QUESTION #1

Developing Science Text Book In Pakistan:

Science is the natural process and developing a science text book at school level is most critical
procedure.
At the secondary level and elementary level science textbooks is the challenge for textbook
developers as it must include the fact base knowledge that is necessary and according to the level
and mental ability of the student. It must includes activities and globally unchallenged concepts
that make a student to develop a scientific reasoning and skills. This is the backbone of scientific
research.
Elaboration Theory:
Elaboration theory is one of the most influencing theories of the educational system that has wide
effext on the textbook development procedure. It made possible for the textbook developers to
develop most diverse study material world wide. Now a days all over the world including pakistan
developers focus on this theory and use it as a procedure for synthesizing such books which have a
balanced sequence and interconnected knowldege in a series way. Due to this theory it has become
possible to understand and allign the different parts and pieces of knowledge and also for the
learner to read the various concept with the linked points.
During the book development and designing the text book developers use the following steps as a
procedure driven by elaboration theory.
1. Decision of Content:
A list of contents is made about which the knowledge is gatherd and focused to be write and
desgin a book.
2. Selection of material:
Which material has to be included from the long list of contents and which should be ommitted is
done in this step.
There is an extensive material on different topics and it is not possible for a textbook developer to
include all in all in a textbook so it should be comprehensive that should not cause confusion for
the child to gain knowldege. An example of this is grade 2 and grade 3 textbook of General
Knowldege in government curriculum.
This integrated book comprehends the Islamic , social studies and everyday science concepts and
knowldege. It is easy to teach and learn.
3. Rearranging the material or Sequencing:
After selection of materiak aur content the data is sequenced according to previous and new
knowledge. As we see in different textbooks at the start of each lesson as we know previously.
Elaboration theory main point and objective is to help textbook developers to sequence the
concept in the proper alignment that student can easily relate a chapter with the previous one. For
example a student read addition questions 1st and second subtraction than multiplication and at the
end division.
4. Evaluation:
Elaboration theory also illustrates the process of evaluation. Text book developers have
to be able to analyse the content and develop such excercises at the end of the chapter to check the
ability of learner. This also enable them to develop the different types of excercises for example it
includes MCQs type test ,Short answer question, extensive questions , true and false , coloumn
matching and fill in the blanks type of tests and evaluation exams.

QUESTION #2
Collaborative mechanism:
The mechanism in which different educational people make a team and engage in a cooperative
twaching learning process to make the curriculum most effective and practical to achieve the most
desired aims and objectives of educational process or it may be the textbook development.
Gaps of collaborative Mechanism:
Following the collaborative mechanism some gaps make a challenge in developing
textbooks.
Sufficient Training:
Sufficient training is needed for this team work to design a good text book that
matches with the curriculum aim the draw backs of our educational system is that we
have never engaged our teachers who are the main part of this frame work. Because
the can easily evaluate the textbook contents and necessary changes that must be
made accordibg to the needs of national level and the student brainstroming to satisfy
its educational desires.
This trainig may be in service aur pre service. A preservice training is important to
familiarize the teacher with the curriculum which he is going to be engaged in
respective subject aur school. While in service training is also necesary to make the
better changes in that course over the period of time.
Lack of Resources:
Less resources make the ability of educators to analyze the better changes. They
become typicall textbook reader type teachers that have no interest to change any
content with the modern world. If they want to apply strategies and techniques there
are not sufficient resources to implement it.
Innovative Ideas and Methods:
A professional qualification must be given to team because it enhances their skills to
give informative ideas to innivate the pre-existing curriculum. In the textbook
development a teacher can give the best ideas of creating a comprehensive textbook.
Socio cultural Context:
Society influences more the institution. Curriculum must be designed such that it
applicable to all schools of that particular regions thats why it must be kept in mind
that society has some sensitive issues that should be considered.
A curriculum must comprises such information and knowldege that suits better to the
culture of community. The geographical distribution and customs must be considered
important.
Failure of curriculum is due to lack of this interconnection of curriculum and cultural
trends.
It also includes the religious facts that are the most important for a nation or people.
The concerned teacher aur textbook developer must kept in mind this fact also. It
should not include such content which can hurt the feelings and emotions or
sentiments of any part of the society.

