CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

It wasn’t until the beginning of the industrial revolution when a British mechanic
named Joseph Bramah applied the principle of Pascal’s law in the development
of the first hydraulic press. In 1795, he patented his hydraulic press, known as the
Bramah press. Bramah figured that if a small force on a small area would create
a proportionally larger force on a larger area, the only limit to the force that a
machine can exert is the area to which the pressure is applied.

Hydraulic systems can be found today in a wide variety of applications, from

small assembly processes to integrated steel and paper mill applications.
Hydraulics enable the operator to accomplish significant work (lifting heavy
loads, turning a shaft, drilling precision holes, etc.) with a minimum investment
in mechanical linkage through the application of Pascal’s law, which states:

“Pressure applied to a confined fluid at any point is transmitted undiminished

throughout the fluid in all directions and acts upon every part of the confining
vessel at right angles to its interior surfaces and equally upon equal areas (Figure
1.1).”

Figure 1.1 Pascal's Law

1
By applying Pascal’s law and Brahma’s application of it, it is evident that an input
force of 100 pounds on 10 square inches will develop a pressure of 10 pounds per
square inch throughout the confined vessel. This pressure will support a 1000-
pound weight if the area of the weight is 100 square inches.

The principle of Pascal’s law is realized in a hydraulic system by the hydraulic

fluid that is used to transmit the energy from one point to another. Because
hydraulic fluid is nearly incompressible, it is able to transmit power
instantaneously.

1.1 Kaizen

Kaizen is a Lean manufacturing tool that improves quality, productivity, safety,

and workplace culture. Kaizen focuses on applying small, daily changes that
result in major improvements over time. Kaizen first surfaced during the effort to
rebuild Japan after World War II. At the time, several U.S. business consultants
collaborated with Japanese companies to improve manufacturing. The
collaboration resulted in the development of several new management
techniques, one of which was Kaizen.

Kaizen (改善) comes from two Japanese words: Kai (improvement) and Zen
(good), which translates to “continuous improvement”. In business, Kaizen refers
to activities that continuously improve all functions and involve all employees
from the CEO to the assembly line workers. Kaizen’s strength comes from having
all workers participate and make suggestions to improve the business. The
purpose of Kaizen goes beyond simple productivity improvement. When done
correctly, the process humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work, and
teaches people how to spot and eliminate waste in business processes.

2
The Kaizen philosophy states that our way of life - be it our working life, our
social life, our home life - deserves to be constantly improved. Kaizen is about
achieving improvements by taking small steps instead of drastic, rigorous
changes. Although improvements under Kaizen are small and incremental, the
process brings about dramatic results over time. Additionally, Kaizen is a low-
risk and an inexpensive approach. It involves process improvements that do not
require a large capital investment. As a result, Kaizen encourages workers to
experiment and try out new ideas. If an idea does not work, they can always revert
the changes without incurring large costs.

1.1.1 Benefits of Kaizen

Beyond the obvious benefit of improving processes; Kaizen engenders teamwork
and ownership. Teams take responsibility for their work and are able to make
improvements to enhance their own working experience. Most people want to be
successful and proud of the work that they do and Kaizen helps them to achieve
this while benefitting the organization.

1.1.2 Ten principles of Kaizen

Because executing Kaizen requires enabling the right mindset throughout the
company, 10 principles that address the Kaizen mindset are commonly referenced
as core to the philosophy. They are:

1. Let go of assumptions.

2. Be proactive about solving problems.

3. Don't accept the status quo.

4. Let go of perfectionism and take an attitude of iterative, adaptive change.

3
5. Look for solutions as you find mistakes.

6. Create an environment in which everyone feels empowered to contribute.

7. Don't accept the obvious issue; instead, ask "why" five times to get to the root
cause.

8. Cull information and opinions from multiple people.

9. Use creativity to find low-cost, small improvements.

10.Never stop improving.

Figure 1.2 Continuous Improvement Cycle

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Kaizen starts with a problem, more precisely the recognition that a problem exists
and that there are opportunities for improvement. Once problems are identified,
the organization needs to enlist the cross-functional personnel to understand the
underlying cause of it. The proposed solution is then tested on a small-scale.
Using data, the team makes adjustments to the solution. And finally, the results
are spread across the organization and the solution is standardized.

1.2 Cycle Time

Cycle time is all about the speed of delivery of the product/service to the market
or customer. It is the time taken from the start of production of a particular unit
to the completion of production. So, it is an internal metric and may not be visible
to the customer. It signifies the effort spent on making the product.

Cycle time = Production time + Waiting time for Production

1.2.1 The significance of Cycle time:

1. Lesser the Cycle time, lesser is the Lead time to market and hence the
organization can launch products to market much earlier. For example,
a smartphone market is very demanding with new enhanced features
resulting in launching of new models every week, which shows that the
Cycle time of manufacturing is reducing. Here the Cycle Time is of prime
importance as this will directly reflect on the sales of the product.
2. If the Cycle time of an organization is lesser than their competitors then
they get a competitive advantage in the market. So, comparatively they
will get higher preference from customers.

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 3. Lesser Cycle time signifies higher efficiency; lower cost and time spent
is lesser and hence Profitability and ROI increases.
4. Customer satisfaction will be high as the products are delivered before
their expected delivery time.
5. Productivity increases as the Cycle time decreases. Hence, it can be
predicted that the process is streamlined resulting in higher employee
morale.
6. Cycle time reduction is achieved by reducing the time spent on non-value-
added activities and simplification and streamlining of the process;
thereby reducing the cost of operations

1.2.2 Ways and means to reduce the Cycle time:

1. Reduce Waiting time: The most direct and simple way to reduce Cycle
time is to reduce the waiting time of process.
2. Perform tasks in parallel: Commonly there are multiple tasks involved
in completing a process. Some tasks can be performed in parallel, which
will reduce the Cycle time manifold (Work Breakdown Structure helps in
identifying parallel tasks).
3. Process Re-engineering: Initiating a project to find out the best way of
performing the activity is called Process Re-engineering; the outcome
could be: changing the sequence of tasks, eliminating some tasks etc.
(Performing a Value Analysis using Value Stream Mapping will be very
helpful for this).
4. Time Management & Scheduling of Tasks: Predicting & identifying
issues and bottlenecks in advance will reduce downtime. Also, revisiting
the schedule of tasks, optimizing shift time of each task/team is also a good
option.

