REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION

ISSN: 2146-0353 ● © RIGEO ● 11(10), SPRING, 2021

www.rigeo.org Research Article

A System for Water Quality Monitoring at

Taal Lake with Alert Warning and Aeration
System using Arduino
Billy Ray M. Oldan
Electrical Engineering Program, Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sto Tomas Batangas,
Sto Tomas Batangas

Abstract
In the Philippines, lakes are essential aquatic resources because they provide a source of income for the
people who live around them. Aquaculture has had a devastating effect on our environment as a result
of an increase in human activity. The quality of the lake water was deteriorated by intensive farming and
recreational activities, which occasionally resulted in a fish kill. Ensuring environmental sustainability in the
lake requires adequate water quality monitoring (WQM). In this study, a low-cost micro-controlled water
quality monitoring system for freshwater under Class C was established. Various sensors, solar panels,
batteries, microcontrollers, GSM modules, warning systems, and aeration systems make up the gadget,
which is designed to resemble a buoy. An automated real-time data acquisition would be carried out at
a pre-programmed interval of time. By using a short messaging service, the obtained data would be sent
to various stakeholders (SMS). To communicate with a GSM network, a GSM module is used on the
computer. During critical dissolved oxygen levels, the gadget has an automated alert system that will
make a warning sound and signify that an aeration system will automatically work, supplying oxygen for
the fish. There was no significant difference in the results obtained from manual and laboratory tests of
BFAR in terms of water quality monitoring systems at the lake.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Fish Kill, Micro-Controller, GSM, Buoy

To cite this article: Billy Ray M. Oldan. (2021) A System for Water Quality Monitoring at Taal Lake with Alert Warning and
Aeration System using Arduino. Review of International Geographical Education (RIGEO), 11(10), XXXX-XXXX. doi:
10.48047/rigeo.11.10.XXXX

Submitted: 09-10-2020 ● Revised: 11-12-2020 ● Accepted: 13-02-2021

© RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(10), Spring 2021

Introduction

The Philippines relies heavily on its lakes for its aquatic resources. In many cases, these lakes serve
as both a source of income and a source of entertainment for local villages. Despite the fact that
they are public property, they have been degraded. There have been terrible repercussions on
our ecosystem due to human activities over the past few years, which has resulted into a rise
above natural levels of certain substances in freshwater that cause pollution problems (Chung &
Yoo, 2015). One of them is aquaculture. Fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants are all grown in
aquaculture as an integral part of the agricultural economy. It provides a source of income and
nourishment. Among the several forms of aquaculture that harm water quality, chaotic pen
culture is the worst. A national aim for sustainable fish production is to reduce the vulnerability of
aquaculture production to water quality deterioration due to fishing (Zhao, Wang, Zhang, Shen,
& Li, 2021; Zhuhua et al., 2020). To ensure the quality of aquaculture, we must maintain a healthy
aquatic environment. Aquaculture is undergoing a shift as a result of advances in science and
technology (Demetillo, Japitana, & Taboada, 2019). Freshwater volcanic crater lake Taal Lake is
located in Batangas, Batangas Province, Philippines. Third largest lake in the country. Greatest
depth is 172 metres; its maximum length is 25km; the breadth is 18km; and it has a total surface
area of 234.2 km2. This area's primary fisheries include tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and tawilis
Sardinella tawilis, both of which may be found in floating fish cages in the neighbouring
communities(Xu, Hu, Deng, Zhu, & Li, 2014). Recreational activities and the fish cage industry
contributed to a decrease in lake water quality, which in turn resulted in a fish kill (Dsouza et al.,
2021). A total of 38 fish deaths occurred in the vicinity of aquaculture cages between May 1998
and June 2001(He, Jin, & Shang, 2021). According to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources, P57 million worth of tilapia was killed on May 27, 2011. (BFAR). In what the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) described as one of the most serious catastrophes
in the fish cage sector, a fish kill in Taal Lake on June 1, 2019 resulted in the loss of 605 metric tonnes
of tilapia valued 42.9 million (Malik & Szwilski, 2016). Taal Lake has a history of fish kills, especially in
the months of May to July, when heavy rains begin to fall. Fish kills can be caused by a lack of
dissolved oxygen in the water(Othman et al., 2020). At least 28 fish cages in adjacent towns were
hit by the fish kill, according to the BFAR Region IV-A.
Ensuring environmental sustainability in the lake requires adequate water quality monitoring
(WQM). In order to better understand the impact of pollution on aquatic life, water monitoring
and sampling are necessary. When it comes to providing safe and clean water, water quality
monitoring (WQM) has become a need. Water quality can be assessed using three different ways.
This comprises mechanical, discrete, and automated (Pule, Yahya, & Chuma, 2017).
Conventional monitoring (discrete) includes collecting samples at a specific location, then testing
and analysing them in the laboratory. Since the manual procedure is time-consuming, difficult
(Querijero & Mercurio, 2016), and does not provide real-time results to encourage proactive
actions to water contamination, it has been found ineffective(Querijero & Mercurio, 2016). Among
the three ways, the discrete or traditional manual method is used by the BFAR Region IV-A. They
take water samples from various sites or stations and send them to a laboratory for analysis.
According to the researchers' interview, BFAR undertakes manual monitoring in Taal Lake every
second week of the month. Automated water quality sensors are placed in the water body to
read and measure the values and store the information in the memory. As a result, human
interaction is required in the retrieval of data. Using remote sensing techniques, the Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) provides a viable alternative to the traditional monitoring (discrete) methodology.
Using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for sensor-based remote monitoring becomes more difficult
when data from a broad variety of locations must be gathered in real. Data can be collected
remotely and in real time using a network system that requires minimal human interaction
(Querijero & Mercurio, 2016). Electronics and communications advancements in micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS) have made it possible to create sensors that use less power
and cost less money, as well as being more precisely controlled and able to perform many
functions at once. Water pollution and contaminants can be detected with the help of these
sensor nodes, which are small and untethered communication equipment. (Rahman & Wahid,
2020). For environmental data collection, analysis, and transmission WSN has shown to be a great
tool. Portable, low-cost QMS, and near-real-time data gathering are just a few of the advantages
of this water quality monitoring system (Rashid & Rehmani, 2016). For the environmental remote
monitoring system, it's the perfect platform (Rosana & Salisi, 2002). UAVs and support vector

