JURISPRUDENCE

WLW21103
ASSIGNMENT 1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 22/07/2021 (FRIDAY)

PREPARED FOR:
MADAM SYAFIQAH JOHARI

INDIVIDUAL

PHOTO
NO NAME MATRIC ID
1 PETER RAJ RAJA 012021020200

Semester: July 2022

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 GROUP ASSIGNMENT 1:
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT ON NATURAL LAW

SUBJECT CODE WLW21103

JURISPRUDENCE

GROUP/
GROUP CONSISTING 4
PROGRAMME BLC PAIRING/
– 5 PERSONS ONLY
INDIVIDUAL

DATE OF
22/07/2021 (FRIDAY) (SUBMIT HARDCOPY ASSIGNMENT)
SUBMISSION

LECTURER’S SYAFIQAH BINTI JOHARI

QUESTION:

You are required to:

A) Prepare A (HARDCOPY) WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT on topic of

NATURAL LAW according to the guideline:

1. Definition of Natural Law

(by jurists)
2. The concept of Natural Law
following the:
1) Greek Period
2) Roman Period
3) Middle Ages
4) 16th to 18th centuries
5) Current era/Modern Jurists
6) Your own agreed definition, concept and latest development of
Natural Law

B) You may include any suitable attachment as part of your Assignment and to
include your opinion, references, or any relevant items such as pictures,
diagrams, newspaper cutting etc.

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Table of Contents

Definition of Natural Law (by Jurist) 4

Greek Period 5

Roman Period 6

Middle Ages 7

16th to 18th Century 9

Current Era/ Modern Jurist 11

Own Agreed Definition, Concept and Latest Development of Natural Law 15

References 16

Rubrics 17

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Definition of Natural Law (by Jurists)

A law established by nature that is founded on moral judgments that come from an
unchanging source. Taking the Bible as an example. In light of this, it is claimed that these
conclusions are unchangeable and eternally legitimate because they are in line with nature
and reason. Man ought to act in line with the laws of nature, and this is a requirement for a
man's life in society. The viewpoints of many jurists reflect the diversity of meanings
associated with the phrase "natural law." Initially, ancient jurists believed that natural law
was based on nature and was therefore a law that was in harmony with nature. The challenge
is defining what "nature" really means.

John Mill provided two distinct meanings of ‘nature’. Firstly, he states that what man
observes in the universe can be called nature, as law is merely what man observes as man has
no power to do anything else but to follow nature. Secondly, he stated that man ought to
behave to conform with what he observes in nature, as man must act to change nature rather
than to imitate or follow it. A man’s moral development results from his self-efforts at
controlling his natural instincts. Natural law is founded on moral judgments that have an
absolute source. These conclusions are in line with reason and nature. These unchanging and
eternally true value judgments are manifested in the entire nature of the universe. The only
way to perceive and comprehend the natural law is by appropriate human reasoning. Positive
law is only regarded as law when it is in accordance with natural law, which supersedes all
other positive law. Hence, for a man to function in society, law is a vital necessity.

The natural law doctrine has undergone numerous changes over time and is now present in
numerous legal systems. It has been crucial in how laws have been interpreted. In the case of
Corbett v Corbett, the wife, who was a male when she was born, had a sex operation and later
wed the petitioner, who was aware of the procedure. The petitioner sought to dissolve the
union. The marriage between a male and a person who had a sex change was declared null
and void by the court because it could not have involved the normal, biologically
predetermined implications of marriage. The judge in this instance based his decision on the
biological component of marriage, which was its foundation. Since it was absent in this case,
the judge had no trouble nullifying the marriage.

The universal order ruling all men and the unalienable rights of the person are the most
significant and enduring theories of natural law, yet it has at various times been employed to
support practically every ideology. It served as the foundation for modern constitutions and

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served as an inspiration to the Stoics, Romans, and Grotius in their conception of
international law. It also served as an inspiration to Locke, Paine, and Rousseau.

Greek Period

Natural law ideas were first put forth by the Greeks. Greek philosophers conceptualised
natural law and established its fundamental elements. At the period, Greece experienced
severe political unrest. Greek thinking had two main currents of thought. First, many people
believed that obeying the law was only justified by the subject's self-interest because the
legislation was only intended to serve the interests of the lawmaker or powerful. However,
secondly, that same circumstance compelled some other jurists to consider it in a different
light. They saw it as a chance to create new, universal rules that will deal with and restrain
the tyrannical and arbitrary nature of government, and which might offer it stability.