Criteria for Textbook Designing and Development:

Aims and Objectives:
Curriculum must be designed such that it meets the objectives and aims of the
study.and a text book is developed such that it achieve the aims of curriculum. If the
curriculum does not meet the natinal aims and objectives of studies than its just the
wastage of time.
Content Selection:
Content must be selected according to the new techniques and after which student
must be able to compete the future outcomes.For example a science subject book or
course must be developed such that it can change the mental ability of a student by
innovative his mind. It must contain such material that cause brain stroming.
Applicability:
Curriculum developers keep it in consideration that experiements and activities which
they are adding in the textbook are from daily life and student or learner can apply it
in daily routines to check the truthfulness of the specifice concept of which concernd
practical he is doing in the classroom laboratory or in the home
.It make him to memorize through activity. Excercises should be included such like
that drill method to understand a specific part of textbook.
Global challenges and needs:
Curriculum is designed so that internationally a student can take part in any
evaluating process. They try to develop such curriculum that contains the content of
international standard. World has become the global village and it is utmost need to
compete with standard level of globalization. Pakistani students are taking admissions
in different countries of the world in famous and recognized universities. A
curriculum that has such quality to prove itself international standard can only fulfill
this need.
Evaluation:
Evaluation is one of the important criteria of the curriculum development.Material
must be evaluated according to the aims and objective of the curriculum. Curriculum
developer also focuses on this point that a student can compete by reading the
textbook and a teacher can also develop the evaluating exam according to curriculum.
Challenges and Issues In Pakistan:
In pakistan the biggest challenge is the private sector. Private institues never follow
the national level curriculum. It creates a big difference and double standard society
that cause confusion in curriculum development to achieve the goals successfully. It is
the responsibilty of national curriculum wing to modify such changes that all level
curriculum can be applicable nationwide.
Question#3
What is learning?
Learning is everything which cause change in behavior and attitude or condition of a
person.
What is brain functioning?
The process how brain remembers and acquire knowledge and memorize the
information of past and use it in relation to in future studies or learning process.
Brain function is different in every child/student.
In a class room of 30 or 40 students, every child has different IQ level or capability to
understand the things. Some students are sharp minded to give the answers of
questions which you ask while others are best memorize the information but at the at
the point they are not as much intelligent to respond at the moment. Similarly there is
a big difference in the student who can make better understanding in some subjects
while in other subject/course they are considered average or weak. Learning
difference occur due to brain structure:
With the growing age brain also develops. As the man matures the brain also matures.
Its neuron development occurs. These neurons are interconnected in complex
network. These neurons are associated with environmental stimulus which has strong
and deep effect one the memorization ability, influence, motivation, analysis and
understanding the concerned learning material or strategies and techniques.
Implications In Textbook design and Development
Techniques and Strategies.
Human brain seeks different ways and method in understand the material or process.
One of these processes is a learning process.
That’s why in developing and designing a textbook it must be kept in mind that how
systematically a programme or course is arranged and organized using different
strategies and techniques that student could be able to learn it easily and in effective
way.
Motivation:
Material of textbook must be such that it urges the student to take interest in learning
process.
Brain Storming:
A textbook should be designed such that it causes brainstorming in students. They not
only understand the given material but also discover different points of informative
studies from it.
Analysis:
A course should be as designed that analysis of learned concepts can be made
possible.
Evaluation:
It is the most important structural point in the in text book development that a teacher
must be able to evaluate the learning process.
Model:
Comparison of Adopt and Adapt Model and Textbook Development In Pakistan.
According to Adopt model a teacher uses the pre - existing textbook or written
material/course to teach the students. It is one of the convenient way to teach the
learner. This type of textbooks are taught from generation to generation in Pakistan.
On the large the large scale the same curriculum is being used for many decades.
There is no change in the contents and written material either it is matched with
curriculum objectives/aims or goals is ignored while adapting model presents the
most extensive frame – work for text book development at material level. Even a
teacher can use the adapting model in the class room. Adapting mode comprises the
following points.
Addition:
If the content is insufficient for understanding of a concept a new concept can be
added in the pre-existing knowledge. A teacher can uses booklets, newspaper, articles
or journals to make vision more better.
Deletion:
If the course length is more than the needs of student a part of textbook or subject can
be deleted appropriately to make it easy and comprehensive.
Rearranging:
Rearrangement is made when there is least sequence in different parts and concepts
to make is more effect for learner. It helps in understanding the serial link between the
previous knowledge and new knowledge and also helps in memorization.
Inappropriate Content:
It focuses on such contents that cause extremeties in society or culture. One such
example is religious emotion. In Pakistan recently all Urdu books are reformed and
the name of Muhammad (SAW) is mentioned with the reference of “ Last Prophet
Muhammad (SAW)”. With the passage of time adaption model is prevailing in
Pakistan like e-learning or multi - media presentation in near future.