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Aeration System using Arduino

machines (SVMs) are commonly used to gather data in remote monitoring systems. Images from
remote sensing and the Internet of Things (IoT) are among the applications of theses(Rosero-
Montalvo, López-Batista, Riascos, & Peluffo-Ordóñez, 2020; Straight et al., 2021).
Micro-controlled water quality monitoring systems for freshwater under Class C are the focus of
this research. For water monitoring, the gadget is a buoy in the shape of a floating device that is
fitted with several sensors, such as the temperature and pH level, as well as ammonia and
dissolved oxygen, and powered by solar energy. All sensors and probes will be totally submerged
in water at varying depths, and the data will be read accordingly. A short message service (SMS)
will be used to distribute the collected data to various stakeholders (SMS). To communicate with
a GSM network, a GSM module is used on the computer. Automated alerts will sound and signal
when the dissolved oxygen (DO) level drops below a certain threshold. An aeration system, which
provides oxygen for the fish, will immediately activate. Fish cage owners and the BFAR will benefit
from this gadget, which provides real-time data with minimal human intervention, to monitor and
take action to prevent or decrease fish deaths.

Methodology
An Arduino Uno ATmega2560 microcontroller, a GSM modem that supports quad-band
GSM/GPRS network, and a built-in alarm warning system with aeration system are the main
components of the solar-powered buoy shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Prototype Design

Shown is the block diagram of the study. The PV panels installed in the buoy will absorb light
particles from the sun (photons) and converts that into electrical energy. A lithium ion battery is
used to stored electrical energy and serves as a power source during night or inclement weather
conditions. A charge controller is used to regulate the varying voltage generated from the PV
panels. Battery will provide power to the device, from sensing to data transfer to alert and aeration
system. The DO probe, temperature probes, NH3 probe, and pH probes will sense and gather data
of the lake waters every three hours and send it to the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The Arduino
Uno microcontroller through SIM800L module will send the data to its stakeholders. During normal
conditions, a colored green indicator LED lights will remain lit. When the DO level drops below
5mg/L, which is the minimum value of DO in lake waters, the colored yellow LED light will lit. When
the value of the DO drops below 3 mg/L, which is the critical value of DO in lake waters, an alarm
systems will work emitting a sound signal, a SMS message to stakeholders, colored red LED lights
will lit and automatically an aeration system will work.
© RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(10), Spring 2021