PLATO (427-347 B.C): In a well-organized universe, humans exist. The forms, most
fundamentally the Form of the Good, which he refers to as "the brightest region of Being,"
constitute the foundation of this orderly cosmos or nature. All things originate from the Form
of the Good, and when it is perceived, it inspires intelligent behaviour. He defined the ideal
community as "a city which would be formed in harmony with nature" in his most famous
work, the Republic, which explores the feasibility of an entirely rational political system.

SOCRATES (470-399 B.C): One must utilise reason and apply understanding to the nature
of behaviour if one is to make law the embodiment of sound thinking. Man has insight, and
this understanding makes everything both good and terrible clear to him. He begged for the
moral standards to remain the same as natural law needs adherence to positive law and
authority because it is intimately related to justice and ethics. Positive law must always be
followed at any given circumstance.

ARISTOTLE (385-322 B.C): It holds that as natural law is composed of components of

justice, ethics, and reason, man-made law must adhere to these universal and unchanging
principles. He asserts that man is a part of nature in two ways: first, he is a creature of the
god, and second, he has insight and reason, which enable him to exercise free will. He
clarified the distinction between natural justice and legal justice is that natural justice is
universal and immutable in its principles; whilst legal justice, also known as positive justice
or customary justice, is only obligatory when it takes the form of a decree issued by a

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political power. He highlighted that achieving a State of goodness should be man's ultimate
goal. A just legislation is one that enables people to reach their potential within the confines
of society.

STOICISM (300 B.C-200 A.D): The Stoic School is represented in Zeno's writings, where
he emphasised the adage "live in accordance with nature." Natural law was the law of reason,
and man was considered to be in line with natural law as long as he lived in accordance with
his reason. According to Zeno, a "rational mind" controlled everything in the universe as a
man's capacity for reasoning is what enabled him to distinguish between right and wrong.
The law was the outcome of one's conception of what was morally and right.

Roman Period

Aristotle's idea served as inspiration for the Stoics, who built their theory of natural law on it
while making significant modifications to make it more moral. He believes that reason
underlies all of reality. Since man's reason is a component of this world as well, when he
lives in accordance with reason, he is acting naturally or in accordance with nature.
According to the Stoic law of nature is binding for all, and positive law must follow the
natural law, one of man's obligations is to obey it. During the republican era, stoic philosophy
had a significant impact on jurists, who started to pay more attention to natural law. Romans
were able to live more cosmopolitan lives because to natural law. Natural law contributed to
the formation of Roman law in that it was occasionally used by the Courts of Rome to resolve
disputes between foreigners.

Three categories of law were recognised by the ancient Roman jurists were "jus civile," "jus
gentium," and "jus naturale." Roman civil law, or "jus civile," was exclusively applicable to
Roman citizens, but Roman magistrates also applied foreign-law principles to foreign citizens
in accordance with the "natural law" premise. The body of law that emerged in this manner
was also known as "jus gentium," and it was incorporated into Roman law. It embodied well-
intentioned, universal legal ideas and followed "natural law" as a result. Later, when all
Roman citizens except a select few were granted citizenship, "jus civile" and "jus gentium"
merged into one. Due to the fact that slaves were still denied the advantages of the new
legislation, the idea of natural law did not change even at that point. Roman attorneys were
not concerned about the clash between "positive law" and "natural law." Although some
jurists believed "natural law" to be "superior to positive law" and proposed that affirmative

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law might be discarded in cases where the two were in conflict, the majority of jurists did not
address this issue.

CICERO: He claimed that the law is the ultimate reason, imbedded in nature, that
commands what is right and forbids what is wrong. When firmly established and fully
matured in the human mind, this reason becomes law. True law is correct reason in harmony
with nature; it has an eternal, universal scope; it calls people to duty via commands; and it
forbids wrongdoing through prohibitions. To attempt to change this law is sinful.
Additionally, it is not permitted to try to rescind it in whole or in part, and it cannot be
completely revoked.

