Dfig Knowledge Sharing Final

Doubly Fed Induction
Generator System (DFIG)

Operation
1
Content
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
 How are different electrical Generators ?
 What is DFIG?
 Advantages of DFIG
 Features of DFIG
 Main components of DFIG
 DFIG Operation
DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Content
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
 How are different electrical Generators ?
 What is DFIG?
 Advantages of DFIG
 Features of DFIG
 Main components of DFIG
 DFIG Operation

Type A-Fixed speed Suzlon Energy Ltd.
• SCIG (Squirrel cage induction generator) directly connected to the grid

• It uses a capacitor bank Soft-starter ensures smother grid connection
SCIG draws reactive power from the grid that is compensated by the
capacitor bank

Type B – Limited variable speed Suzlon Energy Ltd.
• Slip ring induction generator directly connected to the grid and it uses a
capacitor bank Soft-starter ensures smother grid connection
• The rotor resistance is controllable and the power output is controlled
• The rotor resistance is changed by flexi slip concept
• The rotor controllable speed range is 0% to 16% over the synchronous
speed

Type C – Partial Converter Suzlon Energy Ltd.
• The configuration known as DFIG (Double fed induction generator)

correspond to the WRIG (Wound rotor induction generator) with partial
scale frequency converter
• The partial scale frequency converter performs the reactive power
compensation and ensures smoother grid connection
• The generator has a wider range of speed control, e.g.,(+/-15% to +/-
30%) around the synchronous speed (wider than flexi slip)
• No soft starter and Capacitor panel is required

Type D - Full Converter Suzlon Energy Ltd.
• PMSG (Permanent magnet squirrel generator) or WRSG (Wound rotor

synchronous generator) or WRIG (Wound rotor induction generator)
• The full-scale frequency converter performs the reactive power
compensation and ensures smoother grid connection
• May not use a gearbox at all

What is DFIG?
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
Asynchronous generator
with slip rings
Machine Side Line Side Converter

Converter
Doubly Fed Induction Generator

A Generator mechanism introduced from
S9X & S111 products for improved
performance and compliance of Grid codes

WTG with DFIG system
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
with slip rings

Converter
Generator
Basically, a single speed Slip Ring
Induction Generators, similar to
the generator used in 1.5 MW & 2.1
MW with SFS turbines.
SFS: Suzlon Flexi Slip System

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
with slip rings

Converter
Generator
Stator is connected to grid circuit,
similar to any other induction
generator

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
with slip rings

Converter
Generator
Rotor windings are also connected to
grid, but through an AC-DC-AC
converter circuit.

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
with slip rings

Converter
Converter
The rotor side converter is called as
machine side converter (MSC) and
the grid side converter is called as
line side converter (LSC)..

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
with slip rings

Converter
Converter
Rotor circuit electronics capacity
would be around 30 % of the turbine
ratings.

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
with slip rings

Converter
As both stator and rotor are connected to grid, hence

the name Doubly Fed Induction generators (DFIG).

S88/S82 and S9x/S11x – Single line layout
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Grid
Asynchronous generator with

slip rings
SFS
SFS
SFS
Grid
DFIG
slip rings
Line Side Converter

Machine Side Converter

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DFIG system
Advantages & Features

DFIG Advantage
Increased Suzlon Energy Ltd.
energy yield
Variable
speed
operation

slip rings
Line Side Converter


DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable
Reactive
speed
power
operation
regulation
Eliminate the need

of capacitor bank
slip rings
More precise reactive
power regulation
Line Side Converter

DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable
Reactive
speed
power
operation
regulation
Eliminate the need

of capacitor bank
slip rings
power regulation
Line Side Converter
Fault
Voltage ride
through
Better grid compliance

DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable • These generators are generally designed to operate

from +/- 15 % to maximum of +/- 30 % of
speed synchronous speed depending upon turbine design
operation

DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable • These generators are generally designed to operate

from +/- 15% to maximum of +/- 30 % of
speed synchronous speed depending upon turbine design
operation
• This can operate below and above synchronous
speed (whereas the SFS turbines operate only
above synchronous speed at a slip range of around
2 to 16.7 %, for short time).

DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable • Variable speed operation helps to get the

overall maximum aerodynamic efficiency.
speed
operation

DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable • Variable speed operation helps to get the

speed
operation • The machine side converter (MSC)
controls the Turbine to get optimum
Power of the turbine, for the given wind
velocity.

DFIG Advantage
energy yield
Variable
speed
operation
• Variable speed operation helps to get the

• The machine side converter (MSC)

controls the Turbine to get optimum
Power of the turbine, for the given wind
velocity.
• This leads to an additional power
generation as compared to SFS turbines.

DFIG Advantage
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Reactive
power
regulation
Eliminate the need
of capacitor bank

power regulation

slip rings
Line Side Converter


DFIG Advantage
• The line side converter (LSC) together with machine Suzlon Energy Ltd.
side converter (MSC) controls the reactive power flow

to the grid and thus the power factor at grid Reactive
connection point. power
regulation
Eliminate the need
of capacitor bank

power regulation

DFIG Advantage

regulation
• Hence there is no need for separate capacitor banks Eliminate the need
and its related contactors and fuses. of capacitor bank

power regulation
Capacitor Bank

DFIG Advantage

regulation
• Hence there is no need for separate capacitor banks Eliminate the need
and its related contactors and fuses. of capacitor bank
• This reactive power is controlled in a stepless manner.

Hence more precise control of desired reactive power regulation
power/power factor is achieved. .

DFIG Advantage
Suzlon Energy Ltd.

slip rings
Line Side Converter

Fault
Voltage ride
through

DFIG Advantage
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
• It has by design capability of LVRT and HVRT

features, as compared to SFS turbines.
Fault
Voltage ride
through

Features
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DFIG converter
 Designed for the latest grid code requirements
 Reactive power management
 Low inrush currents while synchronization to grid
 System integration by conventional protocols and communication

standards
 Integrated data logger and fault data recorder
 Menu supported commissioning tool – applicable to most of the systems

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Woodward DFIG for Suzlon-

S9x

Design and Construction
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Woodward DFIG ConCycle® converter
 Rugged design, high protection against environmental impact
 Compact, modular design with highest power density
 Use of modern, low loss IGBTs
 Directed heat dissipation by integrated water-cooling
 Polypropylene capacitors: non-aging, maintenance free and

environmentally compliant

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Layout of DFIG System

Woodward

Functional Diagram of S9x DFIG V1/V2
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Only
applicable in
V1 Version of
DFIG panels

Function diagram11XDFIG System
Suzlon Energy Ltd.

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Main Component &

it’s functions

Main components in DFIG System
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Line Side
Converter
(LSC)
Machine Side
Converter (MSC)

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Converter: (LSC & MSC)
 A converter converts 3phase AC into DC.

 Inverter: inverter inverts DC into 3phase AC.
 Here, Both units are working in both directions,
depending on the system speed, sub synchronous or
super synchronous
39
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DC Link
capacitor

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DC Link Capacitors
 A double-fed asynchronous generator is constructed

as a voltage link converter with IGBT technology.
 The frequency converters work with a DC link voltage
of 1100V DC and is divided into a line-side and
machine-side converter.
 Constructed by 22 Nos for 0.22 μF capacitors

4
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Pre-charging/Charging
Ckt

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Pre charging Circuit /Charging circuit
 This is to pre charge the DC link circuit before

switching the line side contactor.
 Pre charging circuit consists of,
• Pre charge contactor (Auxiliary contactor)
• Pre charging Transformer
– 690/ 800 V transformer
• Pre charging Converter
– AC to DC converter (Rectifier)
• Main side choke
– To boost the DC Link voltage above
950 VDC ( up to 1100 VDC)
43
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
dv/dt
filter

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
dv/dt-Filter
 Reduce the voltage peaks

generated due to IGBT switching in
rotor circuit to protect rotor
insulation
45
Suzlon Energy Ltd.

