10.4324 9781315797915 Previewpdf

Social Memory and Heritage Tourism
Methodologies
The examination of social memory and heritage tourism has grown considerably over the
past few decades as scholars have critically re-examined the relationships between past
memories and present actions at international, national, and local scales. Methodological
innovation and reflection have accompanied theoretical advances as researchers strive to
understand representations, experiences, thoughts, emotions, and identities of the various
actors involved in the reproduction of social memory and heritage landscapes.
Social Memory and Heritage Tourism Methodologies describes and demonstrates
innovations – including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches – for ana-
lyzing the process and politics of remembering and touring the past through place. An
introductory chapter looks at the history of social memory and heritage tourism research
and the particular challenges posed by these fields of study. In subsequent chapters, the
reader is lead through the varying methodologies employed by presenting them in the
context of an in-depth case study from a range of geographical locations. The resulting
volume showcases innovative research in social memory and heritage tourism and pro-
vides the reader with insights into how they can successfully conduct their own research
while avoiding common pitfalls.
This title will be useful reading for scholars, professionals, and students in tourism,
geography, anthropology, and museum studies who are preparing to conduct research on
the reproduction of social memory, in particular landscapes and places, or are interested
in investigating heritage tourism practices and representations.
Stephen P. Hanna is Professor of Geography at the University of Mary Washington in
Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he has engaged in research on landscape, memory, and
race for the past decade. Articles related to this work appear in Cartographica, Social and
Cultural Geography, Southeastern Geographer, and Cultural Geographies.
Amy E. Potter is an Assistant Professor of Geography in the Department of History at
Armstrong State University. Her research interests include the African Diaspora, cultural
ecology, plantations, and communication geography, with a regional focus on the Ameri-
can South and the Caribbean.
E. Arnold Modlin, Jr. is the Geography Instructor at Norfolk State University in Virgi-
nia. Dr. Modlin’s research interests focus on the relationships between memory, identity,
tourism, and geography, particularly as they involve the construct of race.
Perry Carter is an Associate Professor of Geography in the Department of Geosciences
at Texas Tech University. His research interests include theorizing race, space, and iden-
tity in both tourism landscapes of the American South and postcolonial Africa. Articles
related to this work appear in Tourism Geographies, Aether: The Journal of Media Geo-
graphy, Historical Geography, and the Professional Geographer.
David L. Butler is a full Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science,
International Development, and International Affairs at The University of Southern
Mississippi. Butler’s research interests include race and tourism.
Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility
Series Editor:
C. Michael Hall
Professor at the Department of Management, College of Business and Eco-
nomics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and rela-
tionships between leisure, tourism, and human mobility within the social
sciences.
It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and
tourism from contemporary geography, e.g., notions of identity, representation,
and culture, while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as
anthropology, cultural studies, gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy
studies and political economy, regional and urban planning, and sociology,
within the development of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies.
Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regarded as steps in a continuum
of human mobility. Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect to
examine the relationship between tourism and migration, the sojourner, educa-
tional travel, and second home and retirement travel phenomena.
The series comprises two strands:
Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility aims to address

the needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback
and paperback. Titles include:
1 The Moralisation of Tourism 4 Qualitative Research in Tourism

Sun, sand . . . and saving the Ontologies, epistemologies and
world? methodologies
Jim Butcher Edited by Jenny Phillimore and
Lisa Goodson
2 The Ethics of Tourism
Development 5 The Media and the Tourist
Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy Imagination
Converging cultures
3 Tourism in the Caribbean Edited by David Crouch,
Trends, development, prospects Rhona Jackson and
Edited by David Timothy Duval Felix Thompson
6 Tourism and Global 9 An Introduction to Visual
Environmental Change Research Methods in Tourism
Ecological, social, economic and Edited by Tijana Rakic and
political interrelationships Donna Chambers
Edited by Stefan Gössling and
C. Michael Hall 10 Tourism and Climate Change
Impacts, adaptation and mitigation
7 Cultural Heritage of Tourism in C. Michael Hall, Stefan Gössling
the Developing World and Daniel Scott
Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and
Gyan Nyaupane 11 Tourism and Citizenship
Raoul V. Bianchi and
8 Understanding and Managing Marcus L. Stephenson
Tourism Impacts
An integrated approach
C. Michael Hall and Alan Lew
Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and

Mobility is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students
and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include:
1 Living with Tourism 6 Tourism, Power and Space

