Chapter 7 Block Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions of Systems 1 INTRODUCTION tis pointed out in Chapters 1 and 2 that the block diagram is a shorthand, graphical representation of a physical system, illustrating the functional relationships among its components. This latter feature permits evaluation of the contributions of the individual elements to the overall performance of the system, In this chapter we first investigate these relationships in more detail, utilizing the frequency domain ‘and Gansfer function concepts developed in preceding cluaplers. The we develop methods for reduc complicated block diagrams (o manageable forms so that they may be used to predict the overall performance of a system. 12 R EVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS. In general, « block diagram consists of a specific configuration of four types of elements: blocks, summing points, takeoff points, and arrows representing unidirectional signal flow. Pint ee ‘Takao e+ ae lose Pane 2 Deserpton v Fig. 7-1 The meaning of each element should be clear from Fig. 7-1 Time-domain quantities are represented by lowercase letters EXAMPLE 7.1. r=7(1) for continuous signals. and r(t,) oF r(k), = 1,2,.... for discrete-time signals Capital letters in this chapter are used for Laplace transforms, or z-transforms. The argument s oF = is often suppressed, to simplify the notation, if the context is clear, or if the results presented are the same for both Laplace (continuous-time system) and =-(discrete-time system)transfer function domains, EXAMPLE 7.2. R= R(s) or R= R(=) The basic feedback control system configuration presented in Chapter 2 is reproduced in Fig. 7-2, with all quantities in abbreviated transform notation. 154CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 158 |e Bte=neelG Tes} c Forward Path we H Foodback Path Fig. 7.2 ‘The quantities G,, G,, and H are the transfer functions of the components in the blocks. They may be either Laplace or z-transform transfer functions. EXAMPLE 7.3. G,~U/E ot U: It is important to note that these results apply either to Laplace transform or to z-transform transfer functions, but not necessarily to mixed continuous/discrete block diagrams that include samplers. Samplers are linear devices, but they are not time-invariant. Therefore they cannot be characterized by an ordinary s-domain transfer function, as defined in Chapter 6. See Problem 7.38 for some exceptions, and Section 6.8 for a more extensive discussion of mixed continuous discrete systems. 73. BLOCKS IN CASCADE Any finite number of blocks in series may be algebraically combined by multiplication of transfer functions. That is, 1 components or blocks with transfer functions G,,G,,....G, connected in cascade are equivalent to a single element G with a transfer function given by fie on is omitted when no confusion results. G GGG The symbol for multiplication @ YS a LS 2+ Ge, © Fig. 7.3 EXAMPLE 7.4. Multiplication of transfer functions is commutative; that is, GG,- GG, (72) for any i or J) EXAMPLE 7.5. 6G, |S, 2.) ac, Fig 7-4 Loading effects (interaction of one transfer function upon its neighbor) must be accounted for in the derivation of the individual transfer functions before blocks can be cascaded. (See Problem 7.4.)156 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 14 CANONICAL FORM OF A FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM The two blocks in the forward path of the feedback system of Fig. 7-2 may be combined. Letting G=G,G,, the resulting configuration is called the canonical form of a feedback control system. G and Hare not necessarily unique for a particular system. ‘The following definitions refer to Fig. 7-5. Rinel; © B H Fig. 75 Definition 7.1: G= direct transfer function = forward transfer function Definition 7.2: H = feedback transfer function Definition 7.3: GH = loop transfer function = open-loop transfer function Definition 7.4: C/R= closed-loop transfer function = control ratio Definition 7.5: E/R-= actuating signal ratio = error ratio Definition 7.6: B/R rimary feedback ratio In the following equations, the — sign refers toa positive feedback system, and the + sign refers to ‘a negative feedback system: (7.3) (74) (73) ‘The denominator of C/R determines the characteristic equation of the system, which is usually determined from 1 + GH = 0 or, equivalently, Dont New =0 (7.6) where Dgy is the denominator and Noy is the numerator of GH. unless a pole of G cancels a zero of H (see Problem 7.9), Relations (7.1) through (7.6) are valid for both continuous (s-domain) and discrete (z-domain) systems. 