AMERICAN Cuisine

American cuisine reflects the history of the United States, blending the culinary

contributions of various groups of people from around the world, including indigenous
American Indians, African Americans, Asians, Europeans, Pacific Islanders, and Latin
Americans. Though much of American cuisine is fusion cuisine reflecting global cuisine,
many regional cuisines have deeply rooted ethnic heritages, including Cajun, Louisiana
Creole, Native American, New Mexican, Pennsylvania Dutch, Soul food, and Tlingit.
 Early Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American
cuisine that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the
basis of what is now American cuisine.
The European settlement of the Americas introduced a number of ingredients,
spices, herbs, and cooking styles to the continent. The various styles of cuisine
continued expanding well into the 19th and 20th centuries, proportional to the influx
of immigrants from many different nations; this influx nurtured a rich diversity in food
preparation throughout the country.
 When the colonists came to the colonies, they farmed animals for clothing
and meat in a similar fashion to what they had done in Europe.
 They had cuisine similar to their previous British, Dutch, French, and Spanish
cuisines.
 The American colonial diet varied depending on the region settled.
 Commonly hunted game included deer, bear, bison, and wild turkey.
 A number of fats and oils made from animals served to cook much of the colonial
foods.
 Prior to the Revolution, New Englanders consumed large quantities
of rum and beer, as maritime trade provided them relatively easy access to the
goods needed to produce these items: rum was the distilled spirit of choice, as
the main ingredient, molasses, was readily available from trade with the West
Indies.
 In comparison to the northern colonies, the southern colonies were quite diverse
in their agricultural diet; the growing season was longer.

Native Americans origins: American cuisine before 1600[edit]

Nearly all regions and subregions of the present day cuisine have roots in the foodways
of Native Americans. Prior to 1600, the Natives lived off the land in very diverse
bioregions and had done so for thousands of years, often living a nomadic life where
their diet changed with the season. Many practiced a form of agriculture revolving
around the Three Sisters, the rotation of beans, maize, and squash as staples of their
diet. Wild game was equally a staple of nearly every tribe: deer, elk, and bison were
staples as were rabbits and hare of every kind. Northern tribes like the Ojibwe would
stalk and hunt moose whereas their Southern counterparts in the swamps of Louisiana
hunted snapping turtles and young alligators. Many tribes would preserve their meat in
the form of pemmican, needed greatly on long journeys or to survive harsh winters.
Seafood[edit]

Blue crab was used on the eastern and southern coast of what is now the U.S.
mainland.
Seafood in the United States originated with the Native Americans in the United States,
who often ate cod, lemon sole, flounder, herring, halibut, sturgeon, smelt, drum on the
East Coast, and olachen and salmon on the West Coast. Whale was hunted by
American Indians off the Northwest coast, especially by the Makah, and used for their
meat and oil.[1] Seal and walrus were also eaten, in addition to eel from New York
State's Finger Lakes region. Catfish was also popular among native people, including
the Modocs. Crustaceans included shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and dungeness crabs in
the Northwest and shrimp, lobster and blue crabs in the East. Other shellfish
include abalone and geoduck on the West Coast, while on the East Coast the surf
clam, quahog, and the soft-shell clam. Oysters were eaten on both shores, as
were mussels and periwinkles.[2]
Cooking methods[edit]
Early American Indians used a number of cooking methods in early American Cuisine
that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of
American Cuisine. Grilling meats was common. Spit roasting over a pit fire was
common as well. Vegetables, especially root vegetables were often cooked directly in
the ashes of the fire. As early Native Americans lacked pottery that could be used
directly over a fire, they developed a technique which has caused
many anthropologists to call them "Stone Boilers". They would heat rocks directly in a
fire and then add the rocks to a pot filled with water until it came to a boil so that it would
cook the meat or vegetables in the boiling water. In what is now the Southwestern
United States, they also created adobe ovens, dubbed hornos by the Spanish, to bake
products such as cornmeal bread. Other parts of America dug pit ovens; these pits were
also used to steam foods by adding heated rocks or embers and then seaweed or corn
husks placed on top to steam fish and shellfish as well as vegetables; potatoes would
be added while still in skin and corn while in-husk, this would later be referred to as
a clambake by the colonists.[3]
Colonial period[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies

Tender, juicy roast turkey - the main attraction - with old-fashioned gravy, cranberry
sauce, smashed potatoes, baked green beans, sweet and sour cod, steamed rice,
achara (pickled green papaya relish), leche flan, pig in a blanket, apple crisp.

Map of the 13 American Colonies in 1775.

When the colonists came to Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, or any of the other
English colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America, their initial attempts at
survival included planting crops familiar to them from back home in England. In the
same way, they farmed animals for clothing and meat in a similar fashion. Through
hardships and eventual establishment of trade with Britain, the West Indies and other
regions, the colonists were able to establish themselves in the American colonies with a
cuisine similar to their previous British cuisine. There were some exceptions to the diet,
such as local vegetation and animals, but the colonists attempted to use these items in
the same fashion as they had their equivalents or ignore them entirely if they could. The
manner of cooking for the American colonists followed along the line of British cookery
up until the Revolution. The British sentiment followed in the cookbooks brought to the
New World as well.[4]
In 1796, the first American cookbook was published, and others followed.[5] There was a
general disdain for French cookery, even with the French Huguenots in South
Carolina and French-Canadians. One of the cookbooks that proliferated in the colonies
was The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (1747) by Hannah Glasse, who referred
to "the blind folly of this age that would rather be imposed on by a French booby, than
give encouragement to a good English cook!" Of the French recipes given in the text,
she speaks out flagrantly against the dishes as she "… think[s] it an odd jumble of
trash."[6] Reinforcing the anti-French sentiment was the French and Indian War from
1754 to 1764. This created a large anxiety against the French, which influenced the
English to force many of the French to move, as in the expulsion of the Acadians from
Nova Scotia to Louisiana. The Acadians left a French influence in the diet of those
settled in Louisiana, and among the Acadian Francophones who settled eastern Maine
and parts of what is now northern Vermont at the same time they colonized New
Brunswick.[7]
Some of the Jews who fled from the Inquisition with other Sephardic Jews in the 15th
century had previously settled in Recife, Brazil and the West Indies, where their cuisine
was influenced by new local ingredients
like molasses, rum, sugar, vanilla, chocolate, peppers, corn, tomatoes, kidney
beans, string beans and turkey. In 1654, twenty three Sephardic Jews arrived in New
Amsterdam and they brought this cuisine with them to the early colonial United States.
Early American Jewish cuisine was heavily influenced by this branch of Sephardic
cuisine. Many of the recipes were bound up in observance of traditional holidays and
remained true to their origins. These included dishes such as stew and fish fried in olive
oil, beef and bean stews, almond puddings, and egg custards. The
first kosher cookbook in America was the Jewish Cookery Book by Esther Levy which
was published in 1871 in Philadelphia and includes many of the traditional recipes.[8]
Common ingredients[edit]

A New England clam bake consists of various steamed shellfish.

The American colonial diet varied depending on the settled region in which someone
lived. Local cuisine patterns had established by the mid-18th century. The New
England colonies were extremely similar in their dietary habits to those that many of
them had brought from England. A striking difference for the colonists in New England
compared to other regions was seasonality.[9] While in the southern colonies, they could
farm almost year-round, in the northern colonies, the growing seasons were very
restricted. In addition, colonists' close proximity to the ocean gave them a bounty of
fresh fish to add to their diet, especially in the northern colonies.
Wheat, however, the grain used to bake bread back in England was almost impossible
to grow, and imports of wheat were far from cost productive.[10][dubious – discuss] Substitutes in
cases such as this included cornmeal. The Johnnycake was a poor substitute to some
for wheaten bread, but acceptance by both the northern and southern colonies seems
evident.[11]
As many of the New Englanders were originally from England, game hunting was useful
when they immigrated to the New World. Many of the northern colonists depended upon
their ability to hunt, or upon others from whom they could purchase game. Hunting was
the preferred method of protein consumption. This was opposed to animal husbandry,
which required much more work to defend the kept animals against raids.
Livestock and game[edit]
Commonly hunted game included deer, bear, buffalo, and wild turkey. The larger
muscles of the animals were roasted and served with currant sauce, while the other
smaller portions went into soups, stews, sausages, pies, and pastries.[12] In addition to
game, colonists' protein intake was supplemented by mutton.
The Spanish in Florida originally introduced sheep to the New World, but this
development never quite reached the North, and there they were introduced by
the Dutch and English. The keeping of sheep was a result of the English non-practice
of animal husbandry.[13] The animals provided wool when young and mutton upon
maturity after wool production was no longer desirable. [14] The forage-based diet for
sheep that prevailed in the Colonies produced a characteristically strong, gamy flavor
and a tougher consistency, which required aging and slow cooking to tenderize.[15]
Fats and oils[edit]

A plate of scrapple, a traditional dish of the Delaware Valley region still eaten today

A number of fats and oils made from animals served to cook much of the colonial foods.
Many homes had a sack made of deerskin filled with bear oil for cooking, while solidified
bear fat resembled shortening. Rendered pork fat made the most popular cooking
medium, especially from the cooking of bacon. Pork fat was used more often in the
southern colonies than the northern colonies as the Spanish introduced pigs earlier to
the South. The colonists enjoyed butter in cooking as well, but it was rare prior to
the American Revolution, as cattle were not yet plentiful.[16]
Alcoholic drinks[edit]
Prior to the Revolution, New Englanders consumed large quantities of rum and beer, as
maritime trade provided them relatively easy access to the goods needed to produce
these items. Rum was the distilled spirit of choice, as the main ingredient, molasses,
was readily available from trade with the West Indies. Further into the interior, however,
one would often find colonists consuming whiskey, as they did not have similar access
to sugar cane. They did have ready access to corn and rye, which they used to produce
their whiskey.[17] However, until the Revolution, many considered whiskey to be a coarse
alcohol unfit for human consumption, as many believed that it caused the poor to
become raucous and unkempt drunkards.[18] In addition to these alcohol-based products
produced in America, imports were seen on merchant shelves,
including wine and brandy.[19]
Southern variations[edit]
In comparison to the northern colonies, the Southern Colonies were quite diverse in
their agricultural diet. The uplands of the Piedmont and the coastal lowlands made up
the two main parts of the southern colonies. The diet of the uplands often included wild
game, cabbage, string beans, corn, squashes and white potatoes. People had biscuits
as part of their breakfast, along with healthy portions of pork.[20] The lowlands of
Louisiana included a varied diet heavily influenced by the French, Spanish, Acadians,
Germans, Native Americans, Africans and Caribbeans. Rice played a large part of the
diet in Louisiana. In addition, unlike the uplands, the lowlands subsistence of protein
came mostly from coastal seafood. Much of the diet involved the use of peppers, as it
still does to this day.[21][22]
Post-colonial cuisine[edit]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Americans developed many new foods. Some, such
as Rocky Mountain oysters, stayed regional; some spread throughout the nation but
with little international appeal, such as peanut butter (a core ingredient of the peanut
butter and jelly sandwich); and some spread throughout the world, such
as popcorn, cola, fried chicken, cornbread, unleavened muffins such as the poppyseed
muffin, and brownies.
Nineteenth-century American farmhouse[edit]
During the 1800s, American farms were mostly self-sufficient; but, certain staples
like salt, coffee, sugar and baking soda would be purchased at the town general store. If
the family didn't grow wheat, then flour would also be purchased. Another luxury was
canned salmon, which was sometimes eaten for Sunday dinner. Items purchased at the
general store would be paid for with eggs, butter or some other food from the farm.
Women were responsible for much of the processing of food like straining fresh milk,
churning butter, making molasses from sorghum, grinding corn into cornmeal or
cleaning whole chickens.
Fresh picked apples were pressed into cider, which could be fermented to make apple
cider vinegar. Fruits and vegetables were preserved by various means like canning,
drying or pickling. One contemporary writer from Michigan described October as cider
season, when apple butter would be made. Her writings mention johnnycakes; and, as
winter fare, buckwheat cakes.[23]
Typical farmhouse fare included fried chicken, simmered green beans, boiled
corn, chicken and dumplings, fried ham, boiled beans and beets, stewed tomatoes,
potatoes, and coleslaw made of shredded cabbage. Pon haus, similar to the scrapple of
the Pennsylvania Dutch, was a typical breakfast dish among the Germans who had
settled Indiana in the 19th century. Pork scraps and corn meal were cooked into a
thick porridge and molded in loaf pans. Once solidified, the mixture would be cut and
fried. During the fall months pork might be replaced with fried apples or potatoes. It was
served with buttered biscuits, jam, jelly, milk gravy or sorghum syrup. Fruit butter might
be made from apples. plums or peaches to accompany the meal.[23]
"A whole new class of city dwellers, harried, worried, furtive, hungry-looking people,
have come into being in the wake of the kitchenette, and no modern influence has had
so great a part in affecting the morals, health and spiritual well-being of a generation as
has this ill-shapen, ill-planned adjunct of modern living"
Jane Pride, New York Herald
Pork was a staple of the rural diet through the Southern and Midwestern United
States. Lard was used for baking, frying and even as a seasoning. The cookware of the
period was made of cast iron and these were thoroughly seasoned with pork fat. Fried
salt pork with gravy was an indulgent fat-laden dish often served with a side of boiled
potatoes. In the Appalachian region a dish called "killed lettuce" was made
with pokeweed, dandelion and assorted wild greens that were drizzled with hot bacon
grease until wilted or "killed".[23]
Pie could be served up to three times a day and many varieties were prepared
depending on the season. During the spring months, pies would be made
of rhubarb and strawberry; in
[23]
summer peach, cherry, blackberry, blueberry, elderberry and grape; and in fall apple.
The staples of the urban diet were bread, dairy and canned goods. Dinner might be
tomato bisque from a can topped with cream or a salad made of canned string beans
and mayonnaise. Many preferred to purchase food at delicatessen's, rather than
attempt to prepare meals in the cramped kitchenettes. German delicatessens in cities
like New York and Milwaukee sold imported cold cuts, potato
salads, schmierkase, wienerwurst, North Sea herring, assorted pickles and other
prepared foods. Jewish immigrants from Germany soon followed suit, replacing pork
dishes with corned beef (here having the older definition of a kind of salt cured beef)
and pastrami. Ice cream soda was served at soda fountains, along with various other
early "soda water" recipes like the Garden Sass Sundae (rhubarb) or the Oh-Oh-Cindy
Sundae (strawberry ice cream topped with chocolate syrup, chopped nuts, whipped
cream and candied cherries).[23]
Modern cuisine[edit]
In the 20th century highly industrialized processed foods became a dominant feature of
American diets. Fusion of the food traditions of various immigrant groups to the US
contributed to development of distinct ethnic-American dishes. "Dainty" fare became the
norm at fashionable luncheons and teas in areas like New York including dishes like
grapefruit with cherries, fruit served in cantaloupe, strawberry tarts or egg soufflé, other
types of tea sandwiches, small decorated cakes or gelatin based desserts. This style of
dainty fare was highly decorated and ladylike and it was intended to be consumed only
by women. The decorative and ornate foods were a symbol of distinction between men
and women, as the former were associated with less refined foods.[24] Tea parties were
fashionable for well-to-do women and dainty fare remained a symbol of upper middle
class luxury. Dozens of articles published in women's magazines promoted the "dainty"
quality of tea parties. From one 1911 issue of Good Housekeeping: "the secret of a
successful tea room is daintiness, first in the service, and then in the quality of the food
served".[25]
Processed food[edit]

