Biomedical Materials

Nida Iqbal Khan

 Course Objective...

Introduce fundamental concepts in

Materials Science with emphasis on
Biomedical Materials
You will learn about:

• Material structure
• How structure dictates properties
• How processing can change structure
• Failure of engineering materials
• Biocompatibility of materials
This course will help you to:

• use materials properly

• realize new design opportunities with materials
 Course This subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of and recent advances in biomedical
Description materials. It covers a broad spectrum of biomedical materials which include metals, ceramics,
polymers and composites. It takes an interdisciplinary approach to describing the chemistry and
physics of materials, their biocompatibility, and the consequences of implantation of devices
made of these materials into the human body. The subject is also designed to familiarise students
with failure of materials through fracture, fatigue, wear and corrosion
CLOs Description Taxonomy PLOs/Levels Grading Policy
Vis-à-vis CLO
Mapping
CLO01 Describe various types of C1 PLO 1 Quizzes + PBL/CEP
biomaterial and their and
properties presentations+Mid

CLO02 Able to relate structure, C2 PLO 1 Quizzes + CEP/PBL

properties and processing of and presentations
three different classes of
Midterm+Final
biomedical grade materials
CLO03 Analyze biocompatibility C4 PLO 3 Final
and bioactivity of materials Midterm
for biomedical applications Quiz, CEP
presentation
Textbooks 1. Donglu Shi, 2006, Introduction to Biomaterials, World Scientific & Tsinghua University.
2. Swee Hin Teoh, 2004, Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications, World Scientific.
3. Kay C. Dee, et al, An Introduction to Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions
4. Joon B. Park, Joseph D. Bronzino, Biomaterials Principles and Application
WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week 1 : Overview of Biomedical Materials. Introduction and historical developments. Requirements and Classification of
Biomedical Materials.
Week 2 :
Structure of Solids. Atomic bonding. Crystal structure. Imperfections in Crystalline Structures. Long-chain molecular
compound

Week 3 : Biomedical Metals. Stainless Steels & Co-based Alloys. Types and Compositions. Structure & Properties. Manufacturing of
Implants.
Week 4 : Biomedical Metals. Ti & Ti-based Alloys. Types and Compositions. Structure & Properties. Manufacturing of Implants.
Biomedical metals in Hard Tissue and Soft Tissue Replacements. Biomedical metals in Orthopaedic and Dentistry.
Biomedical metals in Cardiovascular and Cardiothoracic.
Week 5 Biomedical Ceramic. Structure-Property Relationship. Aluminium Oxides. Calcium Phosphates. Properties & Production
of Hydroxyapatite. Glass-Ceramics. Formation & Properties of Glass-Ceramics. Carbons – Structure & Properties.
Biomedical ceramics in Hard Tissue and Soft Tissue Replacements. Biomedical ceramics in Orthopaedic, Dentistry,
Cardiovascular and Cardiothoracic.

Week 6 : Biomedical Polymers. Polymerisation. Effect of Structural Modification and Temperature on Properties. Polymeric
Implant Materials - Polyamides (Nylon), Polyethylene, Polypropylene.

Week 7 : Biomedical Polymers. Polymeric Implant Materials – Polyacrylates, Fluorocarbon Polymers, Rubbers. High strength
thermoplastics. Biomedical polymers in Hard Tissue and Soft Tissue Replacements. Biomedical polymers in Orthopaedic,
Dentistry, Cardiovascular and Cardiothoracic.

Mid Semester Break

Week 8 :
Biomedical Composites. Structure, Mechanics & Applications of Composite Biomaterials. Biomedical composites in Hard
Tissue and Soft Tissue Replacements. Biomedical composites in Orthopaedic, Dentistry, Cardiovascular and
Cardiothoracic.

Week 9 : Mechanical properties and testing of materials. In-vivo and in-vitro testing.
Week 10 : Characterisation of Materials. Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Materials. Optical properties. X-ray Absorption.
Density & Porosity. Acoustic and Ultrasonic properties. Diffusion properties
Week 11 :
Failure of Engineering Materials. Fracture & Fatigue

Week 12 :
Failure of Engineering Materials. Wear & Degradation/Corrosion
Week 13 : Biocompatibility and Biological Tests. Definition. Biocompatibility tests and their rules. Biological
tests – Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, Reproductive Toxicity.
Week 14 : Biocompatibility and Biological Tests. Biological tests – Irritation and Sensitisation, Local effects
after implantation, Systemic Toxicity, Hemocompatibility, Degradation. Biofunctionality tests.
Infection and sterilization.
GRADING:

