PREPARE AND CARE FOR CLIENTS SCHEDULED FOR

MEDICAL PROCEDURE

Name: Keneisha Francis

Teacher: Mrs Primrose Austin
Date: August 23, 2022
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE FOR AN ULTRSOUND

Most ultrasound exams require no preparation. However, there are a few exceptions:

 For some scans, such as a gallbladder ultrasound, your care provider may ask that
you not eat or drink for a certain period of time before the exam.

 Others, such as a pelvic ultrasound, may require a full bladder. Your doctor will let
you know how much water you need to drink before the exam. Do not urinate until
the exam is done.

 Young children may need additional preparation. When scheduling an ultrasound

for yourself or your child, ask your doctor if there are any specific instructions
you'll need to follow.

Before the procedure

 Remove any jewelry from the area being examined.

 Remove or reposition some or all of your clothing.
 Change into a gown.
 You'll be asked to lie on an examination table.
 DURING THE PROCEDURE

Gel is applied to your skin over the area being examined. It helps prevent air pockets, which can
block the sound waves that create the images. This safe, water-based gel is easy to remove from
skin and, if needed, clothing.

A trained technician (sonographer) presses a small, hand-held device (transducer) against the
area being studied and moves it as needed to capture the images. The transducer sends sound
waves into your body, collects the ones that bounce back and sends them to a computer, which
creates the images.

Sometimes, ultrasounds are done inside your body. In this case, the transducer is attached to a
probe that's inserted into a natural opening in your body. Examples include:

 Transesophageal echocardiogram. A transducer, inserted into the esophagus,

obtains heart images. It's usually done while under sedation.

 Transrectal ultrasound. This test creates images of the prostate by placing a

special transducer into the rectum.

 Transvaginal ultrasound. A special transducer is gently inserted into the vagina to

look at the uterus and ovaries.

Ultrasound is usually painless. However, you may experience mild discomfort as the
sonographer guides the transducer over your body, especially if you're required to have a full
bladder, or inserts it into your body.

A typical ultrasound exam takes from 30 minutes to an hour.

 Results

When your exam is complete, a doctor trained to interpret imaging studies (radiologist) analyzes
the images and sends a report to your doctor. Your doctor will share the results with you.

You should be able to return to normal activities immediately after an ultrasound.

IMAGE OF AN ULTRASOUND PROCEDURE AND RESULT
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF AN CT SCAN

CT scans don’t require much preparation. If needed, you can do a CT scan with or without
contrast very quickly. In fact, this happens in most cases where a CT scan is needed to diagnose
traumatic injuries or a stroke.

If you’re scheduled for a CT scan with contrast dye, it may help to refrain from eating solid
foods for up to 4 hours before your test. This is especially true if your CT scan is being done to
get images of your abdomen.

If your doctor is using oral contrast for your CT scan, you’ll probably be given the contrast
before the day of your scan and instructed on how to prepare and drink it. Generally, you will
want to start drinking the solution within an hour or two of your scan, drinking a portion of the
solution every 15 minutes.

Your doctor or radiologist will give you specific instructions. If you’re having intravenous (IV)
contrast, a catheter will be inserted into your vein when you arrive at the testing facility.

Otherwise, the only preparations you need to take before a CT scan are to remove metallic
objects and medication devices from your body. This includes:

 jewelry and piercings

 watches

 glasses

 hairpins

 hearing aids

 dentures

 bras with underwire

  “antimicrobial” clothing with silver technology

 nicotine patches

 other medication patches

When you arrive for your CT scan, you’ll be asked to change into a hospital gown. The
technician doing your scan may insert an IV catheter in your arm or leg and ask whether you
have removed any metal devices or medication patches prior to your arrival.

They may also review why you’re having the scan, any allergies you may have, and other special
instructions.

When it’s time to begin the scan, you’ll be positioned on a long narrow table, and you may be
secured in place with velcro straps or other safety devices. The table will slide in and out of the
circular scanner depending on which parts of your body need to be visualized.

The technician will leave the room before operating the scanner and may give you instructions
over an intercom.

As the table moves in and out of the scanner, the machine will rotate around you making a loud
noise. You may be asked to hold your breath or maintain certain positions. Otherwise, you
should hold as still as possible to prevent the scanner from capturing blurry images.