White Castle burgers and fries

During the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) food production and presentation became
more industrialized.
From 1888 through 1908 the machine double-crimped, compound-sealed, open-top, so-
called "sanitary can" was perfected (replacing individually crafted and manually
soldered hole-in-top style cans). Also during that time, the can manufacturing industry
consolidated.[26] These improvements in canning made fruits and vegetables
increasingly available to chefs outside of the regular harvest season.
During that same time frame, grain-feeding of cattle during low pasture months made
milk increasingly available year-round. The invention of milking machines lowered
production costs. Pasteurization, homogenization, evaporation, condensation,
and refrigeration along with glass milk bottles, wax paper cartons, and then plastic
bottles made milk increasingly available and safe for urban consumers.[27] Milk became
a staple food item and an increasingly important ingredient in American cuisine.
Examples include the Root beer float and the Milkshake.
A strawberry and a chocolate shake, each topped with whipped cream, sprinkles, and
a maraschino cherry
Major railroads featured upscale cuisine in their dining cars.[28] Restaurant chains
emerged with standardized decor and menus, including the Fred Harvey restaurants
along the route of the Sante Fe Railroad in the Southwest.[29] Fast food restaurants with
standardized product and franchised service models began to appear and spread with
the development of the highway system. White Castle (1916) was one of the first
examples. Franchising was introduced in 1921 by A&W Root Beer.
The McDonald's brothers created their "Speedee Service System" in 1948. Other
Examples include Burger King, KFC, Wendy's, Pizza Hut, Little Caesars, Domino's
Pizza and Papa John's Pizza.
At the universities, nutritionists and home economists taught a new scientific approach
to food. In the early 1900s muckraking journalists raised public concern about the
wholesomeness of industrialized food products that contained various preservatives and
adulterants of unknown safety. From 1902 to 1912 Harvey Washington Wiley, a chemist
at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, supervised "hygienic table trials" to test the safety
of food additives and preservatives. His work contributed to the enactment of the Pure
Food and Drug Act of 1906. He became the first commissioner of the Food and Drug
Administration and later led the laboratories of Good Housekeeping Magazine.
During World War I the Progressives' moral advice about food conservation was
emphasized in large-scale state and federal programs designed to educate housewives.
Large-scale foreign aid during and after the war brought American standards to Europe.
[30]

From 1912 to the end of the 1930s researchers discovered and popularized the role of
various vitamins and minerals in human health. Starting with iodized salt in 1924,
commercially distributed food began to be fortified with vitamins and minerals. In 1932,
milk began to be fortified with viosterol, a purified vitamin D2 product. Synthetic thiamin
(vitamin B1) first became available after 1936 and bakers began voluntarily enriching
bread with high-vitamin yeast or synthetic vitamins in the late 1930s. The Food and
Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Science established the first set of
"Recommended Dietary Allowances" in 1941. In 1943, the US War Foods
Administration issued the War Food Order No. 1, which made enriched bread the
temporary law of the land.[31] In 1945 George Stigler published an article on "The cost of
subsistence" which described the so-called Stigler diet - his solution to the problem of
providing a diet that met the RDA at a minimum cost.
The logistical requirements of the US military during WW2 and the Korean War spurred
the development and growth of the processed foods industry in the US.[32] These wars
encouraged production of shelf-stable ingredients processed on a vast industrial scale.
Examples include powdered milk, powdered eggs, potato flakes, and frozen
concentrated orange juice.
After the war, low cost, highly processed foods became one of the foundational
elements of an era of mass prosperity.[33] Many companies in the American food
industry developed new products requiring minimal preparation, such as frozen entrees.
[34]
 One such example is the TV dinner in which a multi-course meal was assembled in
aluminum packaging in a food factory and flash frozen, then reheated at home in a
thermal oven to be served while watching TV.[35] Convenience foods of the era were
designed to simplify home preparation. One example is macaroni & cheese created
using a powdered artificial cheese product that is reconstituted at home with fresh milk.
Newspapers and magazines ran recipe columns, aided by research from corporate
kitchens, which were major food manufacturers like General Mills, Campbell's, and Kraft
Foods. For example, the General Mills Betty Crocker's Cookbook, first published in
1950, was a popular book in American homes.[36][37]
Highly processed foods of the mid-twentieth century included novelty elements like
multi-colored Jell-O using various chemical food colorings, prepared breakfast cereals
marketed to children with large amounts of sugar and artificial colors (e.g. Froot Loops).
[38]
 Fruit flavored punches made with artificial fruit flavorings (e.g. Tang, Hi-C). Mid-
twentieth century foods also added novelty packaging elements like spray cheese in an
aerosol can, pimento stuffed olives, and drink pouches.
The development of the microwave oven resulted in the creation of industrial food
products and packaging that is intended take advantage of the unique opportunities and
overcome the unique challenges of that technology.[39] Microwave popcorn is an
example of such a product.
Throughout the second half of the 20th century the US commercial food system has
become increasingly dependent on subsidized maize (corn) production to provide feed
for livestock and ingredients for human foods such as high-fructose corn syrup.[40] It is
estimated that the typical American gets 70 percent of his/her carbon intake
from maize (corn) sources.[41]
The last half of the 20th century saw the development of controversial technological
innovations intended to lower the cost of, improve the quality of, or increase the safety
of commercial food including: food irradiation,[42] genetically modified organisms,
livestock treated with antibiotics/hormones, and concentrated animal feeding
operations. Activists have raised concerns about the wholesomeness, safety, or
humaneness of these innovations and recommend alternatives such as organic
produce, veganism/vegetarianism, and locavore diets.
Ethnic influences[edit]

A cheeseburger served with fries and coleslaw
One signature characteristic of American cooking is the fusion of multiple ethnic or
regional approaches into completely new cooking styles. For example, spaghetti is
Italian, while hot dogs are German; a popular meal, especially among young children, is
spaghetti containing slices of hot dogs.[43][44] Since the 1960s Asian cooking has played
a particularly large role in American fusion cuisine.[45]

Eggs Benedict, an American breakfast dish made with poached eggs and hollandaise
sauce, served in this variation with smoked salmon
Some dishes that are typically considered American have their origins in other
countries. American cooks and chefs have substantially altered these dishes over the
years, to the degree that the dishes now enjoyed around the world are considered to be
American. Hot dogs and hamburgers are both based on traditional German dishes, but
in their modern popular form they can be reasonably considered American dishes.[46]
Pizza is based on the traditional Italian dish, brought by Italian immigrants to the United
States, but varies highly in style based on the region of development since its arrival.
For example, "Chicago" style has focus on a thicker, taller crust, whereas a "New York
Slice" is known to have a much thinner crust which can be folded. These different types
of pizza can be advertised throughout the country and are generally recognizable and
well-known, with some restaurants going so far as to import New York tap water from a
thousand or more miles away to recreate the signature style in other regions.[47]
Some dishes that Americans think of as being of "foreign" in origin and/or associated
with a particular immigrant group were in fact invented in America and customized to
American tastes. For example General Tso's chicken was invented by Chinese or
Taiwanese chefs working in New York in the early 1970s.[48] The dish is unknown in
China. The fortune cookie was likewise invented in California in the early 1900s and is
known in Asia only as an American style food.[49]

A modern dish consisting of traditional roasted turkey, sweet potatoes, and grilled

vegetables prepared with modern fusion ingredients
A wave of celebrity chefs began with Julia Child and Graham Kerr in the 1970s, with
many more following after the rise of cable channels like Food Network. By the
beginning of the 21st century regional variations in consumption of meat began to
reduce, as more meat was consumed overall.[50] Saying they eat too much protein,
the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans asked men and teenage boys to
increase their consumption of underconsumed foods such as vegetables.[51]
New American[edit]
Main article: New American cuisine
During the 1980s, upscale restaurants introduced a mixing of cuisines that contain
Americanized styles of cooking with foreign elements commonly referred as New
American cuisine.[52] New American cuisine refers to a type of fusion cuisine which
assimilates flavors from the melting pot of traditional American cooking techniques
mixed with flavors from other cultures and sometimes molecular
gastronomy components. [53][54]

