gr.A
melancholisch, wiihrcnddem die der Gr.A(O) , Gr.B ( 0 ) und G r A B ge-
mischte Temperamcnte beritzen, o b d o n in den zwei erstgenannten dam
melancholiache und aanguiniache in Bezug aufr phlegmatieche vorhcrrlcht;
ebenao ergab rich, darn Gr.A und Gr.B in Bczug auf Gr.0 vorherrmhen
M a n zitiert Beweismaterial von heimischen Temperament- und Blut-
gruppenatudien, von Arbeitea iiber japanischc Gruppen, iiber Verbrecher
und Militarechulen, etc. welche die Theorie unteritiitzen, daro cine Korrc-
lotion zwiachen Blutgruppen und Temperament beatehe.
FURUKAWA