Editorial | Tourism, memory and place in a globalizing world Rafiq Ahmad Tourism and Hospitality Research 2016, Wot 140} 201-205 © The Authors 2018 Reprints ad permissions: sagepu coubouralsPermissions ny (or: To. 77/asraseat66ci256 thesagepubcom (SSAGE Cultural & Tourism Studies, Sopore College, University of Kashmir, India Anne Hertzog Maitre de Conference, MRTE, University of Cergy-Pontoise, France Practices of remembrance and forgetting are imbri- cated with social and private lives of societies. From the inextricable link between memory and place, the preservation of memory and its anchorage in space, to the public remembering of horrors, memories are vari- ably expressed as ‘social memory’, ‘cultural memory’, and ‘historical memory? Memory, both in its particu- Jar and universal form, is changing the way we think of ourselves, of the past, of space, and how we develop narratives. Memories also shape our experiences as tourists, of how and what we choose to remember of the places, people, and cultures we visit. In a postmodern, postcolonial world, new regimes ‘of memory are effectively appropriated, negotiated, and contested by ‘cultural actors,” communities, and nation states to achieve the agendas of domination, resistance, and categorization. As an integral part of the emerging regimes of memory, tourism is being re- considered as a crucial instrument toward the histori- cization of social, cultural, and public memory. In ‘other instances counter-memories when invested in alternative forms of tourism by various oppressed groups can also accomplish the ‘demythologizing of history? The Special Issue seeks to uncover in some ‘measure the role of tourism in this historicization or its mythologizing through diverse epistemological approaches. The increasing mobilities in the new world order and the challenges to it, particularly in the form of neo-nationalism, together with the rise of memory (as a social value) and tourism (as both a alobal and a globalizing phenomenon) ~ all converge to give rise to a ‘globalized public space’ wherein tem- poralities of societies are caught up in a crossfire between processes of global proximity on the one hhand and those of widening inequalities and disjunc- ture on the other (Appadurai, 1990). ‘With contributions from scholars of diverse discip- linary as well as geographical and socio-historical per- spective, this Special Issue explores this relationship to the past through memory not necessarily as an effect of| slobalization, but as an agent producing globalization, and therefore aims to shed light on how and to what ‘extent tourism plays an active role in the globalized con- vergence between memory, place, and tourism. This Special Issue integrates the diverse linkages between tourism, memory, and place within a globaliz~ ing world, bringing together research from scholars actoss disparate disciplines. Thus, a crucial objective of this Special Issue is to explicitly examine the practices of remembering through acts of tourism production and consumption different but interrelated contexts (e.g. social, psychological, political, sensual, historical, ‘geographical, and intercorporeal) and shed light on how duals and groups appropriate tourism to remem- ber the past. To this end, this Special Issue brings together diverse perspectives in the dynamic relation ship between memory, tourism, and place ~ from geo graphical, social, and cognitive approaches, to anthropological, historical, literary, and heritage stu- ies. In doing so, we hope and believe that the sum of this Special Issue will ultimately provide not only anew insight into our changing relationship with the use of tourism and practices of remembering within a globaliz~ ing world but a better understanding of how different social, spatial, and political appropriations of memory and tourism shape the way individuals and groups remember the past and practice tourism. In September 2014, a three-day international con- ference was held on ‘Remembering in a Globalised World: The Play and Interplay of Tourism, Memory and Place’ in Le Chambon Sur Lignon, France, to examine the ways in which memory is appropriated in tourism, both at the individual and collective level, in the articulation of identities, the construction of imaginaries about people and places, and the re- invention of the past as an instrument of rule and dominance and as form of resistance. The conference Corresponding author Rafiq Ahmad, Cultural & Tourism Studies, Sopore College University of Kashmir, India Email: ratpirendafagmail com202 Tourism and Hospitality Research 16(3) sreatly benefited from fresh scholarly interventions from diverse disciplines and fields including tourism studies, history, philosophy, geography, cultural stu- dies, sociology, anthropology, heritage, and museum studies. Early versions of all the articles included in this Special Issue were presented in this conference. Underlying each of the articles in this Special Issue (cither implicitly or explicitly) is the extricable link between tourism, memory, and