Regional cuisines[edit]
See also: List of American regional and fusion cuisines and List of regional dishes of the
United States
Generally speaking, in the present day 21st century, the modern cuisine of the United
States is very much regional in nature. Excluding Alaska and Hawaii, the terrain spans
3,000 miles (4,800 km) from east to west and more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from
north to south.
Northeast[edit]
New England[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of New England
New England clam chowder
New England is a Northeastern region of the United States bordering the Maritime
Provinces of Canada and portions of Quebec in the north. It includes the six states
of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont,
with its largest city and cultural capital Boston, founded in 1630. The Native American
cuisine became part of the cookery style that the early colonists brought with them.
Tribes like the Nipmuck, Wampanoag, Passamaquoddy and other Algonquian cultures
were noted for slashing and burning areas to create meadows and bogs that would
attract animals like moose and deer, but also encourage the growth of plants like black
raspberries, blueberries, and cranberries.[55] In the forest they would have collected nuts
of species like the shagbark hickory, American hazel, and American chestnuts and fruits
like wild grapes and black cherries.[56] All of these eventually showed up in the kitchens
of colonial New England women[57] and many were sent back to England and other
portions of Europe to be catalogued by scientists, collectors, and horticulturalists.
The style of New England cookery originated from its colonial roots, that is to say
practical, frugal, and willing to eat anything other than what they were used to from their
British roots.[58] Most of the initial colonists came from East Anglia in England, with other
groups following them over the ages like francophone regions of Canada (this was
especially true of Northern New England, where there are still many speakers of
a dialect of French), from Ireland, from Southern Italy, and most recently from Haiti,
Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and Portugal. The oldest forms of the cuisine date to
the early 17th century and in the case of Massachusetts, out of the entire country only
the state of Virginia can claim recipes that are older. East Anglian cookery would have
included recipes for dishes like suet puddings, wheaten breads, and a few shellfish
delicacies, like winkles, and would have been at the time of settlement simple Puritan
fare quite in contrast to the fineries and excesses expected in London cavalier circles.
Most of the cuisine started with one-pot cookery, which resulted in such dishes
as succotash, chowder, baked beans, and others.[59] Starches are fairly simple, and
typically encompass just a handful of classics like potatoes and cornmeal, and a few
native breads like Anadama bread, johnnycakes, bulkie rolls, Parker house
rolls, popovers, and New England brown bread. This region is fairly conservative with its
spices, but typical spices include nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, and allspice,
especially in desserts, and for savory foods, thyme, black pepper, sea salt, and sage.
Typical condiments include maple syrup, grown from the native sugar maple, molasses,
and cranberry sauce.
New England is noted for having a heavy emphasis on seafood, a legacy inherited from
coastal tribes like the Wampanoag and Narragansett, who equally used the rich fishing
banks offshore for sustenance. Favorite fish include cod, salmon, winter
flounder, haddock, striped bass, pollock, hake, bluefish, and, in southern New
England, tautog. All of these are prepared numerous ways, such as frying cod for fish
fingers, grilling bluefish over hot coals for summertime, smoking salmon or serving a
whole poached one chilled for feasts with a dill sauce, or, on cold winter nights, serving
haddock baked in casserole dish with a creamy sauce and crumbled breadcrumbs as a
top so it forms a crust.[60] Clam cakes, a savory fritter based on chopped clams, are a
specialty of Rhode Island. Farther inland, brook trout, largemouth bass, and herring are
sought after, especially in the rivers and icy finger lakes in upper New England where
New Englanders will fly fish for them in summertime.
Meat is present though not as prominent, and typically is either stewed in dishes
like Yankee pot roast and New England boiled dinner or braised, as in a picnic ham;
these dishes suit the weather better as summers are humid and hot but winters are raw
and cold, getting below 0 °C for most of the winter and only just above it by March.
[61]
 The roasting of whole turkeys began here as a centerpiece for large American
banquets, and like all other East Coast tribes, the Native American tribes of New
England prized wild turkeys as a source of sustenance and later Anglophone settlers
were enamored of cooking them using methods they knew from Europe: often that
meant trussing the bird and spinning it on a string or spit roasting. Today turkey meat is
a key ingredient in soups, and also a favorite in several sandwiches like the Pilgrim. For
lunch, hot roast beef is sometimes chopped finely into small pieces and put on a roll
with salami and American or provolone cheese to make a steak bomb.[62] Bacon is often
maple cured, and often bacon or salt pork drippings are an ingredient in corn chowder,
a cousin of the clam chowder.[63] Veal consumption was prevalent in the North Atlantic
States prior to World War II.[50] A variety of linguiça is favored as a breakfast food,
brought with Portuguese fisherman and Brazilian immigrants.[64] In contrast with some
parts of the United States, lamb (although less so mutton or goat) is a popular roasted
or grilled meat across diverse groups in New England. Dairy farming and its resultant
products figure strongly on the ingredient list, and homemade ice cream is a
summertime staple of the region: it was a small seasonal roadside stand in Vermont
that eventually became the internationally famous Ben and Jerry's ice cream. Vermont
is known for producing farmhouse style cheeses, especially a type of cheddar. [65] The
recipe goes all the way back to colonial times when English settlers brought the recipe
with them from England and found the rocky landscape eminently suitable to making the
cheese.[66] Today Vermont has more artisanal cheese makers per capita than any other
state, and diversity is such that interest in goat's milk cheeses has become prominent.[67]
Crustaceans and mollusks are also an essential ingredient in the regional cookery.
Maine and Massachusetts, in more recent years, have taken to harvesting peekytoe
crab and Jonah crab and making crab bisques, based on cream with 35% milkfat, and
crabcakes out of them: often these were overlooked as bycatch of lobster pots by
fisherman of the region, but in the past 30 years their popularity has firmly established
them as a staple They even appear on the menu as far south as to be out of region
in New York, where they are sold to four star restaurants in the form of cocktail claws.
Squid are heavily fished for and eaten as fried calamari, and often are an ingredient
in Italian American cooking in this region. Whelks are eaten in salad, and lobster, which
is indigenous to the coastal waters of the region and are a feature of many dishes,
baked, boiled, roasted, and steamed, or simply eaten as a sandwich, chilled with
mayonnaise and chopped celery in Maine and Massachusetts, or slathered with melted
butter on Long Island and in Connecticut.
Shellfish of all sorts are part of the diet, and shellfish of the coastal regions include little
neck clams, sea scallops, blue mussels, oysters, soft shell clams, and razor shell clams.
Much of this shellfish contributes to New England tradition, the clambake. The clambake
as known today is a colonial interpretation of an American Indian tradition.[68] In summer,
oysters and clams are dipped in batter and fried, often served in a basket with french
fries, or commonly on a wheaten bun as a clam roll. Oysters are otherwise eaten chilled
on a bed of crushed ice on the half shell with mignonette sauce, and are often branded
on where they were harvested. Large quahogs are stuffed with breadcrumbs and
seasoning and baked in their shells, and smaller ones often find their way into clam
chowder. Other preparations include clams casino, clams on the half shell served
stuffed with herbs like oregano and streaky bacon.
The fruits of the region include the Vitis labrusca grapes used in grape juice made by
companies such as Welch's, along with jelly, Kosher wine by companies like Mogen
David and Manischewitz along with other wineries that make higher quality wines
Though not anywhere near as productive a region as the top three apple producing
regions, Apples have been a staple of New England foodways since at least the 1640s
and it is here that a very high amount of heirloom varieties are found, many of them
gaining renewed interest as part of locavore movements and the re-emergence of cider
as a beverage of choice. Apples from New England would include varieties imported
from their earliest in Europe and a few natives, like Baldwin, Lady, Mother, Pomme
Grise, Porter, Roxbury Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Sops of Wine, Hightop Sweet,
Peck's Pleasant, Titus Pippin, Westfield-Seek-No-Further, and Duchess of Oldenburg.
Historically New England and the other original 13 colonies were major producers of
hard cider and the only reason why this changed were that immigrants from Western
and Central Europe preferred beer, especially lagers, to apple based alcohol. In more
recent years cider has made a roaring comeback nationwide, with New England being
the first to break out of the box and with many pomologists scouring the woods for
abandoned apple trees and heirloom varieties to add to the cider press. Angry
Orchard is a local commercial brand that began in New Hampshire but has since
skyrocketed in sales, with other large marques following suit around the land.[69]
Beach plums a small native species with fruits the size of a pinball, are sought after in
summer to make into a jam. Cranberries are another fruit indigenous to the region, often
collected in autumn in huge flooded bogs. Thereafter they are juiced so they can be
drunk fresh for breakfast, or dried and incorporated into salads and quickbreads.
[70]
 Winter squashes like pumpkin and butternut squashes have been a staple for
generations owing to their ability to keep for long periods over icy New England winters
and being an excellent source of beta carotene; in summer, they are replaced with
pattypan and zucchini, the latter brought to the region by immigrants from Southern Italy
a century ago. Blueberries are a very common summertime treat owing to them being
an important crop, and find their way into muffins, pies and pancakes. Typical favorite
desserts are quite diverse, and encompass hasty pudding, blueberry pie, whoopie
pies, Boston cream pie, pumpkin pie, Joe Frogger cookies, hand crafted ice
cream, Hermit cookies, and the chocolate chip cookie, invented in Massachusetts in the
1930s.
Southern New England, particularly along the coast, shares many specialties with the
Mid-Atlantic, including especially dishes from Jewish and Italian-American cuisine.
Coastal Connecticut is known for distinctive kinds of pizza, locally called apizza
(pronounced locally as abeetz), differing in texture (thin and slightly blackened) and
toppings (such as clams) from pizza further south in the so-called pizza belt, which
stretches from New Haven, Connecticut southward through New York, New Jersey, and
into Maryland.
Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic[edit]
Main articles: Cuisine of Philadelphia, Cuisine of New York City, and Cuisine of the Mid-
Atlantic United States

New York strip steak topped with mushrooms and onions

The mid-Atlantic states comprise the states of New York, New
Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Northern Maryland. The oldest major settlement in
this area of the country is found in the most populous city in the nation, New York,
founded in 1625 by the Dutch. Today, it is a major cultural capital of the United States.
[71]
 The influences on cuisine in this region are extremely eclectic owing to the fact that it
has been and continues to be a gateway for international culture as well as a gateway
for new immigrants.[72] Going back to colonial times, each new group has left their mark
on homegrown cuisine and in turn the cities in this region disperse trends to the wider
United States. In addition, cities like New York and Philadelphia have had the past
influence of Dutch,[73] Italian, German,[74] Irish,[75][76] British,[77] and Jewish cuisines,[78] and
that continues to this day. Baltimore has become the crossroads between North and
South, a distinction it has held since the end of the Civil War.
A global power city,[79] New York is well known for its diverse and cosmopolitan dining
scene.[80] Its restaurants compete fiercely for good reviews in the Food and Dining
section of The New York Times, online guides, and Zagat's, the last of which is widely
considered the premier American dining guide, published yearly and headquartered in
New York.
New York–style cheesecake with strawberries. Other variations include blueberry or
raspberry sauce.
Many of the more complicated dishes with rich ingredients like Lobster
Newberg, waldorf salad, vichyssoise, eggs benedict, and the New York strip steak were
born out of a need to entertain and impress the well to do in expensive bygone
restaurants like Delmonico's and still standing establishments like the Waldorf-Astoria
Hotel.[81][82] Modern commercial American cream cheese was developed in 1872, when
William Lawrence, from Chester, New York, while looking for a way to recreate the soft,
French cheese Neufchâtel, accidentally came up with a way of making an "unripened
cheese" that is heavier and creamier; other dairymen came up with similar creations
independently.[83]
Since the first reference to an alcoholic mixed drink called a cocktail comes from New
York State in 1803, it is thus not a surprise that there have been many cocktails
invented in New York and the surrounding environs. Even today New York bars are
noted for being highly influential in making national trends. Cosmopolitans, Long Island
iced teas, Manhattans, Rob Roys, Tom Collins, Aviations, and Greyhounds were all
invented in New York bars, and the gin martini was popularized in New York in
speakeasies during the 1920s, as evidenced by its appearance in the works of New
Yorker and American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Like its neighbor Philadelphia, many
rare and unusual liquors and liqueurs often find their way into a mixologist's cupboard or
restaurant wine list. New York State is the third most productive area in the country for
wine grapes, just behind California and Washington. It has AVA's near the Finger
Lakes, the Catskills, and Long Island,[84] and in the Hudson Valley has the second most
productive area in the country for growing apples, making it a center for hard cider
production, just like New England.[85][86] Pennsylvania has been growing rye since
Germans began to emigrate to the area at the end of the 17th century and required a
grain they knew from Germany.[87] Therefore, overall it is not unusual to find New York
grown Gewürtztraminer and Riesling, Pennsylvania rye whiskey, or marques of locally
produced ciders like Original Sin on the same menu.
Philadelphia cheesesteak with cheese whiz
Since their formative years, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore have welcomed
immigrants of every kind to their shores, and all three have been an important gateway
through which new citizens to the general United States arrive.[88] Traditionally natives
have eaten cheek to jowl with newcomers for centuries as the newcomers would open
new restaurants and small businesses and all the different groups would interact. Even
in colonial days this region was a very diverse mosaic of peoples, as settlers from
Switzerland, Wales, England, Ulster, Wallonia, Holland, Gelderland, the British Channel
Islands, and Sweden sought their fortune in this region.[89][90] This is very evident in many
signature dishes and local foods, all of which have evolved to become American dishes
in their own right. The original Dutch settlers of New York brought recipes they knew
and understood from the Netherlands and their mark on local cuisine is still apparent
today: in many quarters of New York their version of apple pie with a streusel top is still
baked; while originating in the colony of New Amsterdam their predilection for waffles in
time evolved into the American national recipe and forms part of a New York brunch,
and they also made coleslaw, originally a Dutch salad, but today accented with the later
18th-century introduction of mayonnaise.[73][91][92] The doughnut began its life originally as
a New York pastry that arrived in the 18th century as the Dutch olykoek, with later
additions from other nations of Europe like the Italian zeppole, the Jewish/Polish pączki,
and the German Berliner arriving in the 19th century to complete the variety found in
modern doughnuts today.[93]

Crab cake, popular in Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey is often served on a roll.