No. Assessment Number % each % total Weeks

1. PBL 1 5 5 Week5

2. Mid 1 30 30 Week 8

3. Quiz2 2 1 10 Week 11

4. CEP/ Presentation 1 15 15 Week 13

5. Final Exam 1 40 40

Overall Total 100%

 Material Science & Engineering
• Material -> something tangible that goes into
the makeup of a physical object.
• Material Science -> involves investigating the
relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials
• Material Engineering -> is, on the basis of
these structure–property correlations,
designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of
properties
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?
 History of Materials Science &
Engineering
• materials closely connected our culture
• the development and advancement of societies are dependent on the available
materials and their use
• early civilizations designated by level of materials development

• initially natural materials

• develop techniques to produce materials with superior qualities (heat
treatments and addition of other substances)

MATERIALS SELECTION!
 Why study materials?
• applied scientists or engineers must make material choices
• materials selection
– in-service performance
– deterioration
– economics

BUT…really, everyone makes material choices!

aluminum glass plastic

Models & Materials

3
/
3
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
2
3
/
3
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
3
 Choice of Medium

medium: wood
“Wood is a natural material that ties the
indoors to the outdoors when it is used…A
project is a creative 3 dimensional design
process…You don't need a huge shop space
or heavy duty metal working machine
tools.”
– George J. Haberer
The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

15
 Materials Science and Engineering
structure • arrangement of internal components
• subatomic
• atomic
• microscopic
• macroscopic (bulk)

characterization
processing properties
• material characteristic
• method of preparing
• response to external
material
stimulus
• mechanical, electrical,
performance thermal, magnetic,
• behavior in a optical, deteriorative
particular application
 Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

17
Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.
• Permanent Implants
• Prosthetic devices manufactured from
synthetic materials (e.g., hip prostheses,
>200,000/yr in U.S., many designs)
 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e. 19

Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. 20

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
Ball
– fixation agent to hold
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent (“glue”) Acetabular
– must avoid any debris in cup Cup and Liner

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Chapter 22, Callister 7e.
Femoral
Stem
21
• Advs:
 no donor/self-donor tissue limitations
 cannot by “rejected” by classical complement mechanisms
• Disads:
 “full” organ function not restored

g. ., orthopedic replacements:
- loss of bone marrow (origin of blood stem cells)
- no regenerative ability
- reduced range of mobility

 often must be replaced

• - chronic inflammation

• e.g., PE wear debris  immune response  bone

breakdown
• - mechanical failure
• e.g., cement loosening
 other long-term side effects

• stress-shielding: modulus mismatch

between stem & femur
• load imbalance on surrounding bone
• osteoporosis (bone resorption >
deposition)
• increased likelihood of re-fracture

• Clearly, mechanical properties play

a critical role in materials choice!
Bone plate in 1900,earliest Artificial knee joint to relieve
successful biomedical implants pain and restore functions
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:

6
5
Resistivity, r
(10-8 Ohm-m)

4
3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)

• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

• Deforming Cu increases resistivity. 26
 THERMAL
• Thermal Conductivity
• Space Shuttle Tiles: of Copper:
--Silica fiber insulation --It decreases when
offers low heat conduction. you add zinc!
Adapted from
chapter-opening

Thermal Conductivity
photograph, 400
Chapter 19,
Callister 7e.
300

(W/m-K)
(Courtesy of
Lockheed
Missiles and 200
Space
Company, Inc.)
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Lockheed Aerospace (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Ceramics Systems, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Sunnyvale, CA) Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Note: "W" denotes fig. (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
is on CD-ROM.) 1979, p. 315.)
27
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
28
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 7e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

29
 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. increasing load
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown

• Wear of PE liner of TKA: Boveri Co.)

4 mm
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial 30
Airplane Company.)
 Introduction to Biomaterials

• any substance (other than drugs) or combination of

substances synthetic or natural in origin, which can be
used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of
a system which treats, augments, or replaces any
tissue, organ, or function of the body
• Biological material:
A material produced by a biological system.
• What was before the Biomaterials for:
treats, augments, or replaces any tissue,
organ, or function of the body
• Therapies for Organ Replacement

1. Transplantation
• Replacement of tissue or organ from human or animal donor

• Allograft—human donor (e.g., kidney, liver, heart) Xenograft—animal

donor (e.g., porcine aortic valves)

• Adv:
 complete recovery of lost function for patient lifetime

• Disads:
 possibility of rejection—attack by immune system
 side effects of immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., steroids)
 limited donor pool
2. Autograft
• Donor is also recipient

• Examples: skin grafts, nerve grafts, breast reconstructions, saphenous (calf) vein for
coronary or peripheral artery bypass (~300,000/yr in U.S.)