place approached from diverse epistemological and ontological perspec- tives. The link between Violence, Memory, and Tourism is the particular focus of two articles. Delphine Bechtel in her study of Galicia evokes the many places of massacre characterizing the border regions which were disputed territories since a long time with many changes in the borders’ geography; this aspect is also explored by Tevgeniia Sarapina who analyses places in Ukraine whose identity was long erased under the former Soviet political regime. Caroline Winter, following the relationship between media and ‘public memory’ of Australia’s battles in the First World War brings in focus the recent ‘reprioritiza- tion’ ofthese battles in the narratives on the war and the changing patterns of ‘remembrance tourism’ to these battlefield sites. Memory of violence is not however the only way that the link between tourism, memory, and place is investigated in this Special Issue. Patricia Stokowski exposes the manipulative nature of memory- ‘making among two rural towns of Colorado. The sup- posed difference between myth-making and memory- ‘making is tested in this article as Colorado's mining his- tory is re-appropriated discursively to transform these towns from seasonal tourism to casino gambling. Invoking, in a somewhat similar way, the linkages between the place and its past through practices of tourism, Sonia Catrina’s article on Maramures sheds light on how social memory of an ‘authentic rural Maramures’ is branded through tourism practices to build links between heritage and social memory. In Belen Castro-Fernandez’ article on Santiago de Compostela of Spain, a mythical past is re-invented as pilgrims’ route, thereby transforming a place and its relationship to the present societies into an iconic pilgrimage centre and touristic place. In yet another example of a continuously evolving relationship between place, people, and the past, Alda Nato explores the blending of mobilities of people and archi tecture into places and their present articulations as ‘cultural routes of the migrant people’. Bringing to light the 19th-century Portuguese emigration to Brazil and their return to and resettlement in their hometown in Portugal, Alda Neto explores corporeal- ity of a Brazilian past among Portuguese emigrants through ‘Brazilian houses’ which embody a unique example of ‘emigration architecture’ in the Tberian peninsular landscape. The author emphasizes the sig- nificance of setting up touristic routes by connecting these people, places, and houses. Tourismifying myths as memories from the past ‘Memories also shape our experiences as tourists; of how and what we choose to remember of the places, people, and cultures we visit. Ievgeniia Sarapina exam- ines the ‘tactics’ of young visitors to the sites on the ‘margins of the mainstream touristic circuit. She insists, con the ‘ruses’ developed by visitors to have an access to these remote places, which are most of the time closed. or inaccessible. In that case, the figure of the tourist, embraces the one of the explorer or discoverer who must mobilize resources and new ‘capacities’ to have fan access to a ‘non-place,’ removed from the dail space-time framework, This discovery engages the whole senses and the body: it is through the body and its movements that encounter is possible with the environment, images, places, and people (Brougére, 2012; Mauss, 1936). ‘The discovery of such places appearing like Foucault’s (1998) ‘other spaces’ or heterotopias and their exploration through visits need capacities and learning that allow discovering another ‘self’. When the story of the touristic experience which allows going beyond the experience itself is shared with others, a memory of the traveller is conveyed. Utilizing new technologies of search and social media, the sharing through blogs of these stories, itin- crates and visits of the places not only lays out a space of learning and transmission for others but also reveals. about the traveller’s identity himself. The role of myth, in the reconstruction of identities is an important one as we have seen how the legend of St. James became crucial to constructing a Christian identity in early medieval times, and how the same legend kept on recirculating, as route and pilgrimage, through narra- tive as well as historical twadition, becoming the very embodiment of Europeanness. In the same manner, the national myth of a Ukrainain nationhood was built in opposition to that of the Russian empire. As Tevgeniia argues, the roots of Ukrainian national myth, lie in th ethnicity which officially sactilised places, which are tured into ‘non-places’ by official topoi, and wherein the social is not created, since people there do not interact with the space and eachother. ‘The past as a slice of time and trace comes alive in ‘memory heterotopias, which embody in their ruins both the accumuation as well asthe fleetingness of time. The traces of the past in the form of abandoned ruins as evgeniia observes, by follwing Alieda Assmann’s notion of traces as