7.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSFORMATION THEOREMS Block diagrams of complicated control systems may be simplified using easily derivable transforma tions. The first important transformation, combining blocks in cascade, has already been presented in Section 7.3. It is repeated for completeness in the chart illustrating the transformation theorems (Fig. 7-6). The letter P is used to represent any transfer function, and W, X, ¥,Z denote any transformed signalsCHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 157 Equation Block Diagram ‘ecraint eck Combining Blocks in Cascade ¥ pox | 2p, 2 PP ‘Combining Blocks in Parallel; or | Eliminating a | ¥ Forward Loop P.X*PAX| x a Removing: a Block 3| froma Forward | ¥ = P,X + PaX Path Biminatings |y pgs py) £+ Feedback Loop Y= Pee PY Removing a Block 3 a PP 5| froma Feedback |¥ = P,(X + P.Y) ig & Loop lea] Reeranging | 2 yaxey Snmmmsingr Prints Rearranging =wexe 165} summing Points | 2 = = **¥ 7 = PXRY + = P ¥ md, Z Moving a Summing = 8] Point Beyond a | Z = PIX=¥] Block y Fig. 746158 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 Equivalent Block Transformation Equation Block Diageam rae xe ro | x ope Moving a Tekooff 9| Point Atead ota | ¥ = Px — Block y ri Moving a Takeott JO} Point Beyond a ¥ = Px Block | Moving a Takeo? V1] Point Ahead ofa | z= X2¥ Suraming Point Moving: a Takeot® 12] Point Beyonda | 2 = X2¥ Summing Point Fig. 7-6 Continued 7.6 UNITY FEEDBACK SYSTEMS Definition 7.7: A unity feodback system is one in which the primary feedback b is identically equal to the controlled output . EXAMPLE 7.6. //=1 for a linear, unity feedback system (Fig. 7D, zg E Ch Fig 7-7 Any feedback system with only linear time-invariant elements can be put into the form of a unity feedback system by using Transformation 5. EXAMPLE 7.7. Rt | __.¢ z ta Vig. 78CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 159 The characteristic equation for the unity feedback system, determined from 1 + G= 0, is Dot Nq=0 (77) where D,, is the denominator and ¥,; the numerator of G 7.7 SUPERPOSITION OF MULTIPLE INPUTS. Sometimes it is necessary to evaluate system performance when several inputs are simultaneously applied at different points of the system. ‘When multiple inputs are present in a linear system, each is treated independently of the others ‘The output due to all stimuli acting together is found in the following manner, We assume zero initial conditions, as we seek the system response only to inputs, Step 1: Set all inputs except one equal to ze. Step 2: Step 3: Calculate the response due to the chosen input acting alone. Step 4: Repeat Steps | to 3 for each of the remaining inputs Step 5: Algebraically add all ofthe responses (outputs) determined in Steps 1 to 4. This sum is the total output of the system with ll inputs acting simultaneously. ‘Transform the block diagram to canonical form, using the transformations of Section 75. We reemphasize here that the above superposition process is dependent on the system being linear. EXAMPLE 7.8, We determine the ouiput C due to inputs U and R for Fig, 7-9. |e 2+0-[a}+ e1_< Fig. 7-9 Step I: Pur U=0 Step2: The system reduces to R_+ GG, Cn By Equation (7.3), the output Cy due to input R is Cy =[6,G,/(1 + G.G.))R. Pur R=0, Put —1 into a block, representing the negative feedback effect: és @ a cu Rearrange the block diagram: v_+160 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 Let the ~ 1 block be absorbed into the summing point vos Step 4e: By Equation (7.3) the output C,, due to input U is C,=1G,/(1 + G\G, I Step 5 The total output . Go, & & Verse cree [ eee Jaa | ue [oreo] 7.8 REDUCTION OF COMPLICATED BLOCK DIAGRAMS ‘The block diagram of a practical feedback control system is often quite complicated. It may include several feedbuck or feedforward loops, and multiple inputs. By means of systematic block diagram reduction, every multiple loop linear feedback system may be reduced to canonical form. The techniques developed in the preceding paragraphs provide the necessary tools. ‘The following general