Crab cakes were once a kind of English croquette, but over time as spices have been
added they and the Maryland crab feast became two of Baltimore's signature dishes;
fishing for the blue crab is a favorite summer pastime in the waters off Maryland, New
Jersey, and Delaware where they may grace the table at summer picnics. Other
mainstays of the region have been present since the early years of American history,
like oysters from Cape May, the Chesapeake Bay, and Long Island, and lobster and
tuna from the coastal waters found in New York and New Jersey. [94][95] Philadelphia
Pepper Pot, a tripe stew, was originally a British dish but today is a classic of home
cooking in Pennsylvania alongside bookbinder soup, a type of turtle soup.
In the winter, New York pushcarts sell roasted chestnuts, a delicacy dating back to
English Christmas traditions,[96] and it was in New York and Pennsylvania that the
earliest Christmas cookies were introduced: Germans introduced crunchy molasses
based gingerbread and sugar cookies in Pennsylvania, and the Dutch introduced
cinnamon based cookies, all of which have become part of the traditional Christmas
meal.[97][98] Scrapple was originally a type of savory pudding that early Pennsylvania
Germans made to preserve the offal of a pig slaughter.[99] The Philadelphia soft pretzel
was originally brought to Eastern Pennsylvania in the early 18th century, and later, 19th-
century immigrants sold them to the masses from pushcarts to make them the city's
best-known bread product, having evolved into its own unique recipe.[100]

New York–style pizza is the pizza eaten in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.
After the 1820s, new groups began to arrive and the character of the region began to
change. There had been some Irish from Ulster prior to 1820, however largely they had
been Protestants with somewhat different culture and (often) a different language than
the explosion of emigrants that came to Castle Garden and Locust Point in Baltimore in
their masses starting in the 1840s.
The Irish arrived in America in a rather woeful state, as Ireland at the time was often
plagued by some of the worst poverty in Europe and often heavy disenfranchisement
among the masses: many of them arrived barely alive having ridden coffin ships to the
New World, very sick with typhus and gaunt from prolonged starvation. In addition, they
were the first to face challenges other groups did not have: they were the first large
wave of Catholics. They faced prejudice for their faith and the cities of Philadelphia,
New York, and Baltimore were not always set up for their needs. For example, Catholic
bishops in the U.S. mandated until the 1960s that all Catholics were forbidden from
eating red meat on Fridays and during Lent,[101] and attending Mass sometimes
conflicted with work as produce and meat markets would be open on high holy days;
this was difficult for Irishmen supporting families since many worked as laborers.
Unsurprisingly, many Irishmen also found their fortunes working as longshoremen,
which would have given their families access to fish and shellfish whenever a fisherman
made berth, which was frequent on the busy docks of Baltimore and New York. [102]
[103]
 Though there had been some activity in Baltimore in founding a see earlier by
the Carrolls, the Irish were the first major wave of Catholic worship in this region, and
that meant bishops and cardinals sending away to Europe for wine. Part of the Catholic
mass includes every parishioner taking a sip of wine from the chalice as part of the
Eucharist. Taverns had existed prior to their emigration to America in the region, though
the Irish brought their particular brand of pub culture and founded some of the first
saloons and bars that served Dublin style stout and red ale; they brought with them the
knowledge of single malt style whiskey and sold it. The Irish were the first immigrant
group to arrive in this region in massive millions, and these immigrants also founded
some of the earliest saloons and bars in this region, of which McSorley's is a still
operating example.

Philadelphia-style soft pretzel

It was also in this region that the Irish introduced something that today is a very
important festival in American culture that involves a large amount of food, drink, and
merry making: Halloween. In England and Wales, where prior immigrants had come
from, the feast of All Hallows Eve had died out in the Reformation, dismissed as
superstition and excess having nothing to do with the Bible and often replaced with the
festival of Guy Fawkes Night. Other immigrant groups like the Germans preferred to
celebrate October 31 as Reformation Day, and after the American Revolution all of the
above were less and less eager to celebrate the legacy of an English festival when they
had fought a very bloody war to leave the British Empire. The Catholicism of the Irish
demanded attendance at church on November 1 and charity and deeds, not just faith,
as a cornerstone of dogma, and many of their older traditions survived the Reformation
and traveled with them. Naturally, they went door-to-door to collect victuals for masked
parties as well as gave them out, like nuts to roast on the fire, whiskey, beer, or cider,
and barmbracks; they also bobbed for apples and made dumb cakes. Later in the
century they were joined by Scots going guising, children going door-to-door to ask for
sweets and treats in costume. From the Mid Atlantic this trend spread to be nationwide
and evolved into American children trick-or-treating on October 31 wearing costumes
and their older counterparts having wild costume parties with various foods and drinks
such as caramel apples, candy apples, dirt cakes, punch, cocktails, cider (both alcoholic
and non,) pumpkin pie, candy corn, chocolate turtles, peanut brittle, taffy, tipsy cake,
and copious buckets full of candy; children carving jack-o-lanterns and eating squash
derived foods derive from Halloween's heritage as a harvest festival and from Irish and
Scottish traditions of carving turnips and eating root vegetables at this time of year.
Their bobbing for apples has survived to the present day as a Halloween party classic
game, as has a variation on the parlor game of trying to grab an apple hanging from the
ceiling blindfolded:[104] it has evolved into trying to catch a donut in one's teeth.[105]
Immigrants from Southern Europe, namely Sicily, Campania, Lazio, and Calabria,
appeared between 1880 and 1960 in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Eastern Maryland hoping to escape the extreme poverty and corruption endemic to
Italy; typically none of them spoke English, but rather dialects of Italian and had a
culture that was more closely tied to the village they were born in than the high culture
only accessible to those who could afford it at this time; many could not read or write in
any language. They were employed in manual labor or factory work but it is because of
them that dishes like spaghetti with meatballs, New York–style pizza, calzones,
and baked ziti exist, and Americans of today are very familiar with semolina based
pasta noodles. Their native cuisine had less of an emphasis on meat, as evidenced by
dishes they introduced like pasta e fagioli and minestrone, but the dishes they created
in America often piled it on as a sign of wealth and newfound prosperity since for the
first time even cheap cuts of it were affordable: the American recipe for lasagna is proof
of this, as mostly it is derived from the Neapolitan version of the dish with large amounts
of meat and cheese.

Carts selling frankfurters, the predecessor to hotdogs, in New York circa 1906. The
price is listed as "3 cents each or 2 for 5 cents".
New York–style hot dogs came about with German speaking emigrants from Austria
and Germany, particularly with the frankfurter sausage and the smaller wiener sausage;
Jews would also contribute here by introducing the kosher version of these sausages,
made of beef rather than pork.[106] Today, the New York–style hot dog with sauerkraut,
mustard, and the optional cucumber pickle relish is such a part of the local fabric, that it
is one of the favorite comestibles of New York and both the pork and the beef versions
are beloved. Hot dogs are a typical street food sold year round in all by the most
inclement weather from thousands of pushcarts. As with all other stadiums in Major
League Baseball they are an essential for New York Yankees and the New York
Mets games though it is the local style of preparation that predominates without
exception. Hot dogs are also the focus of a televised eating contest on the Fourth of
July in Coney Island,[107] at Nathan's Famous, one of the earliest hot dog stands opened
in the United States in 1916 by Nathan Handwerker, a Jewish man who emigrated from
what is now Ukraine in 1912 and whose influence is felt today around the world: hot
dogs are a staple of amusement parks 100 years later.[108]
A summertime treat, Italian ice, began its life as a sweeter adaptation of the
Sicilain granita that was strictly lemon flavored and brought to New York and
Philadelphia. Its Hispanic counterpart, piragua, is a common and evolving shaved ice
treat brought to New York by Puerto Ricans in the 1930s. Unlike the original dish which
included flavors like tamarind, mango, coconut, piragua is evolving to include flavors like
grape and cherry, fruits which are impossible to grow in the tropical Puerto Rican
climate and get exported back to the island from New York.[109] Taylor Ham, a meat
delicacy of New Jersey, first appeared around the time of the Civil War and today is
often served for breakfast with eggs and cheese on a kaiser roll, the bread upon which
this is served was brought to the area by Austrians in the second half of the nineteenth
century and is a very common roll for sandwiches at lunchtime, usually tipped with
poppyseeds. This breakfast meat is generally known as pork roll in southern New
Jersey and Philadelphia, and Taylor Ham in northern New Jersey.

Nighthawks, a painting of a diner, one type of eatery still common in the Mid-Atlantic.
Each state of the region has its own signatures, and the range extends from the
Canadian border in the North to Delaware Bay in the South.
Other dishes came about during the early 20th century and have much to do with
delicatessen fare, set up largely by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe who came
to America incredibly poor, often illiterate in any other language but Hebrew, and often
banished from mainstream society in their place of origin for centuries. Most often they
were completely unable to partake in the outdoor food markets that the general
population utilized as most of the food for sale was not kosher. The influence of
European Jewry before their destruction in the Holocaust on modern mid Atlantic
cooking remains extremely strong and reinforced by their many descendants in the
region.[110] These currently form the largest concentration of Jews outside Tel Aviv and
are very much integrated into the local mainstream of New York in particular. American-
style pickles, now a common addition to hamburgers and sandwiches, were brought by
Polish Jews,[111] and Austro-Hungarian Jews brought a recipe for almond horns that now
is a common regional cookie, diverting from the original recipe in dipping the ends in
dark chocolate.[112][113] New York–style cheesecake has copious amounts of cream and
eggs because animal rennet is not kosher and thus could not be sold to a large number
of the deli's clientele. New York inherited its bagels and bialys from Jews, as well as
Challah bread. Pastrami first entered the country via Romanian Jews, and is a feature
of many sandwiches, often eaten on marble rye, a bread that was born in the mid-
Atlantic. Whitefish salad, lox, and matzoh ball soup are now standard fare made to
order at local diners and delicatessens, but started their life as foods that made up a
strict dietary code. Rugelach cookies and hamentashen are sweet staples still sold to
the general public, but came to New York over a century ago with Ashkenazi Jews
along with Jewish rye.[114][115]
Buffalo wings with blue cheese dressing, served with lager beer.
Like other groups before them, many of their dishes passed into the mainstream
enough so that they became part of diner fare by the end of the 20th century, a type of
restaurant that is now more numerous in this region than any other and formerly the
subject matter of artist Edward Hopper. In the past this sort of establishment was the
haven of the short order cook grilling or frying simple foods for the working man. Today
typical service would include staples from this large region like beef on weck, Manhattan
clam chowder, the club sandwich, Buffalo wings, Philadelphia cheesesteak, the black
and white cookie, shoofly pie, snapper soup, Smith Island cake, blackout cake, grape
pie, milkshakes, and the egg cream, a vanilla or chocolate fountain drink with a frothy
top and fizzy taste. As in Hopper's painting from 1942, many of these businesses are
open 24 hours a day.
Midwest[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Midwestern cuisine today is a very eclectic and odd mix and match of foodways. It
covers everything from Kansas City-style barbecue to the Chicago-style hot dog, though
many of its classics are very simple, hearty fare. Mostly this region was completely
untouched by European and American settlers until after the American Civil War, and
excepting Missouri and the heavily forested states near the Great Lakes, was mainly
populated by nomadic tribes like the Sioux, Osage, Arapaho, and Cheyenne. As with
most other American Indians tribes, these tribes consumed the Three Sisters of beans,
maize, and squash, but also for thousands of years followed the herds of bison and
hunted them first on foot and then, after the spread of mustangs from the Southwest
due to the explorations of conquistadors, on horseback, typically using bow and arrow.
There are buffalo jumps dating back nearly ten thousand years and several
photographs and written accounts of trappers and homesteaders attesting to their
dependence on the buffalo and to a lesser degree elk. After nearly wiping out the elk
and bison to nothingness, this region has taken to raising bison alongside cattle for their
meat and at an enormous profit, making them into burgers and steaks.
This region today comprises the states near the Great Lakes and also the Great Plains;
much of it is prairie with a very flat terrain where the blue sky meets a neverending
horizon. Winters are bitterly cold, windy, and wet. Often that means very harsh blizzards
especially near the Great Lakes where Arctic winds blow off of Canada and where the
ice on rivers and lakes freezes reliably thick enough for ice hockey to be a favorite
pastime in the region and for ice fishing for pike, walleye and panfish to be ubiquitous
in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where they often there after become part of the
local tradition of the fish fry. Population density is extremely low away from the Great
Lakes and very small towns dominated by enormous farms are the rule with larger cities
being the exception. Detroit, Cleveland, St.
Louis, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis and her twin sister city across
the river St. Paul dominate the landscape in wealth and size, owing to their ties with
manufacturing, finance, transportation, and meatpacking. Smaller places
like Omaha, Tulsa, and Kansas City make up local capitals, but the king of them all
is Chicago, third largest city in the country, on the shores of Lake Michigan.