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 5. Employee Involvement: Conduct Kaizen workshops and collect small
improvement opportunities from employees to reduce Cycle time. Ideas
generated by people working in the core process will yield better results.

These are some basic guidelines to reduce the Cycle time in a broader sense.
While taking measures to reduce the Cycle time, one should also take care that
the steps taken do not deteriorate the Quality of the product/service which is an
important aspect for any business. Therefore, for better customer satisfaction and
higher revenue for the organization a continuous effort to reduce the Cycle Time
is the need of the hour.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Mimnum Sutan and Mazarul Islam in their paper suggested that to

remain competitive in the global market the most important task for
garment industry is to reduce the lead time which is also important for long
term stable development.[1]

2. Mohamad M. Saleh in this paper Author has given a complete thesis on

design study of a heavy-duty hydraulic machine using finite element

techniques. The machine is designed by ENERPAC without any
measurement or variable hydraulic system. The investigation dealt the
theoretical and experimental model of the machine to establish the
accurately optimal design analysis and further development of the present
machine at minimum time and lower cost. The applicability of the existing
PC based FE package as a computer aided design tool is also investigated.
A comparison has been made between the experimental and theoretically
predicted results. Both the results are found to be in good agreement with
each other. [2]

3. Sinha and Murarka in this paper Authors has conducted a study on

hydraulic presses. It represented a 3-D complex structure. It is found that

an exact analytical method of stress and deformation analysis is
cumbersome and time-consuming. In order to reduce core memory
requirement and the cost of computation, a simplified plane stress (PS)
FEM model for a hydraulic press structure (welded frame) has been
identified for its analysis. On the basis of this investigation, certain
significant guidelines have been obtained for the design of press frames.
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 Such a model has resulted in savings in computational time, core memory
requirement and cost of analysis.[3]

4. Muni Prabaharan and V. Amarnath in this paper Authors shows that,

topology optimization has been applied on various components of scrap

baling press and 5 Ton hydraulic press using ANSYS WORKBENCH
software. It is inferred that topology optimization results in a better and
innovative product design. [4]

5. S.M.Bapat and Dessai Yusufali in this paper Authors have investigated

on the design and optimization of a 30 ton hydraulic forming press

machine. They have studied that analysis of the frame structure in terms of
its material, geometry and stressed induced in it. Metal forming is one of
the manufacturing processes which are almost chip less. In this paper the
author focused on the causes of structural failure problem in the machine
because hydraulic press continuously deals with the stress that may be
compressive or tensile for that press machine always works under impact
load condition. And because of impact load the hydraulic press always
experienced continuous stress. It is studied that different components of the
machine are subjected to different types of loading condition and are
analyzed by using FEM tool ANSYS. Weight optimization of press frame
and upper head is done, which in turn reduces in thickness of the frame
structure and material.[6]

6. B.Parthiban in this paper Author conducted study on the design and

analysis of C-type hydraulic press structure and cylinder. It is studied that

the structural design of the frame depended on the pressing force this
determined for the required rigidity, the dimensions of dies influencing the
size of the tool area, work area accessibility that determined by the shape
9
of the press frame. The performance of a hydraulic press depended on
largely upon the behavior of its structure during operation. The analysis of
hydraulic press structure is needed to increase their performance and
productivity. The frame and cylinder are modeled by using modeling
software CATIA. Structural analysis has been applied on c- frame by using
analyzing software ANSYS. By using ANSYS software, structural
performance and stress, strain distributions are plotted for verification.
According to the structural values the dimensions of the frame and cylinder
are modified to perform the functions satisfactorily as well as to reduce the
weight for cost savings.[7]

10
 CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS OF A STARTER MOTOR

Figure 3.1 Components of Starter Motor

3.1 Solenoid starter

The first component you can see on the part that looks like a small tubular part
on the main motor. This component is named solenoid starter because it contains
two solenoids. The main function of Solenoid starter is to push the pinion drive
gear and give voltage on main motor.

There are two solenoids in this component namely;

• Pull in coil, this component works to push the plunger to push the drive
pinion gear.

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 • Hold in coil, is a similar component located in front of the pull in coil. Its
function is to withstand the movement of the pull in coil and connect the
battery current to the main motor.

The shape of the solenoid is like a coil, where an iron core is placed in the middle
of a copper coil. But this winding has a large number and the dimensions are also
larger so as to move the plunger with a strong and fast.

3.2 Solenoid plunger

Figure 3.2 Solenoid

The plunger is located at the end of the pull in coil. Its function is only one that
connects the movement of pull in coil to drive lever. In other words, this
component only acts as a connecting rod. However, this plunger material is also
strong because it will connect the pull in coil pull that have strong movement.

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3.3 Solenoid cap

The solenoid lid is a starter solenoid cover circuit located on the front of the
starter. Not only as a cover, but this part is also used as a media liaison between
the current from the system to the starter actuator. Actually, there are 3 pieces of
terminal on the starter motor i.e.

• Terminal 50, is a terminal connected to the starter circuit of the ignition

key. Through this terminal the starter motor gets the command to active or
not. When terminal 50 gets current then the solenoid will work and the
starter will react.
• Terminal 30, the terminal which directly gets the electric current from the
battery. In other words, electric current is always available at this terminal
when the motor is off or on.
• Terminal C, the terminal used to channel the main currents from the
solenoid to the starter motor in order to rotate. It will connect the current
from terminal 30 when terminal 50 gets current.

3.4 Field Coil

We go to inside the motor starter, here there are many components that you can
find. First you can find the field coil. What is a field coil? field coil is a series of
magnetic coils used to generate magnetism around the coil rotor. According to
the working principle of an electric motor that requires a magnetic field around
the rotor, this component will provide it.

But the coil field is not a permanent magnet, the field coil will only generate a
magnet if there is a current input from terminal 50. This process we usually call
the process of electromagnetic induction. The field coil is also consisting of
several parts such as

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Yoke, is the housing where the coil is located. In this case the coil lies inside the
yoke.

Pole core, is a flat iron core which is used as a place of welding of copper to
become a coil.

This coil is made of ordinary copper coils make with a certain direction around
the pole core, in the yoke there are about 4 to 6 units of pole cores are
interconnected to obtain great magnetism.