Negotiating identities in a Turkish Edited by Andrew Church and
village Tim Coles
Hazel Tucker
7 Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and
2 Tourism, Diasporas and Space the City
Edited by Tim Coles and Edited by Jan Rath
Dallen J. Timothy
8 Ecotourism, NGOs and
3 Tourism and Postcolonialism Development
Contested discourses, identities A critical analysis
and representations Jim Butcher
Edited by C. Michael Hall and
Hazel Tucker 9 Tourism and the Consumption
of Wildlife
4 Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Hunting, shooting and sport
Journeys fishing
Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and Edited by Brent Lovelock
Daniel H. Olsen
10 Tourism, Creativity and
5 China’s Outbound Tourism Development
Wolfgang Georg Arlt Edited by Greg Richards and
Julie Wilson
11 Tourism at the Grassroots 20 Volunteer Tourism
Villagers and visitors in the Asia- Theoretical frameworks and
Pacific practical applications
Edited by John Connell and Edited by Angela Benson
Barbara Rugendyke
21 The Study of Tourism
12 Tourism and Innovation Past trends and future directions
Michael Hall and Allan Williams Richard Sharpley
13 World Tourism Cities
22 Children’s and Families’
Developing tourism off the beaten
Holiday Experience
track
Neil Carr
Edited by Robert Maitland and
Peter Newman
23 Tourism and National Identity
14 Tourism and National Parks An international perspective
International perspectives on Edited by Elspeth Frew and
development, histories and change Leanne White
Edited by Warwick Frost and
C. Michael Hall 24 Tourism and Agriculture
New geographies of consumption,
15 Tourism, Performance and the production and rural restructuring
Everyday Edited by Rebecca Torres and
Consuming the Orient Janet Momsen
Michael Haldrup and
Jonas Larsen 25 Tourism in China
Policy and development since
16 Tourism and Change in Polar 1949
Regions David Airey and King Chong
Climate, environments and
experiences
26 Real Tourism
Edited by C. Michael Hall and
Practice, care, and politics in
Jarkko Saarinen
contemporary travel culture
17 Fieldwork in Tourism Edited by Claudio Minca and
Methods, issues and reflections Tim Oakes
Edited by C. Michael Hall
27 Last Chance Tourism
18 Tourism and India Adapting tourism opportunities in
A critical introduction a changing world
Kevin Hannam and Edited by
Anya Diekmann Raynald Harvey Lemelin,
Jackie Dawson and Emma Stewart
19 Political Economy of Tourism
A critical perspective 28 Tourism and Animal Ethics
Edited by Jan Mosedale David A. Fennell
29 Actor Network Theory and 38 Backpacker Tourism and
Tourism Economic Development
Ontologies, methodologies and Perspectives from the less
performances developed world
Edited by René van der Duim, Mark P. Hampton
Gunnar Thór Jóhannesson and
Carina Ren 39 Peace Through Tourism
Promoting human security through
30 Liminal Landscapes international citizenship
Travel, experience and spaces in- Edited by Lynda-ann Blanchard
between and Freya Higgins-Desbiolles
Edited by Hazel Andrews and
Les Roberts 40 Scuba Diving Tourism
Edited by Kay Dimmcock and
31 Tourism in Brazil Ghazali Musa
Environment, management and
segments 41 Contested Spatialities Lifestyle
Edited by Gui Lohmann and Migration and Residential
Dianne Dredge Tourism
Michael Janoschka and
32 Slum Tourism Heiko Haas
Edited by Fabian Frenzel,
Malte Steinbrink and Ko Koens 42 Contemporary Issues in
Cultural Heritage Tourism
Edited by Jamie Kaminski,
33 Medical Tourism
Angela M. Benson and
Edited by C. Michael Hall
David Arnold
34 Tourism and War 43 Understanding and Governing

Edited by Richard Butler and Sustainable Tourism
Wantanee Suntikul Edited by Scott Cohen,
James Higham, Paul Peeters and
35 Sexuality, Women and Stefan Gossling
Tourism
Cross border desires through 44 Green Growth and Travelism
contemporary travel Concept, policy and practice for
Susan Frohlick sustainable tourism
Edited by Terry DeLacy, Mi Jiang,
36 Adventure Tourism Geoffrey Lipman and
Steve Taylor, Peter Varley and Shaun Vorster
Tony Johnson
45 Tourism, Religion and
37 Dark Tourism and Place Pilgrimage in Jerusalem
Identity Kobi Cohen-Hattab and
Elspeth Frew and Leanne White Noam Shoval
46 Trust, Tourism Development 48 Tourism in Pacific Islands
and Planning Current issues and future
Edited by Robin Nunkoo and challenges
Stephen L.J. Smith Edited by Stephen Pratt and
David Harrison
47 A Hospitable World?
Organising work and workers in 49 Social Memory and Heritage
hotels and tourist resorts Tourism Methodologies
Edited by David Jordhus-Lier and Edited by Stephen P. Hanna,
Anders Underthun Amy E. Potter,
E. Arnold Modlin, Jr.,
Perry Carter, and David L. Butler
Forthcoming:
Imagining the West through Film Tourism and Development in Sub-