• Adv:
 complete recovery of lost function for patient lifetime
 virtually no danger of rejection

• Disads:
 limited self-donor tissue available
 trauma/scarring at removal site
3. Regenerated Tissues/Organs
• Cells grown on a scaffold device (synthetic or collagen-based, often resorbable) provide
restored function (e.g., skin and cartilage)

• Adv:
 no donor/self-donor tissue limitations
 function restored for patient lifetime (in principle)

• Disads:
 biological complexities of complete organ regeneration unsolved
 possible immune response, depending on cell source
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Biomaterial science - definitions

 Biomaterial — A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a

(medical) device intended to interact with biological systems
(Williams 1987).

 Biocompatibility — The ability of a material to perform with an

appropriate host response in a specific application (Williams 1987).

 Host Response — The response of the host organism (local and

systemic) to the implanted material or device.

E.g.: A hemodialysis system serving as an artificial kidney requires

materials that must function in contact with the patients`s blood and
exhibit appropriate membrane permeability and mass transport
characteristics.
Desired Properties of BioMaterials
• Should be Biocompatible
Should be nontoxic
Should be noncarcinogenic
Should be nonallergic
Should be noninflammatory
• May be Bioactive for its lifetime in host
• Adequate mechanical strength
• Sound engineering design
• Relatively inexpensive, reproducible, and easy to fabricate
and process for large-scale production
 Uses of Biomaterials
• Replace diseased part – dialysis
• Assist in healing – sutures
• Improve function – contacts
• Correct function – spinal rods
• Correct cosmetic – nose, ear
• Aid dx – probe
• Aid tx – catheter
• Replace rotten – amalgam
• Replace dead - skin
 How many different types of
biomaterials are in use today?

9/17/2022 39
 Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Biomaterials
Materials used to safely replace or interact with biological systems

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Juliane Bogner-Strauss

Vorlesungsunterlagen: IGB Homepag e,

Education, Biomaterials

Recommended literature:
“Biomaterials, an introduction” J. Park and R.S. Lakes 2007
Springer Science
and
“Biomaterials Science” BD. Rafner 2004 Elsevier Academic Press
(available from the TUG-Bib in e-version) Allograft material. (A) clinical aspect of a
mandibular bone defect; (B) freeze-dried
demineralized bone allograft; (C) biomaterial
filling the bone defect associated with a non-
absorbable barrier.
 A very short history
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

of biomaterials
 The Romans, Chinese, and
Aztec used gold in dentistry
more than 2000 years ago.

 Glass eyes and wooden teeth

have been used trough much
of the recorded history.
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

A very short history of

biomaterials
 Synthetic plastics became available at the turn of last
century.
 PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) was intoduced in
dentistry in 1937.
 Experiments with parachute cloth (Vinyon N) as vascular
prosthesis after world war II.
 In the early 1960s total hip replacement made of PMMA,
ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyurethan, and stainless
steel.
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Notable Developments Relating to Implants

Year Investigator Development
Late 18th–19th century Various metal devices to fix fractures; wires
and pins from Fe, Au, Ag, and Pt
1860–1870 J. Lister Aseptic surgical techniques
1893–1912 W.A. Lane Steel screws and plates for fracture fixation
1909 A. Lambotte Brass, Al, Ag, and Cu plate
1912 Sherman Vanadium steel plate, first alloy developed
exclusively for medical use
1926 E.W. Hey-Groves Used carpenter's screw for femoral neck
fracture
1931 M.N. Smith-Petersen Designed first femoral neck fracture fixation
nail made originally from stainless steel,
l ater changed to Vitallium®
1938 P. Wiles First total hip replacement
1946 J. and R. Judet First biomechanically designed hip prosthesis;
first plastics used in joint replacement
1940s M.J. Dorzee, A. Franceschetti Acrylics for corneal replacement
1952 A.B, Voorhees, A. Jaretzta, First blood vessel replacement made of parachute cloth
A.H. Blackmore
1958 S. Furman, G. Robinson First successful direct stimulation of heart
1960 A. Starr, M.L. Edwards Heart valve
1970s W.J. Kolff Experimental total heart replacement
1990s Refined implants allowing bony ingrowth
1990s Controversy over silicone mammary implants
2000s Tissue engineering
2000s Nanoscale materials
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Biocompatibility
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Examples of biomaterial applications (USA)