Figure 2. Block Diagram

Sensors
An Arduino-based wireless sensor network was utilised to test sensors that were already on the
market for their compatibility with the technology. Three submersible temperature sensors can
detect temperatures between -50°C and 200°C at depths of one metre, three metres, and five
metres below the surface of the water, three heavy-duty submersible pH electrodes can detect
pH levels between 0-14 at depths of one metre, three metres, and five metres below the surface
of the water, one NH3 probe can detect concentrations between 0.05 and 1000 mg/L at depths
of one metre below the surface of the water, and one DO sensor (Wong et al., 2021; Xi, Ji, & Geng,
2020; Xu et al., 2014)

Microcontroller and Wireless Sensor Technology

To activate electronic system switching, sensors link to a relay board. In order to switch high-current
electrical loads such as lights and motors, a 5V 6 relay module channel was used. Any logic-level
signal can be utilised to trigger a relay and turn on or off the system with this relay board. It has an
input and an output terminal for controlling the supply voltage. This relay board has a variety of
onboard relay channels, each of which may be individually programmed and controlled in real
time. A microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 is used in the gadget. Also included are
16 analogue inputs, four universal asynchronous receiver-transmitters, USB, a crystal oscillator of 16
MHz, power, a reset button and an in-circuit serial programming header. It also contains 54 digital
I/O pins (14 of which are used as PWM outputs). The AC-DC adapter provides power for the
microcontroller's accessories.
Sending data from the device to various stakeholders via short messaging service is one of the
most important functions of the system (SMS). To communicate with a GSM network, a GSM
module is used on the computer. There are two separate channels for each stream of user data,
and the data is converted and shortened before being transmitted. Using a SIM800L module in
this study, data information (SMS) may be transmitted at low power consumption with an
operational voltage of 3.7-4.2 volts and 2.5cm by 2.3cm module dimensions. You may use it
everywhere in the world because it is a GSM modem that supports quad-band GSM/GPRS.

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Aeration System using Arduino

Energy Systems
The energy system is critical in the process of powering the sensing device and then delivering the
data it collects. Power is generated from the sun's rays by using photovoltaic panels (PV). This
prototype employed a solar panel rated at 20 watts. For the total system, the voltage is limited to
18.75 volts and the maximum current is 1.07 ampere. Overvoltage protection of 15.5 volts was
installed. The voltage generated by photovoltaic (PV) panels is not constant and changes greatly
depending on the intensity, position, and angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the panel. This
variable voltage can damage and overheat batteries and other electronic components if
delivered directly to the battery for charging or to some loads. In order to avoid this, a voltage
regulator must be used to adjust the voltage from the PV panels. Using this circuit, other circuits
can safely operate and the battery can be charged, as long as the voltage generated by the
solar panel does not exceed the safe voltage level. A Solar Charge Controller is used to regulate
the voltage and current coming from the PV panels to the battery and other circuits of the device.
12-volt output and a 5-32 volt input are both supported by this device. A reverse converter is also
needed because microcontrollers operate at low voltages. Direct current to direct current power
converter buck converters step down the voltage from their inputs to their output voltage. It is
quite good at converting 12 volts to lower voltages like 5 volts, 3.3 volts, or 1.8 volts.
A lithium-ion battery stores energy for use at night or when the sun's rays are less intense, such as
when it is pouring. It has a 20,000 mAh capacity and 12V input/output.

Alarm Warning System

The red, yellow, and green lights on the gadget indicate critical, warning, and regular working
conditions, respectively. Fisheries are protected when oxygen levels fall below 3.00mg/L (critical)
and an alert system is activated. The aeration system will automatically work, giving oxygen for
the fish. A 1 watt aerator is utilised in the gadget, which is only capable of producing a modest
amount of oxygen. In both natural and man-made situations, water aeration is the process of
introducing air to water in order to raise or maintain the oxygen saturation of water.

Results and Discussion

Evaluation and Actual Testing Results

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)-Region IVA station in Talisay, Batangas put the gadget in
position for two weeks to monitor the water quality. It's just next to the fish pond, around 350 metres
from the water. The solar-powered buoy was able to float independently and continuously
communicate the observed data at a pre-programmed time. The BFAR R IV-A and DENR
Administrative Order No. 34 Series of 1990 – Water Quality Criterion for Fresh Waters, Class C criteria
for aquaculture data will be evaluated to determine the acceptability and accuracy of the
device. Because of this, the device is able to measure pH Level and dissolved oxygen levels at
various depths below the water surface. a sample SMS message that was delivered to
stakeholders is depicted in Table 1. The Arduino Mega processes the sensed values and delivers
SMS messages to stakeholders via the GSM module with the obtained information. Every three
hours, the device was configured to sense and transmit data. All sensors will return to off-state after
the SMS with the sensed data has been sent. A typical current flow of 650 mA during on-state and
20 mA during off-state is observed. Solar power can be used to charge the battery during the
night and on days when the sun isn't shining as brightly, allowing for an intermittent operation.
© RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(10), Spring 2021