and Tourism Sahara Africa
Marcus Stephenson Marina Novelli
and Ala Al- Hamarneh
Mountaineering Tourism
Affective Tourism Edited by Ghazali Musa,
Dark Routes in Conflict Anna Thompson and James Higham
Dorina Maria Buda
Research Volunteer Tourism
Volunteer Tourism and Angela M. Benson
Development
Jim Butcher and Peter Smith Tourism and the Anthropocene
Edited by Martin Gren and
The Business of Sustainable Edward H. Huijbens
Tourism
Edited by Michael Hughes, Women and Sex Tourism
David Weaver and Christof Pforr Landscapes
Erin Sanders-McDonagh
International Tourism and
Cooperation and the Gulf The Politics and Power of Tourism
Cooperation Council States in the ‘Holy Land’
Warwick Frost and Jennifer Laing Edited by Rami K. Isaac,
Freya Higgins-Desbiolles and
Scientific and Research Tourism C. Michael Hall
Edited by Susan L. Slocum, Carol
Kline and Andrew Holden
Social Memory and Heritage
Tourism Methodologies
Edited by
Stephen P. Hanna, Amy E. Potter,
E. Arnold Modlin, Jr., Perry Carter, and
David L. Butler
First published 2015
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 Stephen P. Hanna, Amy E. Potter, E. Arnold Modlin, Jr.,
Perry Carter, and David L. Butler
The right of Stephen P. Hanna, Amy E. Potter, E. Arnold Modlin, Jr.,
Perry Carter, and David L. Butler to be identified as the authors of this
work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ISBN: 978-0-415-74538-3 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-79791-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Contents
List of figures xi
List of tables xiv
Notes on contributors xv
Introduction 1
AMY E. POTTER AND E. ARNOLD MODLIN, JR.
PART I
Digital sources and methods 13
1 “Don’t forget”: social memory in travel blogs from Mostar,

Bosnia and Herzegovina 15
VELVET NELSON
2 Webwashing the tourism plantation: using historic websites

to view changes in the representation of slavery at tourism
plantations 31
CANDACE FORBES BRIGHT AND DAVID L. BUTLER
3 Virtual ethnography: placing emotional geographies via

YouTube 48
PERRY CARTER
PART II
Participatory approaches 69
4 Historic landscapes as cooperative animation: exploring

networks of memory with photographic methods 71
RONALD L. SCHUMANN III
x Contents
5 Is this how you pictured it? Using photo elicitation as a
methodological tool 92
STEFANIE BENJAMIN
6 The commons as a tourist commodity: mapping memories

and changing sense of place on the island of Barbuda 109
AMY E. POTTER
7 Participatory methodologies in social memory: visualizing

life histories for the right to the city in Bogotá, Colombia 129
AMY E. RITTERBUSCH
PART III
New takes on familiar methods 151
8 Musicscapes of heritage and memory: researching the

musical construction of place 153
JOHN C. FINN
9 A market or “a relic of barbarism?” Toward a more

inclusive analysis of social memory on postcards 170
E. ARNOLD MODLIN, JR.
10 Seeing the past in the present through archives and the

landscape 189
CHRIS W. POST
11 Reading the commemorative landscape with a qualitative

GIS 210
STEPHEN P. HANNA AND E. FARISS HODDER
Epilogue 231
DEREK H. ALDERMAN
Index 238
Figures
I.1 Visitors wait in long lines in Amsterdam to tour the Anne

Frank House 3
1.1 Number of blog entries dedicated to Stari Most per year 21
2.1 Internet archival method steps 36
2.2 Wayback Machine™ statistics and date bar 39
2.3 Dates crawled, Magnolia Plantation, August 2005 39
2.4 Times crawled, Magnolia Plantation, August 16, 2005 40
2.5 Survey Monkey© basic information data analysis page 42
2.6 Survey Monkey© content analysis page for 1998 version of
plantation website 43
2.7 Change in percent of web pages addressing slavery 45
2.8 Change in web page emphasis on slavery 46
3.1 The three most visited West African slave castles 50
3.2 Cape Coast Castle 52
3.3 The memorial alter in the dungeons of Cape Coast 58
3.4 Plaque at the entrance to the male dungeon 59
4.1 Cooperative animation framework 73
4.2 Photo elicitation focused on subject matter, visual
composition, perspective, and explanation: (a) layered
photograph on Destrehan grounds, Eileen; (b) front window at
Destrehan, Eileen; (c) Rosedale’s façade, Rachel 83
4.3 The go-along photo tour emphasized visualization and
vocalization of thoughts, spontaneity, and imagination:
(a) statue of planter’s daughter, Kathy; (b) statue of enslaved
cook, Kathy; (c) the Mississippi River and levee, Kathy 85
4.4 In photo documentation, the researcher-directed shooting
script was divorced from participant insights: (a) animated site
in front of slave cabins, based on Pete’s tour; (b) sign for
slavery discussion in the cabins; (c) cooper’s shop 86
5.1 Wheeler Hill, downtown Black neighborhood, valued by Jeff.
Affected by 1960s urban renewal as part of the “Keep
Columbia Beautiful-Fight Blight” program that paved the way
for redevelopment 101
xii Figures
5.2 Present-day University of South Carolina campus. Result of
urban renewal during the 1950s through 1970s 101
5.3 South Carolina State Capitol, valued by Jon 102
5.4 South Carolina State Capitol, valued by Kate 103
5.5 Nature-themed photograph of a park, valued by jon 103
5.6 Nature-themed photograph of a river, valued by kate 104
5.7 Remaining building of Booker T. Washington High School,
one of Columbia’s first all-black public schools, valued by
Jeff. The rest of the school was demolished to make room for
the University of South Carolina. Alumni fought to preserve
the auditorium as an African-American landmark 105
6.1 Map of Barbuda 111
6.2 Example of a free-recall sketch map 114
6.3 Example of a base map 115
7.1 Spatial questionnaire 136
7.2 Photograph of the San Victorino Plaza or La Mariposa 139
7.3 Multiple meanings of La Mariposa 140
7.4 Intersection of urban renewal projects and excluded youth’s
central and work spaces 141
7.5 San Bernardo neighborhood or El Samber 143
7.6 Planning image for Transmilenio Phase III 145
7.7 Planning image for the San Victorino International Commerce
Center 146
9.1 Front of postcard mailed in April 1907 176
9.2 Front of postcard mailed in January 1904 178
9.3 Front of postcard mailed in January 1909 179
9.5 Unused postcard from the 1940s 181
10.1 The Soldiers’ Memorial at the Baxter Springs National Plot 191
10.2 Map of memorial landscapes in Baxter Springs, Kansas 192
10.3 Granite boulder and plaque donated by the Baxter Springs’
chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution to
memorialize the Baxter Springs massacre. The monument sits
on the grounds of the city library 200
10.4 Replica of Fort Blair: (a) surrounding fence and earthen
embankment; (b) pair of granite tablets telling the story of the
massacre and battle. Fort and shelter were built to gain
inclusion on the Civil War Discovery Trail in 2000 201
10.5 KSHS roadside marker placed in 1941 202
10.6 The U.S. Department of the Interior marker in Baxter Springs.
Whereas its twin in Osawatomie stands in a well-maintained
park, this one sits in roadside obscurity 203
11.1 Visitability scores of historical markers in Fredericksburg,
Virginia 220
Figures xiii
11.2 Historical markers visible along “A Slave’s World” podcast
tour 222
11.3 Slavery and emancipation markers: (a) Fredericksburg’s “Old
Slave Block”; (b) Emancipation Proclamation Statue; (c) “The
Courthouse” wayside panel 226
Tables
1.1 Distribution of known bloggers’ nationalities 22