steps may be used as a basic approach in the reduction of complicated block diagrams. Each step refers to specific transtormations listed in Fig. 7-6. Step 1: Combine all cascade blocks using Transformation 1 Step 2: Combine all parailel blocks using Transformation 2 Step 3: Eliminate all minor feedback loops using Transformation 4 Step 4: Shift summing points to the left and takeoff poimts to the right of the major loop, using ‘Transformations 7, 10, and 12. Step 5: Repeat Steps to 4 until the canonical form has been achieved for a particular input. Step 6 Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for each input, as required. Transformations 3, 5. 6, 8, 9, and 11 are sometimes useful, and experience with the reduction technique will determine their application. EXAMPLE 7.9. Let us reduce the block diagram (Fig, 7-10) to canonical form, [| = Rg @[+ c Fig 7:10 Step I: GGCHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 161 Step 2 & + GeO - G+, Step + (am, aa . AG Ay Le] Step 4: Does not apply. Step S: Rt GG. c Re GOG+)|_¢ T= Gam ore t= GG, Step 6 Does not apply. An occasional requirement of block diagram reduction is the isolation of a particular block in a feedback or feedforward loop. This may be desirable to more easily examine the effect of a particular block on the overall system, Isolation of a block generally may be accomplished by applying the same reduction steps to the system, but usually in a different order. Also, the block ¢o be isolated cannot be combined with any others. Rearranging Summing Points (Transform: useful for isolating blocks. 6) and Transformations 8, 9, and 11 are especially EXAMPLE 7.10. Let us reduce the block diagram of Example 7.9, isolating block 1 Steps 1 and 2: G,+ Gy PE ee!1682 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 We do not apply Step 3 at ths time, but go directly to Step 4, moving takeotf point 1 beyond block Gy + Gy if 2 F — ay Rt, z 1 Gre We may now rearrange summing points / and 2 and combine the cascade blocks in the forward loop using Transformation 6, then Transformation 1: a G,6(G,+ 6) a: iio Hy 5 1 1 ate Step % O 6.64644 69 © TH GGHIG OD 2 1 are Finally, we apply Transformation $ to remove 1/(G; + G;) from the feedback loop: R + GG c. G+ Gy TF OG HAG +O) Hy ‘Note that the same result could have been obtained after applying Step 2 by moving takeoff point 2 whead of G, + Gy, instead of takeoff point 1 beyond Gi, + Gy. Block G, + G, has the same effect on the control ratio C/R whether it directly follows R or directly precedes C.CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS. 163 Solved Problems BLOCKS IN CASCADE 1 Prove Equation (7.1) for blocks in cascade. ‘The block diagram for n transfer functions Gj Fsy.+o4G, in cascade is given in Fig, 71 Zi oe Lee my % Fig 7-11 ‘The output transform for any block is equal to the input transform multiplied by the transfer function (ee Section 6.1), Therefore X)= XG), y= MG KM Ge a Xe = XG, Combining these equations, we have Ny Ge XG .1G, = 0 = KG: Dividing both sides by Xi, we obtain X,./X) = G0; ~~ GG, G 7.2. Prove the commutativity of blocks in cascade, Equation (7.2 Consider two blocks in cascade (Fig. 7-12): G Fig, 7-12 From Equation (6.1) we have X,.—%G,~G,X, and X).,~ %, (%G)6, = X,6,G,. Dividing both sides by X,. X.,/X,= 6.6, Also, X). "= 6,(6,X))= G6, %,. Dividing again by X,, ¥,,,/X,= 6,6, Thus G6, = 6,6, ‘This result is extended by mathematical induction to any finite number of transfer functions (blocks) in cascade. G,X,... Therefore X,., = 7.3. Find X,/X, for each of the systems in Fig. 7-13, Xi 10 Xx xX Xx 10 x, @ rt o ri Xx -10 | Xe 1 Xs 14 Xe @ Leet ae + Fig 3 (a), One way to work this problem isto ist write Xin terms of % w), ) Then write X, in terms of X; 1 yf 20) sallee)* Malkiplying out and dividing both sides by X, we have X,/X; = 10/(s? ~ 1).164, BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 A shorter method is as follows. We know from Equation (7.1) that two blocks ean be reduced to ‘one by simply multiplying their transfer functions, Also, the transfer function of a single block is its output-to-input transform. Hence ) 10 en g-Gallaa ee ee ee ee ores 7.4, ‘The transfer function of Fig. 7-14a is «/(s +), where wy =1/RC. Is the transfer function of Fig. 7-14b equal to u3/(s + wp)?? Why? R. ow —_| — Fig. 7-140 Te R R Input T c T © Ostput Fig. 7-14b No. If two networks are connected in series (Fig, 7-15) the second loads the first by drawing current from it, Therefore Equation (7.1) cannot be directly applied to the combined system. The correct transfer function for the connected networks is «f/(s? + 3u,5 + aj) (see Problem 6.16), and this is not equal to (a /s+ oy)? z Lug, rn a ce} © I Network 1 Cconmicing Network 2 "aia Fig. 715 CANONICAL FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS 7.5. Prove Equation (7.3), C/R = G/(I + GH), ‘The equations describing the canonical feedback system are taken directly from Fig. 7-16. They are given by F= RB, B= HC, and C= GE. Substituting one into the other, we have C= G(REB) = G(RF HC) = GR¥ GHC= GR + (FOHC) Subtracting (F GHC) from both sides, we obtain C-+ GHC = OR oF C/R= G/L + GH)CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 165 16. 7. 18. 79. Rt ET6 c Fig. 716 Prove Equation (7.4), E/R=1/( + GH). From the preceding problem, we have E= R¥ B, B= HC, and C= GE. Then E= R¥HC= RF HGE, E+ GHE= R, and E/R=1/( + GH), Prove Equation (7.5), B/R= GH/( + GH). From E= RB, B= HC, and C~ GE, we obtain B= HGE = HG(R ¥ B) = GHR GHB. Then B+ GHB = GHR, B= GHR/Q + GH), and B/R=GH/Q * GH). Prove Equation (7.6), Dey t Now = 0 ‘The characteristic equation is usually obtained by setting 1+ GH=0. (See Problem 7.9 for an exception, Putting GH = Nay/De, we obtain Dey + Noy = 0. Determine (a) the loop transfer function, (6) the control ratio, (c) the error ratio, (d) the primary feedback ratio, (e) the characteristic equation, for the feedback control system in which K, and K, are constants (Fig. 7-17). Rie c cf Kye Fig. 7.17 (a) The loop transfer function is equal to GH. K, KK, Hence on s(s+P) stp (b) The control rato, oF closed-loop transfer funetion, is given by Equation (7.3) (with a minus sign for positive teedback) c_ 6 K R” 1-Gi~ s(s+p—K,K,) (©) The enor ratio, or actuating signal ratio, is given by Equation (7.4) eu 1 stp R”1=GH~1=KK/etp) 34 p- KR (4) The primary feedback ratio is given by Equation (7.5) B_ GH KK RO Y-GH 3p-K; (e) The characteristic equation is given by the denominator of C/R above, s(s+ p— Ky K,)=0. In this case, 1 — GH =5+ p ~ K,K;=0, which is nor the characteristic equation, because the pole s of G cancels the zero s of H.166 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS (CHAP. 7 BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSFORMATIONS 7.10. Prove the equivalence of the block diagrams for Transformation 2 (Section 7.5). ‘The equation in the second column, ¥= P, X+ P,X, governs the construction of the block diagram in the third column, as shown. Rewrite this equation as Y= (P, + P,)X. The equivalent block diagram in the last column is clearly the representation ofthis form of the equation (Fig, 7-18) Pye Py Fig. 7-18 7A. Repeat Problem 7.10 for Transformation 3. Rewrite Y= 7, X4 PX as clearly given in Fig 7-19. (P,/2)P:X + P,X. The block diagram for this form of the equation is Fig. 7-19 7.42, Repeat Problem 7.10 for Transformation 5. We have Y= PX PY! 7.20. P,PA(L/P.)X ¥}}. The block diagram for the latter form is given in Fig. x ie y Py Ee Fig. 7-20 7.13. Repeat Problem 7.10 for Transformation 7. We have Z= PX + P[X + (1/P)¥}, which yields the block diagram given in Fig. 7-21 7.14, Repeat Problem 7.10 for Transformation 8. We have Z= P(X ¥) = PX 4 PY, whose block diagram is clearly given in Fig, 7-22.CHAP. 7} u 78. MUL 716. ITY FEEDBACK SY: BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 167 EMS. Reduce the block diagram given in Fig. 7-23 to unity feedback form and find the system characteristic equation R_+ 1 1 a2 Fig. 7223 Combining the blocks in the forward path, we obtain Fig, 7-24, R4 1 ie werd Li re Fig. 724 Applying Transformation 5, we have Fig, 7- R * 1 é ate wer iery Fig. 7-25 By Equation (7.7), the characteristic equation for this system is s(s-+ 1)(s-+2)+1=0 or s+ 30° + 2150. IPLE INPUTS AND OUTPUTS. Determine the output C due to U,, Uy, and R for Fig. 7-26. G Fig. 7-26168 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS (CHAP. 7 ‘After combining the eascaded blocks, we obtain Fig. 7-27, where Cis the output due to R acting alone. Applying Equation (7.3) to this system, Cy = (GyGs/(1 ~ GiGg ITER. fea] Cn Rs ae HM, Fig. 7-27 Now let R= U, = 0. The block diagram is now given in Fig. 7-28, where C; is the