Persimmon pudding.
Non-American Indian settlement began in Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana,
and Michigan earlier than anywhere else in the region, and thus the food available here
ranges from the sublime to the bizarre. As with all of the Midwest, the primary meats
here are beef and poultry, since the Midwest has been raising turkeys, chickens,
and geese for over a hundred and fifty years; chickens have been so common for so
long that the Midwest has several native breeds that are prized for both backyard
farming and for farmer's markets, such as the Buckeye and Wyandotte; one, Billina,
appears as a character in the second book of the Oz series by L. Frank Baum. Favorite
fruits of the region include a few native plants inherited from Native American tribes like
the pawpaw and the American persimmons are also highly favored. As with the
American South, pawpaws are the region's largest native fruit, about the size of a
mango, and are often found growing wild in the region come September, whereafter
they are made into preserves and cakes and command quite a price at farmer's markets
in Chicago.[116] The American persimmon is often smaller than it is Japanese cousin,
about the size of a small plum, but in the Midwest and portions of the East it is the main
ingredient in a steamed pudding called persimmon pudding, topped with crème
anglaise. Other crops inherited from the Native Americans include wild rice, which
grows on the banks of lakes and is a local favorite for fancy meals and today often used
in stuffing for Thanksgiving.
Typical fruits of the region are cold weather crops. Once it was believed that the region
had winters that were far too harsh for apple growing, but then a breeder
in Minnesota came forth with the Wealthy apple and thence came forth the third most
productive region for apple growing in the land, with local varieties comprising Wolf
River, Enterprise, Melrose, Paula Red, Rome Beauty, Honeycrisp, and the Red
Delicious. Cherries are important to Michigan and Wisconsin grows many cranberries, a
legacy of early-19th-century emigration of New England farmers. Crabapple jelly is a
favorite condiment of the region.
The influence of German, Scandinavian, and Slavic peoples on the northern portion of
the region is very strong; many of these emigrated to Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan,
Ohio, and Illinois in the 19th century to take advantage of jobs in the meatpacking
business as well as being homesteaders and tradesmen. Bratwurst is a very common
sausage eaten at tailgate parties for the Green Bay Packers, Chicago Bears, or Detroit
Lions football teams and is often served boiled in lager beer with sauerkraut, different
than many of the recipes currently found in Germany. Polish sausage, in particular a
locally invented type of kielbasa, is an essential for sporting events in Chicago: Chicago
today has approximately 200,000 speakers of Polish and has had a population of that
description for over a hundred years.[117] When Poles came to Chicago and surrounding
cities from Europe, they brought with them long ropes of kielbasa, cabbage rolls, and
pierogis. Poles that left Poland after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the descendants of
earlier immigrants still make all of the above and such comestibles are common in local
diners and delis as result.[118] Today alongside the pierogi, the sausage is served on a
long roll with mustard like a hot dog or as a Maxwell Street Polish, a sandwich that has
caramelized onions as an essential ingredient. In Cleveland, the same sausage is
served in the form of the Polish boy: this is a weird but tasty sandwich made of french
fries, spicy barbecue sauce, and coleslaw; unlike cities in the East where the hot dog
alone is traditional fans of the Cleveland Indians, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs, and
Milwaukee Brewers favor at least two or three different kinds of sausage sold in the little
pushcarts outside the stadium; the hot dogs themselves tend to follow the Chicago
style, which is loaded with mustard, and pickled vegetables. In Cincinnati, where
the Cincinnati Reds play, the predilection for sausage has a competitor in Cincinnati
chili, invented by Macedonian immigrants: this bizarre but tasty dish includes spaghetti
as its base, chili with a Mediterranean-inspired spice mix, and cheddar cheese; the chili
itself is often a topping for local hot dogs at games.
In the Midwest and especially Minnesota,[119] the tradition of the church potluck has
become a gathering in which local foods reign, and so it has been since the era of the
frontier: pioneers would often need to pool resources together to have a celebration in
the 19th century and that simply never changed.[120] Nowhere is this more clear than
with the hotdish: this is a type of casserole believed to have derived somehow from a
Norwegian recipe, and it is usually topped with potatoes or tater tots. [121] Next to the
hotdish at the potlucks usually is where the glorified rice is found: this is a dish made of
a kind of rice pudding mixed with crushed pineapple and maraschino cherries. Next to
that is the booyah, a thick soup made of a number or combinations of meat, vegetables,
and seasonings that is meant to simmer on the stove for up to two days. Lefse,
traditionally a Scandinavian flatbread, has been handed down to descendants for over a
hundred years and is common on the table. Behind that is the venison, a popular meat
around the Great Lakes and often eaten in steaks, sandwiches, and crown roasts for
special events.[122][123] Within Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas, tiger meat, a dish
similar to steak tartare, is common. Last on the table are the dessert bars and most
especially the brownies: this confection was created originally in 1898 in Chicago and
has gone on to become a global food and international favorite.[124]
Booyah, a popular chunky stew of the Midwest that is often served to large numbers of
people.
Further South, barbecue has its own style in places in Kansas and St. Louis that are
different to the South and the American West. Kansas City and St. Louis were and
remain important hubs for the railroad that connected the plains with the Great Lakes
and cities farther east, like Philadelphia.[125] At the turn of the 19th century, the St. Louis
area, Omaha, and Kansas City had huge stockyards, waystations for cattle and pigs on
their way East to the cities of the coast and North to the Great Lakes. [126][127] They all had
large growing immigrant and migrant populations from Europe and the South
respectively, so this region has developed unique styles of barbecue. St. Louis-style
barbecue favors a heavy emphasis on a sticky sweet barbecue sauce. Its standbys
include the pork steak, a cut taken from the shoulder of the pig, grilled, and then slowly
stewed in a pan over charcoal, crispy snoots, a cut from the cheek and nose of the pig
that is fried up like cracklin and eaten dipped in sauce, pork spare ribs, and a mix of
either beer boiled bratwurst or grilled Italian derived sausage, flavored with fennel.
Dessert is usually something like gooey butter cake, invented in the city in the
1930s. Kansas City-style barbecue uses several different kinds of meat, more than most
styles of American barbecue- turkey, mutton, pork, and beef just to name a few- but is
distinct from St. Louis in that the barbecue sauce adds molasses in with the typical
tomato based recipe and typically has a more tart taste. Traditionally, Kansas City uses
a low-and-slow method of smoking the meat in addition to just stewing it in the sauce. It
also favors using hickory wood for smoking and continual watering or layering of the
sauce while cooking to form a glaze; with burnt ends this step is necessary to create the
"bark" or charred outer layer of the brisket.
Southern United States[edit]
Chicken and waffles

Nashville hot chicken with potato salad

Main article: Cuisine of the Southern United States
When referring to the American South as a region, typically it should indicate Southern
Maryland and the states that were once part of the Old Confederacy, with the dividing
line between the East and West jackknifing about 100 miles west of Dallas, Texas, and
mostly south of the old Mason–Dixon line. Cities found in this area include New
Orleans, Miami, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Memphis, Charleston,
and Charlotte with Houston, Texas being the largest. These states are much more
closely tied to each other and have been part of US territory for much longer than states
much farther west than East Texas, and in the case of food, the influences and cooking
styles are strictly separated as the terrain begins to change to prairie and desert from
bayou and hardwood forest.

Peach cobbler is a popular Southern dessert.

This section of the country has some of the oldest known foodways in the land, with
some recipes almost 400 years old. Native American influences are still quite visible in
the use of cornmeal as an essential staple[128] and found in the Southern predilection for
hunting wild game, in particular wild turkey, deer, woodcock, and various kinds
of waterfowl; for example, coastal North Carolina is a place where hunters will
seek tundra swan as a part of Christmas dinner; the original English and Scottish
settlers would have rejoiced at this revelation owing to the fact that such was banned
amongst the commoner class in what is now the United Kingdom, and naturally, their
descendants have not forgotten.[129][130] Native Americans also consumed turtles and
catfish, specifically the snapping turtle, the alligator snapping turtle, and blue catfish.
Catfish are often caught with one's bare hands, gutted, breaded, and fried to make a
Southern variation on English fish and chips and turtles are turned into stews and
soups.[131][132] Native American tribes of the region such as the Cherokee or Choctaw
often cultivated or gathered local plants like pawpaw, maypop and several sorts
of squashes and corn as food.[133] They also used spicebush[134] and sassafras as
spices,[135] and the aforementioned fruits are still cultivated as food in the South.
[136]
 Maize is to this day found in dishes for breakfast, lunch and dinner in the form
of grits, hoecakes, baked cornbread, and spoonbread, and nuts like the hickory, black
walnut and pecan are commonly included in desserts and pastries as varied as mince
pies, pecan pie, pecan rolls and honey buns (both are types of sticky bun), and quick
breads, which were themselves invented in the South during the American Civil War.
Peaches have been grown in this region since the 17th century and are a staple crop as
well as a favorite fruit, with peach cobbler being a signature dessert.
Early history[edit]
European influence began soon after the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the
earliest recipes emerged by the end of the 17th century. Specific influences from
Europe were quite varied, and remain traditional and essential to the modern cookery
overall. German speakers often settled in the Piedmont on small farms from the coast,
and invented an American delicacy that is now nationally beloved, apple butter, based
on their recipe for apfelkraut, and later they introduced red cabbage and rye. From the
British Isles, an enormous amount of influence was bestowed upon the South,
specifically foodways found in 17th- and 18th-century Ulster, the borderlands between
England and Scotland, the Scottish Highlands, portions of Wales, the West
Midlands and Black Country. Settlers bound for America fled the tumult of the Civil
War, Ulster and the Highland Clearances. Often ships' manifests show their belongings
nearly always included cookpots or bakestones and seed stock for plants
like peaches, plums, and apples to grow orchards which they planted in their hundreds.
Each group brought foods and ideas from their respective regions.
Settlers from Ireland and Scotland were well known for creating peatreak and poitín,
strong hard liquor based on fermenting potatoes or barley. In time they came up with a
method for distilling a corn mash with added sugar and aging in charred barrels made of
select hardwoods, which created a whiskey with a high proof. This gave birth
to American whiskey and Kentucky bourbon, and its cousins moonshine and Everclear.
Closer to the coast, 18th-century recipes for English trifle turned into tipsy cakes,
replacing the sherry with whiskey and their recipe for pound cake, brought to the South
around the same time, still works with American baking units: 1 pound sugar, one pound
eggs, one pound butter, one pound flour.
Common features[edit]

Biscuits and gravy

Pork is the popular choice in 80% of Southern style barbecue and features in other
preparations like sausages and sandwiches. For most Southerners in the antebellum
period, corn and pork were staples of the diet.[50] Country sausage is an ingredient in the
Southern breakfast dish of biscuits and gravy. Country ham is often served for breakfast
and cured with salt or sugar and hickory-smoked.[137] Accompanying many meals is the
southern style fluffy biscuit, where the leavening agent is baking soda and often
includes buttermilk, and for breakfast they often accompany country ham, grits, and
scrambled eggs.
Desserts[edit]

Sweet potato pie

Desserts in the South tend to be quite rich and very much a legacy of entertaining to
impress guests, since a Southern housewife was (and to a degree still is) expected to
show her hospitality by laying out as impressive a banquet as she is able to manage.
[138]
 Desserts are vast and encompass Lane cake, sweet potato pie, peach
cobbler, pecan pie, hummingbird cake, Jefferson Davis pie, peanut brittle, coconut
cake, apple fritters, peanut cookies, Moravian spice cookies, chess pie, doberge
cake, Lady Baltimore cake, bourbon balls, and caramel cake. American style sponge
cakes tend to be the rule rather than the exception as is American style buttercream, a
place where Southern baking intersects with the rest of the United States. Nuts like
pecan and hickory tend to be revered as garnishes for these desserts, and make their
way into local bakeries as fillings for chocolates.
Cajun and Creole Cuisine of Louisiana[edit]
Shrimp gumbo is a popular Cajun and Creole dish.
In Louisiana, cooking methods have more in common with rustic French cuisines of the
17th and 18th century than anything ever found at the French court in Versailles or the
bistros of 19th- and 20th-century Paris; this is especially true of Cajun cuisine.
Cajun French is more closely related to dialects spoken in Northern Maine, New
Brunswick, and to a lesser degree Haiti than anything spoken in modern France, and
likewise their terminology, methodology, and culture concerning food is much more
closely related to the styles of these former French colonies even today. Unlike other
areas of the South, Cajuns were and still are largely Catholics and thus much of what
they eat is seasonal; for example pork is an important component of the
Cajun boucherie (a large community event where the hog is butchered, prepared with a
fiery spice mix, and eaten snout to tail) but it is never consumed in the five weeks of
Lent, when such would be forbidden. Cajun cuisine tends to focus on what is locally
available, historically because Cajuns were often poor, illiterate, independent farmers
and not plantation owners but today it is because such is deeply imbedded in local
culture. Boudin is a type of sausage found only in this area of the country, and it is often
by far more spicy than anything found in France or Belgium. Chaudin is unique to the
area, and the method of cooking is comparable to the Scottish dish haggis: the stuffing
includes onions, rice, bell peppers, spices, and pork sewn up in the stomach of a pig,
and served in slices piping hot. Crayfish are a staple of the Cajun grandmother's
cookpot, as they are abundant in the bayous of Southern Louisiana and a main source
of livelihood, as are blue crabs, shrimp, corn on the cob, and red potatoes, since these
are the basic ingredients of the Louisiana crawfish boil.