3.5 Armature coil

The next component, inside of starter motor, it is commonly referred to as a coil

rotor or coil located around the motor shaft. The main function of the armature
coil is also as a magnetic field generator that will be reacted with magnet field
coil for the occurrence of movement.

The shape of armature coil such as rotor that have tubular shape. In general, it is
coated by copper, the difference with field coil, can be find in its dimension and
amount of coppers. Armature coil has a large number of windings and the amount
of coppers also quite large, so the diameter of the coil is also larger.

3.6 Commutators

The next component, located on the front of the armature coil, it shaped like a
segmented copper plate. The function of the commutator is to connect the
electrical current from the brush to the armature coil. The segmented form of
commutator prevents short circuiting of electric current because in the process
the commutator will be connected to positive and negative currents directly.

14
 Figure 3.3 Commutator

3.7 Drive lever / Actuator shaft

We go back into the solenoid, here there is a fork-shaped component that serves
to move the pinion gear. The drive lever works with the principle of the lever,
which will bring up the pinion gear when the other end is pushed in opposite
directions. Who is pushing? this is a function of pull in coil through plunger.
While the other end will make the pinion, gear pushed out and connected with
flywheel.

3.8 Brushes

The next component lies on the main motor. Here is a series of brushes used to
connect the electrical current from a static conductor to a dynamic conductor.
That is, this brush will send an electric current from terminal 50 to the armature
coil that moves around through the commutator.

15
In a starter motor, there are usually about 4 or more brushes with two as a positive
brush and the other two as negative brushes. The material of this brush is also
made of copper but softer, to keep the commutator from wearing out. But the
impact brush become more quickly wear out. If this happens then the starter will
be difficult to run.

3.9 Drive Pinion Clutch

The next component, we will encounter a mechanical clutch that has function to
connecting and disconnecting rotation from the starter shaft to the flywheel. Why
the rotation needs to be disconnected? it is because the starter motor is unlikely
to keep working when the engine is running. So, in a normal condition, the starter
will be connected and when the starter system is turned on the round starter will
be connected with flywheel.

How to work this clutch that is by utilizing slide gear with tilt model. this is
because there is an overlap clutch component located at the end of the pinion
drive. When the starter system is turned on then the drive lever will push this
clutch, but with the angled slide gear then the pinion drive will move out while
rotating beyond the starter spin.

This is intended for pinion to be fast and perfect timing connection with a
flywheel gear. In the reduction starter type, this coupling component gets an
additional part that is used as a rotary reducing gear, the goal is that moment on
pinion gear becomes bigger.

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3.10 Drive pinion gear

The next component is shaped like a gear in general that is located at the end of
the drive pinion shaft. The function of this pinion gear is to connect the rotation
of the generated electric motor to the engine crankshaft via flywheel. The pinion
diameter is quite small compared to the flywheel so it will increase the gear ratio
that makes the starter system capable to rotate high capacity engine.

3.11 Motor housing

Figure 3.4 Motor Housing

The last part is housing, which has the function as a protective part and as a
place to put various components of starter. This housing is made of metal
consisting of tubular main housing, pinion housing as pinion gear and stamped
in front of the main housing as a starter chassis cover.

17
 CHAPTER 4
BASIC PARTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

The major components that make up a hydraulic system are the reservoir, pump,
valve(s) and actuator(s) (motor, cylinder, etc.).

4.1 Reservoir

The purpose of the hydraulic reservoir is to hold a volume of fluid, transfer heat
from the system, allow solid contaminants to settle and facilitate the release of air
and moisture from the fluid.

4.2 Pump

The hydraulic pump transmits mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. This is
done by the movement of fluid which is the transmission medium. There are
several types of hydraulic pumps including gear, vane and piston. All of these
pumps have different subtypes intended for specific applications such as a bent-
axis piston pump or a variable displacement vane pump. All hydraulic pumps
work on the same principle, which is to displace fluid volume against a resistant
load or pressure.

4.2.1 Vane Pump

There are many variations of vane pumps available between manufacturers. They
all work on similar design principles. A slotted rotor is coupled to the drive shaft
and turns inside of a cam ring that is offset or eccentric to the drive shaft. Vanes

18
are inserted into the rotor slots and follow the inner surface of the cam ring as the
rotor turns.

The vanes and the inner surface of the cam rings are always in contact and are
subject to high amounts of wear. As the two surfaces wear, the vanes come further
out of their slot. Vane pumps deliver a steady flow at a high cost. Vane pumps
operate at a normal viscosity range between 0.14 and 1.60 𝑐𝑚2 /s at operating
temperature. Vane pumps may not be suitable in critical high-pressure hydraulic
systems where contamination and fluid quality are difficult to control. The
performance of the fluid’s anti-wear additive is generally very important with
vane pumps.

4.2.2 Piston Pumps

As with all hydraulic pumps, piston pumps are available in fixed and variable
displacement designs. Piston pumps are generally the most versatile and rugged
pump type and offer a range of options for any type of system. Piston pumps can
operate at pressures beyond 6000 psi, are highly efficient and produce
comparatively little noise. Many designs of piston pumps also tend to resist wear
better than other pump types. Piston pumps operate at a normal fluid viscosity
range of 0.1 to 1.6 𝑐𝑚2 /s

4.2.3 Gear Pumps

There are two common types of gear pumps, internal and external. Each type has
a variety of subtypes, but all of them develop flow by carrying fluid between the
teeth of a meshing gear set. While generally less efficient than vane and piston
pumps, gear pumps are often more tolerant of fluid contamination.

19
 1. Internal gear pumps produce pressures up to 3000 to 3500 psi. These types
of pumps offer a wide viscosity range up to 22𝑐𝑚2 /s, depending on flow
rate and are generally quiet. Internal gear pumps also have a high efficiency
even at low fluid viscosity.

2. External gear pumps are common and can handle pressures up to 3000 to
3500 psi. These gear pumps offer an inexpensive, mid-pressure, mid-
volume, fixed replacement delivery to a system. Viscosity ranges for these
types of pumps are limited to less than 3𝑐𝑚2 /s

4.3 Valves

Hydraulic valves are used in a system to start, stop and direct fluid flow.
Hydraulic valves are made up of poppets or spools and can be actuated by means
of pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, manual or mechanical means.

