Historical Antecedents of STS Eclipses and using astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting
Science provided different Asians Civilization in
order to survive and understand the natural and
physical world.
It also enables human beings to develop various
technologies that help them in everyday task
1.1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
ANCIENT, MIDDLE & MODERN AGES
A) Development Of Science In
Mesoamerica And South America
MESOAMERICA
- Derived from the Greek Word which means
“Middle America”
- Includes the entire area of Central America
from Southern Mexico up to the Border of
South America
- Rich in culture and knowledge prior to the
arrival of the European colonizer
a) MAYA CIVILIZATION (2600 BC- 1697 AD)
- Considered to be one of the scientifically
advance society in Mesoamerica
- one of the famous civilizations in Mesoamerica
- Founded by the Maya People
- Southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and
Belize, and the western portions of Honduras
and El Salvador comprised of Maya.
- It is a Mesoamerica Civilization and known for
its mayan hieroglyphics script – the only
familiar fully developed writing system of the pre-
Columbian America, Mathematics Calendar &
Astronomical system
- Maya people survive in Farming Villages in the
Yucatan Peninsula and the highlands to the
south
- It was ruled by Prince and Priests and was not
abolished by other cultures but moderately
disappear
SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
- Known for their observation in astronomy which
they incorporated in building their structures like
the Pyramid of Chichen Itza
- Mayan knowledge and understanding about
celestial bodies was advanced from predicting
- 2 complicated calendar system - the 260-day
Sacred Round, or tzolkin, and the 365-day
Vague Year, or haab
- They also developed the technology for growing
different crops and for building elaborate cities
using ordinary machineries and tools
- Built Hydraulic System to supply water
- Builds loom for weaving cloth and devised
a rainbow of glittery paints made from mica
- One of the people to produce rubber products
3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent
in 1844.
- Independently developed the concept of Zero
and positional value even before the Romans
NOTE: : Enormous drought swept Maya Civilization
but it did not disappear completely.
b) INCA CIVILIZATION (1200-1533)
- Around the year 1200, Incas started settling in
Valley of Cuzco and Manco in the mountains of
Central Peru
- Peru, western and south-central Bolivia,
southwest Ecuador and a large portion of what is
today Chile, north of the Maule River
- Incas are magnificent Engineer
- It was the largest empire that developed 2500
miles from North to South and included around
16 M People.
- The Incan United Empire were building a huge
network to mountains and across rivers
- Famous for stone work and build stone temples
without using Mortar
SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
- They built system of roads and bridges
- System of collectively labor and most advance
centralize economy, the incas are able to secure
a limited manual labor
Made advance Scientific ideas :
 Stone-Paved Road
 Stone Buildings
 Suspension Bridge
 Irrigation system and water storage
technique
 Incan Calendar with 12 months where each
month is divided into 3 weeks. Each week
has 10 days
  Quipu – A system of knotted Ropes
 Inca Textile
NOTE : Disease ( small fox) is the reason of its
collapse
c) AZTEC CIVILIZATION ( 1300-1521)
- The big elevation in Sierra Madre was the center
of Aztec
- The Aztec Empire, or the Triple Alliance was an
alliance of three Nahua altepetl city-states:
Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.
- Appropriate for Agriculture since it has moderate
climate
- Tenochtitlan - largest capital city of Aztec which
was built on an island in Lake Texcoco.
- Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador, best
remembered for conquering the Aztec Empire
in 1521  astrology from comets to planets
Scientific contribution and Development
 Aztec Mandatory Education where they started
schooling from 10-15
 types of school :
o calmecac for noble
o Telpochcalli for common
 Chocolates – Mayan culture even use it as
currency
 Cacao is highly valued and as a tribute to Gods
 Antispasmodic Medication- could prevent
muscle spasm during surgery
 Chinampa – where lands divided in rectangular
shape and surrounded by canals agriculture and
farming
 Aztec Calendar - to plan their activities, rituals,
and planting season.
 Canoeing – narrow boat
NOTE : Lacked of food and ravaged by small pox ,
the Aztecs finally collapsed after 93 days of resistance
on Aug. 13, 1521 CE
B) Development Of Science In Ancient
Asia
Asia
o Largest continent is the world
o Host of many cultural , economic and
political activities of many ages
In Field Of Science , Technology &
Mathematics ,These 3 Civilizations Have Stood
Out:
a) INDIAN CIVILIZATION ( 4000-3000 BC )
- India is a huge peninsula surrounded by mass
bodies of water
SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES
o Manufacturing Iron and metallurgical works
and considered to be the best iron steel
o Medicine – Ayurveda – medicinal properties
plants
o Susruta Samhita – Surgical and medical
procedure
o Astronomy Theories and calendar
o Siddhanta Siromani – books that is about
o Bhaskaracharya – the indian great
astronomer
o Mohenjo–Daro Ruler- Hindus valley
civilization tries to standardize a length
measurement
o Aryabhata – inventor or Zero, Father of
astronomy
o Aryabhatiya - introduced a number of
trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques,
as well as algorithms of algebra.
o Brahmagupta – describes gravity as a force
attraction and explain the use of zero as both
place holder and decimal digit along with hindu
arabic
o Madhava of Sangamagrama- Founder of
Mathematical Analysis
b) CHINESE CIVILIZATION ( 1600-221 BC )
Scientific advances and contribution
- Medical Properties – Acupuncture, Moxibustion
- Compass, paper making, gunpowder, woodblock
printing
- Iron plough, wheelbarrow
- Earthquake detector- first seismological
detector
- Astronomy contribution - Star charts and
maps, comets ,Chinese lunar calendar brass ,
Chinese solar eclipse myth
Note : cultural factors have hindered these Chinese
achievements from developing into modern science

c) MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION (700 AD –
1300 AD)
- dominantly occupied by Muslims
-  Golden Age a period of Muslim
scholarship ,was an era from the 8th to
14th century marked by the expansion of
Islam and Arabic culture
- Arabic- common language
- Muslim scientist prefer science
experiments rather than playing thought
experiment
 Ibn Al-Haytham 965 - 1039– father of modern
optics for his influential book of Optics
o First person to test hypotheses with
verifiable experiments
o Developed scientific method before
Europeans
 Muhammed Ibn Musa al-khwarizmi – algorithm
was derived from his name
o was the first to work on equations that were
equal to zero (now known as algebra)
o Algebra – derived from the word Al-jabr –
the beginning of the title of one of his
publication now known as the Arabic
Numeral System
 Arabic Numeral System – originally came from
India but Muslim mathematicians have made the
refinements
 Jabir Ibn Hayyn – some scholars consider him
as the father of chemistry because of his
contribution to distillation, crystallization and
sublimation
- He invented aqua regia- super acid – by
heating salt with nitric acid
 Ibn Sina – first physician to conduct clinical trials –
The book of healing and the Canon of Medicine
was used as the standard text in 17th century
NOTE : Due to the conquest of Mongols , all learning
institution are destroyed
C) DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
AFRICA
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- Development of Geometry – was a product of
necessity to preserve the ownership and lay out
of farm land living along the nile river
o Basis in creating structures
- Egypt was also known as the center of Alchemy
which is consider the medieval forerunner of
chemistry - mummification
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
- 3 types of Ancient African Calendar :
o Lunar
o Stellar
o Solar
- Metallurgy was also known that enable them to
developed from bronze age to metal age
- Lemombo Bone – a tool for multiplication and is
considered as the oldest mathematic artifact
Algebra, Geometry , Trigonometry – the advance
concept of math in early age
1.2 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
- The development of science in the Philippines
came out as a hybrid of the indigenous and
foreign ideas
- Spain and US played an important role in the
development of science
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECNNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Internal Factors :
1. Survival
2. Culture
3. Economic Activities
External Factors
1. Foreign Colonizers
2. Trades with Foreign Countries
3. International Economic Demands
A.PRE-SPANISH PERIOD (before 1521)
 - we relied on archaeological findings to knows
how the Filipinos live before
- Based on archaeological findings show that
modern man from Asian mainland first came
over land and across local channels in
Batangas and Palawan about 4800 BC.
-During 3000 BC, they learned to produce
Adzes and Pottery
-Adzes are ornament of seashells
-They learn to use Iron – which is considered
the iron age from 3rd century BC
- The early inhabitants of the archipelago had
their own culture and traditions
-They have their own belief system that keeps
them organized : Preistesses such as
“Babaylan/baylana” or “katalona” – acted as
medium to communicate with spirits
- Early Government : Our Forefathers in the
pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a
working judicial and legislative system
- Smooth Foreign Relations : Pre-colonial
Filipinos had already established trading and
diplomatic relations with countries as far away
as the Middle East
- Pre-colonial clothing
- Barong Tagalog (dress of tagalog) was
worn by the natives of MA-I which was what
the Philippines was known before. _ sleeve-
doublet made of canga (rough cotton)
- While women also wear sleeve dress that
is made of fine linen or Indian Muslin
- Visayan men wore jacket with Moorish
Style Robe that was embroidered with beautiful
colors.
- Putong – narrow strip of cloth found on
their temples and forehead
SCIENCE IN PRE –SPANISH PHILIPPINES
Science in pre-spanish Philippines is embedded in
the way of life of People . Scientific knowledge is
observe on the way they plant their crops and take
care of animals and food production.
They are already aware of therapeutic method of
extracting medicine from herbs. That’s why they have
Albularyo
Science is observe in the way they observe the
movement of the heavenly body to predicts season
and climate in order to form calendar
In Calendar :
Bisayan – 12 months, 356 days a year, 30 days
expect on the last which contained 26 days
Ifugao – 13 months, 356 days a year, 28 days each
month except 13th month which contains 29 days
Banaue Rice Terraces – great evidence of
engineering in this era
Note : During the early period , almost everyone in the
society knows how to read and write.
WRITING SYSTEM
- They use sharp pointed tools , leaves, bamboo
and trunk’s skin
- They write from top to bottom and read it from
left to right
- ALIBATA- different from china, japan and india –
this account was told by pne of the first
missionaries Fr. Pedro Chrino
CARACOA – trading boat where Barter Trade existed
TECHNOLOGY
Use by people in building houses , irrigations, and
developing tools that they can use in every day life
They developed tools for :
-Hunting
-Farming
-Hunting
-Music
-Cooking
-War
-transportation
Archaeological artifacts have proved that metal age
also had a significant contribution in development of
tools
Indigenous science – Folk Science
B.SPANISH PERIOD ( 1521- 1898)
Spanish :
- Introduced formal education and founded
scientific institution
- Established parochial schools and taught
catechism, reading, writing, arithmetic, music,
and agriculture in local dialects
 - Introduced the concepts of subjects and
disciplines where BIOLOGY is given Focus
- Established universities and colleges specially
UST – one of the oldest universities
- Study of Medicine was the priority in this era
CONTRIBUTORS TO SCIENCE DURING 19TH
CENTURY
- Botanist Fr. Ignacio Mercado
- Dr. Trinidad Pardo De Tavera – physician
- Dr. Leon Ma. Gerero - Father of Philippine
Pharmacy.
- Chemist Anacleto del Rosario
- Dr. Manuel Guerrero
- Dr. Jose Montes
- Dr. Elrodario Mercado
ENGINEERING FIELD
- Constructing government buildings , churches.
Roads, bridges, and forts
THE GALLEON TRADE (1565-1815 )
-Has brought additional technology and development
in the Philippines
-Although it most primary beneficial to Spaniards ,
these allow other ideas, crops, cultural practices,
technology and western practices to reach the
country.
-Made a big impact in the economic growth that is why
agriculture and industrial trade where not given focus
- Suez Canal enable visiting countries possible
NOTE : Although the country was one of the most
developed places in the region, the superstitious beliefs
of the people and the catholic doctrines and practices
during the Spanish Era halted the growth of science in
the country
C.AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1935)
Americans have more influence in the development of
science and technology in the Philippines .
Americans used education as a vehicle for its
benevolent assimilation program
EDUCATION IN THE EARLY AMERICAN
OCCUPATION
- THOMASITES - American Soldiers were the first
teachers
- Restores the damaged school houses and built
new owns and conducted classes
- Trained Filipino teachers and replaced the
soldiers
- Infused the spirit of democracy and progress as
well as fair play
- Established public education system.
Reorganized the learning of science and
introduced it in public and private schools
- Greatly improved and modernized teaching of
science in higher education
- In basic education, science education focused
on nature studies and science sanitation
- Established UP – modern research university
AMERICAN PERIOD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
 Created more public hospitals
 Minerals resources explored and exploited
 Improved transportation and communication
system
 Researches done to control malaria, cholera, and
tuberculosis and other tropical diseases
 Improved engineering works and health conditions
of the people
“The Americans further strengthened scientific
institutes founded by the Spaniards “
July 1,1901- Philippine Commission established the
Bureau of Government Laboratories which was
placed under the Department of Interio.
- The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal,
which was established under the Spanish colonial
era
- The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical
diseases and laboratory projects
October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government
Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of
Science that became the primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II
December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of
the Philippines was established
The desire of the Americans to develop the human
resources of the Philippines to serve their own interest
is somehow, beneficial in the Country “
Science during the American Period was inclined
towards agriculture, food processing, forestry,
medicine and pharmacy, Not much focus was given
on the development of Industrial Technology due
to free trade policy with the United States which
nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and
trade.