combining remembering andAhmad and Hertzog 203 forgetting, reveal a significantly different approach to the past, combining nonlinguistic articulations of the past (ruins, relics, fragments) with the linguistic rem- nants of the past (oral tradition). This, for Ievgeniia, forms the very basis ofa difference between official tour- ist sites and memory heterotopias, a difference that she contends is captured in Burkhardt’s rendering of the ‘opposition between ‘texts’ and ‘traces’. How against, the conscious articulations of ‘texts’, ‘traces’ stand for indirect information, in which non-stylsed memory of the past, the memory that was not and could not be a subject to censorship or distortion, is documented, Belen Castro’s article too brings in a mythical past into the present as the material embodiment of the ‘St. James Way discusses the experiences of the pilgrim and the tourist with a place. The author explores the distinction between pilgrim and a tourist through their distinctive practices of using the same place. While ‘emphasizing that pilgrimage constitutes a historical form of tourism, in the sense it implies mobility, wavel, and visit to places very different from daily places, she reminds us that the relation to the sacred, is an important criterion to distinguish pilgrimage from tourism. The way to handle with the ‘sacred” implies a very specific relation to the city, different from the touristic experience. It develops in a space and time which may be only partly shared with the touristic experience but could be different enough to conduct to a difficult cohabitation between tourism, and pilgrimage. She goes on to demonstrate that resi- dents, pilgrims, and tourists develop differentiated practices in the city of Compostela, ‘The Santiago de Compostela city becomes a differ- centiated space according to the ‘modes of inhabiting’ (Stock, 2006) ~ modes of appropriation ~ which are different for each one. Belen Castro in her study exam- ines how emotions, body practices, and imaginaries of the place are different according to residents, tourist, or pilgrim. We can see that each mode of inhabiting the place engages in a different relation to time and memory as well: short temporalities of urban practices, long time of memories of rituals and religious prac- tices, and historical memory of architectural heritage. Caroline’s article about the Australian Remembrance sites and tourism on the western front meets Delphine Bechtel’s study about tours with a political and ideo- logical perspective developing in Ukraine for several decades. Delphine’s case shows how nationalist Ukrainians visit symbolic places of the Ukrainian nationalism on both side of the border, both in Ukraine and Poland. By re-employing Halbwachs (1980) concept of ‘collective memory’, Caroline seeks to argue for a collective memory not only as the product of negotiations between competing social groups but also a construction shaped and mediated by the new technologies of battlefield site experiences in the form of photography, audio-visual media, and Internet, ‘The author highlights the role of media and Internet in linking tourists with specific battlefield sites through information, audio-visual effects, and image-making, arguing for a constructivist nature of memory, which allows a past to be manipulated pur- posefully by powerful interest groups in new ways, rather than conforming to socially negotiated versions. ‘The author contends that increasing media attention, ‘over the last several years accorded by Australian agen- cies to Fromelles and Villers-Brettonneux on the Western Front have elevated their status among ‘Australian battlefield sites of the First World War which can be witnessed in the increasing visitations to these sites. Another interesting case of communities’ purposeful fashioning of myths into ‘collective ‘memory’ is discussed by Patricia Stowski in her article about the twin cities of Central City and Black Hawk in Colorado which adopted casino gambling in 1991, ‘manipulating nostalgia for their mining past through tourism development. Patricia seems to reconsider collective memory as, not only about practices of remembering events but more importantly as an on-going discursive battle within communities with competing claims over and challenges to individual and institutional remem- brances. Arguing that there is no single discourse on ‘a community's relationship to ‘collective memory’, as, no single version of a ‘collective memory’ exists, Patricia discusses the role of local myths and their articulation in informal public discourses on commu- nity’s past and heritage. By examining the discursive appropriations of local myth-as-history and collective ‘memory, Patricia highlights the role of various tourism institutions and groups in the developmental process, within these cities New scales of memory? Tourism and the re-territorialization of memory ‘The case of the nationalist groups in certain Polish cities as discussed in the previous section located not far from the border reveal one of the central aspect