4.3.1 Directional Control Valve

As the name suggests, the directional control valves are used to direct the flow of
fluid through the system. These valves can pause and restart the movement of
fluids. Also, they can change the direction of fluid flow. Check valve, prefill
valve, spool valves, etc. are the various directional control valves used for
ensuring proper flow of fluids within the system. The check valves and prefill
valves are non-return valves. Check valves block bidirectional fluid flow and
control the pressure. Whereas, the prefill valve pass the fluid through the
hydraulic cylinder and tank. Spool valves control the fluid flow within the system.

The 2-way directional control valve is the simplest directional control valve that
has two ports called inlet and outlet. These valves are used in water faucet and it

20
can start or stop the fluid flow. A 3-way directional control valve has 3 working
ports called inlet, outlet and exhaust. They are used in single acting cylinders and
the third working port can block the flow of all ports. Similarly, there are 4-way
valve and 5-way valve used in double acting actuators and air circuits respectively

4.3.2 Hydraulic Pressure Control Valve

The hydraulic pressure control valve plays a vital role in controlling the leakages
and bursting of pipes. Pressure control valves regulate the pressure of the fluid
passing through the pipe by releasing the excess pressure. These valves maintain
the pressure as entered manually by the operator.

Hydraulic pressure relief valve, sequence valve, counter-balance valve and

pressure reducing valve are the different types. The counter-balance valve creates
dynamic control within the system and the sequence valve, detects the extreme
pressure. The pressure relief valve is one of the important types that set the
pressure limit by transferring excess back to the tank.

4.3.3 Hydraulic Flow Control Valve

The flow control valves are used for controlling and adjusting the fluid or gas
flow through the system. These valves can optimize the hydraulic system
performance. Flow control valves will monitor and regulate pressure fluctuations
in the system. It prevents the flow towards ill-founded system component.

The throttle valve, speed control valve, manifold set flow valve etc. are the types
of flow control valves. Another type of flow control valve is flow divider. This
valve takes fluid input from one source and redirects this fluid to two or more
sources.

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4.4 Actuators

Hydraulic actuators are the end result of Pascal’s law. This is where the hydraulic
energy is converted back to mechanical energy. This can be done through use of
a hydraulic cylinder which converts hydraulic energy into linear motion and
work, or a hydraulic motor which converts hydraulic energy into rotary motion
and work. As with hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors
have several different subtypes, each intended for specific design applications.

4.4.1 Servo Actuators

Cylinders that transmit high forces while allowing computer control of rod
velocity, acceleration, and positioning accuracy. The key to operation is precisely
sensing cylinder rod position.

4.4.2 Rotary Actuators

Rotary actuators turn an output shaft through a fixed arc. They produce high
torque instantly in either direction, occupy little space, and are simple to mount.
Two popular designs are rack-and-pinion and vane actuators.

4.4.3 Rack and pinion

Uses fluid pressure to drive a piston connected to a gear rack, which rotates a
pinion. Standard units rotate either 90, 180, and 360 degrees.

22
 Figure 4.1 Rack and Pinion Actuator

4.4.4 Vane Actuators

Consist of a shaft mounted in a cylindrical housing with one or more vanes

attached to the shaft. Single vane actuators are limited to about 280 degrees of
rotation and double vane models to about 100 degrees.

Figure 4.2 Vane Actuator

4.5 Cylinders

Cylinders are by far the most common type of actuator and work through linear
extension. When fluid is pumped into a cylinder, the piston and rod are forced to
move in or out against a load.

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4.5.1 Single-Acting Cylinders

Simplest and lowest cost. Powers a stroke in only one direction. When fluid
drains, an external force has to push the piston back to its starting position.

Figure 4.3 Single Acting Cylinder

4.5.2 Spring-Return Cylinders

A spring re-positions the piston to its starting point. Cylinders can be spring
loaded to the extended or retracted position and use hydraulic and pneumatic
power to move in the opposite direction.

Figure 4.4 Spring Return Cylinder

4.5.3 Double-Acting Cylinders

Contain two fluid chambers so that pressure both extends and retracts the rod.
This type of cylinder is the most common. Double-acting cylinders retract faster
than they extend.

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 Figure 4.5 Double Acting Cylinder

4.5.4 Rod less Cylinders

Has an internal piston that is connected physically or by magnetic force to an

external carriage. It is more common in pneumatic applications than
in hydraulics. They require a lot less mounting space than rod-type.

4.6 Hydraulic Fluids

Today’s hydraulic fluids serve multiple purposes. The major function of a

hydraulic fluid is to provide energy transmission through the system which
enables work and motion to be accomplished. Hydraulic fluids are also
responsible for lubrication, heat transfer and contamination control. When
selecting a lubricant, consider the viscosity, seal compatibility, base stock and the
additive package. Three common varieties of hydraulic fluids found on the
market today are petroleum-based, water-based and synthetics.

1. Petroleum-based or mineral-based fluids are the most widely used fluids

today. The properties of a mineral-based fluid depend on the additives
used, the quality of the original crude oil and the refining process.
Additives in a mineral-based fluid offer arrange of specific performance
characteristics.

2. Common hydraulic fluid additives include rust and oxidation inhibitors

(R&O), anticorrosion agents, demulsifies, anti-wear (AW) and extreme

25
 pressure (EP) agents, VI improvers. Mineral-based fluids offer a low-cost,
high quality, readily available selection.

3. Water-based fluids are used for fire-resistance due to their high-water

content. They are available as oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil (invert)
emulsions and water glycol blends. Water-based fluids can provide suitable
lubrication characteristics but need to be monitored closely to avoid
problems. Because water-based fluids are used in applications when fire
resistance is needed, these systems and the atmosphere around the systems
can be hot.

4. Elevated temperatures cause the water in the fluids to evaporate, which

causes the viscosity to rise. Occasionally, distilled water will have to be
added to the system to correct the balance of the fluid. Whenever these
fluids are used, several system components must be checked for
compatibility, including pumps, filters, plumbing, fittings and seal
materials.

5. Water-based fluids can be more expensive than conventional petroleum-

based fluids and have other disadvantages (for example, lower wear
resistance) that must be weighed against the advantage of fire-resistance.

6. Synthetic fluids are man-made lubricants and many offer excellent

lubrication characteristics in high-pressure and high- temperature systems.
Some of the advantages of synthetic fluids may include fire-resistance
(phosphate esters), lower friction, natural detergency (organic esters and
ester-enhanced synthesized hydrocarbon fluids) and thermal stability.