ST. AUGUSTINE: The ideal form of rule was the law of nature, and man was free and just
during this "golden age." But once human rules, institutions of property, and governments
came into being, this could no longer be the case. They were thought to be sinful. It became
important to defend the Church and uphold the legitimacy of human-made laws because the
State's principal priority was to keep peace between humans. The Church thus exercised
complete power over the State and in the event that human law conflicted with natural law, it
was to be disregarded. Unjust human law could not, however, be considered "law."

Middle Ages

A new conception of "natural law" was developed during this period by Catholic
philosophers and logicians in the Middle Ages. Although they too provided the justification
for it. They strayed from the early church fathers' orthodoxy. Their opinions are more
reasonable and organised.

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS (1226-1274): He asserted natural law as the rational creature's
participation in the eternal law in his Summa Theologica, restoring it to its independent
status. "An ordinance of reason for the common welfare made by him who has the care of the
community and promulgated," was how Thomas Aquinas defined law. In some ways, the
nature of the universe and the nature of people, imply or infer standards of morality. He
claims that moral law is defined by human beings' capacity for reason: As it is stated, "The
rule and measure of human acts is the reason, which is the first principle of human acts." Law
is something that has to do with logic, and since humans are rational creatures by nature, it is
morally permissible for them to act in a way that is consistent with their rational nature. Man

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can judge what is good by considering his own instincts and nature. Human nature also
known as "natural law” is the source of moral law. Four distinct but related types of law are
identified by Aquinas:

 Eternal Law (Lex aeterna): The term "Eternal Law" (Lex aeterna) refers to
the collection of all scientific "laws" (physical, chemical, biological,
psychological, etc.) that control the structure of the cosmos. Scripture reveals
eternal law as God's rational control over creation, or "divine reason." Since it
is God's design for the universe, only God and the blessed who perceive God
in his essence are aware of eternal law. The rule should apply to all living
creatures, but since man has free will, he can choose to disregard it. Since man
was created with a certain purpose (ultimate happiness), which he cannot
attain on his own but requires leadership and direction, everlasting law is
necessary.
 Natural Law (Lex naturalis): Natural law is man's contribution to divine
reason since it consists of those eternal law norms that specify how animals
with reason and free choice should behave. The fundamental tenet of natural
law is the largely meaningless directive to pursue goodness and shun evil.
According to Aquinas' natural law theory of morality, what is good and evil is
determined by a person's capacity for reason. Good is anything that is
"intelligibly worthy" and under human control, while evil is described as "any
privation of intelligible goods." Due to the nature that he shares with all other
substances, every man has the ability to be good. A man is endowed at birth
with the capacity to comprehend the reality of God and to interact with others.
 Divine Law (Lex divina): The conditions that must be met in order for a
person to be granted eternal salvation. The fundamentals of divine law can
only be known through divine revelation; natural reason alone is insufficient
to comprehend them. The rules that God provided for humanity in the Bible
and other sacred writings. It departs from natural law but does not go against
it. It provides instructions on how a man should conduct himself.
 Human Law (Lex humana): Humanly enacted legislation is only valid to the
extent that it is consistent with the principles of natural law. Reasoned laws
enacted by humans lead to two reasons why human law is essential. Natural
law does not offer all, or even the majority of, the answers to societal

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 problems and compulsion is necessary to make selfish people behave
rationally.

Man-made laws can be just or unjust; just laws must be morally righteous, necessary,
workable, transparent, and for the general benefit in order to bind people's moral consciences.
Laws that are unjust are perversions of the rule of law that do not bind people's moral
consciences unless compliance is required to stay out of trouble or controversy. Since it is not
law, unjust law should not be followed. When laws conflict with what is in persons' best
interests, either in terms of their intent or how they are written, they are unfair. If a law
burdens the community unfairly or runs afoul of the divine law, it is unjust. The philosophy
of Thomas Aquinas contains the following characteristics. Natural law provides guidelines
rather than laws, also his philosophy takes an empirical approach to natural law and eternal
law. Besides, reason serves as the cornerstone of all human institutions. As such, the State is
viewed as a natural institution, and the Church gains authority over the Bible and divine law.

Between 1200 and 1300 A.D., modifications were made because there was a clear departure
from the teachings of the Christian Fathers. Political society and the State are no longer
considered to be institutions that uphold evil; rather, they are seen as means of advancing
justice and goodness. The "social contract" theory was created by political philosophers to
support the justification of the State as the law was regarded as the ultimate social norm as
evidenced by the struggle between the king and religious leaders. The importance and
integrity of the right to property were emphasised, and the perception of private property was
no longer negative.