The entire process should take between 20 minutes and 1 hour.

 After your CT scan

Once the CT scan is over, the images are sent to a radiologist for examination. A radiologist is a
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions using imaging techniques, such as
CT scans and X-rays.

Your doctor will follow up with you to explain the results.

IMAGE OF AN CT SCAN PROCEDURE
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF AN MRI

There is very little preparation required, if any, before an MRI scan.

On arrival at the hospital, doctors may ask the patient to change into a gown. As magnets are
used, it is critical that no metal objects are present in the scanner. The doctor will ask the patient
to remove any metal jewellery or accessories that might interfere with the machine.

The MRI unit looks like a large metal donut. The center hole is open on both ends.
You will lie on a padded table that moves into the tunnel. The scanning is done while
you are in the center.
 You must lie still. Stay relaxed inside the MRI unit. Movement can distort the
image.
 The test takes 20 to 90 minutes. You will be made as comfortable as possible.
 You will be given a squeeze button to call the technologist if you need
anything. The staff will also be able to watch you at all times through a glass
window. You will be given earplugs to wear.

A person will probably be unable to have an MRI if they have any metal inside their body, such
as bullets, shrapnel, or other metallic foreign bodies. This can also include medical devices, such
as cochlear implants, aneurysm clips, and pacemakers.

Individuals who are anxious or nervous about enclosed spaces should tell their doctor. Often they
can be given medication prior to the MRI to help make the procedure more comfortable.

Patients will sometimes receive an injection of intravenous (IV) contrast liquid to improve the
visibility of a particular tissue that is relevant to the scan.

The radiologist, a doctor who specializes in medical images, will then talk the individual through
the MRI scanning process and answer any questions they may have about the procedure.
Once the patient has entered the scanning room, the doctor will help them onto the scanner table
to lie down. Staff will ensure that they are as comfortable as possible by providing blankets or
cushions.

Earplugs or headphones will be provided to block out the loud noises of the scanner. The latter is
popular with children, as they can listen to music to calm any anxiety during the procedure.

MRI machine looks like a long narrow tube that has both ends open. You lie down on a movable
table that slides into the opening of the tube. A technologist monitors you from another room.
You can talk with the person by microphone.

If you have a fear of enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), you might be given a drug to help you
feel sleepy and less anxious. Most people get through the exam without difficulty.

The MRI machine creates a strong magnetic field around you, and radio waves are directed at
your body. The procedure is painless. You don't feel the magnetic field or radio waves, and there
are no moving parts around you.

During the MRI scan, the internal part of the magnet produces repetitive tapping, thumping and
other noises. You might be given earplugs or have music playing to help block the noise.

In some cases, a contrast material, typically gadolinium, will be injected through an intravenous
(IV) line into a vein in your hand or arm. The contrast material enhances certain details.
Gadolinium rarely causes allergic reactions.

An MRI can last anywhere from 15 minutes to more than an hour. You must hold still because
movement can blur the resulting images.

During a functional MRI, you might be asked to perform a number of small tasks — such as
tapping your thumb against your fingers, rubbing a block of sandpaper or
answering simple questions. This helps pinpoint the portions of your brain that control these
actions.

After the test

After the scan, the radiologist will examine the images to check whether any more are required.
If the radiologist is satisfied, the patient can go home.

The radiologist will prepare a report for the requesting doctor. Patients are usually asked to make
an appointment with their doctor to discuss the results.
IMAGE OF AN MRI PROCEDURE
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF AN X-RAY

Most X-rays don’t require any special preparation. The doctor may ask you to take off
jewelry, eyeglasses, or any metal objects or clothing that could get in the way of the image.

Doctors can take images while you stand up or lie down. It depends on the area of your body being
examined. The X-ray tube hangs over the table. The film is in a drawer under the table.

The machine sends a beam of radiation through your body. Your hard, dense bones block that beam,
so they show up as white on the film below you. The radiation also goes through softer tissue like
muscle and fat, which appear in shades of gray in the X-ray. The air in your lungs will look black in
the image.

You won’t feel anything during an X-ray, but it can be hard to hold still, and the exam table might be
uncomfortable. The technician may take images from a few different angles. They might use pillows
or sandbags to prop up a body part to get a better view of the area. They’ll probably ask you to hold
your breath so the image doesn’t blur.