7. The disadvantage to these types of fluids is that they are usually more
expensive than conventional fluids, they may be slightly toxic and require
special disposal, and they are often not compatible with standard seal
materials.

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4.7 Hydraulic Symbols

A family of graphic symbols has been developed to represent fluid power

components and systems on schematic drawings. In the United States, the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is responsible for symbol
information. The Institute controls the make-up of symbols and makes changes
or additions as required. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has the
same control over symbols used internationally. Both systems have almost the
same format (especially since ANSI changed its symbols in 1966 to eliminate all
written information).

Standard symbols allow fluid power schematic diagrams to be read and

understood by persons in many different countries, even when they don't speak
the same language. Either symbol set (ANSI or ISO) may be -- and is -- used in
the United States. However, many companies today use the ISO symbols as their
standard for work with foreign suppliers and customers.

27
Figure 4.6 Standard Hydraulic Symbols

28
 CHAPTER 5

PARTS OF THE OLD HYDRAULIC PRESS

AMT S.NO SHEET NAME OF THE STOCK MAKE
1 1 18 PORTHOLE
SI 275 OMT
1 2 18 DRAIN BLOCK
A10VSO TECHNOMATIC
1 3 18 NON-RETURN VALVE
VR/4-13-1/2” FIMMA
1 4 18 FILTER BLOCKED SWITCH
MPE6 MP FILTRI
1 5 18 TERMINAL PLATE
NG 10 TECHNOMATIC
1 6 18 2 POSITION BLOCKS
NG 10 TECHNOMATIC
1 7 18 THERMOSTAT
RT 101 DANFOSS
1 8 18 FLOW REGULATOR
Z2FS10-5-3X/V REXROTH
1 9 18 VALVE
4WE10E3X/CG24N9Z4 REXROTH
1 10 18 OIL DRAIN FILTER
FRI 100/BAG1-M25N6 MP FILTRI
1 11 18 WATER- OIL HEAT EXCHANGER
MG 80-150/4 EMMEGI
1 12 18 VALVE
4WE6HA6X/EG24N9Z4 REXROTH
1 13 18 MAX PRESSURE VALVE
ZDB10 VP2-4X/200V REXROTH
1 14 18 GAUGE WITH GLICERINE
63 0:250 WIKA
1 15 18 PUSH BUTTON CUT OUT FOR GAUGE

29
 FT 290 – ¼” F.LLI
TOGNELLA
1 16 18 NON-RETURN VALVE
VR 13-1/2” FIMMA
1 17 18 PORT LIGHT
LO 5.127TE FBN
1 18 18 OIL TAP
TP 1.020601 FBN
1 19 18 TANK 100 Lt
TECHNOMATIC
1 20 18 PISTON PUMP
A10VS028-DFLR-31R/PPA REXROTH
1 21 18 ELECTRIC MOTOR KW 6.6-4 P-460/60-B3/B5
UNELEC SEIPEE

Table 5.1 Bill of Material

30
5.1 Old Manifold and Cylinder

Figure 5.1 Manifold and Power bank

Figure 5.2 Cylinder in Press Figure 5. Old Hydraulic Cylinder

31
5.2 Calculation of Old Cycle Time

Dimensions of the Old hydraulic press

Table 5.2 Dimensions of Old Hydraulic Press

Volume of Oil required for Down Movement

Table 5.3 Volume of Oil required for Down Movement

d D

Figure 5.5 Cross-section of the Cylinder

32
 Volume of Oil required for Up Movement

Table 5.4 Volume of oil required for up movement

Volume Required for One Stroke (Up & Down)

Table 5.5 Volume required for one stroke

Cycle Time Data – Before Improvement

Table 5.6 Cycle Time Data

33
5.3 Hydraulic Circuit of Old Hydraulic Press

34
 CHAPTER 6
CALCULATION OF NEW CYCLE TIME

Dimensions of the New hydraulic press

Table 6.1 Dimensions of the New Hydraulic Press

Volume of Oil required for Down Movement

Table 6.2 Volume of oil required for Down Moment

Volume of Oil required for Up Movement

Table 6.3 Volume of Oil required for Up Moment

35
 Volume Required for One Stroke (Up & Down)

Table 6.4 Volume Required for One Stroke

Time Required for Down Movement

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 916.66
Speed =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 176.625
= 5.18 cm/s

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 25.55
Time = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 5.18
= 4.21 Seconds

Time Required for Up Movement

616.66
Speed =
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
= 81.64
= 7.553 cm/s
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 25.55
Time = = = 3.17 Seconds
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 7.553

36
 Cycle Time Data – After Improvement

Table 6.5 Cycle Time Data

PUSH & PULL FORCE DATA

Before After

Bore Diameter 15.24 cm 15.00 cm

Bore Area 182.32 cm2 176.63 cm2

Push force 11850.94 Kg 11480.63 Kg

Push force in T 11.85 T 11.48 T

Rod Diameter 6.35 cm 11.00 cm

Rod Area 150.67 cm2 81.64 cm2

Pull force 9793.49 Kg 5306.60 Kg

Pull force in T 9.79 T 5.31 T

Table 6.6 Push and Pull Data

37
 CHAPTER 7
PARTS OF THE NEW HYDRAULIC PRESS

Table 7.1 Bill of Material

38
7.1 Hydraulic Circuit of New Hydraulic Press

39
7.2 Hydraulic Tank

Specifications

• Capacity – 250 Litres

The hydraulic reservoir is a container for holding the fluid required to supply the
system, including a reserve to cover any losses from minor leakage and
evaporation.

In addition to holding in reserve enough fluid to supply a hydraulic system's

varying needs, provides

• a large surface area to transfer heat from the fluid to the surrounding
environment
• enough volume to let returning fluid slowdown from a high entrance
velocity. This lets heavier contaminants settle and entrained air escape
• a physical barrier (baffle) that separates fluid entering the reservoir from
fluid entering the pump suction line
• air space above the fluid to accept air that bubbles out of the fluid
• access to remove used fluid and contaminants from the system and to add
new fluid
• space for hot-fluid expansion, gravity drain-back from a system during
shutdown, and storage of large volumes needed intermittently during peak
periods of an operating cycle, and

Traditionally, the pump, electric motor, and other components of a hydraulic

power unit mount on top of a rectangular reservoir. The reservoir top, therefore,
must be structurally rigid enough to support these components, maintain
alignments, and minimize vibration. An auxiliary plate may be mounted on the
reservoir's top to meet these objectives. A big advantage of this configuration is
that it allows easy access to the pump, motor, and accessories.