response due to Ui, acting alone. Rearranging the blocks, we have Fig 7-29. From Equation (7.3), we get C,= 16,/0 ~ GG, HHL Me, cs @ Us ci GH Fig, 7-29 Finally, let R ~ Uj ~ 0, The block diagram is given in Fig, 7-30, where C; is the response dus to Us ‘acting alone. Rearranging the blocks we get Fig. 7-31. Hence C, ~ [G)G,4,/ ~ GyGsH,Hy)IU, Cs + Ce Hy Fig. 7-31CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS. 169 By superposition, the total output is GOR+ GU, + GGL, C= Cyt + Gn SE 1-6 7.17. Figure 7-32 is an example of a multiinput-multioutput system, Determine C, and C; due to Ry and R; Rs | ey & eed Be + Fy Fig. 7-32 First put the block diagram in the form of Fig. 7-33, ignoring the output C, Fig, 7-33 Letting R ‘and combining the summing points, we get Fig. 7-34. Rot a Cu G16,04 Fig 734 Hence C,,, the output at C, due to Ry alone, is Cy, = GR, /(L ~ GG G,). For Ry = 0, we have Fig 735, Cow ~~ LJ] G: Fig. 7.35 Henee C,:= ~ GGG, R,/(l ~ G,GsG,G,) isthe output at C, due to Ry alone. Thus C, = (GR, ~ GGGR)/l ~ 6.6.66.)170 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 ‘Now we reduce the original block diagram, ignoring output C,. First we obtain Fig. 736. Rs, Ce GG, G Tr, Fig. 736 GiR/Q~ G,G.G,G.). Next, ,G,). Finally, C= Cy + Gy (GAR: ~ G,G6,R,)/Al ~ G,6,66,) Ro A A+ G Fig, 7-38 BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION 7.18. Reduce the block diagram given in Fig. 7-39 to canonical form, and find the output transform C. K isa constant. Fig. 7339 First we combine the cascade blocks of the forward path and apply Transformation 4 to the innermost, feedback loop to obtain Fig. 7-40. K ©, GFkeri on Fig. 7-40 Equation (7.3) or the reapplication of Transformation 4 yields C= KR/[(1 + K)s-+(1+01K))CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS m 719. Reduce the block diagram of Fig, 7-39 to canonical form, isolating block K in the forward loop. By Transformation 9 we can move the takeoff point ahead of the 1/(s + 1) block (Fig. 7-41 z 1 a | 1 oy at Fig. 7-41 Applying Transformations and 6b, we get Fig. 7-42 1 ai Fig. 7-42 Now we can apply Transformation 2 to the feedback loops, resulting in the final form given in Fig. 7-43, 2—+O—l« mH 1 1 Fig, 7-43 20. Reduce the block diagram given in Fig. 7-44 to open-loop form. a Fig, 7-4612 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSTER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 First, moving the leftmost summing point beyond G, (Transformation 8), we obtain Fig 7-45. Gi @ e Gy G i, Fig, 7-45, Next, moving takeoff point a beyond Gy, we get Fig. 7-46. GH, Fig, 7-46 ‘Now, using Transformation 66, and then Transformation 2, to combine the two lower feedback loops (from GH.) entering d and ¢, we obtain Fig. 7-47 Fig. 7-47 Applying Transformation 4 to this inner loop, the system becomesCHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 173 Again, applying Transformation 4 to the remaining feedback loop yields z Ral +} @ ed Finally, Transformation 1 and 2 give the open-loop block diagram: Gag + Oa = O40, + Gy + GO, MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 7.21. Show that simple block diagram Transformation 1 of Section 7.5 (combining blocks in cascade) is not valid if the first block is (or includes) a sampler, ‘The output transform U*(s) of an ideal sampler was determined in Problem 4.39 as ur(s) = E eu AT) ‘Taking U*(s) as the input of block P of Transformation 1 of the table, the output transform ¥(s) of block Pris ¥(s) =P(s)U%(s) = PCs) Yea) Clearly, the input transform X(s) = U(s) cannot be factored from the right-hand side of ¥(s), that is, ¥(s) # F(s)U(s). The same problem occurs if P, includes other elements, as well as a sampler 7.22. Why is the characteristic equation invariant under block diagram transformation? Block diagram transformations are determined by rearranging the input-output equations of one or ‘more of the subsystems that make up the total system. ‘Therefore the final transformed system 1s governed by the same equations, probably arranged in a different manner than those for the original system. ‘Now, the characteristic equation is determined from the denominator of the overall system transfer function set equal to zero, Factoring or other rearrangement of the numerator and denominator of the system transfer function clearly does not change it, nor does it alter the denominator set equal to zero. 7.23. Prove that the transfer function represented by C/R in Equation (7.2) can be approximated by £1/H when |G| or |GH| are very large. a Dividing the mneratr and denominator of G/(1 GH) by 6, we gt ZH). Then jim |=] = tim - an. jairve| 2 * Ici kK eae eal Dividing by GH and taking the limit, we obtain174 124. 125, BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 Assume that the characteristics of G change radically or unpredictably during system operation, Using the results of the previous problem, shows how the system should be designed so that the ‘output C can always be predicted reasonably well In problem 7.23 we found that a [ | i ome RTH Thus C+ £R/H as |GH| + 00, oF C is independent of G for large |GH|. Hence the system should be designed so that GH|>> 1 Determine the transfer function of the system in Fig, 7-48, Then let Hy = 1/G, and Hy=1/ a Ri 4 a c Fig. 7-48 Reducing the inner loops, we have Fig. 7-49 ‘Hy Fig. 7-49 Applying Transformation 4 again, we abtain Pig, 7-50 6, py a Pig, 7-50 Now put 1 =1/G, and Hy = 1/6; This yields c GG, 1 RQ D0-)1GG.H, 7H, 7.26. Show that Fig. 7-51 is valid. eal » Fig 7-51,CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS 15, From the opensloop diagram, we have C= R/(s+p,). Reacranging, (s+ p)C-R and C {1/s)(R— pC). The aosed-foop diagram follows trom this equation 727. Prove Fig. 752 ie zB stal ic = & Aah ©. an am Fig. 7-52 This problem illustrates how a finite zero may be removed from a block From the forwardsloop diagram, C= R+ (2, ~ a,)R/(s * p,). Reatranging, (eos pale ‘This mathematical equivalence clearly proves the equivalence of the block diagrams ach =p} c-(is 7.28, Assume that linear approximations in the form of transfer functions are available for each block of the Supply and Demand System of Problem 2.13, and that the system can be represented by Fig, 7-53, te Ay Determine the overall transfer function of the system. Bock diagram Transformation 4, applied twice to this system, gives Fig, 7-54 m 2 a Ghiy Hence the transfer function for the linearized Supply and Demand model is: “4 —__ fansfer function for U aE 15 GG (ly Hy)116 BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS [CHAP.7 Supplementary Problems 729. Determine C/R for each system in Fig. 7-55. © 291 {a} + Se + ® © Fig. 7-55 730, Consider the blood pressure regulator described in Problem 2.14, Assume the vasomotor center (VMC) can be described by a linear transfer function G,,(s), and the baroreceptors by the transfer function ks + ky (see Problem 6.33). Transform the block diagram into its simplest, unity feedback form. 731. Reduce Fig. 7-56 to canonical form. Gs Fig. 7-56CHAP. 7] BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS. 7 732. 733. 7134, 738. 7136. 731. 738. Determine C for the system represented by Fig. 757, Fig 7.57 Give an example of two feedback systems in canonical form having identical control ratios C/R but different G and Hf components Determine C/R; for the system given in Fig. 7-58. iy Rt G G Ay Fig, 7-58 Determine the complete output C, with both inputs R, and R, acting simultaneously, for the system given in the preceding problem, Determine C/R for the system represented by Fig. 7-59, Hy R ? fa] +, + a | ef c. Ay | Hy | [aed Fig. 7.59 Determine the characteristic equation for each of the systems of Problems (a) 7.32, (b) 7.35, (c) 7.36. ‘What block diagram transformation rules in the table of Section 7.5 permit the inclusion of a sampler?178 129, 730. 7a. 732, 734. 735. 736, 737. 738. BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA AND TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS (CHAP. 7 Answers to Supplementary Problems See Problem 8115. R + Gia ©. TH OG, = Git, oy GyGoR, + GR— GR) ~ GGA Rs T#GH,+ GGT G(1+6,) DTS G+ GH + Gy Hh c Ry + GCL + GH) Ry "1+ G+ GH, + GGG, 1a (a) V+ Goth + GG =0 (b) V+ Gly + GI, + GGG, =0 (O14 GG, H YI + GG.) + GG 0. ‘The results of Problem 7.21 indicate that any transformation that involves any produer of two oF more transforms is not valid if a sampler is included, But all those that simply involve the sum oF difference of signals are valid, that is, Transformations 6, 11, and 12, Each represents a simple rearrangement of signals as a linear-sum, and addition is a commutative operation, even for sampled signals, that is Z=XEYHYHX.