1.2 Distribution of blog authorship 22
2.1 Software types used in case study 35
4.1 Follow-up interview schedules used during photo
documentation and photo elicitation and go-along methods 80
4.2 Procedures tested with each guide for guide–landscape
interaction 81
6.1 Breakdown of age groups based on gender 117
6.2 Frequent locations included on map 118
6.3 Frigate bird annual visitors 119
9.1 Postcard periods 177
11.1 Defining GIS terms 217
11.2 Codes derived from historical marker content 218
11.3 Results of visitability analysis 221
11.4 Results of content analysis 223
Contributors
Derek H. Alderman is Professor and Head, Department of Geography, Univer-

sity of Tennessee.
Stefanie Benjamin is a Ph.D. candidate, College of Education, University of
South Carolina.
Candace Forbes Bright is a Research Associate, Department of Political
Science, International Development, and International Affairs, The University
of Southern Mississippi.
David L. Butler is Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, Inter-
national Development, and International Affairs, The University of Southern
Mississippi.
Perry Carter is Associate Professor, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech
University.
John C. Finn is Assistant Professor of Geography, Department of Sociology,
Social Work, and Anthropology, Christopher Newport University.
Stephen P. Hanna is Professor, Department of Geography, University of Mary
Washington.
E. Fariss Hodder (BA, Geography, 2013, University of Mary Washington) is
an independent scholar, Alexandria, Virginia.
E. Arnold Modlin, Jr. is an Instructor of Geography, Department of history,
Norfolk State University
Velvet Nelson is Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Geology,
Sam Houston State University.
Chris W. Post is Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Kent State
University.
Amy E. Potter is Assistant Professor of Geography, Department of History,
Armstrong State University.
xvi Contributors
Amy E. Ritterbusch is Assistant Professor, Alberto Lleras Camargo School of
Government, Universidad de los Andes.
Ronald L. Schumann III is a Ph.D. candidate, Department of Geography, Uni-
versity of South Carolina.
Introduction
Amy E. Potter and E. Arnold Modlin, Jr.
The examination of social memory and heritage tourism has grown considerably
over the past few decades (see for example Bajc, 2006) as scholars have criti-
cally (re)queried the relationships between past memories and present actions at
multiple scales. Methodological innovation and reflection have accompanied
theoretical advances as researchers strive to understand representations, experi-
ences, thoughts, emotions, and identities of various actors involved in the repro-
duction of social memory and heritage landscapes (DeLyser, 2004; Hoelscher
and Alderman, 2004). This has led to the unearthing of new data sources and the
application of new methods – including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
method approaches – for analyzing the process and politics of remembering and
touring the past through place.
This book is a reflection of this exciting moment of innovation in social
memory and heritage tourism research. Designed for scholars in the social sci-
ences and humanities, this volume prepares researchers to investigate the repro-
duction of social memory and heritage tourism practices and representations.
Building upon theoretical developments concerning social memory’s connec-
tions to representation, emotion, thought, and identity, the contributors consider
research methods that examine memory as a set of dynamic social practices.
They do this through modifying existing methods, developing new ones, and
exploring new data sources. In each chapter, the authors introduce, explain, and
critically discuss the methods and data they use through an in-depth case study.
In most methodology texts, there is a tendency to abstract methods from actual
research – the only exceptions being brief examples drawn from the authors’
own experiences using a particular methodology. We feel the approach put forth
in this volume allows readers to better envision what they may face when enter-
ing the field or interpreting their data.
In the pages that follow, we will provide an overview of broad themes in
social memory and heritage research. This review of some key concepts is inten-
tionally brief as the focus of this work centers on methods and methodology. But
before proceeding with the chapters themselves, we pause and elaborate a few
foundational points concerning memory and remembering.
While this book’s case studies interrogate memory and heritage tourism in a
variety of ways, the editors and authors agree that all memory is social. Even the
2 A. E. Potter and E. A. Modlin, Jr
memories that we view as personal are framed though our interactions with
others. Within research on social memory, there is a strong focus on the devel-
opment, maintenance, and contestation of memories that are shared by social/
cultural collectives (Antze and Lambek, 1996; Hodgkin and Radstone, 2006;
Lowenthal, 1979). While social memory implies a knowledge base that exists
above the individual and is associated with a specific group, it is through acts by
individuals that such memories persevere (Halbwachs, 1980: 48; Fentress and
Wickham, 1992; Hobsbawm and Ranger, 1983; Thelen, 1989: 1127; Shields,
2004: 9).
Memory is also strongly tied to identity. What we remember and how we
remember connects us to groups. Part of this comes from sharing a set of experi-
ences with others and part of this is a result of socialization. Along this latter line
of thought, Fentress and Wickham (1992: 7) argue, “When we remember, we
represent ourselves to ourselves and to those around us.” Yet, how we identify
ourselves when we remember the past is not a straight line from individual to a
single social identity. Each person can identify with multiple groups and this
challenges simple notions of how a person remembers the past. Some research-
ers note that while an individual might identify strongly with a particular social
group, they often have multiple, conflicting narratives about the past (Smith,
2004; Swedenburg, 1995; Gramsci, 1971; Coser, 1992). Indeed, it is often