of the issue: the effect of political and geopolitical trans- formations in the second half of the 20 century on memory practices and politics in Europe and, more widely, in the world, As mentioned in some of the contributions, the opening of the Iron Curtain and the collapse of former USSR led to a rise in tourism ‘mobilities. The opening of the borders also allowed the ‘return’ of many populations or their descendants in territories long inaccessible or forbidden for polit- ical reasons. Thus, certain geopolitical changes in204 Tourism and Hospitality Research 16(3) Europe towards the end of the 20th century facilitated a new shift in the sense of belonging, the rise of extra-territoriality status of some minorities, and re-vindications about one’s ‘own heritage’ lost in. a foreign country. ‘This re-contextualization worked together with diversification and hybridization in borderlands toward reshaping tourism and mobilities in the European space at large. Central and Oriental Europe is thus characterized by two phenomena ana- lysed in this issue. First, the increase of ‘returns’ travel, to lands considered formerly appropriate by some communities and lost due to forced displacement, deportations, or border changes: whether tourism of roots, genealogical tourism, or tourism on the trace of the ancestors or a personal inheritance, these tourism, practices are above all marked by family and personal, stories. Second, the strategies of individual and collect- ive actors to render visible the invisible, by recalling the forgotten past,’ enlightening the ‘hidden territories’, or by bringing forth the ‘missing minorities’. This, implementation process of visibility, exhumation is made possible in the new social, political, and geopol- itical changes within Europe and is also very revealing. of contemporary globalization of memory phenomena (Lavabre, 2000; Lavabre and Gensburger, 2012; Rousso, 2007). Delphine Bechtel thus invites us to a journey through the Galicia region located at the edge of the Poland and the Ukraine where social, political, and territorial identities are renegotiated through the pro- cess of tourism development. Tourist itineraries, ethnographic museums, and urban heritage sites stage pasts and illustrate this process of exhumation or unveiling of stories or memories long hidden or invisible. This visibalization of the past in the public space through tourism is based on different kind of registers: the commercial register, as shown in the example the economic exploitation of the Jewish past, of some neighborhoods in Polish cities, where one can, witness the commercialization of ‘manufactured’ and stereotypical identities, in a context where no ‘miliew de mémoire’ exist anymore (Nora, 1984-1992) because of the disappearance of the Jewish commu- nities in the 20th century. ‘The museum and heritage register is largely invoked serving the construction of new social and territorial identities based on the concept of multiculturalism. But if certain minorities such as the Roma thus access- ing a form of visibility and new ‘presence’ in the public, space through ‘muscalization’, it remains strongly marked by a non-Roma vision since identity interpret- ation and tourism development are not derived from the communities themselves. The enhancement of marginalized minorities or stolen memories meets economic and political imperatives in response to the multicultural doxa expressed by the EU which sup- ports many cultural and heritage projects in these ter~ ritories. The influence of the contemporary European, institutions in memory policies raises the question of a “Europeanization’ of memory in some cases, particu- larly in Central and Oriental Europe (Lavabre, 2012, Bechtel and Jurgenson, 2013). But more widely it raises the question of scales on which policies and contemporary commemorative actions are conceived. Since the 1990s, Europe has become a new scale to think the memory ‘of the Europeans’ as enlightened by the many routes and memory projects conceived at the scale of cross- border territories. This is however not always the fact, of the policy or the institutional injunction, since com- munities themselves can take initiatives across their cross-border or transnational territorial attachments. ‘This Special Issue while taking into consideration the new scales and the territorialization of memory and identities as they are built in the contemporary world seeks to address such initiatives particularly in the con- text of increasing mobility and migration. An example highlights this aspect is Alda Neto’s contribution, which is indicative of the ambivalence of the place of the memoirs of migrants in European societies and the public space. The houses built in Portugal by ‘Brazilians’, these Portuguese migrants having tra- velled to Brazil and then returned to Portugal, often, fortified and occupying a dominant position in the local societies, are unevenly maintained nowadays. However, the memory of these categories of migrants remains largely shadowed. Local tourism development