40
 Figure 7.1 Hydraulic Tank

7.3 Filter Breather

Specifications

• Displacement – 720 Lpm

• Filtration Size – 40 microns

The Breather/Filter sits on top of the hydraulic reservoir and allows the exchange
of filtered air to the reservoir necessary during fluid level changes (due to
temperature, pressure, and system operation). Breather/Filters are a crucial link
in the hydraulic system, preventing airborne contaminants and moisture from
entering the tank. If these filters are not changed on an annual basis, they can
become clogged, allowing contaminated air into the system causing premature
wear and possible failure of hydraulic components.

41
 Figure 7.2 Filter Breather
7.4 Electric Motor
Specifications
• 3 Phase motor
• Power Rating = 5.5 KW
• Speed = 1,465 rpm
• Nominal Efficiency = 90.1 %

Driving the pump of a hydraulic power unit (HPU) is a relatively easy application
for an electric motor. The obvious point is that the electric motor is a critical part
of any power unit. Therefore, understanding the basic parameters of electric
motors is key when specifying one for a particular HPU application. Five basic
factors must be considered:
1. Horsepower — the designation of power you need from your system — 5 hp,
10 hp, 20 hp, etc. Note that a service factor (1.15 on standard units) lets motors
run above their rated horsepower for intermittent periods.
2. Rotational speed (rpm) — how many complete revolutions the motor shaft
makes in a 60-second period. Most ac motors run at nominal fixed speeds of
3,600, 1,800, 1,200, or 900 rpm. Most hydraulic pumps for industrial applications
are designed to run at 1,800 or 1,200 rpm. These lower-speed motors are more
efficient, and have fewer balance problems than those operating a higher speed.

42
3. Voltage and phase — determined by the electric service that will power the
motor. Most motors operate at 230 or 460 Vac, 3-phase. When specifying voltage
for an electric motor, always cite the number of phases. Single-phase is normally
associated with residential and commercial power, whereas 3-phase is associated
with industrial power — and is most commonly used in power unit applications.
4. Frame size and configuration — the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) has established detailed standard motor dimensions for
interchangeability. The motors on most power units mount to the pumps via
flanges and are supported by feet.
5. Enclosure — protect the motor’s internal parts from moisture, while still
allowing cooling. Open drip-proof motors (which are cooled by the outside
atmosphere) can be used where ambient conditions are fairly friendly. The more-
expensive alternative, totally enclosed fan-cooled motors afford maximum
protection even in a hazardous or aggressive environment. After the five basics
have been established, you can request several different documents from your
motor vendor to help you finalize your selection — and provide information for
the end user if he or she will be someone else.

Figure 7.3 5.5 KW Electric Motor

43
 Figure 7.4 Rating of the Motor

7.5 Bell Housing

Bellhousings are the component that forms the connection between a power
source and a hydraulic pump. Typically constructed out of aluminium alloy, they
work with standard flanges up to 270 kW.

Figure 7.5 Bell Housing

44
7.6 Double Vane Pump
Specifications
• Pump Discharge during low volume – 37 LPM
• Pump Discharge during high Volume – 55 LPM

A Vane Pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It uses the back and forth
motion of the rectangular shaped vanes inside slots to move fluids. They are
sometimes also referred to as sliding vane pumps.
A slotted rotor is eccentrically supported inside a cycloidal cam. The rotor is
located close to the wall of the cam such that a crescent-shaped cavity is
formed. The rotor is sealed into the cam by two side plates. Vanes or blades fit
within the slots of the impeller.
As the rotor rotates and fluid enters the pump, centrifugal force, hydraulic
pressure, and/or pushrods pushes the vanes to the walls of the housing. A tight
seal in the vanes, rotor, cam, and side plate is important for good suction
characteristics described in the vane pumping principles.

Figure 7.6 Section of Vane Pump

45
The housing and cam force the fluid into the pumping chamber through the holes
located in the cam. Fluid enters the pockets created by the vanes, rotor, cam, and
side plate.
As the rotor rotates, the vanes sweep the fluid to the opposite side of the crescent.
This fluid is then squeezed through discharge holes of the cam as the vane
approaches the point of the crescent. This is followed by the exiting of the fluid
from the discharge port i.e. the outlet.
The principle double acting vane pump works in similar to that of a single-acting
vane pump. The only difference is that the stator surface is composed of two long-
radius arcs, two short-radius arcs and four sections of transition curves, and the
stator and rotor are concentric. In the case where the rotor of the illustrated rotor
rotates clockwise, the volume of the sealed working chamber gradually increases
at the upper left and lower right corners, which is the oil absorption zone, which
gradually decreases in the lower left corner and the upper right corner, and is the
oil pressure zone; the oil absorption zone There is a section of oil seal between
the oil and pressure zones to separate them. The rotor of this kind of pump rotates
once every revolution, and each sealed working chamber completes the oil
absorption and oil pressure action twice, so it is called double-acting vane pump.
The two oil suction zones and the two oil pressure zones of the pump are radially
symmetrical, and the hydraulic pressure acting on the rotor is radially balanced,
so it is also called a balanced vane pump.

46
 Figure 7.7 Double Vane Pump

7.7 Cartridge Valve

Cartridge Valves, also known as 2/2-way valves or logic elements, are industrial
hydraulic valves used for directional, pressure, check, and flow control. These
cartridge valves are a compact design that can be used in hydraulic manifold
systems for many types of industrial and mobile machinery. These products are
ideal for applications which require high flow rates and leak-free

Figure 7.8 Cartridge valve

47
7.8 Decompression Valve
Specifications
• Operating Pressure: 345 bar (5000 psi)
• Flow: Up to 23 LPM
• Internal Leakage: 0.15 cc/minute (3 drops/minute) max. at 345 bar (5000
psi)
A solenoid-operated, 2-way, normally closed, piloted poppet-type, screw-in
hydraulic cartridge valve, intended to act as a blocking or load-holding device for
low flow circuits. When de-energized, the SF08-22 acts as a check valve,
allowing flow from 1 to 2, while blocking flow from 2 to 1. When energized, the
cartridge’s poppet lifts to open the 1 to 2 flow paths. In this mode, bidirectional
flow is allowed.