through studying the “working out” of these competing memories and narratives
– the dominant, even hegemonic, memories versus shared memories of subaltern
groups and personal memory – that insights on the social nature of memory
come forth (for a few examples see Hangman, 2012; Stoler and Strassler, 2000;
McPherson, 2003).
This conception points to the subjective nature of memory, which is the
social space for most of the case studies in this edited work (Harvey, 2001).
While issues of memory justice – who is worth remembering, whose memories
matter – are concerns for many scholars, the focus across this volume centers
on how to collect and analyze data on the ways people remember the past and
how memories of the past are often present and future oriented (Fentress and
Wickham, 1992). This does not mean that remembered details are changed at
random by social groups – though this can occur – or that history should be
seen as a series of disconnected instants useful only for the present moment.
Indeed, such a view runs counter to the vision of most of the authors in this
work, who see memory as both unifying and dividing social groups not only in
the present, but also across time (see Coser, 1992 on Halbwachs, 1980). This
struggle over memory within social groups ultimately leads to discussions of
heritage where the certain aspects of the past are explicitly linked to collective
identity.
The word “heritage” is quite messy (Harvey, 2001; Larkham, 1985; Johnson
and Thomas, 1995) and Cohen and Cohen correctly observe that heritage as an
academic concept has “fuzzy semantic boundaries” (2012: 218). It is at these
boundaries that the work of many of the researchers in this volume resides. We see
heritage as a form of social memory that explicitly draws identification through
Introduction 3
concepts of ownership, but not necessarily always through commodification, of the
past. Heritage also instructs members of a heritage group (even those outside that
group) that a specific past should not be forgotten.
For example, the Holocaust becomes for some social groups, such as many
contemporary Jews, a period not only of deep loss and sorrow, but also a series
of events that need to be remembered vividly so that it need never be repeated
(Lee, 2006; compare Foxman, 2004). The memory, however, as Gross (2006:
77) argues has moved beyond Jews to “visitor demographics [that] cut across
these traditional markers of identity.” This is evidenced by the diversity and
large number of tourists who wait in line for hours to tour the Anne Frank House
in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) (see Figure I.1). Gross writes:
Remembering the Holocaust is a general trend, one that has become more
important, and more ritualistic, as the generation of survivors and witnesses
– those with first-hand memories – ages and passes away. . . . The structure
of this kind of pilgrimage is not only transnational but fundamentally non-
doctrinal. . . . What we experience at sites of Holocaust commemoration is
not so much a confirmation of religious belief. . . . Rather, memory itself has
become the ritual, open to virtually anyone who experiences the sites.
(2006: 77–78)
Through various memory acts and processes, this past is remembered not only
by Jews but by others as instructional devices for the present and future. Indeed,
Figure I.1 Visitors wait in long lines in Amsterdam to tour the Anne Frank House (photo
© Amy E. Potter).
how a past is remembered can change across generations with memories of the
past only remaining strong where this memory is socially relevant to the group
in the present (Eyeman, 2001).
Heritage tourism is also a commodification of the past. While making the
argument that a particular past makes a social group unique, heritage tourism
marketing advocates a particular value of that past, which is often sold to others
outside of that particular group for consumption. For example, marketing mater-
ials for many heritage sites stress the uniqueness and importance of these sites.
The implication is that the loss of such places is a loss not just for the heritage
group who draws partial identity from such places, but rather a larger cultural
loss. The argument can be made that heritage tourism can both protect and
endanger elements of culture (see, for example, National Trust of Historic Pres-
ervation, 2014; Gringo Trails, 2013; Bunten, 2008; Edson, 2004; Timothy and
Prideaux, 2004; Li et al., 2008).
While discussing the semantics of social memory and heritage tourism is
important, this volume instead seeks to draw attention primarily to methods of
research in these areas. Different disciplines have unique histories with regards
to frank discussions of how research is conducted. In human geography, for
example, qualitative research gained equal acceptance in relation to quantitative
methods in geographic research in the 1990s. As a result, geographers began to
write about their experience teaching qualitative methods courses to graduate
students (Lee, 1992; Lowe, 1992; Sidaway, 1992; Crang 2002; DeLyser 2008)
and publish books/journal articles centered on qualitative methods (while too
numerous to list all works, see for example Crang and Cook 2007; Clifford et
al., 2010; DeLyser et al., 2010; Hay, 2010). What followed were seminal meth-
odological contributions to geographic research.
One such example was the series of 56 essays entitled “Doing Fieldwork”
published in the Geographical Review (DeLyser and Starrs, 2001) that sought to
demystify and unpack the variety of practices involved in conducting fieldwork
in Geography. It is in this compilation that we see one such scholarly nod par-
ticularly to methods relating to memory and tourism, which we are building
upon here. DeLyser, known for her research centered on California (USA), land-
scape, tourism, and memory, focused her piece on her “insider” status in the field
as a staff member at Bodie State Historic Park. As she proceeded to address her
research questions through fieldwork, she realized that as an “insider” she too
was an active participant in the creation of the Bodie landscape. She writes in
reflection of this:
As a researcher I was interested in how visitors and staff understood Bodie’s