16th to 18th Century

All areas of knowledge underwent significant change throughout this time period, which was
characterised by the introduction of novel concepts, new fields of study, and scientific
breakthroughs. Second, new classes that wished for greater state protection formed as a result
of advancements in commerce. Nationalism was then born as a result of this. All of these
elements worked together to undermine the church's hegemony. New explanations for the
state's sovereignty started to surface. The basis for all these concepts was the reason. This
era's natural law ideas share certain traits with earlier ones. This theory is predicated on the
idea that society is built around a social contract.

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HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645): Grotius believed that natural law was unchangeable and
understandable. He viewed natural law as a "dictate of right reason" that highlights whether
an act is or is not in accordance with rational nature, has a morally dubious or necessary
aspect, or both. He claims that the essential concepts of ethics, politics, and law are functions
of the essence of human nature in the Prolegomena to De Jure Belli ac Pacis. The desire for
self-preservation and the need for society were found to be the two fundamental wants of
people, according to a study of human nature, man ought to do two things in order to satiate
these two demands and live successfully. Refrain from taking what is another person's
property and pursue legitimately beneficial pursuits. According to Grotius, we are required by
natural law to take activities that advance our rationality, sociability, and need for self-
preservation. Grotius disagreed with those who wanted to declare that natural law did not
apply to non-Christians. He claimed that everyone who was social and rational was subject to
natural law.

THOMAS HOBBES (1558-1679): It advocated for the idea that a ruler had unlimited power
and that his or her subjects had no recourse against them. According to Thomas Hobbes, a
man's life in a natural condition is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short," and it is full of
dread and greed. Man made the decision to form a social contract in order to avoid anarchy
and it is Pactum Unionis which is an agreement to protect each other's property and lives,
while Pactum Subjectionis is an agreement to submit to a government that the people have
themselves elected. He held the opinion that there was only one type of society: the State.
Every power belonged to the sovereign. The solemnly utilitarian and secular sovereign was in
charge of enforcing the laws. The church was treated like any other business by the State.
Natural law was the edict of right reason, aware of the actions that should be taken or
neglected to ensure the continual survival of life.

JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704): John Locke concurred that certain unalienable inherent rights
exist. "Life, liberty, and estate” is how he classified them. Locke's social contract is based on
liberalism. Nature of the situation describes a time of prosperity plagued by the issue of
unsecure property. By engaging into a social compact with the authority that the people
themselves chose, this flaw was fixed. The protection of a person's right to life, liberty, and
property was the aim of the government. People have the ability to oppose tyranny and
overthrow an unjust government. There can be no property rights because God owns the
entire planet. However, if the person combines his labour with material goods, he can obtain

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the property as payment for his effort. Positive law was inferior to natural law as it is
unchangeable and applicable to everyone in the State.

ROUSSEAU (1712-1778): Rousseau, whose ideas inspired the French Revolution, declared
that even though man is born free, "wherever he is in chains." Man lived in the heyday of
liberty, equality, and joy. But as civilization developed, these virtues vanished, and man
engaged into the social contract and gave up his natural rights to the state because he was
looking for happiness. Every citizen of the state is now subject to the prevailing social will as
a result of the social contract process as such voting by the majority could be used to
determine the general will. The government has unlimited power to violate people's natural
rights in order to uphold the community's overall will.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804): Although he emphasised that "reason" served as the

cornerstone of the social compact, Kant made a clear distinction between rights protected by
natural law and those that were earned via other means. He also acknowledged only one
natural right, namely the right to freedom.

HEGEL (1770-1831): Hegel is also very essential in the study of natural law. Aristotle's
Hegelian school in modern times. It is the most well-known philosophy of the philosophical
school of law, and it also presents their thesis, according to which the state and the law are
causes for the development of human logic.

Current Era/ Modern Jurists

The decline of natural law was observed in the 19th and 20th centuries. The French
Revolution and the secularisation of legislation as a result of secular views and a lack of faith
in religion were the results of excessive individualism. Scientific ideas that argued over the
many fundamental principles of natural law, which are founded on several unverified
hypotheses, marched over natural law. The "immutable" foundation of natural law was cast
into doubt by psychological and anthropological studies, which emphasised that law and
justice were influenced by adaptation to environment and other factors. Some of the
postulates of natural law were later contested by positivist school jurists.