Dishes typical of Louisiana Creole cuisine

New Orleans has been the capital of Creole culture since before Louisiana was a state;
this culture is that of the colonial French and Spanish that evolved in the city of New
Orleans, which was and still is quite distinct from the rural culture of Cajuns and
dovetails with what would have been eaten in antebellum Louisiana plantation culture
long ago. Cooking to impress and show one's wealth was a staple of Creole culture,
which often mixed French, Spanish, Italian, German, African, Caribbean and Native
American cooking methods, producing rich dishes like oysters bienville, pompano en
papillote, and even the muffaletta sandwich. However, Louisiana Creole cuisine tends to
diverge from the original ideas brought to the region in ingredients: profiteroles, for
example, use a near identical choux pastry to that which is found in modern Paris but
often use vanilla or chocolate ice cream rather than custard as the filling, pralines nearly
always use pecan and not almonds, and bananas foster came about when New Orleans
was a key port for the import of bananas from the Caribbean Sea.[139] Gumbos tend to
be thickened with okra, or the leaves of the sassafrass tree. Andouille is often used, but
not the andouille currently known in France, since French andouille uses tripe whereas
Louisiana andouille is made from a Boston butt, usually inflected with pepper flakes,
and smoked for hours over pecan wood. Other ingredients that are native to Louisiana
and not found in the cuisine of modern France would include rice, which has been a
staple of both Creole and Cajun cooking for generations, and sugarcane, which has
been grown in Louisiana since the early 1800s.[140]

The maypop plant

Ground cayenne pepper is a key spice of the region, as is the meat of the American
alligator, something settlers learned from the Choctaws and Houma. The maypop plant
has been a favorite of Southerners for 350 years; it gives its name to the Ocoee River in
Tennessee, a legacy of the Cherokees, and in Southern Louisiana it is known as liane
de grenade, indicating its consumption by Cajuns. It is a close relative of the
commercial passionfruit, similar in size, and is a common plant growing in gardens all
over the South as a source of fresh summertime fruit.
African American influences[edit]
West African influences came with slaves
from Ghana, Benin, Mali, Congo, Angola, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and other portions of
the Gold Coast, and the mark Africans and their descendants, the African Americans,
have made on Southern food is extremely strong today and an essential addition to the
Southern table. Crops like okra, sorghum, sesame seeds, eggplant, and many different
kinds of melons were brought with them from West Africa along with the incredibly
important introduction of rice to the Carolinas and later to Texas and Louisiana, whence
it became a staple grain of the region and still remains a staple today, found in dishes
like Hoppin John, purloo, and Charleston red rice. Like the poorer indentured servants
that came to the South, slaves often got the leftovers of what was slaughtered for the
consumption of the master of the plantation and so many recipes had to be adapted for
offal, like pig's ears and fatbacks[141] though other methods encouraged low and slow
methods of cooking to tenderize the tougher cuts of meat, like braising, smoking, and pit
roasting, the last of which was a method known to West Africans in the preparation of
roasting goat.[142] Peanut soup is one of the oldest known recipes brought to Virginia by
Africans and over time, through their descendants, it has become creamier and milder
tasting than the original. [1]
Florida cuisine[edit]
Certain portions of the South often have their own distinct subtypes of cuisine owing to
local history and landscape. Floridian cuisine, for example, has a distinct way of cooking
that includes different ingredients, especially south of Tampa and Orlando. Spain had
control of the state until the early 19th century and used the southern tip as an outpost
to guard the Spanish Main beginning in the 1500s, but Florida kept and still maintains
ties with the Caribbean Sea, including the Bahamas Haiti, Cuba, Puerto Rico,
the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica. South of Tampa, there are and have been for a
long time many speakers of Caribbean Spanish, Haitian French, Jamaican Patois,
and Haitian Creole and each Caribbean culture has a strong hold on cooking methods
and spices in Florida. In turn, each mixes and matches with the foodways of the
Seminole tribe and Anglophone settlers. Thus, for almost 200 years, Floridian cooking
has had a more tropical flavor than any other Southern state. Allspice, a spice originally
from Jamaica, is an ingredient found in spice mixes in summer barbecues along
with ginger, garlic, scotch bonnet peppers, sea salt, and nutmeg; in Floridian cooking
this is often a variant of Jamaican jerk spice. Coconuts are grown in the areas
surrounding Miami and are shipped in daily through its port for consumption of the milk,
meat, and water of the coconut. Bananas are not just the yellow Cavendish variety
found in supermarkets across America: in Florida they are available as bananitos,
colorados, plátanos, and maduros. The first of these is a tiny miniature banana only
about 4-5 inches (10–13 cm) in length and it is sweet. The second has a red peel and
an apple like after taste, and the third and fourth are used as a starch on nearly every
Caribbean island as a side dish, baked or fried: all of the above are a staple of Florida
outdoor markets when in season and all have been grown in the Caribbean for almost
400 years. Mangoes are grown as a backyard plant in Southern Florida and otherwise
are a favorite treat coming in many different shapes in sizes from Nam Doc Mai, brought
to Florida after the Vietnam War, to Madame Francis, a mango from
Haiti. Sweetsop and soursop are popular around Miami, but nearly unheard of in other
areas of the South.
Citrus is a major crop of Florida, and features at many breakfast tables and many
markets, with the height of the season near the first week of January. Hamlin oranges
are the main cultivar planted, and from this crop the rest of the United States and to a
lesser extent Europe gets orange juice. Other plantings would
include grapefruits, tangerines, clementine oranges, limes, and even a few more rare
ones, like cara cara navels, tangelos, and the Jamaican Ugli fruit. Tomatoes, bell
peppers, habanero peppers, and figs, especially taken from the Florida strangler fig,
complete the produce menu. Blue crab, conch, Florida stone crab, red drum, dorado,
and marlins tend to be local favorite ingredients. Dairy is available in this region, but it is
less emphasized due to the year round warmth. Traditional key lime pie, a dessert from
the islands off the coast of Miami, is made with condensed milk to form the custard with
the eye wateringly tart limes native to the Florida Keys in part because milk would spoil
in an age before refrigeration. Pork in this region tends to be roasted in methods similar
to those found in Puerto Rico and Cuba, owing to mass emigration from those countries
in the 20th century, especially in the counties surrounding Miami. [143] Orange blossom
honey is a specialty of the state, and is widely available in farmer's markets.
[144]
 Caribbean lobster is a favorite special meal eagerly sought after by Floridians as it is
found as far north as Fort Myers: spear diving and collecting them from reefs in the
Florida Keys and near rocky shoals is a common practice of local scuba divers.[145]
Other small game[edit]
Ptarmigan, grouse, crow blackbirds, dove, ducks and other game fowl are consumed in
the United States. In the American state of Arkansas, beaver tail stew is consumed in
Cotton town.
[146]
 Squirrel, raccoon, possum, bear, muskrat, chipmunk, skunk, groundhog, pheasant, 
armadillo and rabbit are also consumed in the United States.
Cuisine in the West[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of the Western United States
Cooking in the American West gets its influence from Native American and
Hispanophone cultures, as well as later settlers that came in the 19th century: Texas,
for example, has some influence from Germany in its choice of barbecue by using
sausages. Another instance can be found in the Northwestern region, which
encompasses Oregon, Washington, and Northern California. All of the aforementioned
rely on local seafood and a few classics of their own. In New
Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, West Texas, and Southern California,
Mexican flavors and influences are extremely common, especially from the Mexican
states of Chihuahua, Baja California, and Sonora.
Northwest[edit]
The Pacific Northwest as a region generally includes Alaska and the state of
Washington near the Canada–US border and terminates near Sacramento, California.
Here, the terrain is mostly temperate rainforest on the Coast mixed with pine forest as
one approaches the Canada–US border inland. One of the core favorite foodstuffs
is Pacific salmon, native to many of the larger rivers of the area and often smoked or
grilled on cedar planks. In Alaska, wild game like ptarmigan and moose meat feature
extensively since much of the state is wilderness. Fresh fish like steelhead trout, Pacific
cod, Pacific halibut, and pollock are fished for extensively and feature on the menu of
many restaurants, as do a plethora of fresh berries and vegetables, like Cameo apples
from Washington state, the headquarters of the
U.S. apple industry, cherries from Oregon, blackberries, and marionberries, a feature of
many pies. Hazelnuts are grown extensively in this region and are a feature of baking,
such as in chocolate hazelnut pie, an Oregon favorite, [147] and Almond Roca is a local
candy.
This region is also heavily dominated by some notable wineries producing a high quality
product.
Like its counterpart on the opposite coast to the East, there is a grand variety of
shellfish in this region. Geoducks are a native species of giant clam that have incredibly
long necks, and they are eaten by the bucket full as well as shipped to Asia for millions
of dollars as they are believed to be an aphrodisiac. Gaper clams are a favorite food,
often grilled or steamed in a sauce, as is the native California abalone, which although
protected as a food source is a traditional foodway predating settlement by whites and
today features heavily in the cooking of fine restaurants as well as in home cooking, in
mirin-flavored soups (the influence of Japanese cooking is strong in the region) noodle
dishes and on the barbecue. Olympia oysters are served on the half shell as well as
the Kumamoto oyster, introduced by Japanese immigrants and a staple at dinner as an
appetizer. California mussels are a delicacy of the region, and have been a feature of
the cooking for generations: there is evidence that Native American tribes consumed
them up and down the California coast for centuries in their masses.
Crabs are a delicacy, and included in this are Alaskan king crab, red crab, yellow crab,
and Dungeness crab. Californian and Oregonian sportsmen pursue the last three
extensively using hoop nets, and prepare them in a multitude of ways. Alaska king crab,
able to get up to 10 kg, is often served steamed for a whole table with lemon butter
sauce or put in chunks of salad with avocado, and native crabs are the base of dishes
like the California roll, cioppino, a tomato based fisherman's stew, and Crab Louie,
another kind of salad native to San Francisco. Favorite grains are mainly wheat, and the
region is known for sourdough bread. Cheeses of the region include Humboldt
Fog, Cougar Gold and Teleme.
Southwest and Southern California[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of the Southwestern United States

Mixed beef and chicken fajita ingredients, served on a hot iron skillet

The states of the Four Corners (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah)
plus Nevada, Southern California, and West Texas make up a large chunk of the United
States and there is a distinct Hispanic accent to the cookery here, with each having
cultural capitals in Albuquerque, Denver, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Salt Lake
City, Santa Fe, San Francisco, and Tucson. For centuries, prior to California's statehood
in the 1850s, it was part of the Spanish Empire, namely Alta
California (modern California), Santa Fe de Nuevo México (modern New Mexico),
and Tejas (modern Texas). Today it is home of a large population of Native
Americans, Hispanos, descendants of the American frontier, Asian Americans, and
immigrants from Mexico and Latin America; California, New Mexico, and Texas
continue to hold their unique identities which is reflected in their distinct regional
cuisines, the multiple cuisines of California, New Mexican cuisine, Texan cuisine,
and Tex-Mex. Spanish is a commonly spoken secondary language here; the state
of New Mexico has its own distinct dialect.
With the exception of Southern California, the signature meat is beef, since this is one
of the two regions in which cowboys lived and modern cattle ranchers still eke out their
living today.[148][149] High quality beefstock is a feature that has been present in the region
for more than 200 years and the many cuts of beef are unique to the United States.
These cuts of meat are different from the related Mexican cuisine over the border in that
certain kind of offal, like lengua (tongue) cabeza (head) and tripas (tripe) are considered
less desirable and are thus less emphasized. Typical cuts would include the ribs,
brisket, sirloin, flank steak, skirt steak, and t-bone.