Table 1. The Sample SMS Readings

Sensors Value

Temp 1 26.31 Deg C

Temp 2 26.44 Deg C

Temp 3 26.38 Deg C

pH 1 7.40 pH

pH 2 7.61 pH

pH 3 7.58 pH

DO 6.08 mg/L

NH3 0.16 mg/L

pH Level

The device is equipped with three (3) pH level sensors at 1 m, 3m, and 5 m below the water
surface.
Shown is a box and whisker Graph 1 of the collected data from three different pH sensors. The
mean value of the gathered data of pH level at 1m below the water surface is 7.51, 3m below the
water surface is 7.68, and 5m below the water surface is 7.63. The level of pH ranged from the
value of 7.4 to 7.7.

Graph 1. pH Level Reading of the Device

pH Level

pH (1m) pH (3m) pH (5m)

Shown in Graph 2 is the mean value of the gathered data from the device (7.51, 7.68, and 7.63)
and the BFAR manual monitoring reading. The BFAR’s reading was 6.55 that are acceptable
values for normal conditions (pH 6.5-8.5) according to DENR Administrative Order for Water Quality
Criteria for Fresh Waters Class C.

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Aeration System using Arduino

Graph 2. Mean pH Level Reading of the Device and BFAR Reading

7.7

7.65

pH Level 7.6

7.55

7.5

7.45

7.4
Wireless Sensors (x̄) BFAR Reading

pH (1m) pH (3m) pH (5m)

As part of the comparison of the sensors to manual testing, a t-test for One Sample Mean was
used to measure the efficiency of the sensors. There is a higher p-value than the 0.05 significance
limit. There was no significant discrepancy in the pH level data provided from the device's wireless
sensors and the findings of manual testing by BFAR.

Temperature

The device is equipped with three (3) temperature sensors located 1 m, 3m, and 5 m below the
water surface. Shown is a box and whisker Graph 2 of the collected data from three different
temperature sensors. The mean value of the gathered data of temperature readings at 1m below
the water surface is 26.33 ºC, 3m below the water surface is 26.45 ºC, and 5m below the water
surface is 26.41 ºC. The temperature ranged from 26.31 to 26.5 ºC.

Graph 3. Temperature Reading (ºC) of the Device

Temperature Level

Temp (1m) Temp (3m) Temp (5m)

Data from the device and the BFAR manual monitoring reading are shown in Graph 4 as a mean
of 26.33, 26.45, and 26.41 degrees Celsius, respectively. According to the DENR Administrative
Order for Water Quality Criteria for Fresh Waters Class C, the BFARS measured 28.8°C, 27.4°C, and
27.2°C, all of which are suitable for normal conditions (the temperature for aquaculture is
28.351.98°C).
© RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(10), Spring 2021

Graph 4. Temperature Reading (ºC) of the Device and BFAR Reading

29

28.5

28

Temperature ºC 27.5

27

26.5

26

25.5

25
Wireless Sensors (x̄) BFAR Reading

Temp (1m) Temp (3m) Temp (5m)

As part of the comparison of the sensors to manual testing, a t-test for One Sample Mean was
used to measure the efficiency of the sensors. The p-value is greater than 0.05, indicating statistical
significance. According to the results, there was no significant discrepancy between the device's
wireless temperature sensors and BFAR's manual laboratory testing.

Ammonia (NH3)

At the bottom of the water, the device has an ammonia sensor (NH3 Sensor). The BFAR manual
monitoring reading and the device's average value are shown in Graph 5. According to the BFAR,
the ammonia level was 0.22 mg/L, while the average was 0.21 mg/L. As a result, the ammonia
concentration was crucial ( 0.05 mg/L) and ranged from 0.16 to 0.28 based on the typical
freshwater ammonia concentration. Volcanic activity in Taal Lake is to blame for the rise in
ammonia levels.