FEATURES
• Continuous-duty rated coil.
• Hardened seat for long life and low leakage.
• Optional coil voltages and terminations.
• Cartridges are voltage interchangeable.
• Unitized, moulded coil design.
• Optional waterproof E-Coils rated up to IP69K.
• Corrosion-resistant plating.
• Industry common cavity.
• Compact size.

48
 Figure 7.9 Section of Decompression Valve

7.9 Counter Balance Valve

Specifications

• Maximum Operating Pressure – 210 kgf /cm2

• Maximum Flow – 250 l/min

Counterbalance valves are used with cylinders to safely hold suspended loads and
deal with over-running loads. This valve can also be used with hydraulic motors
and is then commonly called a brake valve. Both counterbalance valves and pilot-
operated check valves can be used to lock fluid in a cylinder to prevent drifting.
However, a pilot-operated check valve cannot control an over-running load.
Whenever uncontrolled movement can occur from an overrunning load, a
counterbalance valve should be used.

49
 Figure 7.10 Section of Counter Balance Valve

7.10 Level Gauge

Specifications

• 'O' ring type construction

• 3 sizes 3", 5" & 10" between bolt centres
• For non-pressurised tanks only
• Can be mounted on tapped holes suitable for mineral / petroleum-based
oils
• Maximum temperature 80° c

Level indicators are devices used in the measurement of level of fluids at

various industrial applications. These devices are used to determine the level of
liquid in tanks, drums. pressure vessels etc.

There are many level indicators to suit the needs of different applications.
Normally, fluids are used in many forms in highly commercial industries.
Without proper devices it will be very difficult to find the quantity and level of

50
fluid stored. Also, in certain situations where the nature of fluid is dangerous or
the place in which the liquid is stored is of such a nature that it is manually
impossible to find the level, then the level indicators are of utmost importance.

Depending on the type of application used, the type of level indicator should be
selected. For example, in the process industry, tubular level indicators are used
for better visual liquid level indication. If it is for non-contact type level
measurement, then radar type indicators or ultrasonic type indicators are to be
used.

Figure 7.11 Level Gauge Figure 7.12 Section of Level Gauge

7.11 Relief Valve

Specifications
• Mounting interface – As per ISO 7368
• Working pressure – 350 bar
• Hydraulic medium – Mineral oil
• Temperature range - -20 °C to 80 °C
• Viscosity range – 0.1 cm2/s to 3.8 cm2/s

51
A pressure Relief Valve is a safety device designed to protect a pressurized vessel
or system during an overpressure event. An overpressure event refers to any
condition which would cause pressure in a vessel or system to increase beyond
the specified design pressure or maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP).

The primary purpose of a pressure Relief Valve is protection of life and property
by venting fluid from an over pressurized vessel.

Many electronic, pneumatic and hydraulic systems exist today to control fluid
system variables, such as pressure, temperature and flow. Each of these systems
requires a power source of some type, such as electricity or compressed air in
order to operate. A pressure Relief Valve must be capable of operating at all
times, especially during a period of power failure when system controls are non-
functional. The sole source of power for the pressure Relief Valve, therefore, is
the process fluid.

Once a condition occurs that causes the pressure in a system or vessel to increase
to a dangerous level, the pressure Relief Valve may be the only device remaining
to prevent a catastrophic failure. Since reliability is directly related to the
complexity of the device, it is important that the design of the pressure Relief
Valve be as simple as possible.

The pressure Relief Valve must open at a predetermined set pressure, flow a rated
capacity at a specified overpressure, and close when the system pressure has
returned to a safe level. Pressure Relief Valves must be designed with materials
compatible with many process fluids from simple air and water to the most
corrosive media. They must also be designed to operate in a consistently smooth
and stable manner on a variety of fluids and fluid phases.

52
 Figure 7.13 Relief Valve

Figure 7.14 Section of Relief Valve

7.12 DC Valve
Directional control valves perform only three functions:

• stop fluid flow

• allow fluid flow, and
• change direction of fluid flow.
These three functions usually operate in combination.
The simplest directional control valve is the 2-way valve. A 2-way valve stops
flow or allows flow. A water faucet is a good example of a 2-way valve. A water
faucet allows flow or stops flow by manual control.
53
A single-acting cylinder needs supply to and exhaust from its port to operate. This
requires a 3-way valve. A 3-way valve allows fluid flow to an actuator in one
position and exhausts the fluid from it in the other position. Some 3-way valves
have a third position that blocks flow at all ports.
A double-acting actuator requires a 4-way valve. A 4-way valve pressurizes and
exhausts two ports interdependently. A 3-position, 4-way valve stops an actuator
or allows it to float. The 4-way function is a common type of directional control
valve for both air and hydraulic circuits. A 3-position, 4-way valve is more
common in hydraulic circuits.

Figure 7.15 Directional Control Valve

54
7.13 Heat Exchanger
Specifications

Heat is a form of energy that migrates from one region to another when a
temperature difference (gradient) exists between the regions. Heat naturally flows
from the hotter region to the cooler one. The rate of heat transfer is important in
determining how much can be removed from a system within a given time frame.
As long as it has a higher heat transfer rate, a physically smaller heat exchanger
can remove heat from a system faster than one that is much larger.
The defining equation for any heat exchanger is:
q = U X A X ΔT
where:
q is the heat transfer rate,
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient,
A is the heat transfer surface area, and
ΔT is the fluid temperature difference.
These three factors take varying forms depending on the particular design of heat
exchanger and the application involved. Inspecting the equation reveals that
increasing any factor on the right increases heat transfer rate in direct proportion.
Doubling the surface area in contact with the heated fluid doubles the heat transfer
rate. Increasing temperature difference between the hydraulic oil and the coolant
by 50% increases the heat transfer rate by 50%.

55
Heat dissipates from a fluid system through natural and forced convection.
Natural convection occurs as heat moves from system components into the
surrounding atmosphere because of the temperature gradient. In smaller hydraulic
systems, temperatures generally are lower than in larger systems, and heat
transfer from the oil to tubing and other component surfaces often provides
sufficient cooling.
But if natural convection cannot remove enough generated heat, a heat exchanger
must be installed to control system temperature. The heat exchanger uses forced
convection to remove heat. Another mode of heat transmission, radiation, may
often occur, but its effect is small and usually can be ignored. Generally, a heat
exchanger is necessary for a hydraulic system if:

• a specific oil temperature limitation is necessary to stabilize oil viscosity

• cycle dwell time is a major portion of the total duty cycle, especially in
systems with fixed-displacement pumps, and
• there is a history of problems from hot oil, or shortened oil or seal life.