Sometimes, the doctor needs more contrast on the image to clearly see what’s going on. They might
give you a contrast agent, like barium or iodine. You’ll either swallow it or get it as a shot.

The machine makes clicks and buzzing sounds during the X-ray. The process could take just a few
minutes for a bone X-ray or more than an hour for more complicated issues.

 
 X-Ray Results
A radiologist will look at your X-rays. A radiologist is a medical doctor who is specially trained in
reading and understanding the results of imaging scans like X-rays. X-ray images are digital, so a
radiologist can see them on a screen within minutes in an emergency. For nonemergencies, it may
take a day or so for them to review the X-ray and get back to you with the results.
IMAGE OF AN X-RAY PROCEDURE
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF AN BIOPSY

Biopsy Procedure
A cutaneous nerve/skin biopsy is a very simple procedure performed in the outpatient setting
which takes 10 to 15 minutes.

 The skin is thoroughly cleaned and a small injection of a local anesthetic to numb the
skin is made.

 A sample of skin is taken by a biopsy from the numb area of the skin.

 A band-aid dressing is used to cover the biopsy site.

Generally, the skin heals easily within one to two weeks. The risk of bleeding or infection is
extremely low.

Patients who are anticoagulated with INR > 2.5 should not be biopsied.

Step 1- Prepare the Area to be Biopsied

Step 2 - Anesthetize the Skin

Step 3 - Check for Numbness

Step 4 - Biopsy the Skin

Step 5 - Remove the Skin Punch

Step 6 - Excise the Biopsy

Step 7 - Excise the Biopsy (continued)

Step 8 - Bandage Biopsy Site

Step 8 - Biopsy Site Care

IMAGE OF THE PROCEDURE OF AN BIOPSY
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE FOR COLONOSCOPY

Colonoscopy is a medical procedure in which doctors use a flexible camera to visually examine
the colon for polyps, tumors, and other abnormal growths that could lead to serious medical
problems such as colorectal cancer.  Colonoscopy can also be used to assist in the diagnosis of
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), diverticulosis, and other more rare forms of colitis. 

The American Cancer Society recommends that all men and women get a colonoscopy, or
similar gastrointestinal screening procedure, every 10 years beginning at the age of 50.  Those
with a family history of colon cancer or early colon polyps should be screened earlier (at least 10
years before the earliest age of diagnosis.)  Although many types of medical doctors administer
colonoscopies, they are typically performed by gastroenterologists, colorectal surgeons, and
proctologists. 

Colonoscopy Procedure

In order to conduct a colonoscopy, the doctors use a colonoscope, which is a type of endoscope,
to visually examine the length of the colon and distal portion of the small intestine.  The
colonoscope is a flexible tube that is a centimeter in diameter, or about the size of the small
finger, that has suction, air, and a fiber optic camera.

During the colonoscopy procedure the doctor will place the colonoscope in the rectum to
examine the colon using a computer that is connected to the colonoscope’s camera for
inflammation, bleeding, tumors, ulcers, polyps, or other types of abnormal growths. 

If the doctor notices any abnormalities in the colon lining during the procedure he or she may
perform a polypectomy by using specialized equipment through the channels of the colonoscope
to remove polyps or other growths.
to remove polyps or other growths.  These growths are then tested to determine if they are
cancerous or precancerous through a biopsy, which will be read by a pathologist and normally
resulted within 1-2 weeks after the procedure.

What is a Colonoscopy Like?

Colonoscopies rarely cause much pain and typically take between 15 minutes and 1 hour to
complete.  To begin the procedure, patients are given a gown and instructed to lie on their left
sides.  The doctor will usually first perform a digital rectal examination, and then will inspect the
anus for any blockage before slowly moving the colonoscope through the length of the colon.

Most colonoscopies are done under moderate sedation, or mild anesthesia.  This medication is
normally provided by the endoscopist and is always monitored closely by a nurse or tech who is
in the room throughout the entire procedure.  Patients who have underlying severe anxiety, heart
or lung diseases and history of chronic pain medication use should notify their doctors prior to
undergoing this procedure, as alternatives such as deep sedation can be offered under the care of
an anesthesiologist.