Graph 5. Mean Ammonia Reading in mg/L of the Device and BFAR Reading
0.23

0.22

0.21
Ammonia in mg/L

0.2

0.19

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15
Wireless Sensors (x̄) BFAR Reading

As part of the comparison of the sensors to manual testing, a t-test for One Sample Mean was
used to measure the efficiency of the sensors. There is a significant difference between the p-
value of 0.1835 and the significance level of 0.05. The results from the NH3 wireless sensors of the
gadget and the laboratory results from manual testing by BFAR were indistinguishable.

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Aeration System using Arduino

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

A dissolved oxygen sensor is situated 3 metres below the surface of the water. Data gathered by
the device and manually monitored by BFAR are shown in Table 4. There was an average
concentration of dissolved oxygen of 6.10 mg/L, while the BFAR measured 6.04 mg/L. There were
6.02 to 6.21 mg/L of dissolved oxygen and a BFAR reading of 6.04 mg/L, both of which are within
the permitted range for typical conditions (DO minimum 5.0 mg/L) according to the DENR
Administrative Order for Water Quality Criteria for Fresh Waters Class C.

Graph 6. Mean Dissolved Oxygen Reading in mg/L of the Device and BFAR Reading
6.5

6
Dissolved Oxygen in mg/L

5.5

4.5

3.5

3
Wireless Sensors (x̄) BFAR Reading

As part of the comparison of the sensors to manual testing, a t-test for One Sample Mean was used
to measure the efficiency of the sensors. There is a significant difference between the p-value of
0.1835 and the significance level of 0.05. No significant discrepancy was found between the DO
wireless sensors of the device and BFAR manual testing findings, according to the results of the
tests.

Other Results

Reception of Data

During the laboratory test (the device is not yet in the lake), no recorded delay of the reception
was recorded. However, when placed at the sampling station at the lake, the highest recorded
delay in data reception was only 5 minutes. This minimal delay in reception is due to the buoy's
location at the lake or the locations of the recipients of data. Nevertheless, there was no recorded
incident wherein the device could not send sensed data to its stakeholders. This showed the
system's efficiency in gathering and sending data at a pre-programmed time to its recipient.

Alert Warning and Aeration System

There was no recorded dropping of DO incident beyond its critical value, which is below 3.00mg/L
during the actual test at the sampling station. To test the device's alert warning system and
aeration system, a laboratory test was done using an aquarium (5-gallon fish tank) with an initial
2.59 mg/L value of DO, which is below the critical value. Seconds after the DO probe and aerator
© RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(10), Spring 2021

were submerged in the aquarium, the light indicator turned red and emitted a warning signal,
and simultaneously the aerator turned on to provide air and increases the oxygen saturation of
the water. The device also sends SMS (text message) to its stakeholders notifying that the DO level
of the water is a critical value. When the DO is critical, or during aeration, the device measures
the DO every 30 minutes. Table 5 showed the values before, during, and after the aeration. The
device, after 180 minutes, shut off after attaining a value greater than 5 mg/L, which is the
standard level of DO for Class C water. With its alert warning system through SMS, light indicators,
and sound signal, it has given ample time to its stakeholders to do what is necessary during low
DO.

Table 5. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) reading of the Device Before, During, and After Aeration

6
DISSOLVED OXYGEN READING (MG/L)

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
TIME (MINUTES)

During Aeration Before Aeration After Aeration

Conclusions
Ensuring environmental sustainability in the lake requires adequate water quality monitoring
(WQM). Micro-controlled water quality monitoring systems for freshwater under Class C have been
designed and installed in Taal Lake to provide near-real-time observations via a solar-powered
buoy. Microcontrollers and other commercially available sensors were used to precisely monitor
the lake's pH and ammonia levels as well as the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Data was sent
every three hours and the device went into sleep mode to preserve battery. The gathered data
from the device did not differ significantly from the laboratory results of BFAR or the Water Quality
Criteria for Fresh Waters Class C. Laboratory tests reveal that the system works when DO levels are
at their highest point. When the water's DO level drops below a crucial level, a warning signal is
emitted, an indicator light turns red, and the device also sends an SMS (text message) to its
stakeholders to inform them of this fact. Thus, it is a viable approach for monitoring water quality
in the lake.

Acknowledgement
The author would like to express his deepest gratitude to Polytechnic University of the Philippines
for the motivation given to faculty members pursuing researches, to PUP REMO for their continuous
guidance and support to al faculty researchers, to his students for their support in data gathering,
to BFAR Region IV-4 for their expertise, technical advices, and support, and to all persons whose
names are not mentioned in the list yet they share valuable support and enriched experiences, a
big THANK YOU.

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