Anatomy & Physiology

Topic: Cardiovascular system

Prepared by: Ma. Rosario Menez-Quejado,RMT, MA Ed.

HEART
size: persons fist
apex: 5th intercostal space
base: 2nd ribs
coverings: 1. fibrous pericardium- outer
2. serrous pericardium-
a. parietal pereicardium- pericardial space
b. visceral pericardium
layer: 1. epicardium
2. myocardium
3. endocardium

chambers: 1. Two atrium

2. Two ventricles

valves: 1. AV valves
a. bicuspid
b. tricuspid
chorda tendinae- anchors the cusps of tricuspid and bicuspid to the wall of ventricular chambers.
2. Semilunar valve
a. aortic
b. pulmonary
AV valves- open during heart action and relaxation
close during heart contraction.
Semilunar valve- close during heart relaxation
open during heart contraction
heart pushes 6 quarts or so of blood through blood vessels over 1000 times, this means that there is
6000 quarts per day.

Conduction System of the heart

1. SA node- right atrium , pacemaker of the heart
2. Av node- junction of atria and ventricles
3. AV bundle (bundle of His)
4. right and left bundle branch
5. purkinjie fibers

ECG- clinical procedure for mapping the electrical activity of the heart.

P- atrial depolarizationm
QRS- ventricular depolarization
T- ventricular repolarization

Cardiac Cycle- events of one heart beat.

- .8 second
- 3 periods of cardiac cycle;
1. Mid to Late Diastole
- complete relaxation
- low heart pressure
- semilunar valve close
- AV- valve open
2. Ventricular systole
 - increase pressure in ventricles
- semilunar valve forced to open
- close AV valve
3. Early Diastole
- relax ventricles
- semilunar valve close
- increase intraventricular pressure
- AV valve force to open

Murmur- abnormal heart sound

- indicate valve problem:
a. not close tightly
b. narrow valves.
Stroke Volume
- volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heart beat.
- increase stroke volume will increase ventricle's contraction
- 70 ml/ beat ( 2 ounces/ beat )

Cardiac Output
- amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart ventricles in
one minute.
CO= (SV) (HR)
normal cardiac output= 5,250 ml.
Heart Sounds
1. Lub
- close AV valve
- longer and louder
2. Dub
- semilunar valve close
- short and sharp
increase stretch- increase contraction
Factors that change venous return: Physical Factors:
1. stroke volume, Heart rate 1. Age
2. ANS 2. gender F-72-80beats/min.
3. chemicals M-64-72 beats/ min.
4. hormones 3. exercises
5. ions (Na, K, Ca ) 4. temperature
Normal blood volume = 5000 ml/ min.

Pulse
- alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that is created by the beat of
the left ventricles
Pulse Rate
- pressure surge per min.
Heart rate
- beats per minute
Pulse rate average= 70-76/ min. in resting person.
influence by:
a. activity
b. postural changes
c. emotion.
Blood Pressure
- pressure with in the large systemic arteries near the heart.
Two arterial BP measurements:
 1. Systolic= contraction
2. Diastolic= relaxation
Factors influencing BP:
1. Cardiac output
2. Peripheral resistance

Peripheral resistance- amount of friction encountered by the blood as it flows

through blood vessels.
Factors Influencing peripheral resistance:
1. SNS 6. exercise
2. Increase viscosity 7. body position
3. age 8. emotional state
4. weight 9. drugs
5. time of day

Hemorrhages/ stand up suddenly Renal Factor (KIDNEY)

symphatetic center in medulla increase BP

activated kidney allow more water to leave the body

(urine)
vasoconstriction
increase BP decrease BP

Decrease BP

Release Renin

produce Angiotensin II

Adrenal Cortex

(vasoconstrictor}
Release Aldosterone

Reabsorption of sodium ions by kidney

sodium ion moves in blood

water follows

increase BP

Brain blood supply:

1. Internal carotid artery Special circulation
a. Ant. Cerebral artery 1. circle of Willis
b. Middle cerebral artery 2. Hepatic Portal Circulation
2. vertebral Artery - drains the digestive,
a. Basilar artery spleen and pancreas.
3. Posterior cerebral artery deliver the blood to the
3. Fetal Circulation
umbilical cord blood vessel
1 large umbilical vein= oxygen
2 small umbilical artery=carbon dioxide
Temperature effects on blood vessels
cold- vasoconstriction
hot- vasodilatation

Chemicals
epinephrine- increase heart rate and blood pressure
nicotine- increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction
alcohol/ histamine- vasodilatation decrease blood pressure

Capillary Exchange Process:

1, Blood Pressure- created by pumping of the heart, is the pressure of blood

against a vessels wall.
2. Diffusion- the movement of substance from the area of higher to the area of
lower concentration.
3. Osmotic pressure- force caused by a difference in solute concentration on
either side of a membrane

Arterial end of capillary

BP- outward force * since BP is increase than OP, water and
- 30 mm Hg other molecules exit the capillary at arterial end.
OP- inward force
- 21 mm Hg.
Venous End of Capillary
BP- 15 mm Hg. *since OP is increase than BP water twends to enter
OP- 21 mm Hg. a capillary at the venous end.

Lymphatic Capillaries
 near the blood capillaries, walls thin and many valves joins to form larger vessels that emerge into lymphatic ducts
and empty in cardiovascular vein with in thoracic cavity.
 contribute to homeostasis in several ways. One way to maintain normal blood volume and pressure by returning
excess fluid to the blood.

EDEMA- swelling that occurs when tissue fluid is not collected by the lymphatic capillaries, because of block lymphatic
vessels.