D.PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (1946-PRESENT)
World war 2 has destabilized the development of the
country in many ways from ruined infrastructure to
livelihood.
The reparation fund that was given by Japanese was
focus on public utilities and institution. Also for building
roads, technological trainings, and human resource
development .
Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole
nation has been focusing on using its limited
resources in improving its sciences and technological
capability.
Explore the use of ODA ( Overseas Development
Allocation ) from different countries to help the country
improve its scientific productivity and technological
capability
Human resource development is the heart of these
efforts focusing on producing more engineers ,
scientist, technology experts, doctors, and other
professional
THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 1946 : Institute of Science replaced Bureau of
Science
 1950 : In a report of the US economic Survey,
there was a lack of basic information which were
necessities to the country’s industries, lack of
support experimental work and minimal budget
for scientific research and low salaries of scientist
employed by the government
 1958 : National Science Development Board was
established
 1973 : under Pres. Ferdinand Marcos , in the
amended 1973 Philippine constitution article
15 section 9 “advancement of science and
technology shall have priority in the national
development” and funding for science increased
 1973: National Science and Technology Authority
(NSTA) replaced NSDB under Executive Order
No.784
 1986: under Pre. Corazon Aquino, the
Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) replaced NSTA giving science and
technology a representation in the cabinet
 Under the Medium Term Philippine
Development Plan (1987-1992), science and
technology’s role in the economic recovery and
sustained economic growth was highlighted
 During Pre. Aquino’s 1990 SONA, she said that
science and technology development shall be one
of the top 3 priorities of the government towards
an economic recovery.
1.3 FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCE
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT
OF FILIPINO SCIENTIST:
1. Individual interest in science
2. Family
3. Natural environment
4. School science (teachers, learning,
environment)
5. Science laboratories (real –life context )
TOP 10 OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTIST
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his
outstanding research on tissue culture in
Philippine mangoes
- he develop a process that cause to flowering
and fruiting of mango trees 3 times a year
- 2013, became a national scientist in the
Philippines for field of plant physiology
focusing on induction of flowering of mango
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his works on
observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using
satellite images
- Include space-based assessments of surface
temperature, tracking sea ice distribution, and
observation of phytoplankton blooms in the
Earth's polar regions. These and other
advances helped form his work in 2010, titled
"Polar Oceans from Space." 
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known internationally in the
field of electrical engineering; was elected as
officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering
- In research, he has made major contributions to
the theory and practice of automatic control.
- His work in the 1970s and 1980s on the control
of leader-follower systems is still considered
one of the major contributions of the half-
century in the theory of hierarchical control
systems. 
 ● Edgardo Gomez
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research
on sea snail venom
- whose research has contributed to the