 Substitute heart valves (45,000/year)

 Artifical hips (90,000/year)
 Dental implants (275,000/year)
 Intraocular lenses (1.4 millions/year)
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Examples of biomaterial applications (USA)

Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Many materials are used

Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Interdisciplinary interactions are needed

Different disciplines have to work

together, starting from the identification
of a need for a biomaterial through
development, manufacture, implantation,
and removal from the patient.

engineering
biological engineering medical
engineering

biology medicine
Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics

Subjects integral to biomaterials science

 Toxicology
– Biomaterials should not be toxic.
– „smart bombs“ (drug release systems that seeks out cancer cells
and destroy them)
– A biomaterial should not give off anything from its mass (problem
with many low-molecular-weight polymers).
 Biocompatibility
– Non tumorigenic
– Normal wound healing, no infections
– No hypersensitivity
 Mechanical and performance requirements
– Hip prothesis: strong and rigid,
– Articular cartilage substitute: soft and elastomeric
– Dialysis membrane: strong and flexible
– ........
Biomaterial Science
 Applications:
Orthopedics & Dentistry
 Applications:
Cardiovascular
 Applications:
Ophthalmology & Neurology
 Applications:
Biosensors & Filtration
 Applications:
Drug Delivery & Tissue Engineering
 Application of material beyond your daily life

orthopaedic
cardiovascular

dental craniofacial
craniofacial
Source: the internet
 General Applications of
Biomaterials
• Storage of fluids, tissues, and other biological
products
• Diagnosis
• Monitoring
• Therapy

9/17/2022 57
 Classification of Medical Devices
Based on the duration of the device use, invasiveness and risk to
the user.
• Class I devices: crutches, bedpans, tongue depressors,
adhesive bandages etc. –minimal invasiveness, does not
contact the user internally.
• Class II devices: hearing aids, blood pumps, catheters, contact
lens, electrodes etc. –higher degree of invasiveness and risk,
but relatively short duration.
• Class III devices: cardiac pacemakers, intrauterine devices,
intraocular lenses, heart valves, orthopedic implants, etc. -
considerably more invasive and can pose immense risk to the
user-implantables.

9/17/2022 58
 BIOMATERIAL OR MEDICAL
DEVICE?
• It is important to know that the FDA neither approves
materials nor maintains a list of approved materials
• Although FDA recognizes that many of the currently available
biomaterials have vast utility in the fabrication of medical
devices, the properties and safety of these materials must be
carefully assessed with respect to the specific application in
question and its degree of patient contact.
• An important principle in the safety assessment of medical
devices is that a material that was found to be safe for one
intended use in a device might not be safe in a device
intended for a different use.
• Accurate characterization is an essential step in selecting a
material for a medical device, but ultimately the final
assessment must be performed on the finished product,
under actual use conditions.
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 Biomaterials Research in Industry
• is dominated as much by the regulatory approval process and
submission requirements as by the physical, mechanical, and
chemical properties of the medical device.

9/17/2022 60
 Manufacture of a Medical Device
• One of the first steps involves the selection of suitable
biocompatible materials.
• This is an essential step because the types of tests required
for evaluation of a device depend on the physical and
chemical nature of its materials in addition to the nature of
the device's exposure to the body.
• A specific material may appear suitable on the basis of its
physical properties, cost, and availability, but might contain
toxic chemical components.
• Therefore, it is advisable to screen the candidate materials at
an early stage to eliminate those that are toxic, and select
those that are sufficiently biocompatible or nontoxic for their
intended use.
• Chemical constituents and potential extractables should be
identified and quantitated for overall safety assessment of the
device.
9/17/2022 61
 Biomaterials Scientists
• study the interactions of natural and synthetic substances and
implanted devices with living cells, their components, and
complexes such as tissues and organs.

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 Biomaterials Engineers
• develop and characterize the materials used to measure,
restore and improve physiologic function, and enhance
survival and quality of life.