Chili con carne, a typical Tex-Mex dish with garnishes and tortilla chips
Historically, Spanish settlers that came to the region found it completely unsuitable to
the mining operations that much older settlements in Mexico had to offer as the
technology of the age was not yet advanced enough to get at the silver that would later
be found in the region. They had no knowledge of the gold to be discovered in
California, something nobody would find until 1848, and knew even less about the silver
in Nevada, something nobody would find until after the Civil War. Instead, in order to
make the pueblos prosper, they adapted the old rancho system of places
like Andalusia in Spain and brought the earliest beefstock, among these were breeds
that would go feral and become the Texas longhorn, and Navajo-Churro sheep, still
used as breeding stock because they are easy to keep and well adapted to the
extremely arid and hot climate, where temperatures easily exceed 38 °C.[150] Later,
cowboys learned from their management practices, many of which still stand today, like
the practical management of stock on horseback using the Western saddle.[151]
Biscochitos, the state cookie of New Mexico
Likewise, settlers learned the cooking methods of those who came before and local
tribes as well: for example, portions of Arizona and New Mexico still use the
aforementioned beehive shaped clay contraption called an horno, an outdoor wood fired
oven both Native American tribes like the Navajo and Spaniards used for roasting meat,
maize, and baking bread.[152] Other meats that see frequent use in this region
are elk meat, a favorite in crown roasts and burgers, and nearer the Mexican
border rattlesnake, often skinned and stewed.[153][154] The taste for alcohol in this region
tends toward light and clean flavors found in tequila, a staple of this region since the
days of the Wild West and a staple in the bartender's arsenal for cocktails, especially in
Las Vegas. In Utah, a state heavily populated by Mormons, alcohol is frowned upon by
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints but still available in area bars in Salt
Lake City, mainly consumed by the populations of Catholics and other Protestant
denominations living there.
Introduction of agriculture was limited prior to the 20th century and the development of
better irrigation techniques, but included the addition of peaches, a crop still celebrated
by Native American tribes like the Havasupai,[155] and oranges; today in Arizona, Texas,
and New Mexico the favored orange today is the Moro blood orange, which often finds
its way into the local cuisine, like cakes and marmalade.[156][157] Pine nuts are a particular
regional specialty and feature often in fine dining and cookies; in Nevada the Native
American tribes that live there are by treaty given rights to exclusive harvest, and in
New Mexico they reserve usage of the term piñon for certain species of indigenous pine
nuts.[158] From Native Americans, Westerners learned the practice of eating cactus fruit
from the myriad species of opuntia that occupy the Chihuahuan, Sonoran,
and Mojave desert lands. In California, Spanish missionaries brought with them
the mission fig: today this fruit is a delicacy.
New Mexico green chile is a staple of New Mexican cuisine.
Cuisine in this region tends to have certain key ingredients: tomatoes, onions, black
beans, pinto beans, rice, bell peppers, chile peppers, and cheese, in
particular Monterey Jack, invented in Southern California in the 19th century and itself
often further altered into pepper Jack where spicy jalapeño peppers are incorporated
into the cheese to create a smoky taste. Chili peppers play an important role in the
cuisine, with a few native to the region. This is especially true with the region's
distinct New Mexico chile pepper, these still grown by Hispanos of New
Mexico and Puebloans the most sought after of which come from
the Hatch valley, Albuquerque's Central Rio Grande, Chimayo, and Pueblos. In New
Mexico, chile is eaten on a variety of foods, such as the green chile cheeseburger,
made popular by fast food chains such as Blake's Lotaburger. Indeed, even national
fast food chains operating in the state, such as McDonald's, offer locally grown chile on
many of their menu items. In the 20th century a few more recent additions have arrived
like the poblano pepper, rocoto pepper, ghost pepper, thai chili pepper, and Korean
pepper, the last three especially when discussing Southern California and its large
population from East and South Asia.[159][160] Cornbread is consumed in this area,
however the recipe differs from ones in the East in that the batter is cooked in a cast-
iron skillet. Outdoor cooking is popular and still utilizes an old method settlers brought
from the East with them, in which a cast-iron Dutch oven is covered with the coals of the
fire and stacked or hung from a tripod: this is different from the earthenware pots of
Mexico. Tortillas are still made the traditional way in this area and form an important
component of the spicy breakfast burrito, which contains ham, eggs, and salsa or pico
de gallo. They also comprise the regular burrito, which contains any combination of
marinated meats, vegetables, and piquant chilis; The smothered burrito, often both
containing and topped with New Mexico chile sauces; the quesadilla, a much loved
grilled dish where cheese and other ingredients are stuffed between two tortillas and
served by the slice, and the steak fajita, where sliced skirt steak sizzles in a skillet with
caramelized onions.
Nachos with cheese
Unlike Mexico, tortillas of this region also may incorporate vegetable matter like spinach
into the flatbread dough to make wraps, which were invented in Southern California.
Food here tends to use pungent spices and condiments, typically chili verde sauce,
various kinds of hot sauce, sriracha sauce, chili powder, cayenne pepper, white
pepper, cumin, paprika, onion powder, thyme and black pepper. Nowhere is this fiery
mix of spice more evident than in the dishes chili con carne, a meaty stew, and cowboy
beans, both of which are a feature of regional cookoffs. Southern California has several
additions like five spice powder, rosemary, curry powder, kimchi, and lemongrass, with
many of these brought by recent immigration to the region and often a feature of
Southern California's fusion cuisine, popular in fine dining.
In Texas, the local barbecue is often entirely made up of beef brisket or large rib racks,
where the meat is seasoned with a spice rub and cooked over coals of mesquite, and in
other portions of the state they smoke their meat and peppery sausages over high heat
using pecan, apple, and oak and served it with a side of pickled vegetables, a legacy of
German and Czech settlers of the late 1800s. California is home to Santa Maria-style
barbecue, where the spices involved generally are black pepper, paprika, and garlic
salt, and grilled over the coals of coast live oak.

A chimichanga
Native American additions may include Navajo frybread and corn on the cob, often
roasted on the grill in its husk. A typical accompaniment or appetizer of all these states
is the tortilla chip, which sometimes includes cornmeal from cultivars of corn that are
blue or red in addition to the standard yellow of sweetcorn, and is served with salsa of
varying hotness. Tortilla chips also are an ingredient in the Tex Mex dish nachos, where
these chips are loaded with any combination of ground beef, melted Monterey Jack,
cheddar, or Colby cheese, guacamole, sour cream, and salsa, and Texas usually
prefers a version of potato salad as a side dish. For alcohol, a key ingredient is tequila:
this spirit has been made on both sides of the US-Mexican border for generations,
[161]
 and in modern cuisine it is a must have in a bartender's arsenal as well as an
addition to dishes for sauteeing.[162]
Southern California is located more towards the coast and has had more contact with
immigration from the West Pacific and Baja California, in addition to having the
international city of Los Angeles as its capital. Here, the prime mode of transportation is
by car. Drive through fast food was invented in this area, but so was the concept of the
gourmet burger movement, giving birth to chains like In-N-Out Burger, with many
variations of burgers including chili, multiple patties, avocado, special sauces, and
angus or wagyu beef; common accompaniments include thick milkshakes in various
flavors like mint, chocolate, peanut butter, vanilla, strawberry, and mango. Smoothies
are a common breakfast item made with fresh fruit juice, yogurt, and crushed ice. Agua
fresca, a drink originated by Mexican immigrants, is a common hot weather beverage
sold in many supermarkets and at mom and pop stands, available in citrus, watermelon,
and strawberry flavors; the California version usually served chilled without grain in it.
Machaca with pork, eggs, and potatoes wrapped in a tortilla, served with salsa
The weather in Southern California is such that the temperature rarely drops below
12 °C in winter, thus, sun loving crops like pistachios, kiwifruit, avocadoes, strawberries,
and tomatoes are staple crops of the region, the last often dried in the sun and a feature
of salads and sandwiches. Olive oil is a staple cooking oil of the region and has been
since the days of Junípero Serra; today the mission olive is a common tree growing in a
Southern Californian's back garden; as a crop olives are increasingly a signature of the
region along with Valencia oranges and Meyer lemons. Soybeans, bok choy, Japanese
persimmon, thai basil, Napa cabbage, nori, mandarin oranges, water chestnuts,
and mung beans are other crops brought to the region from East Asia and are common
additions to salads as the emphasis on fresh produce in both Southern and Northern
California is strong. Other vegetables and herbs have a distinct Mediterranean flavor
which would include oregano, basil, summer squash, eggplant, and broccoli, with all of
the above extensively available at farmers' markets all around Southern California.
Naturally, salads native to Southern California tend to be hearty affairs, like Cobb
salad and Chinese chicken salad, and dressings like green goddess and ranch are a
staple. California-style pizza tends to have disparate ingredients with an emphasis on
vegetables, with any combination of chili oil, prawns, eggs, chicken, shiitake
mushrooms, olives, bell pepper, goat cheese, and feta cheese. Peanut noodles tend to
include a sweet dressing with lo mein noodles and chopped peanuts.
Fresh fish and shellfish in Southern California tends to be expensive in restaurants, but
every year since the end of WWII, the Pismo clam festival has taken place where the
local population takes a large species of clam and bakes, stuffs, and roasts it as it is a
regional delicacy.[163][164] Fishing for pacific species of octopus and the Humboldt
squid are common, and both are a feature of East Asian and other L.A. fish markets.[165]
[166][167]
 Lingcod is a coveted regional fish that is often caught in the autumn off the coast
of San Diego and in the Channel Islands and often served baked. California
sheephead are often grilled and are much sought after by spear fishermen and the
immigrant Chinese population, in which case it is basket steamed. Most revered of all in
recent years is the California spiny lobster, a beast that can grow to be 20 kg, and is a
delicacy that now rivals the fishery for Dungeness crab in its importance.[168]
Pacific and Hawaiian cuisine[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of Hawaii

Lomi-lomi salmon
Hawaii is often considered to be one of the most culturally diverse U.S. states, as well
as being the only state with an Asian majority population and being one of the few
places where United States territory extends into the tropics. As a result, Hawaiian
cuisine borrows elements of a variety of cuisines, particularly those of Asian and Pacific-
rim cultures, as well as traditional native Hawaiian and a few additions from the
American mainland. American influence of the last 150 years has brought cattle, goats,
and sheep to the islands, introducing cheese, butter, and yogurt products, as well as
crops like red cabbage. Just to name a few, major Asian and Polynesian influences on
modern Hawaiian cuisine are from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China (especially near the
Pearl River delta,) Samoa, and the Philippines. From Japan, the concept of serving raw
fish as a meal with rice was introduced, as was soft tofu, setting the stage for the
popular dish called poke. From Korea, immigrants to Hawaii brought a love of spicy
garlic marinades for meat and kimchi. From China, their version of char siu
baau became modern manapua, a type of steamed pork bun with a spicy filling.
[169]
 Filipinos brought vinegar, bagoong, and lumpia, and during the 20th century
immigrants from American Samoa brought the open pit fire umu[170] and the Vietnamese
introduced lemongrass and fish sauce. Each East Asian culture brought several
different kinds of noodles, including udon, ramen, mei fun, and pho, and today these are
common lunchtime meals.[171]
Much of this cuisine mixes and melts into traditions like the lu'au, whose traditional
elaborate fare was once the prerogative of kings and queens but today is the subject of
parties for both tourists and also private parties for the ‘ohana (meaning family and
close friends.) Traditionally, women and men ate separately under the
Hawaiian kapu system, a system of religious beliefs that honored the Hawaiian gods
similar to the Maori tapu system, though in this case had some specific prohibitions
towards females eating things like coconut, pork, turtle meat, and bananas as these
were considered parts of the male gods. Punishment for violation could be severe, as a
woman might endanger a man's mana, or soul, by eating with him or otherwise by
eating the forbidden food because doing so dishonored all the male gods. As the
system broke down after 1810, introductions of foods from laborers on plantations
began to be included at feasts and much cross pollination occurred, where Asian
foodstuffs mixed with Polynesian foodstuffs like breadfruit, kukui nuts, and purple sweet
potatoes.
Some notable Hawaiian fare includes seared ahi tuna, opakapaka (snapper) with
passionfruit, Hawaiian island-raised lamb, beef and meat products, Hawaiian plate
lunch, and Molokai shrimp. Seafood traditionally is caught fresh in Hawaiian waters, and
particular delicacies are ula poni, papaikualoa, ‘opihi, and ‘opihi malihini, better known
as Hawaiian spiny lobster, Kona crab, Hawaiian limpet, and abalone, the last brought
over with Japanese immigrants.[172] Some cuisine also incorporates a broad variety of
produce and locally grown agricultural products, including tomatoes, sweet Maui onions,
taro, and macadamia nuts. Tropical fruits equally play an important role in the cuisine as
a flavoring in cocktails and in desserts, including local cultivars
of bananas, sweetsop, mangoes, lychee, coconuts, papayas, and lilikoi
(passionfruit). Pineapples have been an island staple since the 19th century and figure
into many marinades and drinks.
Common dishes found on a regional level[edit]
See also: List of American regional and fusion cuisines

