Objective:

Aim is to study the effect of addition of sodium carbonate on foaming

capacity of a soap. Soaps and detergents are cleaning ingredients that are
able to remove oil particles from surfaces because of their unique chemical
properties. Soaps are created by the chemical reaction of a jetty acid with
on alkali metal hydroxide. In a chemical sense soap is a salt made up of a
corboxylix acid and an alkali like sodium of potassium. The cleaning
action of soap and detergents is a result of thrill, ability to surround oil
particles on a surface and disperse it in water. Bar soap has been used for
centuries and continues to be an important product for batching and
cleaning. It is also a mild antiseptic and ingestible antidote for certain
poisons. SOAP Soap is a common term for a number of related compounds
used as of washing clothes or bathing. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts
of higher fatty acids such as stearic acid (C17 H35 COOH), palmittic acid
(C15 H31 COOH) and oleic acid (C17H35 COOH) they have the general
formula RCOONa and R COONa.

Introduction:
 Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing
and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of
a viscous liquid. Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids
and is obtained by reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline in a
process known as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base,
yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol. The general
formula of soap is Fatty end water soluble end CH3-(CH2) n - COONa
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both a
hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as a hydrophobic end,
which is able to dissolve non polar grease molecules.

*Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds particles in

colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off with clean water.

*The hydrophobic portion (made up of a long hydrocarbon chain)

dissolves dirt and oils, while the ionic end dissolves in water.

*The resultant forms a round structure called micelle. Therefore, it allows

water to remove normally-insoluble matter by emulsification

Apparatus:
5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen burner and
stop watch.
 Procedure:
1. Weigh accurately 0.5g of the given amount of soap and transfer to a
100ml of conical flask. Add 50ml of distilled water to dissolve till clear
solution is obtained.

2. Take three 20ml test tubes and label them as 1,2 and A,B and C. To test
tube A add 10ml of distilled water, to test tube C add 5ml of tap water 5ml
of M/10 Na2CO3 solution.

3. Add 1ml of soap solution to each tube.

4. Cork test tube A tightly and shake vigorously for 1minute. Place the test
tube on the test tube stand and start the stop watch immediately. Note the
taken for the disappearance of foam

5. Repeat the same procedure for test tube B and C,

Rate the Time taken for disappearance of foam

Observation:
TUBE WATER USED VOL.OF SOAP TIME TAKEN

1. 10.0 ml of 1.00ml 8.30 hrs

Distilled water
 2. 10ml of tap 1.00ml 6.30 hrs

Water

3. 5.00ml of tap

Water and 5ml

Of 10Na2CO3

Result: The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of
foam is highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality
soap among the soaps tested.

1. Objective

2. Introduction
3. Apparatus

4. Observation

5. Conclusion

6. Bibliography