past and made room for it in their present, in how they made meaning in and
from the landscape. But as a staff member and part of the Bodie community,
I myself was part of that process. An important aspect of my work became
understanding how I was a part of my own research and negotiating the
challenges that being an “insider” presented.
(DeLyser, 2001: 441)
Introduction 5
As many of the chapters in this volume also attest, the relationship of researcher
to those we research with continues to be central to methodologies used in social
memory and heritage tourism research. That particular collection of essays
(DeLyser and Starrs, 2001) and other developments (Goodson and Phillimore,
2004; Hall, 2010; Sharpley, 2011; Botterill and Platenkamp, 2012; Rakić and
Chambers, 2012) provide pivotal signposts for scholars interested in themes of
tourism and/or memory as they work through the complexities of their own
methodological choices. Building on these works, this focused volume is an
accessible place where scholars who want to work in memory and tourism can
learn about methods.
This edited book originates out of a series of presentations at the 2013 Annual
Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Los Angeles organized
by David Butler and Derek Alderman. Following that meeting, we invited other
scholars who expanded the methodological, regional, and topical range of the
volume and sought additional scholarship centered on the themes of heritage
tourism and memory. While the editors and authors are primarily geographers,
they draw from and contribute to methods and theories employed in sociology,
anthropology, tourism studies, museum studies, and other disciplines in the
humanities and social sciences.
The contributing authors range in status from senior scholars to advanced
graduate students and their chapters emerge from projects in various stages of
development. Some authors are grappling with methods to address their larger
dissertation questions while others have been engaged in decadal long research
on their specific topic. Each chapter also highlights research from a variety of
geographic locations: the United States, the Caribbean, Latin America, Sub-
Saharan Africa and Europe.
The methodologies and data sources advanced in this volume emerge from
and are adapted to the questions asked and theoretical frameworks employed by
the authors. As geographers, the contributors tend to focus on the production,
practice, and representation of memory in and through place and landscape. For
some of the authors (Benjamin, Hanna and Hodder, Post) the reproduction of
memory in the landscape is both material and literal. Their methods are intended
to examine how specific narratives of the past are inscribed into the landscape
through the creation of monuments and other historical markers and how these
landscapes are valued by residents and/or tourists. For other authors (Carter,
Finn, Modlin, Potter, Ritterbusch, Schumann) the past is not quite so material.
Their chosen methods allow them to consider how people experience landscapes
and understand their meanings. While many of the chapters focus on the people
in these places, some of our authors survey types of representation involved in
heritage tourism (Bright and Butler, Nelson).
In the pages that follow, authors will lead readers through the various meth-
odologies by presenting them in the context of the case study rather than simply
outlining how to work with a new data source or how to conduct an analysis
within a particular methodological framework. The resulting volume showcases
innovative research in social memory and heritage tourism and provides readers
with insights into how they can successfully conduct their own research while
avoiding common pitfalls. Many of these chapters also illustrate the influence of
the major currents that have unfolded within tourism research in the last few
decades: performance, the gaze, the mobilities paradigm, actor–network theory
(ANT), emotion, and more than representational approaches (Cohen and Cohen,
2012).
The chapters in this volume fit predominantly into one of three major themes.
Part I explores digital methods, essentially taking a closer look at the variety of
ways we can utilize online data when looking at heritage tourism and social
memory. Part II focuses on participatory field methods, particularly how scholars
can actively engage those we research with to get at more nuanced understand-
ings of the complex subject matter we are studying. The third and final part
centers on how our authors have repurposed more familiar or “traditional
methods,” such as interviews, archival work, content analysis, and mixed
methods approaches, in new and exciting ways.
As previously mentioned, our authors in Part I demonstrate through their case
studies how, in many different ways, the Internet has enhanced and provided
new opportunities and ways to do research. In the volume’s opening chapter,
Velvet Nelson illustrates how tourists’ online travel blogs are increasingly
viewed as rich narratives of experiences that may be unobtrusively obtained and
are unaffected by the research process. She utilizes narrative analysis to examine
the stories foreign tourists tell about their experiences at the reconstructed Stari
Most, a popular heritage tourism attraction in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
While the site features a piece of the destroyed bridge that urges visitors “Don’t
Forget,” Nelson shows that tourists’ reproduction of social memory in travel
blog narratives is conflicted, as tourists seek to assign blame and reconcile their
experiences in Bosnia and Herzegovina with media representations of the war.
Candace Forbes Bright and David L. Butler elaborate on how to capture
the transformation of websites as they are developed and changed through time.
Using the Wayback Machine™, their research examines archived historical web-
sites of plantation tourism sites. By capturing and measuring the change in the
representation of the enslaved at these museums over time, it is possible to see
the evolution of the value of the enslaved as these sites and as part of the overall
narrative and marketing. Utilizing this method to systematically explore an Inter-
net archive, their case study reveals a change in narrative pattern over a decade
with shifting emphasis on the places of the enslaved within the site.
Perry Carter explores the concept of virtual ethnographies using YouTube
videos of African-American visitors to Cape Coast slave castles in Ghana. It is
at these traumatic sites that emotional geographies, racial identity construction,
and a sense of the sacred converge. The videos include disquieting scenes of
grief and rage as slave castle visitors give testimony and display to the pain that
their forebears’ abduction from Africa has wrought in their lives. This chapter
argues that visual and spoken narratives emanating from these videos can be
used to understand the motivation behind both their creation and the decision to
share them online. More importantly, Carter also examines how this data source
Introduction 7
can help us understand the anger and anguish, remembrance and re-membering
(making whole) that occurs in and through such traumatic and sacred sites.
While Carter focuses on online ethnography, Part II explores a number of
approaches under the theme of participatory field methods. Tourism-related
research often focuses on the “tourist experience,” however, many of the
methods proposed in this section help us to better understand a local or insider
perspective – essentially memory in the throes of economic change or challenged
by development initiatives driven by the state or other more powerful actors.
Utilizing actor–network theory and emphasizing the visible, Ronald L. Schu-
mann III presents methods scholars can use to understand how historic inter-