Since the colon is curved and has many turns, the doctors will distend the colon by injecting air
or water through the colonoscope to avoid damaging the colon wall.  After reaching the end of
the colon the doctor will begin the actual examination since it is easier to examine the bowel
lining while the scope is slowly removed from the colon.  The patient may experience some mild
discomfort during the passage of the colonoscope through the colon, especially around sharp
turns; however, severe pain is not common.

Because the colonoscope is less than the diameter of an average stool, patients typically find it
painless although distending the colon with air sometimes causes discomfort. Usually patients
don’t feel anything even if a polypectomy is performed by the doctor.

Regular deep breathing throughout the colonoscopy procedure can prevent cramping and help
the patient to relax.  Patients may be asked to change positions and may have the urge to pass gas
during the procedure, which is completely normal.  Passing gas throughout the procedure is
typically encouraged, and patients should rest assure that no stool will pass should they pass gas.
 Colonoscopy Preparation

Although the colonoscopy procedure itself may seem uncomfortable, many patients attest that
the colonoscopy preparation is actually more tiring than the actual procedure.  Preparation for
colonoscopy usually takes 1 to 2 days. During this preparation period, patients typically must
stay at home in order to use the bathroom frequently.

Although the colonoscopy procedure itself may seem uncomfortable, many patients attest that
the colonoscopy preparation is actually more tiring than the actual procedure.  Preparation for
colonoscopy usually takes 1 to 2 days.

Throughout the preparation for colonoscopy, patients must cleanse their colon of all solid foods. 
In order to fully cleanse the colon, patients must stop eating solid foods 1 to 2 days in advance of
the test and can only drink clear fluids such as apple juice, chicken broth, lemonade, and water. 
The typical recommendation is not to eat any foods that you can not clearly see through as
ingestion of solid foods may interfere with the results of the colonoscopy and can sometimes
necessitate repeat examination or early termination of the exam.  Generally, bowel preparations
require ingestion of at least 4 liters of laxative.  Commonly this is all taken the night before the
procedure over a 3 hours time course, but split dosing has also been done in which the patient
will take the first 3 liters the night before and the final liter 6 hours prior to the procedure to
improve yield from the exam.

Oftentimes, colonoscopy doctors will prescribe a laxative or other type of colon prep that causes
loose and infrequent stools and sometimes diarrhea. When preparing for a colonoscopy patients
are urged to drink plenty of clear fluids to avoid dehydration although dairy products or liquids
with that are purple, red, or orange in color should be avoided.  In general, after completion of
the bowel preparation, the patient’s stool should be clear and look similar to urine in clarity and
consistency.

Colonoscopy is considered the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis of colon polyps and detecting
colorectal cancers.  Like all tests in medicine, it does have a small chance of missing early
polyps, polyps hidden behind large folds in the colon, and smaller/flat polyps that may be hidden
behind stool if the preparation is not adequate.
 Complications Related to the Colonoscopy

Like all medical procedures, there are small complications that can result from undergoing
colonoscopy.  These complications include risk of missed pathology (missing a polyp), pain,
discomfort, bleeding (le
IMAGE OF COLONOSCOPY PROCEDURE
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF ENDOSCOPY

An endoscopy does not require an overnight stay in the hospital and usually only takes around 1
hour to complete. The doctor will provide instructions about the preparation for the procedure.

For many types of endoscopy, the individual needs to fast for around 12 hours, though this varies
based on the type.

For procedures investigating the gut, laxatives may be taken the night before to clear the system.

A doctor will conduct an examination before the endoscopy. It is important to mention all current
medications (including supplements) and any previous procedures.

Endoscopy procedure

The procedure will depend to some extent on the reason for the endoscopy.

There are three main reasons for carrying out an endoscopy:

 Investigation: If an individual is experiencing vomiting, abdominal pain, breathing

disorders, stomach ulcers, difficulty swallowing, or gastrointestinal bleeding, for
example, an endoscope can be used to search for a cause.

 Confirmation of a diagnosis: An endoscopy can carry out a biopsy to confirm a

diagnosis of cancer or other diseases.

 Treatment: An endoscope can treat an illness directly; for instance, endoscopy can be
used to cauterize (seal using heat) a bleeding vessel or remove a polyp.
Sometimes, an endoscopy will be combined with another procedure such as an ultrasound scan.
It can be used to place the ultrasound probe close to organs that can be difficult to image, such as
the pancreas.

