Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Etiology of Substance Abused All-1
Etiology of Substance Abused All-1
OF SUBSTANCE
ABUSED
ETIOLOGY
• Drugs and alcohol use can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes
and heart diseases. This is very costly.
• Preventing substance use disorder and related problem in children,
adolescents and young adults is critical
• Behaviors and symptoms that signal the development of behavior
disorder often manifest two to four years before a disorder is present
• If communities and families can intervene early, behavioral health
disorders might be prevented, or symptom can be mitigate.
etiology
• Early intervention can make an impact
• A comprehensive approach = seeing prevention as continuum of care
according to ‘ the behavioral health continuum of care model’
Which consist of :
• promotion strategies
• Prevention strategies
• Treatment
• recovery
Etiology
• Promotion strategies :
• Create environments and conditions that support behavioral health
and abilities the individual withstand challenges. This strategies
reinforce the support for entire continuum of behavioral health
services.
• Prevention : prevent or reduce risks of developing a behavioral health
problems such as underage alcohol use, prescription misuse or abuse,
and illicit drug use.
• Treatment: these services for people diagnose with substance use or
other behavioral health disorder.
Etiology
• Recovery:
• These services support individuals’ abilities to live productive lives in
the community and can often help with abstinence
Prevention strategies
1. Many prevention approaches, focus on helping people to develop :
• Knowledge
• Attitudes
• Skills
• And the need to make good choices or change harmful behaviors
• 2. environmental prevention strategies‐ tailored towards local
communities characteristics and address the root cause of the risky
behaviors by creating environments that make it easier to act in
healthy ways
Prevention strategies
• 3. cultural awareness and competency
• To produce positive change, prevention practitioners must
understand the cultural and linguistics context of the community,
they must have the willingness and skills to work within this context
• Establish and strengthen collaboration among communities , public
and private non profit organization as well as local, state and federal
government.
Treatment strategies
• ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS
• INTERNATIONAL MATUAL AID FELLOWSHIP FOUNDED IN 1935 BY
BILL WILSON AND BOB SMITH IN OHIO.
• AIM TO HELP ALCOHOLICS TO STAY SOBER AND HELP OTHER
ALCOHOLICS ACHIVE SOBRIETY.
• MEMBERS REMAIN ANNONYMOUS IN PUBLIC MEDIA,
ALTRUISTICALLY HELP OTHER ALCOHOLICS AND AVOID AFFILIATION
WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
AA & 12TH STEPS
• AA MEMBERS HELP TO POPULARIZE THE DISEASE CONCEPT OF
ALCOHOLISM
• AA CONCEPTS :
• ADMITTING THAT ONE CANNOT CONTROL ONE’S ALCOHOLISM, ADDICTION
OR COMPULSION
• RECOGNIZING A HIGHER POWER THAT CAN GIVE STRENGTH
• EXAMINING PAST ERROR WITH THE HELP OF SPONSOR ( EXPERIENCE
MEMBER)
• MAKING AMENDS FOR THESE ERRORS
• LEARNING TO LIVE A NEW LIFE WITH NEW CODE OF BEHAVIOR
• HELPING OTHERS WHO SUFFER FROM THE SAME ALCOHOLISM,
ADDICTIONS AND COMPULSIONS
THE 12TH STEPS ORIGINAL
• 1. WE ADMITTED THAT WE ARE POWERLESS OVER ALCOHOL – THAT
OUR LIVES HAD BECOME UNMANAGEABLE.
• 2. COME TO BELIVE THAT A GREATER POWER THAN OURSELVES
COULD RESTERE US TO SANITY.
• 3. MADE DECISION TO TURN OUR WILL AND OUR LIVES OVER TO THE
CARE OF GOD.
• 4. MADE A SEARCHING AND FEARLESS MORAL INVENTORY OF OUR
SELVES
• 5. ADMITTED TO GOD , TO OURSELVES, AND TO OTHER HUMAN
BEING THE EXACT NATURE OF OUR WRONGS
THE 12TH STEPS
• 6. WERE ENTIRELY READY TO HAVE GOD REMOVE ALL THESE DEFECTS
OF CHARACTER.