preters, visitors, and restored landscapes together animate, or bring to life,
plantation museums in the U.S. South. Arguing that the visual is central to this
process, he compares and assesses three different photographic methods (photo
documentation, photo elicitation, and go-along photo tours). When interpreting
these data, Schumann demonstrates the utility of viewing plantation landscapes
as a cooperative, but tension-filled, animation process when exploring how
memory is reproduced at such sites.
Stefanie Benjamin elaborates on the use of volunteer photography for her
larger dissertation project. Focusing on Columbia, South Carolina (USA), Ben-
jamin employs the volunteer photography method to investigate how residents
value local heritage sites. Once residents took photos of what they valued in the
commemorative landscape, the researcher – working alongside the resident –
then collaboratively analyzed and discussed how the resulting images elicit emo-
tions about the photographed landscapes. Through the use of the method,
Benjamin both outlines how volunteer photography can be employed and argues
that residents, much like tourists, also draw upon meanings and base identities
from heritage tourism landscapes in their own communities.
The final two chapters in this section again return to a focus on residents
rather than the tourists themselves. Amy E. Potter advocates the use of qual-
itative mental mapping as a way to get at tourism hosts’ complex relationships
with both their homeland and home’s emerging tourism economy and commodi-
fication. Her study is based on fieldwork conducted on the island of Barbuda in
the Lesser Antilles Caribbean. The use of mental-mapping exercises followed by
semi-structured interviews was especially effective in providing an “insider”
look at tourism and drew particular attention to the inhabitants’ own “tourist
gaze” as well as memories of their island home as the island’s economy has
shifted from largely subsistence activities to tourism.
Amy E. Ritterbusch argues for the use of participatory and visual methodol-
ogies for collecting qualitative data on the social- and place-based memories of
excluded youth in the Global South. Drawing from recent geo-ethnographic
research and employing a participatory approach to knowledge construction, Rit-
terbusch juxtaposes the official representation of urban renewal projects in
Bogotá, Columbia, with excluded youth’s geo-narratives of urban change
expressed through different data forms including auto-photography, interview
and participatory writing workshop text, and cartographic representations.
Throughout her case study she draws attention to the ethics of working with
these vulnerable populations.
In the final part, “New Takes on Familiar Methods,” several of our authors
apply innovative lenses to established methods. John C. Finn compares and
contrasts traditional ethnographic methodologies used in music research, and
outlines new methodological possibilities for research on the role of music in
society broadly, and in heritage tourism research in particular. He expands on
these theoretical and methodological considerations with three brief case studies
based on fieldwork in both Cuba and Brazil. Each case highlights how traditional
interviews and more affective methods (aural) can be designed or adapted for the
sound world. In both cases, Finn focuses on producers of music, consumers of
music, and the researcher’s own role as an observer/auditory sensor of musics-
capes of heritage and memory.
Arnold E. Modlin Jr. discusses how postcards from the early decades of the
twentieth century can be used to examine the changing meaning of heritage
tourism landscapes – specifically the slave market in St. Augustine, Florida
(USA). While scholars have used this data source before, Modlin extends this
literature in two ways. First, he describes how shopping websites, such as eBay,
can be used to acquire postcards. Second, Modlin argues that the messages
written by tourists and the audience of postcard recipients should be considered
together with postcard images and captions – a practice that has rarely been
done. Seen in this way, postcards can be understood as part of a larger conversa-
tion attempting to define and redefine heritage sites.
Chris W. Post utilizes archival analysis to research the geographies of
memory and heritage. His chapter assesses various types of archives and their
role in holistically analyzing commemorated landscapes. His approach is cen-
tered on the Kansas town of Baxter Springs (USA) and its commemoration of
Civil War-era violence. Drawing attention first to the more traditional archives
he then argues that the commemorative landscape itself is an archive and that
interpreting this repository of information, in the presence of data gleaned from
traditional archives, leads to a more comprehensive understanding of our
commemorative places.
The concluding chapter by Stephen P. Hanna and E. Fariss Hodder
explores how content and discourse analysis can be performed within a qual-
itative GIS. Using the presence and absence of slavery and emancipation in the
commemorative landscape of Fredericksburg, Virginia (USA), as a case study,
they describe the process of building a qualitative GIS containing the locations,
texts, and images present on monuments, plaques, and other historical markers
in the city. They then demonstrate how the spatial analytic tools of GIS ensure
that the locational information of qualitative data is preserved and utilized during
data analysis. More specifically, Hanna and Hodder measure the centrality and
marginality of markers commemorating slavery and emancipation before utiliz-
ing content and discourse analysis to critically examine the contents of these
markers. Ultimately, the authors illustrate how the spatial interactions of these
landscape texts with each other as well as with historically themed tours, heritage
Introduction 9
tourism attractions, and the town’s retail district can determine whether a nar-
rative is central or marginal.
The book closes with an epilogue written by Derek H. Alderman summariz-
ing many of the common themes that cross the bounds of multiple chapters in
this work, while also offering suggestions for future methodological advances.
He observes that researchers who focus on either social memory or heritage
tourism studies have quite a bit they can offer to one another. He anticipates this
volume to be an early work of an emerging literature pulling from these two
complementary fields.
While we have organized the book’s chapters into three primary themes: digital,
field methods, and new takes on familiar methods, this organizational structure
only captures a small portion of thematic overlay and connections within the pages
of this volume. Two quick examples provide evidence for this point. Both Nelson
(Chapter 1) and Hanna and Hodder (Chapter 11) use basic quantitative content
analysis as starting points for more qualitative approaches to interpreting their
respective texts. And Finn (Chapter 8) and Carter (Chapter 3) address how dif-
ferent ethnographic methods can be utilized to examine the connections between
emotion and memory. Since many such connections can be found within this book,
we invite readers to explore multiple chapters as they ascertain how to apply
methods and perhaps even the larger case study themes to their own research.
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Introduction
Antze, P. and Lambek, M. (eds.) (1996) Tense Past: Cultural Essays in Trauma and Memory,
New York: Routledge.
Bajc, V. (2006) “Collective Memory and Tourism: Globalizing Transmission through Localized
Experience,” Journeys: The International Journal of Travel and Travel Writing, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.
1–14.
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Social Memory and Heritage Tourism

Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility aims to address

1 The Moralisation of Tourism 4 Qualitative Research in Tourism

Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and

1 Living with Tourism 6 Tourism, Power and Space

34 Tourism and War 43 Understanding and Governing

Imagining the West through Film Tourism and Development in Sub-

ISBN: 978-0-415-74538-3 (hbk)

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2 Webwashing the tourism plantation: using historic websites

3 Virtual ethnography: placing emotional geographies via

4 Historic landscapes as cooperative animation: exploring

6 The commons as a tourist commodity: mapping memories

7 Participatory methodologies in social memory: visualizing

8 Musicscapes of heritage and memory: researching the

9 A market or “a relic of barbarism?” Toward a more

10 Seeing the past in the present through archives and the

11 Reading the commemorative landscape with a qualitative

I.1 Visitors wait in long lines in Amsterdam to tour the Anne

1.1 Distribution of known bloggers’ nationalities 22

Derek H. Alderman is Professor and Head, Department of Geography, Univer-

As a researcher I was interested in how visitors and staff understood Bodie’s

Webwashing the tourism plantation

Historic landscapes as cooperative animation

Is this how you pictured it?

The commons as a tourist commodity

Participatory methodologies in social memory

Musicscapes of heritage and memory

A market or “a relic of barbarism?”

Reading the commemorative landscape with a qualitative GIS

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