Natural law hasn't vanished, despite the fact that its significance may have reduced. The fact
that it was revived in the 20th century is proof of this. Contributions made as a result of the
French revolution and subsequent uprisings that sparked a backlash caused people to start

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keeping an eye out for values, which later became more intense. The modern problem of
justice was not being adequately addressed by analytical and historical schools. During the
first World War, the destroyed social, economic, and political stability, necessitated the need
to resurrect standards and establish norms for assessing laws created by humans. As for the
World War II, even in well-organized states, there was widespread brutality and disorder.
People started to doubt relativism in politics and the law. The impacts of the war included
insecurity and uncertainty, which prompted the emergence of a new moral code. Inalienable
inherent rights are included to a considerable extent in the 1948 Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR).

JOHN FINNIS: An ethical and moral theory of law is the cornerstone of Finnis' naturalistic
philosophy. There are moral standards that are widely recognised. They can be discovered
through investigation into the nature of man and are only accessible through the application
of reason. Finnis argues that unfair laws shouldn't be declared invalid but rather should be
viewed as "corruption of law" or "law to a lesser degree." Lex injusta non est lex, according
to Finnis, merely implies that unfair laws do not uphold the principles of natural law,
although being legally valid and it is within everyone's rights to disbelieve unfair laws.
According to Finnis, rules of this kind lack the moral power that should come from their
formal source or place of origin.

Humans hold to or pursue a small number of core values, ideals, or aspirations. Only the law
and its institutions can safeguard them. They include of life is a fundamental principle that
refers to the human drive for self-preservation and encompasses all aspects of self-
determination in human existence. Such a basic human goal cannot be achieved without a
functional legal system. All human societies seem to strongly respect life; none allow the
taking of life without a sufficiently compelling argument. The term "speculative (theoretical)
knowledge" refers to knowledge that is pursued just for its own purpose without regard to any
other objective. It represents the desire to find out more. - Truth is worth seeking since it is
the ultimate objective of knowledge. The pursuit of knowledge is "self-evident," and no other
concept is required to support its value as a moral compass.

Performance participation is an important and inextricable component of human civilization,

whether it be on a social, intellectual, or physical level. The performances themselves are the
only thing that makes these performances enjoyable. Involves using one's intellect to make
judgments about one's actions and way of life as well as to develop one's character. Belief in

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a higher power or being, which need not have a specific form, awareness of and concern for a
bigger picture that goes beyond all of humanity. Since they are applicable to all human
cultures at all times, these are all universal goods. Moral and ethical principles give form to
the fundamental goods, and also moral norms are required to provide an ethical framework
for achieving these fundamental goals, as it helps us choose between competing goods and
determine what actions are reasonable for people to take in the pursuit of a basic good.

For the core objectives to be achieved, an acceptable legal framework must be in place. To
distinguish between immoral and morally righteous behaviour, one needs a reasonable life
plan, which is a balanced set of orientations, goals, and commitments. No forced selections
between individuals or core values. It is necessary to regard each fundamental human right
equally. A person must remain true to their general beliefs and creatively pursue them.
Moreover, to avoid deciding outright in favour of any human ideal. Everyone in a community
must work toward the common good as part of behaving in accordance with their conscience.
Contrary to their conscience, one must not act.

One's behaviour is guided by basic needs and the requirement for practical reasonableness.
They serve as a sort of instrument for making shrewd choices. As we try to fulfil the
necessities of humanity, they serve as guidelines for our actions. Everyone has a role in
arriving at sensible decisions. According to two arguments made by Finnis, certain human
benefits can only be safeguarded by institutions of human law since only those institutions of
human law are able to adhere to a set of requirements for practical reasonableness.

LON FULLER: A founder of the school of thinking known as natural law. Fuller contends
that procedural morality must be included into the judicial system. Human behaviour is
inherently purposeful or goal-oriented in the sense that people choose to partake in a certain
activity because it enables them to accomplish a specific goal. To control how individuals act,
laws are used, the main goal of law is to "create social order by directing people's behaviour
with broad principles by which they may self-orient their behaviour." According to Fuller's
functionalist definition of the term, nothing can be recognised as a law unless it can
accomplish law's main objective of regulating behaviour.