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
CSC4
 Control of the rotor- currents

 Measuring of generator speed by position
encoder
 Control of power regulation (reactive power
regulation)
 PLC- communication to external WTG-PLC
(via CAN-Open)
 Synchronisation and control of the circuit
breaker
 Regulating DC link voltage

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Crow Bar
ignition unit
(CSC-ZS)

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
CSC-ZS (Crow Bar / Ignition unit for thyristors)
 Switching of the crowbar- thyristors if the

DC-link voltage is too high
 If the Crow bar is fired Rotor is short
circuited
 Converter is prevented from damage

Suzlon Energy Ltd.

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Crow bar Circuit
 Build by Thyristors and Inductors

 Incase of raise in DC voltage Thyristors are
fired by the CSC-ZS module controlled by
GM2
 Rotor winding get shorted through the
inductors
Inductors
 Hence the Converter unit is protected from
damage
Thyristors

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DC Limiter
(Chopper)

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DC-limiter (Chopper)
 Normally the DC-link voltage at the converter is

1100V,
 The DC-limiter is used to convert the fed energy
into heat after a specific limiting value of the DC-
link voltage is exceeded.
 A further increase of the DC-link voltage and the
resulting crowbar ignition shall be prevented by
this.
 Normally rise of the DC-link voltage is the result
of dynamic mains voltage changes/ during mains
failures. Or during super synchronous operation
(when the stored energy of the engine is partially
led into the dc-link via reverse conducting diodes
of the machine-side converter).

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DC-limiter (Chopper) contd…
 The voltage controller of the line-side converter

is not able to control the voltage difference of
the dc-link fast enough, which might result into
rise of the dc-link voltage.
 In order to prevent an additional rise of the dc-
link voltage,
 The IGBTs are controlled by a voltage
measuring module (GM2), so that the energy in
the dc-link capacitor bank can be discharged via
power resistors.
 As soon as the dc-link voltage has undershot a
specific value, the IGBTs are switched off.
 The oscillating circuit between the DC-limiter
and the dc-link capacitor of the converter is
dampened by the damping resistor R.

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
DFIG System Operation -

different States during
Operation

DFIG System Operating range
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
The operating ranges results from the specified slip limits. In general, the following relationships are
in effect :
Synchronous speed (Ns) = 120*f / P

Slip (S) = (Ns-N) / Ns
 Sub-synchronous operating range (S > 0)

 Synchronous operating range (S=0)
 Super-synchronous operating range (S < 0)

DFIG System Operating range
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Rotor Current Frequency (Fr) at different mechanical speeds (N)
Sub-synchronous operating range (S > 0)

Fs=Fr + (PxN) / 60
Ex. For N=1000
Fr = 50 -33.33 = 16.66Hz (Fr is Positive)
Synchronous operating range (S=0)

Fs=Fr + (PxN) / 60
Ex. For N=1500
Fr = 50 -50= 0Hz
Super-synchronous operating range (S < 0)

Fs=Fr + (PxN) / 60
Ex. For N=1600
Fr = 50 -53.33 = -3.33Hz (Fr is Negative)

DFIG System Operating modes
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
The control system processes the operating mode of the CONCYCLE®

wind converter in four different modes
 Standstill
 Excitation
 Standby
 Grid operation (Parallel Operation)

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Stand still Mode – Pre-charging DC link

 No power is generated in this mode
 The rotor speed is below the operating range and the converter is in switched –off condition
 Once the speed reaches its operating range, the ‘Excitation release; signal command is given by
the SCS controller to load the DC-link’
 The auxiliary contactor is closed
 By means of mains voltage, Transformer and B6 diode rectifier, the dc-link will be pre charged up
to 950V

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Pre-charging DC link
 After the threshold value is reached, the line contactor is switched ON and puts the mains voltage
to the reverse diodes of the LSC. Auxiliary contactor is switched OFF.
 The DC-link is now pre-charged to UDC[V] = Vgrid*1.35
 The converters are only pulsed when the machine speed is in the working range of Generator
RPM
 For parameterized value of the DC-voltage, the line side converters are activated to maintain the
voltage