Modern endoscopes sometimes come with sensitive lights that use narrow-band imaging. This
type of imaging uses specific blue and green wavelengths that allow the doctor to spot
precancerous conditions more easily.

An endoscopy typically happens while the person is conscious, although sometimes the person
will receive local anesthetic (commonly an anesthetic spray to the back of the throat). Often, the
person is sedated.

For endoscopy procedures involving entry through the mouth, a mouth guard will protect the
teeth and lips as the tube is inserted.
IMAGE OF ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First I’d like to thank the lord who has equipped me with the knowledge that was needed to
complete this assignment. I would also like to say thanks to my family and friends who has
assisted me with the completion of this assignment. Furthermore, a big thanks to my cow-
workers who gave me encouragement and support while I was completing this assignment. Last
but certainly not least I want to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher Mrs. primrose Austin
for giving me this assignment because it made me more knowledgeable about medical
procedures.
 INTRODUCTION

Medical procedure form an important roll in patient care. These medical procedures help to save
lives. And also help to prevent certain illness if detect at an early stage. In this project you can
fine the definition and the procedure for different medical equipment. There is also information
on how they are used in medical care.
 MEDICAL PROCEDUCER FOR SURGERY

Surgery is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of operative techniques to investigate and
resolve certain medical conditions caused by disease or traumatic injury. Surgery can have many
possible purposes, such as to improve bodily function, enhance physical appearance, or repair
damaged or ruptured areas.

There are different types of surgeries grouped according to their urgency, body part involved, the
nature of the procedure, the level of invasiveness, and instruments used. The main categories of
surgical procedures include:

Surgeries based on timing

 Elective surgery – This refers to procedures that are performed to correct conditions that
are not life-threatening. Instead, they are only carried out due to the request of the patient.
 Emergency surgery – Emergency surgeries are those performed to save a patient’s life
or limb. It is usually necessary after a traumatic incident or an injury.
 Semi-elective surgery – Semi-elective procedures are those that are performed to avoid
the consequences or effects of illness or injury, but are not urgent in nature. These
procedures can be postponed for a certain period.

Surgeries based on purpose

 Exploratory surgery – This refers to procedures conducted mainly to support or confirm

a suspected diagnosis.
 Therapeutic surgery – These are procedures performed specifically to treat a condition
that has been previously confirmed.

Surgeries based on the procedure type

  Reconstructive surgery – This type of surgery is performed to reconstruct a part of the
body that was injured, deformed, or mutilated as a result of injury, disease or previous
operation such as mastectomy.
 Resectioning – This refers to surgeries done to remove a certain internal organ either
partially or completely.
 Replantation – The opposite of resectioning, this refers to surgeries performed to
reattach severed body parts.
 Transplant – This is a surgery where an organ or body part is replaced by an organ that
came from a different source.
 Amputation – In an amputation, a specific limb or body part is cut off. This is usually
performed to prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body.
 Cosmetic surgery – Very popular nowadays, cosmetic surgery is used to enhance the
appearance of a person.

Surgeries based on body part – There are numerous types of surgeries based on body parts;
some examples are:

 Cardiac surgery – This refers to surgeries performed on the heart.

 Orthopaedic surgery – Surgeries performed to correct conditions that affect the bones
and muscles.
 Gastrointestinal surgery – Gastrointestinal surgery corrects certain conditions that
affect the digestive tract and its different related organs.

Surgeries based on invasiveness

 Laparotomy – A laparotomy is a surgery that requires a large incision.

 Laparoscopic – Surgeries that are performed only through small incisions are called
laparoscopic; most major surgical procedures nowadays have their laparoscopic
equivalents that reduce the recovery time as well as the level of pain and discomfort the
patient has to go through.
 Surgeries based on technology or equipment used

 Laser surgery
 Robotic surgery
 Endoscopic surgery
 Microscopic surgery

How Does the Procedure Work?

The act of performing a surgery is usually called an operation or a surgical procedure, to identify
it from surgery as a medical specialty. A surgical procedure is a specific form of treatment that
uses surgical instruments and is usually performed by a team consisting of surgeons, surgeon’s
assistant, anesthesiologist, surgical nurse, and a surgical technologist. The whole procedure can
take minutes to hours depending on its nature and the underlying condition that requires
treatment. It is, however, not an ongoing treatment.