Figure 7.16 Section of a Heat Exchanger

56
7.14 Hydraulic Cylinder
A cylinder is a hydraulic actuator that is constructed of a piston or plunger that
operates in a cylindrical housing by the action of liquid under pressure. A cylinder
housing is a tube in which a plunger (piston) operates. In a ram-type cylinder, a
ram actuates a load directly. In a piston cylinder, a piston rod is connected to a
piston to actuate a load. An end of a cylinder from which a rod or plunger
protrudes is a rod end. The opposite end is a head end. The hydraulic connections
are a head-end port and a rod-end port (fluid supply).
In double acting cylinder, it must have ports at the head and rod ends. Pumping
oil into the head end moves a piston to extend a rod while any oil in the rod end
is pushed out and returned to a reservoir. To retract a rod, flow is reversed. Oil
from a pump goes into a rod end, and a head-end port is connected to allow return
flow. The flow direction to and from a double-acting cylinder can be controlled
by a double-acting directional valve or by actuating a control of a reversible
pump.

Figure 7.17 Hydraulic Cylinder

57
Figure 7.18 3-D Model of Hydraulic Cylinder

Figure 7.19 Hydraulic Cylinder after Fixing

58
 CHAPTER 8

BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

CYCLE TIME / PART - COMPARISON

20
16.4
15
10.5
10

0
CYCLE TIME
Before After Linear (After) Linear (After)

Figure 8.1 Cycle Time Comparison Bar Graph

PRODUCTION RATE / SHIFT - COMPARISON

2500 2113
2000
1498
1500
1000
500
0
PRODUCTION COUNT
Before After Linear (After) Linear (After)

Figure 8.2 Production Rate Comparison Bar Graph

59
 CHANGE OVER TIME / Shift - COMPARISON
35
30
30
25
20
15
10
5
5
0
CHANGE OVER TIME (Mins)
Before After Linear (After) Linear (After)

Figure 8.3 Change Over Time Comparison Bar Graph

MANPOWER(MP) DEPLOYMENT / DAY -

COMPARISON
6
5
5
4
4
3
2
1
0
Manpower / Shift
Before After Linear (After) Linear (After)

Figure 8.4 Manpower Deployment Comparison Bar Graph

60
61
62
 CHAPTER 9

COST BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

Investment cost
Power pack Procurement – Rs. 1,75,000
Cylinder sensor & Accessories – Rs. 50,000
Total Investment cost – Rs.2,25,000

Product Cycle time

Before =16.4 sec
After =10.5 sec
Total Saving Time =6 Sec
Total no. of output increase = 78 nos./ Hour
Annum output increase = 3.72 Lakh nos.
Total man-days used for Annual output = 174 Man-days
Cost for 1 man-day = Rs. 3400
Total cost saving due to cycle time: 5.91 L

Change over cost benefits

Total time saved = 25 Mins / Day
Output for 25 Mins = 108 Nos.
Output benefits / annum = 62160 Nos. (29 Man-days)
Total cost saving due to Change Over: Rs. 0.98L

63
 Cost Saving

Per day - Per shift

Per day Per month Per Year

Man power cost 3400 ₹ 3,400.00 ₹ 68,000.00 ₹ 8,16,000.00

Machine power cost 150 ₹ 150.00 ₹ 3,000.00 ₹ 36,000.00

Total Cost Saving ₹ 3,550.00 ₹ 71,000.00 ₹ 8,52,000.00

Table 9.1 Cost Saving Table

Summary of Cost Saving: 11.81L

Cycle time = 5.91 L
Change over = .98L
Machine power = 0.36L
Manpower = 8.16L

Total Saving: 15.41L(Recurring) – 2.25L = 13.16L /

Annum

64
 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION
The D-line armature shaft and core hydraulic press’s design is changed and the
old components is changed, which leaded in the change of cycle which is 6
seconds less than the old cycle time. The reduced cycle time has increased the
rate of production and the significantly increases the profit.

Kaizen as a method of improvement is not only beneficial to the business. It is

also beneficial to employees, customers and the organization as a whole. This
management theory is applicable to most types of businesses. Kaizen recognizes
and rewards the efforts of employees. By so doing, it gives them a sense of worth
in the organization.

A major kaizen advantage is improved efficiency. Kaizen improvements boost

the quality of services. It helps businesses implement new process improvements,
boost efficiency and enhance time management

65
 Reference

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element techniques”, Doctoral Thesis,
Dublin City University, 1992.
[2] Sinha S. P. and Murarka P. D., “Computer-aided design of hydraulic press
structures”. Mathematical Computing and
Modeling, Vol 10, pp 637-645,1988.
[3] Muni Prabaharan and V.Amarnath “Structural Optimization of 5Ton
Hydraulic Press and Scrap Baling Press
for Cost Reduction by Topology”, International Journal of Modeling and
Optimization, Vol 1, pp 185-190, 2011.
[4]Bapat.S.M. , Desai.Y.M., “Design Optimization of A 30 Ton Hydraulic Press
Mac hine”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and
Engineering Technology ( IJRASET ) , Belgaum . India 2009, p. 24-30.
[5]B. Parthiban, P. Eazhumali, S.Karthi, P.Kalimuthu(2014) “Design And
Analysis Of C Type Hydraulic Press Structure And Cylinder”, International
Journal Of Research In Aeronautical And Mechanical Engineering, Vol
2,Pp47-56.
6. Acherkan, N. 1973. Machine tool design. Vol. 3, Mir Publ., Moscow, Russia.
7. Beer, F.P.; and Johnston, E.R., Jr. 1992. Mechanics of materials. 2nd ed.,
McGrawHill, London, England, UK.
8. Khurmi, R.S.; and Gupta, J.K. 1997. A textbook of machine design. Eurasia
Publ., New Delhi, India.
9. Sharma, P.C. 2005. A textbook of production engineering. 10th ed., S. Chand
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Reston, VA, USA.

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67