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Sub-synchronous operating range (Mains parallel S>0)

 The rotor speed is below synchronous speed
 Here the Machine Side Converter ensures the excitation of the generator rotor and feeds a current
with slip frequency into the rotor
 The following relationships is in effect :
Fs=Fr + (PxN) / 60
Ex. For N=1000
Fr = 50 -33.33 = 16.66Hz
 Generator rotor is feed power by Machine Side Convertor

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Synchronous operating range (Mains parallel S=0)

 The rotor runs with synchronous speed
 The rotor is supplied with direct current by the machine side converter, which ensures a constant
magnetic field in the air gap of the machine
Fs= Fr +(PXN) / 60
For N = 1500 RPM
Fr=50-50 = 0 Hz
 100% of the electrical energy is supplied by the generator via the stator windings into the mains
 The converter provides the excitation for the generator via the rotor
 In this mode about 2/3 of the rated wind turbine power is converted to electrical energy

Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Super-synchronous operating range (Mains parallel S< 0)

 The rotor is driven above the synchronous speed
 Here, the current in the rotor gets reversed
 Voltage is induced in the rotor, which leads to an increased in the DC link voltage
 The line side converter ensures dissipation of the now increasing power level in the DC link by
feeding current into the grid via the inductor
Fs=Fr + (PxN) / 60
Ex. For N=1600
Fr= 50-53.33= -3.33

 The stator winding supply about 80% of the electrical generator energy directly to the mains, along
with the balance of about 20% of which is routed via the converter

DFIG System integration with SCS
All shut down(plant disconnected from
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
grid, converter powerless, if auxiliary
power supply fails for more then 2 mins
Initialization, Booting, Self checks
Standstill, Turbine disconnected Set bit “Ready for Operation”

from Grid supply, convertor
powerless Bit “Excitation release” will be set by SCS
The Invertor has to charge the DC Link

(Excitation & Standby)
SCS to hold the bit “Excitation release
Control DC Link if the RPM of generator is in Operating
range
and set bit by DFIG controller “Area of
Operation” active WTG
Control
System
SCS to set bit “Load Demand”…
and hold bit “Excitation release” if
Standby, Generator is energized the RPM is in the range of
operation and bit “Area of
Operation” is set by DFIG
controller
Synchronize, synchronization of
amplitude, phase and frequency
Set bit “Grid Parallel or switch on

Grid Parallel, Stator is connected Main contactor”
to Grid, Control of active and
reactive power
Suzlon Energy Ltd.
Thank you
Any Questions??


Dfig Knowledge Sharing Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dfig Knowledge Sharing Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Doubly Fed Induction

Generator System (DFIG)

 How are different electrical Generators ?

 Main components of DFIG

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

 How are different electrical Generators ?

 Main components of DFIG

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

• SCIG (Squirrel cage induction generator) directly connected to the grid

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

• The configuration known as DFIG (Double fed induction generator)

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

• PMSG (Permanent magnet squirrel generator) or WRSG (Wound rotor

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Machine Side Line Side Converter

Doubly Fed Induction Generator

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Machine Side Line Side Converter

SFS: Suzlon Flexi Slip System

Machine Side Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Machine Side Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Machine Side Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Machine Side Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Machine Side Line Side Converter

As both stator and rotor are connected to grid, hence

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Asynchronous generator with

Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Asynchronous generator with

Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Eliminate the need

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Eliminate the need

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Variable • These generators are generally designed to operate

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Variable • These generators are generally designed to operate

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Variable • Variable speed operation helps to get the

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

Variable • Variable speed operation helps to get the

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

• Variable speed operation helps to get the

• The machine side converter (MSC)

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

More precise reactive

Asynchronous generator with

Line Side Converter

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

side converter (MSC) controls the reactive power flow

More precise reactive

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

side converter (MSC) controls the reactive power flow

More precise reactive

DFIG Training Module - Suzlon Internal Use Only

side converter (MSC) controls the reactive power flow