• 7. HUMBLY ASK HIM TO REMOVE OUR SHORT COMING
• 8. MADE A LIST OF PERSONS WE HAD HARMED, AND BECOME
WILLING TO MAKE AMENDS TO THEM ALL.
• 9. MADE DIRECT AMENDS TO SUCH PEOPLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE,
EXCEPT WHEN YOU DO SO WOULD INJURT THEM OR OTHERS.
• 10. CONTINUE TO TAKE PERSONAL INVENTORY, WHEN WE WERE
WRONG, PROMPTLY ADMITTED IT
THE 12TH STEPS
• PRAYERS : TO IMPROVE OUR CONSCIOUS CONTACT WITH GOD
• HAVING THE SPIRITUAL AWAKENING, TRY TO CARRY THIS MASSAGE
TO ALCOHOLICS, AND TO PRACTICE THESE PRINCIPLES IN ALL OUR
AFFAIRS.
2nd CLASS
Social cultural or Environmental Factors
• The socio cultural factors that have an impact on drug use or abuse
include community drug use patterns (Robins, 1984) and neigh
borhood disorganization (Sampson, 1985).
• Growing up and living in a community with high rates of crime, ready
availability of drugs, association with delinquent peers, and
acceptance of drug use and abuse are all associated with drug abuse
(Clayton and Voss, 1981; Elliott et al., 1985; Brook et al., 1988; Cohen
et al., 1990; Robins and McEvoy, 1990).
• The frequency and nature of representation of alcohol, tobacco, and
illicit drugs in the media (including advertising and modeling by those
in the sports and entertainment industries) may have important
effects on the normative climate.
• In addition, social and legal policies (taxes, restrictions on conditions
of purchase and use, legal status, enforcement) may have important
effects on use and abuse.
• Ethnographic studies have explored various risk factors for drug use
and abuse, as well as the impact of drug abuse on the community.
• Discuss about social culture at your place
Protective Factors
• Although risk reduction is the goal of many prevention programs
• Another approach is to enhance protective factors.
• Several investigators have noted that protective factors can moderate
the effects of risk conditions, thereby reducing vulnerability and
enhancing resiliency (Garmezy, 1985; Werner, 1989; Brook et al.,
1990; Rutter et al., 1990).
• Protective factors that have been suggested based on analyses of
cross‐sectional data include a positive mutual attachment between
parent and child (Brook et al., 1990),
nondeviant siblings, academic achievement, positive group norms
(Hawkins et al., 1992), and....
dimensions of conventionality such as low rebelliousness and
adherence to broad social norms.
• protective factors that have been identified in young adulthood
include employment, marriage, and childrearing responsibilities.
• It has been noted that several protective factors can ameliorate the
negative effects of exposure to extreme stress (Garmezy, 1985).
• however, to determine which protective factors are relevant at
different developmental stages,
• and more attention also needs to be given to mechanisms by which
protective factors influence the onset and progression of drug abuse.
Risk Factors
• less research has been done on identifying childhood risk factors
associated with drug abuse and dependence that are not associated
with behavior problems but with individual vulnerability factors (such
as genetic predisposition and emotional disorders).
• Additional work is also needed on the role of risk factors and
protective factors at discrete developmental stages, particularly the
transition from adolescence to adulthood, which has received scant
attention.
• It is important to obtain a deeper understanding of the complex ways
in which family factors affect adolescent drug use, including the role
both of parents and of siblings.
• There is a striking lack of controlled family studies designed to
address the role of familial factors that are critical for identifying
patterns of expression of drug abuse and co‐occurring psychiatric
disorders
• The interaction of individual and familial risk factors in producing
vulnerability to drug abuse also requires further study.
• Environmental risk factors tend to operate most strongly in children
with genetic vulnerability (Rutter et al., 1990). It is therefore critical to
identify the joint role of environmental and genetic factors in the
etiology of drug abuse.
3rd Class
Psychological aspects of addiction
• Psychosocial Factors
• Psychopathology
• Contextual Factors
Psychosocial Factors
• The majority of studies of psychosocial risk factors focus on
adolescents and the initiation of drug use, rather than on the risk of
escalating to abuse or dependence.
• Unfortunately, many of the studies are cross sectional, so that it is
difficult to disentangle the risk factors for use from those for abuse
and dependence.