Different surgical procedures call for different methods of pre-operative preparation and care.
Prior to undergoing a surgery, the patients first have to undergo a medical examination, after
which they are rated using the ASA physical status classification system. If deemed fit to
undergo surgery, patients are asked give their consent, which is a requirement to acquire a
surgical clearance. The time leading up to the surgery is used to prepare for the procedure, such
as conducting an autologous blood donation program weeks before a surgery that is expected to
cause a lot of blood loss.

Likewise, after the surgery, patients are given instructions on how to care for themselves until
they fully recover. During the first few days, patients are closely monitored; this may be done at
the hospital, in case of major or invasive operations, or at the patient’s own home. They are also
usually given medications to speed up the recovery process and lower the risk of post-operative
complications.
IMAGE OF MEDICAL SURGERY PROCEDURE
 MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF BARIUM ENEMA AND MEAL

Your healthcare provider will give you specific instructions to follow before the test. They may
include:

 Avoid solid foods and dairy.

 Consume only clear fluids (for example, broth, water and popsicles).
 Skip certain medications for a few hours or days before the test.
 Take laxatives to empty the bowels of any waste. Common laxatives include magnesium
citrate, bisacodyl tablets or bisacodyl suppositories

A barium enema usually takes 30 minutes to an hour.

For the test, your healthcare provider will:

1. Ask you to remove your clothing and jewelry and give you a hospital gown to wear.
2. Tell you to lie on your side on an exam table under an X-ray machine.
3. Take X-rays to make sure your bowels are empty.
4. Insert a lubricated tube into your anus, then inject the barium liquid through that tube into
your intestine.
5. Possibly add some air through the tube, which is called a double-contrast barium enema.
6. Take several images of your large intestine.
7. Ask you to adjust your position or hold your breath, then take additional pictures.

You shouldn’t have any pain during a barium enema, but you may feel:

 Cramps.
 Discomfort.
 Fullness or bloating.
 Pressure.
  Urge to poop.

Take deep breaths to help yourself relax. Resist the urge to poop until the healthcare provider
says you can go to the bathroom.

When your healthcare provider has all the necessary images, they’ll remove the tube and allow
you to go to the bathroom.

Over the next few days, drink plenty of fluids and eat foods that contain a lot of fiber. Examples
include whole grains, vegetables and fruits. This will help flush out the barium and regulate your
bowel movements. Your healthcare provider also may recommend that you take a laxative.

Your stool might be white, gray or light brown for a few days. This is normal — it’s the barium
leaving your body.
IMAGE MEDICAL PROCEDURE OF BARIUM ENEMA AND
MEAL
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures /mri/about/pac-20384768
www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology-neurosurgery/center-clinics/cutaneous
https://www.webmmd.com.
 GLOSSARY
 Transesophageal: Is a diagnostic test, using a special probe placed within the
esophagus, that employs ultrasound wave to make images of the heart chambers,
valves and surrounding structures.

 Antimicrobial: A substance that kills microorganisms such as bacteria or mold,

or stops them from growing and cause disease.

 Anesthesiologist: A who has special training in giving drugs or other agents to

prevent or relieve pain during surgery or other procedures.

 Anesthetic: A substance that induce insensitivity to pain.

 ENDOSCOPIC: An endoscopy is a procedure used in medicine to look inside

the body. The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of
hollow organ or cavity of the body.

 ECHOCARDIADIOGRAM: A test of the action of the heart using ultrasound

waves to produce a visual display, for the diagnosis or monitoring of the heart.

 CLAUSTROPHOBIA: Extreme or irrational fear of confined places and being

unable to escape.

 Gadolinium: A metal element that used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

and other imaging methods.

 BARIUM: Refers to a chalky solution of barium used to coat the inside of

organs, such as the stomach or intestines so that they will show up on an x-ray.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGES
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..
Procedure for ultrasound……………………………………………………………………...
Procedure for CT Scan…………………………………………………………………………
Procedure for MRI……………………………………………………………………………..
Procedure for Biopsy……………………………………………………………………………
Procedure for Barium Enema & Meal……………………………………………………………
Procedure for Surgery……………………………………………………………………………..
Procedure for Colonoscopy………………………………………………………………………
Procedure for Endoscopy………………………………………………………………………….
Glossary………………………………………………………………………………………..
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………..