of this ‘hybrid’ heritage seems even less exist and therefore the author herself suggests a route to enhance and make it visible in the public space to highlight the history and the memory of this social group. This article illustrates the import= ance of hybrid legacies, memories, and transnational, identities, and how they are in no doubt difficult to integrate in history and collective memory still widely, built in the national framework by institutions ~ when, tourism policy serves not just nationalist purposes. Other contributions illustrate contemporary relocation, of identities, the valorization of the ‘local’. That is nonetheless built differently depending on the actors, and territories. ‘The contribution of Sonia Catrina translates the setting of a ‘peasant’ identity among the tourism actors of the Maramures, who essentialised the regio nal identity and the authentic and stereotypical figure of the peasant of Maramures through hospitality practices. The author shows that this stereotypical construction of authenticity is a response to the expectations of tourists seeking to comply with aAhmad and Hertzog 205 vision of the local authenticity. The papers show how tourism narratives and practices reify the local, illus trating our contemporary processes of globalization at 1 time marked by the universalization of many cultural, practices including tourism and the increasing identi- fication of particularities. ‘As thoroughly discussed above in the light of vari- ‘ous contributions to this Special Issue, we can safely argue that in our investigations of relationship between, tourism, memory, and place, the ‘plurality of epistemic perspectives’ should be of particular interest to any scholarly endeavour in memory studies. We should investigate not only the mainstream frameworks of remembrances but also memories involving possible insurrections of subjugated forms of experiencing in their linkages through tourism practices. Rather than being lured into following a unified, coherent method- ology of mapping and mobilizing the past in frame- works of within a generally agreed-upon theoretical/ methodological paradigm, which does not seem to exist in memory studies, we would rather like to trace the dispersive appropriations of memory ~ ‘collective memory; ‘social memory, ‘public memory, ‘cultural memory,’ ‘counter-memory, “pros- thetic memory,’ ‘post-memory, in its multiple cou- plings with tourism, history, and relations of power. Declaration of Conflicting Interests ‘The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, andlor publication of this, article, Funding ‘The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, References Appadurai A (1990) Disjuneture and difference inthe global culture cconomy. Theory,Culure, and Society 7: 295-310. ‘Bechtel D and Jurgenson L (eds) (2013) Le tourisme mémorial en Europe centrale et orientale, Pais, Faltions Petra, col. Usages de la mémoire, 314 p [Brougére G (2012) Pratiquestourstiques et apprentssages. Mondes ‘di toursme 5: 62-75. Foucault M (1998) Different spaces. In; Faubion JD (ed) Ascetic, Imathod, and epitomology: ezemial orks of Foucau, 1984-1986 (cans. Hurley The New Press, Vol. 2, pp.t75-185. rach M (1980) The collctce memory. New York: Harper & Row Coloption Books. LLavabre M-C (2000) Usages et mésusages dela notion de mémoire. (rit In 70); 48-57, Lavabre M-C and Gensburget $ (2012) D'une mémoire europé fnne & Feuropéanisation de la mémoire, Politique européenne, LHarmattan, 2012/2 3°37. Stock M (2006) Pratiques des lieu, modes dhabiter, régimes ‘Phabiter: pour une analyse trslogique des dimensions spatiale des societs humaines. Travan de Intct de Geograph de Reims 115-118: 213-230. ‘Mauss M. (1936) Les techniques du corps. Journal de Prychologie XXXIG-4): 119-127. [Nora P (1984-1992/1996-1998) Les Laws de mimeire (Gallimard) abridged translation (Realms of momory). New York, NY: (Columbia Univesity Press. Rousso H (2007) Vers une mondissistion de la mémoite, Vngiime ‘Sil 2: 1994, BR). New York Author Biographies Rafiq Ahmad is Assistant Professor of Cultural and ‘Tourism Studies at Sopore College, University of Kashmir, India, He obtained his PhD on Bourdieusean Sociology of ‘Third World’ tourism in 2008 at the Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. He was Visiting professor of cultural studies at the University of Cergy-Pontoise, Paris, France from 2013-2015. His main areas of research and publica- tion include Colonial appropriations of World War hheritage, cultural transfers in Gandhara art, Orientalist/Colonialist imaginaries of Tourism, and ‘memory, tourism and resistance. Anne Hertzog is Assistant Professor of Geography at Cergy-Pontoise University, France. She works on uses of the past in socio-spatial organisation. Her recent research and publications are focused on heritage pro- cesses and cultural tourism politics, practices in rela- tion to war heritage in contemporary Europe, and the territorialisation of urban heritage through museums. ‘She also works on memory studies from a post-colo- nial perspective.