Personality Traits
• There is a substantial literature regarding the relationship between
personality traits and drug use, particularly in adolescents
(Jessor et al., 1973; Jessor and Jessor, 1975; Kandel, 1980; Hawkins et
al., 1985; Brook and Brook, 1990; Clayton, 1992).
• Relatively few studies, however, have examined the specific role of
personality traits in the development of drug abuse and dependence.
The majority of studies have focused on the characteristics of
alcoholics
(McCord and McCord, 1960; Robins, 1966; Vaillant and Milofsky, 1982;
Cloninger et al., 1988; Tarter et al., 1990).
• the landmark studies of McCord and McCord (1960) and Robins
(1966) revealed that alcoholism in adulthood was associated with
antisocial behavior and aggressivity in childhood.
• Aggressive behavior in the first grade has been found to predict
heavy alcohol use in late adolescence (Kellam et al., 1983).
• The onset of drinking is signaled by several antecedent personality
attributes reflecting lower levels of conventionality, for example :
• lower values on academic achievement (Jessor and Jessor, 1975; Brook et al., 1986a),
• lower expectations of academic achievement (Jessor et al., 1972; Jessor and Jessor,
1975),
• more tolerant attitudes toward deviant behavior (Jessor and Jessor, 1975; Brook et al.,
1986a),
• lower levels of religiosity (Jessor and Jessor, 1975; Webb et al., 1991),
• less of an orientation to hard work (Brook et al., 1986a),
• greater rebelliousness (Brook et al., 1986a),
• rejection of parental authority (Webb et al., 1991),
• fewer reasons for not drinking or less negative beliefs about the harmfulness of drinking
(Jessor et al., 1972; Jessor and Jessor, 1975; Margulies et al., 1977), and
• greater positive expectancies about the social benefits of drinking (Christiansen et al.,
1989; Smith and Goldman, 1994).
• Studies of the association between adolescent personality
characteristics and illicit drug use found that many of the
characteristics that signaled the onset of drinking also predicted drug
use.
• In general, adolescents who start to use marijuana are less conventional in
their attitudes and values and have weaker bonds to the conventional
institutions of school and religion.
• This is shown in more tolerant attitudes toward deviance (Jessor et al.,
1973; Brook et al., 1980),
• lower religiosity (Jessor et al., 1973),
• greater rebelliousness and lower obedience (Smith and Fogg, 1979), lower
educational expectations (Brook et al., 1980),
• greater opposition to authority (Pederson, 1990),
• more favorable beliefs about marijuana use (Jessor et al., 1973; Kandel
and Andrews, 1987).
Psychopathology
• Adult deviant behavior and antisocial behavioral patterns are often
preceded by problem behaviors (i.e., rejection of societal rules, goals,
and values) in late childhood and early adolescence (Jessor and
Jessor, 1977; Robins, 1978).
• These behaviors coupled with increasing life stresses appear to be risk
factors for drug abuse.
• A prospective longitudinal study by Boyle and colleagues (1992)
revealed that an earlier diagnosis of conduct disorder indicated
greater risk for the initiation of marijuana and other illicit drug use
four years later.
• It should be noted, however, that the majority of children with
problem behaviors or conduct disorders do not become antisocial or
drug‐abusing adults.
• Although studies have observed that early antisocial behaviors and
deviance are risk factors for drug abuse (Robins, 1966; Elliott et al.,
1985; Kaplan et al., 1986; Robins and McEvoy, 1990),
• the two most common psychopathologies that have been identified
repeatedly are depression and antisocial personality (Cadoret et al.,
1980; Alterman et al., 1985; Deykin et al., 1987; Block et al., 1988;
Muntaner et al., 1989; Grove et al., 1990).
• Studies of clinical and epidemiological samples also have suggested
that drug abuse and psychopathology are often linked (Merikangas et
al., 1994; Kessler et al., 1996).
• disorders that have been associated with increased risk of alcoholism
and drug abuse include
• conduct and oppositional disorders, especially those manifesting
antisocial behavior;
• attention deficit disorder;
• anxiety disorders,
• phobic disorders
• depression
(Weiss et al., 1988; Fergusson et al., 1994; Riggs et al., 1995; Kessler et
al., 1996).