– famous scientist
understanding of the biochemistry of toxic
peptides from the venom of fish-hunting Conus
marine snails

5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal

medicine
in marine science.
-  recognized for his significant achievements in
the field of chemistry, spectroscopy and
environmental science
● William
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on Padolina –
chemistry and
tilapia culture
- known for his Tilapia Sex Reversal
Technology, which significantly increased

president of
aquaculture productivity.

7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for inventing the

meconium drugs testing

8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on

National Academy
plant biotechnology
- discovered a breed of calamansi and
seedless pomelo and discovered
of Science and
micropropagation which established the
banana industry in the Philippines. Technology
(NAST)-
- She is also an inventor of leaf-bud cutting in
cassava

9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – for being an

outstanding educator and graph theorist
- Currently a professor in ataneo
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for his research in the
field of communications technology
- pioneered integrated wave guide detectors,
modulators
- radar applications
OTHER OUTSTANDING SCIENTISTS
Philippines
Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned
physicist
Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine
science.
William Padolina – chemistry and president of
National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)-Philippines
Angel Alcala – marine science

Caesar A. Saloma –
an internationally 1. Ramon
renowned physicist Cabanos Barba -
for his engineering; was
outstanding elected
research on as o 昀케 cer of the
tissue culture in famous Institute of
Philippine Electrical and
mangoes Electronic
2. Jose 昀椀 no Engineering
Cacas Comiso – 4. Lourdes Jansuy
for his works on Cruz – notable for
observing the her research on sea
characteristics of snail venom
Antarctica by 5. Fabian Millar
using satellite Dayrit - for his
images research on herbal
3. Jose Bejar Cruz medicine
Jr. – known 6. Rafael Dineros
internationally in Guerrero III – for
the 昀椀 eld of his research on
electrical tilapia culture
7. Enrique Mapua communications
Ostrea Jr. – for technology
inventing the
meconium drugs
testing
8. Lilian Formalejo
Patena – for doing
research on plant
biotechnology
9. Mari-Jo
Panganiban Ruiz –
for being an
outstanding
educator and graph
theorist
10. Gregory Ligot
Tangonan – for his
research in the 昀
椀 eld of