There are two kinds of morality according to Fuller, which are external morality and internal
morality. While internal morality is a procedural interpretation of natural law that contains
morality that enables the regulation of human behaviour by laws, external morality is made
up of ideals that can be used to produce substantive natural law, which is primarily concerned

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with fundamental principles. Even though a regulation follows the letter of the law, it does
not immediately become law; rather, it must also adhere to some moral ideal. A system
cannot be called a legal system in a proper sense if it lacks a few elements. Eight criteria for
excellence are listed by Fuller as being necessary for the development of law. They are the
formal principles and underlying morality of the natural law. They are known as "the eight
desiderata." First is generality which is where the rules must be expressed in general terms.
Secondly, promulgation means rules must be publicly promulgated. Third and fourth are
perspectivity and intelligibility, which are rules must be prospective in effect, and rules must
be expressed in understandable terms. Fifth and sixth are non-contradiction and possibility
and obedience, where the rules must be consistent with another one, and rules must not
require conduct beyond powers of the affected parties. Seventh and final is constancy through
time and congruence between official action and desired rules, which respectively means the
rules must not be changed so frequently that the subject cannot rely on them, and the rules
must be administered in a manner consistent with their words. This internal morality is a
requirement for good law and a prerequisite for the legitimacy of the law. There is only a
duty to observe the law when there are signs of inner morality present.

HLA HART: Hart developed The Concept of Law as a positivist legal theory. In the book,
Hart acknowledges that the idea of natural law contains some elements of truth. As a result of
the idea of responsibility serving as the foundation for law, according to Hart, when there is
law, human behaviour becomes non-negotiable or obligatory. He argues that in order to be
properly understood, legislation must be seen as a social phenomenon that interacts with a
community's social practises. He implies that certain regulations are necessary for people to
live and survive in a community when he discusses the minimum content of natural law.

He contends that every legal or moral framework must provide some type of protection for at
least a sizeable portion of the populace against any outcomes or actions that can jeopardise an
individual's vulnerability. It is not rational if the system does not provide the bare minimum
level of security. Survival may be a target, a fundamental human aim, or the overarching
concept of human law. All civilizations must adhere to a set of laws that forbid violence,
safeguard property, and portray an optimistic system in order to achieve this. The human
condition, according to Hart, is characterised by the following traits which are human
susceptibility to physical assault, rough equality of mental and physical powers, limited
altruism, limited access to resources such as food, clothing, and shelter, and limited
understanding and willpower.

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According to Hart, the law is constrained by these five universal facts about human nature,
and any rule that goes against one of them is unconstitutional. According to Hart, there is not
necessarily a connection between law and morality or between positive law and natural law,
even while there is some overlap between the two and some debateable differences between
the two. Hart therefore prefers to keep law and morality separate even though he finds the
theory of natural law to be accurate. The following critiques of Hart's Minimum substance of
Natural Law are levelled: the rules are too nebulous; the five qualities are not supported by
facts, which raises questions about the theory. Additionally, his idea lacks morality and
reason, which makes it incompatible with the tradition of natural law. Finally, because Hart
declined to discuss the full scope of the law, it is insufficient and open to question.

Own Agreed Definition, Concept and Latest Development of Natural Law

The best defence or moral argument for any type of law is natural law. It functions as the
ultimate yardstick for determining if a piece of law is moral or appropriate and has the
following features where it can be applied to anybody, making it universalistic or
cosmopolitan; but it rejects the validity of its own basic ideals, making it independent.
Besides, it can restrict legal, social, or political power and becomes the ultimate standard.
Starting from self-evidence principles, as in Finnis' case, or presumptions of universal
validity, it operates strictly deductively or inferentially. Despite the lack of a clear definition,
it has been accorded the highest historical and philosophical importance.

Furthermore, it includes broad moral or legal value judgments such as the search for the
ultimate and unchanging meaning of justice and the law has been the main focus. The goal is
to identify the idealistic version of law as it should be, not as it is among all of humankind's
laws. Thinking in terms of natural law is transcendental or overbroad, law as it should be is
not concerned with law or the state of the world as natural law frequently disregards past
events and empirical findings. Natural law implies worth, and one of its most fundamental
principles is that man is a creature endowed with the ability to reason or choose an alternative
path of action.

