BIOL-111: Lab 5 – Carbohydrates and Lipids

Use your lab handout and other resources provided to complete the following worksheet activity.

Part 1: Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates contain 3 main elements. Which are these main elements found in
carbohydrates, and in what ratio are they found?Carbohydrates are a class of chemical
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio, respectively

2. If a sugar compound has 8 oxygen atoms, how many hydrogen atoms does it contain?It would
contain 2 atoms

3. For each molecule below, determine if it is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide:

Fructose – monosaccharide Sucrose -
disaccharide
Lactose – disaccharide Maltose - disaccharide
Cellulose – monosaccharide Glycogen - polysaccharide
Ribose – monosaccharide Starch - polysaccharide
Chitin – polsachride Galactose - monsa ride

4. In the table below, describe the biological function for each carbohydrate and where they can
be found.

CARBOHYDRATE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND

Ex. Deoxyribose Sugar found in DNA molecules. DNA
Cellulose stiff and strong plant cell walls
Fructose metabolite in providing fruits
Starch store for plants chloroplast
Glucose generate brains,rbcs,and muscles cell
Glycogen storage in fungi muscle and liver cells

5. What is a condensation reaction and a hydrolysis reaction in carbohydrates? What type of bond
is formed or destroyed in each respective reaction? Make sure to use the appropriate
terminology specific for carbohydrates. Condensation is a chemical reaction that involves the
synthesis of a complex molecule from small reactant molecules and Hydrolysis is the
breakdown of a large reactant molecule into small fragments in the presence of water.A
peptide bond i formed from condensation and in a hydrolysis peptide bond is destroyed an
covalent bond is formed.

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 BIOL-111: Lab 5 – Carbohydrates and Lipids

Part 2: Carbohydrates Tests

Watch the following video about Benedict’s Test and Iodine Test to better understand these tests that
are used to detect different types of carbohydrates (Benedict’s and Iodine Test video). Also, watch this
additional video about the difference between the Benedict’s Test and the Barfoed’s Test (Benedict’s
and Barfoed’s Test video).

Benedict’s Test for Reducing Sugars

Benedict’s Test Experiment Video – Click Here to Watch Video.

Barfoed’s Test for Monosaccharides

Barfoed’s Test Experiment Video- Click Here to Watch Video.

Iodine Test for Starch

Iodine Test Experiment Video – Click Here to Watch Video.

Assume you performed all of these tests using different types of known and unknown solutions
and recorded your data in the table below. You indicated whether your results were positive by
using (+) or negative by using (). When positive, you indicated the relative amount by using (+, +
+, +++)-.
Carbohydrates Test
Benedict’s Barfoed’s Iodine
Water - - -
1 % starch - - +++
1 % glucose +++ + -
1 % fructose ++ + -
1 % maltose +++ - -
1 % sucrose - - -
Unknown A - - -
Unknown B +++ + -
Unknown C +++ - -
Unknown D ++ + -

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 BIOL-111: Lab 5 – Carbohydrates and Lipids

(Table modified from Rohrer, William and Zanes, Everett. Bio111-Lab 5-Carbohydrates and Proteins Lab Handout. Union County College. Cranford, NJ.)

Based on these results, answer the following questions:

1. Why did you run the tests on Water?because you could maintain a constant temperature when
using a water bath.

2. Why do you think the iodine test was only positive for starch, and not the other carbohydrate
solutions? I think that the iodine was only positive for starch and not the carbohydrate
solutions because The color of the starch complex is so deep that it can be detected visually
when the concentration of the iodine is as low as 20 µM at 20 °C.

3. What would a positive iodine test look like? was a color change ranging from violet to black; a
negative result (no starch) was the yellow color of the iodine solution.

4. Most likely, what color did you obtain for the positive (+++) in Benedict's test?The color that I
obtained was bright orange.

5. Identify each Unknown:

A = sucrose
B = galactose
C = fructose
D =glucose

Part 3: Lipids
1. What is the main characteristic of lipids? characteristic of lipids is their nonpolar nature,
meaning they do not mix well with water

2. List the 4 types of lipids that exist and describe their characteristics and their main functions.
Type of Lipid Main Characteristic/Structure Main Function
1.fat glossy appearance to food 2 fatty tail eaters composed of the trihydroxy
acids and a phosphate group alcohol known as glycerol and long chain

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 BIOL-111: Lab 5 – Carbohydrates and Lipids

carboxylic acids called fatty acids

2.waxes water insoluble and generally solid at
biological temperatures
3.phospholipids contains two hydrophobic tails of fatty
acid and one hydrophilic head of
phosphate moiety joined together
4.steroids four rings arranged in a specific
molecular configuration
involve monohydroxy alcohols instead of
glycerol
protects the cell against various
environmental insults
plays important role in the body's
reproductive system

3. Why are lipids “waterproof”?Lipids are nonpolar molecules, so they are not soluble in polar
solvents like water.

4. Give an example that illustrates lipids being “waterproof”.Oil and water don't mix.

5. Identify the lipid below and label its parts:

Type of Lipid:

A.hydrophlic head
B.saturated fatty acid
C.Carbohydrate
D.oxygen
(Image modified from https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids)

Part 4: Lipid Tests

Grease Spot Test:
Grease Spot Test Experiment Video – Click Here to Watch Video
Grease Spot Test Experiment 2 Video – Click Here to Watch Video

Sudan IV stain for lipids:

Sudan IV Staining Experiment Video – Click Here to Watch Video

After reading your lab handout and watching these videos:

1. What is the purpose of the grease spot test? Would there be a positive result using this test?
The purpose of the grease spot test is to find the lipid identification and the positive result
would be salad oil; produced a grease spot.

2. What types of tissue can you stain using Sudan IV?The type of tissue that you can stain using
Sudan Iv would be brown paper

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 BIOL-111: Lab 5 – Carbohydrates and Lipids

Interaction between Water and Oil.

Watch the following video about an experiment studying the interaction between water and oil. Click
Here for the video.
Answer the following questions:
1. Does the oil mix with the water?No it seperates

2. Briefly describe what happened in the experiments? In this experiment the women had a
jar,vase,and a measuring cup with oil and than she got soap she put the water in the jar than
she added food coloring to it while mixing it she then poured oil in the jar than she closed the
jar she started shaking the jar the water and the oil separated she then added soap shaking it
but still nothing happened.

3. How does this experiment illustrates the hydrophobic nature of oil?Oils, by contrast, are
nonpolar, and as a result they're not attracted to the polarity of water molecules

Interaction between Water and Wax.

Watch the following videos about an experiment looking at the interaction between water and wax.
Click Here for video 1 and here for video 2.
Answer the following questions:
1. Observe and compare the shape of the oil drop to the shape of the water drop. IS there any
difference between one drop and the other on the wax paper surface?Yes the other drop slid
and the one on the wax paper surface stayed while adding another drop on it increasing it.

2. Explain why the water and oil behave differently on the surface of the wax paper.This occurs
because the water molecules are strongly attracted to each other and pull themselves together

References:
https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids
Rohrer, William and Zanes, Everett. Bio111-Lab 5-Carbohydrates and Proteins Lab Handout. Union County
College. Cranford, NJ.)