Introduction

Digital Signal and Waveform

Waveform:
 Graphical representation of signal in the form of wave
 It can be sinusoidal as well as square waveform
 Sinusoidal waveform gives the exact values due to change in input
 Square wave represents digital information in the form of 0 and 1
 Waveform can be defined using mathematical function
Graphical representation of waveform:

Fig: Sine Wave Fig: Square Wave

Signal:
 Signal is an electromagnetic wave that represents data
 Used for carrying data from one device to another through communication
channel
 When data is sent over communication media, it needs to convert first into
electromagnetic signal
 During transmission, information can be transferred into electrical signal is
called signal
 Data are entities that convey meaning within a computer system
Types of signal:
1) Analog signal:
 Defined for every value of time
 Signals having continuous values
 Analog signal can have infinite number of different values
  Example, temperature of an environment, human voice in air, all
physical phenomenon.
2) Digital signal:
 Defined for certain instant of tine
 Signal having discrete values
 Finite number of discrete values

System: Functional diagram which operates on the signal to obtain a desired

task. Eg. Amplifier, Computer
Types:
1) Analog system: The system which operates on analog signal (which have
continuous values).
2) Digital system: The system which operates on digital signal or discrete data
information, these system are internally represented in binary values. Eg,
Registers, Microprocessors, flip-flop

Why digital system?

 Digital signals are more immune to noise and interference(i.e. less
affected by noise)
 Several digital signal can be multiplexed together
 Digital hardware are more easier to fabricate
 Regenerating repeaters help us to regenerate the same signal again
 Encryption is possible in case of digital signals (data hiding)

HW: Write short notes:

 Digital Computer and Integrated Circuits(IC)
 Clock Wave Form