Every culture undergoes constant change, and these changes take place as necessary to satisfy
the needs of the populace. This examination makes it crystal clear that the natural law has
changed from the Antiquity. Its scope is extremely wide and encompasses many elements of
society. It has backed numerous philosophies, including as theocracy, absolutism, and

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individualism. It has ignited a lot of revolutions and had an impact on the expansion of
virtuous legislation.

References

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jurisprudence ||. Lawnotes4u. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from
https://www.lawnotes4u.in/natural-law-school-natural-law-theories-of-jurisprudence/

2. Law Corner. (2021, January 15). Natural Law School of Jurisprudence. Law Corner.
Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://lawcorner.in/natural-law-school-of-
jurisprudence/#more-7347

3. Ltd, A. A. (2021, August 26). Area of jurisprudence. Law Teacher. Retrieved July 25,
2022, from https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/jurisprudence/area-of-
jurisprudence.php

4. Natural law - lecture notes 2-4 - natural law a law founded on nature that is based on
value. StuDocu. (n.d.). Retrieved July 25, 2022, from
https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-teknologi-mara/jurisprudence-i/
natural-law-lecture-notes-2-4/3903875

5. Scribd. (n.d.). The concept of natural law 1 - jurisprudence. Scribd. Retrieved July 25,
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Law-1-Jurisprudence-3-1

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 ASSIGNMENT 1: WRITTEN
ASSIGNMENTRUBRIC 3( 0%)
: WLW21103 (JURISPRUDENCE) SUBJECT
CODE & NAME

: Written Assignment on Natural Law

ASSIGNMENT TITLE

: Syafiqah Johari
LECTURER/ ASSESSOR

PETER RAJ RAJA

STUDENT’S NAME
MARKS/ Unacceptable Need Improvements Proficient Accomplished Excellent MARKS
CRITERIA (0- 1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks) (4 marks) (5 marks)
Demonstrate a limited Demonstrate a conscious
understanding Demonstrate a reflection and thorough understanding
Demonstrate a basic
of the writing prompt Demonstrate a thoughtful that is very focused and of the writing prompt
Depth of understanding
and subject matter. understanding of the writing significant. and the subject matter.
Reflection of the writing prompt
This reflection prompt and the subject matter. Shows very clear This reflection can be
and the subject matter.
needs revision. perception of the tasks. used as an example
for other students.
Merely record of situation Reflection lacks clarity. Reflection is adequately written.
or events. Mostly record of
Record of Reflection is quite fluently Reflection is very fluently
situation or events.
the event and clearly written. and accurately written.

Entries do reflect Entries reflect a limited

Entries reflect an attempt Entries reflect management, Entries reflect management,
Clarity on management, attempt at management,
at management, learning learning and self-development learning and self-
Entry learning and self- learning and self-
and self-development. in the course of writing process. development.
development. development.

Gives very clear evidence

Poor evidence of how Gives very little evidence Gives adequate evidence Gives some evidence of
of how trainees relate
Proof/ trainees of how trainees of how trainees relate and how trainees relate and
and react to overcome
Evidence overcome problems in overcome problems in react to overcome problems react to overcome
problems in the
the process of writing. the process of writing. in the process of writing. problems in the process.
process of writing.

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 Spelling, punctuation, and
grammatical errors Most spelling, punctuation, Report has few spellings, Report is free of
create distraction, and grammar correct punctuation, and grammatical distracting spelling,
Grammatical
making reading difficult; allowing reader errors allowing punctuation, and grammatical No grammatical errors.
errors
fragments, comma splices, to progress though report. reader to follow ideas clearly. errors; absent of fragments,
run-ons evident. Some errors remain. Very few fragments or run-ons. comma splices, and run-ons.
Errors are frequent.
Only 1 appendix was Included all necessary
provided, Included necessary appendices such as
even though some related Included necessary appendices such as diagrams, seminar materials,
No appendices
Appendices documents were necessary. appendices but diagrams seminar photos, and any
at all
Appendices were not helpful. missed 1-2 documents. materials, photos, related documents.
and any related documents.

TOTAL
/30M
TOTAL (30M) – 30%

Semester: July 2022

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