Contextual Factors
• Factors external to the individual and arising in the social (family
setting or peer group) or broader environment may also affect the
level of drug use and abuse (IOM, 1994b).
• The complex interrelationships among these contextual factors
underscore the complexity of the pathways of drug use and abuse.
Familial Factors
• Glantz and Pickens (1992), these may include poor quality of the
child‐parent relationship, family disruptions (e.g., divorce, acute or
chronic stress), poor parenting, parent and or sibling drug use,
parental attitudes sympathetic to drug use, and social deprivation.
• Through social learning, children and adolescents internalize the
values and expectations of their parents and possibly acquire their
maladaptive coping techniques.
• This has been found to be the case with adolescent cigarette smoking
(Isralowitz, 1991) and initiation of marijuana use among adolescents
(Bailey and Hubbard, 1990).
• although many family‐related factors have been identified as possible
risk factors for drug abuse, many of these studies have failed to
demonstrate the specificity of parental and familial effects because
they do not include comparison groups of parents with other chronic
disorders.
Peer Factors
• For older adolescents, peers have a greater effect than parents on
drug use
• Drug use among friends, deviance, and time spent with drug‐using
peers are also associated with moderate alcohol and marijuana use
(Kandel et al., 1978; Brook et al., 1992).
• Leck of research on the influence of peers in the transition from drug
use to abuse (Kaplan et al., 1986).
• Further, the contributing effects of peer influences are likely to be
different at different stages of development (Glantz and Pickens,
1992).
Sociocultural or Environmental Factors
• The sociocultural factors that have an impact on drug use or abuse
include community drug use patterns (Robins, 1984) and
neighborhood disorganization (Sampson, 1985).
• the environment can reinforce a protective sense of self‐worth,
identity, safety, and environmental mastery.
• Neighborhood and community factors may also serve to protect
individuals from drug use and abuse.
• For example, restrictions on tobacco use in public places are
statements of the preferences of the larger community.
• Such restrictions also reduce the number of opportunities to use
tobacco. Restrictions on smoking in public places reinforce the norm
that tobacco use is not acceptable (IOM, 1994a).
4th Class
Understanding biological aspects of
addiction
• Genetic Vulnerability
• Physiological Vulnerability
• the mechanism through which the family confers an increased risk is
unknown.
• In addition to the contributions of genetic and biological factors to
individual vulnerability for drug abuse, both transmitted and
nontransmitted family factors, as well as unique environmental
factors, appear to be involved in the vulnerability for drug abuse
(Pickens et al., 1991).
• Twin Studies A traditional study paradigm used to identify the role of
genetic factors in the etiology of a trait or disorder is the study of
twins.
• difficult to discriminate between genetic and environmental
influences (Helzer and Burnam, 1991).
• addiction is a long‐lasting and complex brain disease, and that current
treatments can help people control their addictions.
• But even for those who’ve successfully quit, there’s always a risk of
the addiction returning, which is called relapse.
• A common misperception is that addiction is a choice or moral
problem, and all you have to do is stop.
• Researchers have found that much of addiction’s power lies in its
ability to hijack and even destroy key brain regions that are meant to
help us survive.
• Drugs or alcohol can hijack the pleasure/reward circuits in your brain
and hook you into wanting more and more.
• Addiction can also send your emotional danger‐sensing circuits into
overdrive, making you feel anxious and stressed when you’re not
using the drugs or alcohol.
• At this stage, people often use drugs or alcohol to keep from feeling
bad rather than for their pleasurable effects.
• repeated use of drugs can damage the essential decision‐making
center at the front of the brain.
• This area, known as the prefrontal cortex, is the very region that
should help you recognize the harms of using addictive substances.
• Teens are especially vulnerable to possible addiction because their
brains are not yet fully developed
• particularly the frontal regions that help with impulse control and
assessing risk.
• Pleasure circuits in adolescent brains also operate in overdrive,
making drug and alcohol use even more rewarding and enticing.
• The study will track the links between substance use and brain
changes, academic achievement, IQ, thinking skills, and mental health
over time.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935152/
• http://www.gracepointwellness.org/1408‐addictions/article/48342‐
biological‐causes‐of‐addiction
• https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9311/931103.PDF