Q.Describe any three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers in the 19th century?

Ans. By the term of 19th century cathon weavers faced many problems:

1.The export market; collapsed and the local market shrank due to mill-made clothes imported from
Britain

(2) They could not get sufficient supply of good quality raw cotton to weave clothes.

(3) By the end of 19th century, factories were set up in India. These two started fooding the market with
machine made goods that made Indian weavers cloths market small. The demand that

sbrank that resulted in creating losses to the Indian weavers.

Q. Explain with examples that the demand for labourers was seasonal in many industries?

Ans. (1) In Victorian Britain, the demand for labourers was seasonal in many industria which resulted in
prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor

(2) Some returned to countryside after the winter when the demand for labour in the rura areas opened
up in places.

(3) Many looked for odd jobs, which till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to find.

(4) For example, Gas works and breweries were specially busy through the cold months. Sa they needed
more workers to meet their peak demand. Once the winter season was over, the extra employed labour
was workless.

(5) Book-binders and printers, catering to christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December.
In all such industries production fluctuated with the season, industrialisis usually preferred hand labour
employing workers for the season.

Q. Who improved and patented the steam engine in 1781? Describe the four processes of

industrialisation during nineteenth century.

Ans. (1) James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine
in 1781.

(2) The process of industrialisation in Britain started due to many inventions in the 18th century which
increased the efficiency in the production. It resulted in a revolution in industry in Britain.

(3) There had been enormous expansion in overseas trade of Britain. This was major cause of
technological revolution with the expansion of world trade and the growing trade enabled her to make
large expenditure on machinery and buildings. This led to new technological developments.

(4) The geographical location of England greatly helped in industrial revolution. It had extensive coast
lines and many navigable rivers which were easiest means of transportation.

(5) The amount of capital accumulated by Britain from overseas business and availability of coal and iron
ores in large quantities greatly helped in the process of industrialization.

INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES

Q.Explain any three major problems faced by the Indian merchants and industrialists in the 18th century

Ans. Indian merchants and industrialists had to face many problems in 18th century because the
following reasons:

(1) European managing agencies dominated industrial production in India. They were interested only in
the production of Tea Coffee, plantation, mining, indigo and jute for export which had very small
domestic market. Not very profitable for Indian growers.

(2) The British disallowed Indian merchants to trade with Europe in manufactured goods. They were
allowed to export raw materials and foodgrains which marginalised

(3) The British Merchants-

industrialists had their exclusive chambers of commerce. Indian merchants were not allowed to be the
members. With the entry of modern ships Indian merchants were edged out of the shipping business.

Q"The colonial control over the Indian merchants tightened after the end of the eighteenth century".
Explain the statement.

Ans. (1) After the end of eighteenth century, the Indian merchants business was virtually dominated by
colonial rulers. The network of export trade in textiles controlled by the Indian merchants broke down
by the 1750.

(2) European trading companies gained power. First they acquired trading concessions from local rulers,
then monopoly rights to trade.

(3) This resulted in the decline of the old ports of Suratand Hoogly. Exports from these old ports fell
dramatically and local bankers slowly went bankrupt.

Q Describe any three conditions that were favourable for the continuing growth of industries in 18th
century India.

Ans. (1) Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the
international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the fimer
varieties often came from India.

(2) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports.

3. A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade financing
production,carrying goods and supplying exporters.