Chicken, pork and corn cooking in a barbecue smoker

 

New York–style pizza served at a pizzeria in New York

 


Chicago-style deep-dish pizza from the original Giordano's location

 

A Philly cheesesteak from Pat’s King of Steaks in Philadelphia

 

Key lime pie is from Key West, Florida

 


 Memphis-style barbecue

Ethnicity-specific and immigrant influence[edit]

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Fried fish and french fries in San Diego, California

The influence of ethnicity-specific cuisines like Italian cuisine and Mexican cuisine was
present in the United States by World War I. There are recipes for Chilean meat pies,
chicken chop suey, chow mein, Mexican pork pastries and Italian meatballs going back
to at least the 1930s, but many of the recipes were Anglicized and they appeared
relatively infrequently compared to Northern European recipes.[173] 19th century
cookbooks bear evidence of diverse influences with some including recipes like Indian
pickle, Italian pork and various curries. 19th century literature shows knowledge
of Jewish, Russian, Italian, Chinese and Turkish cuisines, and foreign cookbooks
continued to grow more detailed through World War I including recipes like Peruvian
chicken, Mexican enchiladas, Chilean corn pudding and Hindustan chicken curry.[174]
Louise Rice, author of Dainty Dishes from Foreign Lands describes the recipes in her
book as "not wholly vegetarian" though noting at the time of publication in 1911 that
most of the recipes would likely be new to average American cooks and likely contain
higher proportions of vegetables to meat. She includes Italian pasta recipes
like macaroni in milk, soups and polentas and German recipes like
liver dumplings called Leberknödel and a variation of Sauerbraten.[175]
The demand for ethnic foods in the United States reflects the nation's changing diversity
as well as its development over time. According to the National Restaurant Association,
Restaurant industry sales are expected to reach a record high of $476 billion in 2005,
an increase of 4.9 percent over 2004... Driven by consumer demand, the ethnic food
market reached record sales in 2002, and has emerged as the fastest growing category
in the food and beverage product sector, according to USBX Advisory Services.
Minorities in the U.S. spend a combined $142 billion on food and by 2010, America's
ethnic population is expected to grow by 40 percent.[176]
Korean tacos from the "Seoul on Wheels" truck in San Francisco
A movement began during the 1980s among popular leading chefs to reclaim America's
ethnic foods within its regional traditions, where these trends originated. One of the
earliest was Paul Prudhomme, who in 1984 began the introduction of his influential
cookbook, Paul Prodhomme's Louisiana Kitchen, by describing the over 200-year
history of Creole and Cajun cooking; he aims to "preserve and expand the Louisiana
tradition."[177] Prodhomme's success quickly inspired other chefs. Norman Van Aken
embraced a Floridian type cuisine fused with many ethnic and globalized elements in
his Feast of Sunlight cookbook in 1988. California became swept up in the movement,
then seemingly started to lead the trend itself, in, for example, the popular
restaurant Chez Panisse in Berkeley. Examples of the Chez Panisse phenomenon,
chefs who embraced a new globalized cuisine, were celebrity chefs like Jeremiah Tower
and Wolfgang Puck, both former colleagues at the restaurant. Puck went on to describe
his belief in contemporary, new style American cuisine in the introduction to The
Wolfgang Puck Cookbook:
Another major breakthrough, whose originators were once thought to be crazy, is the
mixing of ethnic cuisines. It is not at all uncommon to find raw fish listed next to tortillas
on the same menu. Ethnic crossovers also occur when distinct elements meet in a
single recipe. This country is, after all, a huge melting pot. Why should its cooking not
illustrate the American transformation of diversity into unity?[178]
Puck's former colleague, Jeremiah Tower became synonymous with California
Cuisine and the overall American culinary revolution. Meanwhile, the restaurant that
inspired both Puck and Tower became a distinguished establishment, popularizing its
so called "mantra" in its book by Paul Bertolli and owner Alice Waters, Chez Panisse
Cooking, in 1988. Published well after the restaurants' founding in 1971, this new
cookbook from the restaurant seemed to perfect the idea and philosophy that had
developed over the years. The book embraced America's natural bounty, specifically
that of California, while containing recipes that reflected Bertoli and Waters' appreciation
of both northern Italian and French style foods.
Early ethnic influences[edit]
Adaptation of Mexican food tailored for the mainstream American market usually is
different from Mexican food typically served in Mexico.
While the earliest cuisine of the United States was influenced by Native Americans,
the thirteen colonies, or the antebellum South; the overall culture of the nation,
its gastronomy and the growing culinary arts became ever more influenced by its
changing ethnic mix and immigrant patterns from the 18th and 19th centuries unto the
present. Some of the ethnic groups that continued to influence the cuisine were here in
prior years; while others arrived more numerously during "The Great Transatlantic
Migration" (of 1870—1914) or other mass migrations.
Some of the ethnic influences could be found across the nation after the American Civil
War and into the continental expansion for most of the 19th century. Ethnic influences
already in the nation at that time would include the following groups and their respective
cuisines:

 Select nationalities of Europe and the respective developments from early

modern European cuisine of the colonial age:
o British-Americans and on-going developments in New England cuisine,
the national traditions founded in cuisine of the thirteen colonies and some
aspects of other regional cuisine.
o Spanish Americans and early modern Spanish cuisine, as well as Basque-
Americans and Basque cuisine.
o Early German-American or Pennsylvania Dutch and Pennsylvania Dutch
cuisine
o French Americans and their New World regional identities such as:
  Acadian
 Cajun and Cajun cuisine
o Louisiana Creole and Louisiana Creole cuisine. Louisiana Creole (also
called French Créole) refers to native born people of the New Orleans area who
are descended from the Colonial French and Spanish settlers of Colonial French
Louisiana, before it became part of the United States in 1803 with the Louisiana
Purchase.
 The various ethnicities originating from the early gastronomy and cuisines of
the New World, Latin American cuisine, and North American cuisine:
o Native Americans in the United States and Native American cuisine

o African Americans and Soul food.

o Puerto Rican cuisine

o Mexican Americans and Mexican-American cuisine; as well as related

regional cuisines:
 Tex-Mex (regional Texas and Mexican fusion)
 Some aspects of "Southwestern cuisine."
o New Mexican cuisine from New Mexico and the historical region of Santa
Fe de Nuevo México, and now ethnically tied to the Pueblos and Hispanos of
New Mexico.

Later ethnic and immigrant influence[edit]

Main article: Immigration to the United States
Mass migrations of immigrants to the United States came in several waves. Historians
identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 to 1860, in
which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others
from northwestern Europe came to the United States; one from 1865 to 1890, in which
some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third
from 1890 to 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern,
and southern
Europe (many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian,
and Romanian) settled in the United States.[179]
Together with earlier arrivals to the United States (including the indigenous Native
Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, particularly in the West, Southwest,
and Texas; African Americans who came to the United States in the Atlantic slave trade;
and early colonial migrants from Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere),
these new waves of immigrants had a profound impact on national or regional cuisine.
Some of these more prominent groups include the following:
 Arab Americans, particularly Lebanese Americans (the largest ethnic Arab group
in the United States) – Arab cuisine, Lebanese cuisine
 Chinese Americans – American Chinese cuisine, Chinese cuisine
 Cuban Americans – Cuban cuisine
 Dominican Americans – Dominican Republic cuisine
 Ethiopian Americans-Eritrean Americans: Ethiopian cuisine, Eritrean cuisine in
Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Denver, New York.
 German Americans – German cuisine (the Pennsylvania Dutch, although
descended from Germans, arrived earlier than the bulk of German migrants and
have distinct culinary traditions)
 Greek Americans – Greek-American cuisine, Greek cuisine, Mediterranean
cuisine
 Haitian Americans – Haitian cuisine
 Hungarian Americans – Hungarian cuisine
 Indian Americans – Indian cuisine
 Irish Americans – Irish cuisine
 Italian Americans – Italian-American cuisine, Italian cuisine
 Japanese Americans – Japanese cuisine, with influences on the Hawaiian
cuisine
 Jewish Americans – Jewish cuisine, with particular influence on New York City
cuisine
 Korean Americans - Korean cuisine, with significant influence during the Korean
War
 Lithuanian Americans – Lithuanian cuisine, Midwest
 Nicaraguan American- Nicaraguan cuisine
 Pakistani Americans – Pakistani cuisine
 Polish Americans – Polish cuisine, with particular impact on Midwest
 Polynesian Americans – Hawaiian cuisine
 Portuguese Americans – Portuguese cuisine
 Romanian Americans – Romanian cuisine
 Russian Americans – Russian cuisine, with particular impact on Midwest
 Salvadoran Americans – Salvadoran cuisine
 Scottish Americans – Scottish cuisine
 Thai Americans - Thai cuisine
 Turkish Americans - Turkish cuisine, Balkan cuisine
 Vietnamese Americans – Vietnamese cuisine
 West Indian Americans – Caribbean cuisine, Jamaican cuisine, Trinidad and
Tobago cuisine

Italian, Mexican and Chinese (Cantonese) cuisines have indeed joined the mainstream.
These three cuisines have become so ingrained in the American culture that they are no
longer foreign to the American palate. According to the study, more than nine out of 10
consumers are familiar with and have tried these foods, and about half report eating
them frequently. The research also indicates that Italian, Mexican and Chinese
(Cantonese) have become so adapted to such an extent that "authenticity" is no longer
a concern to customers.[180]
Contributions from these ethnic foods have become as common as traditional
"American" fares such as hot dogs, hamburgers, beef steak, which are derived
from German cuisine, (chicken-fried steak, for example, is a variation on
German schnitzel), cherry pie, Coca-Cola, milkshakes, fried chicken (Fried chicken is
of Scottish and African influence), Pepsi, Dr Pepper and so on. Nowadays, Americans
also have a ubiquitous consumption of foods like pizza and pasta, tacos and burritos to
"General Tso's chicken" and fortune cookies. Fascination with these and other ethnic
foods may also vary with region.

Notable American chefs[edit]

See also: List of chefs
American chefs have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. An
important 19th-century American chef was Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's
Restaurant in New York. American cooking has been exported around the world, both
through the global expansion of restaurant chains such as T.G.I.
Friday's and McDonald's and the efforts of individual restaurateurs such as Bob Payton,
credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.[181]
The first generation of television chefs such as Robert Carrier and Julia Child tended to
concentrate on cooking based primarily on European, especially French and Italian,
cuisines. Only during the 1970s and 1980s did television chefs such as James
Beard and Jeff Smith shift the focus towards home-grown cooking styles, particularly
those of the different ethnic groups within the nation. Notable American restaurant chefs
include Thomas Keller, Charlie Trotter, Grant Achatz, Alfred Portale, Paul
Prudhomme, Paul Bertolli, Jonathan Waxman, Mark Peel, Frank Stitt, Alice
Waters, Wolfgang Puck, Patrick O'Connell and celebrity chefs like Mario Batali, David
Chang, Alton Brown, Emeril Lagasse, Cat Cora, Michael Symon, Bobby Flay, Ina
Garten, Todd English, Anthony Bourdain, Guy Fieri, Colonel Sanders and Paula Deen.
Regional chefs are emerging as localized celebrity chefs with growing broader appeal,
such as Peter Merriman (Hawaii Regional Cuisine), Jerry Traunfeld, Alan Wong (Pacific
Rim cuisine), Norman Van Aken (New World Cuisine – fusion Latin, Caribbean, Asian,
African and American), and Mark Miller (American Southwest cuisine).