9/17/2022 63
 The Society For Biomaterials
A professional society which promotes advances in all phases of
materials research and development by encouragement of
cooperative educational programs, clinical applications, and
professional standards in the biomaterials field.
Internationally recognized leaders in the biomaterials field
participate in the Society and sponsored events.
(www.biomaterials.org)

9/17/2022 64
 Relevant Biomaterials Journals
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
Biomaterials
Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition
Journal of Biomaterials Applications
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine

9/17/2022 65
 Relevant Websites
• Biomaterials Network (www.biomat.net)
• Medical Device Information (www.devicelink.com)
• Medical Materials Engineering reference
(www.engineeringreference.com)
• United States Patents and Trademarks Office (www.uspto.gov)
• General search-Google (www.google.com)
• MEDLINE-(www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi)

9/17/2022 66
Where can I find information about
medical devices?
• www.nlm.nih.gov/services/meddevice.html
Just a few of the sites are:
• - Medical Device Link's Suppliers Page at
http://www.devicelink.com/company/

• - MEDMarket Network's Internet Medical Products Guide at

http://www.medmarket.com/index.cfm?id=product_guide

• - Yahoo! listing of Medical Equipment Companies at

http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Companies/He
alth/Medical_Equipment/

• - Yahoo! listing of Biomedical Device Manufacturers at

http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Companies/Bio
medicine/Device_Manufacturers/
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Evolution of Biomaterial Science &
Technology:

1st generation (since 1950s)

Goal: Bioinertness

2nd generation (since 1980s)

Goal: Bioactivity

3rd generation (since 2000s)

Goal: Regenerate functional tissue
 BIOMATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
• First generation
• Bioinert materials
I

• Second generation
• Bio active and biodegradable materials
II
• Third generation
• Materials designed to stimulate specific responses at
III molecular level
 FIRST GENERATION
• Invented in 1980
• AIM :
Same physical properties to match replaced
tissue
 Minimal toxic response to host
 Bio inert – minimum immune response and
foreign body reaction
 SECOND GENERATION
• Invented between 1980 and 2000
• AIM
 Interact with biological environment
 Enhance biological response and tissue surface
bonding (BIO ACTIVE)
 Undergo progressive degradation with healing and
regeneration of tissues (BIODEGRADABLE)
 THIRD GENERATION
• Invented in 2002(Hench and polak)
• AIM
 To stimulate specific cellular response at
molecular level
 Signal and stimulate specific cellular activity
 Classes of Biomaterials:
Metals:
Strong, ductile
high thermal & electrical conductivity
opaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent
bonding  sharing of e’s
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory)

– compounds of metallic & non-
metallic elements (oxides, carbides,
nitrides, sulfides)
Brittle, glassy, elastic
non-conducting (insulators)
Biomaterials according to material type

Materials Advantages Disadvantages Examples

Polymers Resilient Not Strong Sutures, Blood vessels,

Nylon, Silicones, Easy to fabricate Deform with time hip sockets, ears, nose
Teflon, Dacron May degrade other soft tissues

Metals Tough May Corrode Joint Replacement,

Ti, S.S, Ductile Dense Bone plates and screws,
Co-Cr Strong Dental root implants
Gold

Ceramics Very Biocompatible, Brittle Dental,

Aluminum Oxide, inert, strong in Difficult to made Hip socket
Carbon compression Not resilient
Hydroxyapatite

Composites Strong, tailor made Difficult to make Joint implants

Carbon-carbon Heart valves
Composites
1. W. D. Callister, Jr, 2013, Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction,
Willey International Edition.
2. Joon Bu Park and Roderick Lakes, 1992, Biomaterials: An Introduction, Springer.
3. Donglu Shi, 2006, Introduction to Biomaterials, World Scientific & Tsinghua
University
4. Rolando Barbucci, 2002, Integrated Biomaterials Science, Springer
5. Swee Hin Teoh, 2004, Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications, World
Scientific.
6. Julian Vincent, 1990, Structural Biomaterials, Princeton University Press.
7. Gary Wnek & Gary Bowlin, 2004, Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, Marcel Dekker
8. Frederick Silver & David Christiansen, 1999, Biomaterials Science &
Biocompatibility, Springer.
9. Sujata V. Bhat, Biomaterials, Springer.
10. Larry Hench & June Wilson, 1993, An Introduction to Bioceramics, World
Scientific.
11. Donglu Shi, 2004, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Springer.

80
 Please do not blindly follow the
presentation files only, refer it just as
reference material. More concentration
should on class room work, text
book-reference books.