Biology test 5

Why do large organisms have a circulatory system?

They have a small SA:V ration, so they develop a circulatory system as diffusion
would have been too slow.

2 single cell organisms that don’t have a circulatory system:

1. Amoeba
2. Euglena

Single cell organisms:

 Do not have a circulatory system
 Obtain oxygen by diffusion due to large SA:V

2 types of circulatory systems in animals:

1. Single circulatory system: blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange
organ and then directly to the rest of the body.
2. Double circulatory system: blood is pumped from the heart to the gas
exchange organ, back to the heart, and then to the rest of the body.
Adv: this creates higher pressure for the blood to be pumped faster around the body.

 Arteries – Away from the heart

 Veins – back to the heart

Pulmonary circulation: (lungs)

Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart is circulated through the lungs
where it is oxygenated, and then returned to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

Systemic circulation: oxygenated blood is circulated through all other parts of the
body, where are downloads its oxygen. Deoxygenated blood, then returns to the
heart through the vena cava.

Vena cava: biggest vein – deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

Why is the double circulatory system more efficient than the single?
1. The heart pumps blood twice, so higher pressure – blood travel smoke with
you to the organs.
2. full supply of oxygen to the body since deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
never mix.
Human circulatory system:
1. heart
2. blood vessels (arteries, vein)
3. blood

ARTERIES VEINS
Carry blood from the heart to the Carry blood from organs back to the
organs heart
1. Elastic tissue – allows them to Less elastic – instead has semilunar
stretch, push blood along and valves to prevent blood backflow
maintain the high blood pressure
2. Muscular wall that helps the Thin layer of muscles
artery resisist, high blood
pressure
3. Small lumen – maintain high b.p Large lumen
4. Thick wall Thin wall

Why aren’t there no valves in the arteries?

Because there is a very high blood pressure that for blood is forced to flow only One
Direction.

All arteries, carry oxygenated blood except:

1. Pulmonary artery
2. Umbilical artery

All veins, carry deoxygenated blood except:

1. Pulmonary artery
2. Umbilical artery

Capillaries
They carry blood through the organs.

Adaptions:
1. Small – to fit between cells and allow materials to pass through their walls
easily
2. One cell thick – short diffusion distance
Ventricles (bottom): pump blood out – connected to the arteries.
Atria (top): receive blood – connected to the veins

1. Right ventricle pump blood to the lungs by pulmonary artery

2. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary vein
3. Flows down to left ventricle through bicuspid valve
4. Blood is there in pain through their semi lunar valve to the body by aorta
5. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium by the vena cava
6. And flows down to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

Valves

1. Semilunar:
Between ventricles and arteries.

2. Bicuspid:
Between left atrium and the left ventricle.

3. Tricuspid:
Between right atrium and right ventricle.

Right side -> deoxygenated

Left side -> oxygenated
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the one of the right ventricle?
Because the left ventricle pumps blood to the whole body, so it needs more muscle
to increase blood pressure.

When a chamber of the heart is contracting – systole. (pumps blood)

When a chamber of the heart is relaxing – diastole. (refills blood)

Heart adaptions to its functions:

1. Divided into a lift side on the right side by septum – oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood never mix
2. Valves – blood can only flow in one direction
3. Thin atria wall – can be stretched to receive blood
4. Walls of heart made of cardiac muscle
5. Coronary circulation

Coronary Heart Disease:

1. Artery is blocked
2. Less blood flow
3. Less oxygen and glucose
4. Less aerobic respiration/more anaerobic
5. Buildup of lactic acid
6. Enzymes denature
7. Heart-attack

Factors increasing coronary heart disease risk:

1. High blood pressure
2. Smoking – raises blood pressure and makes blood clots
3. Stress – raises blood pressure
4. Heredity

Effects of adrenaline:
1. Increase heart rate and blood flow to the muscles
2. Increase breathing rate
3. Blood diverted away from the intestines to the muscles
4. Make sound like a gentle glucose, so increase the sugar in the blood
5. Dilatates the pupil of the eye to become aware of the danger

Acceleration nerve: increases the heart rate

Deceleration nerve: decreases the heart rate
 Blood composition
Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a yellow liquid called
plasma.

Blood components can be separated by spinning:

RBCs more in number – settle to the bottom
WBCs less – form a white thin layer on top of the RBCs

Plasma:
90% water + hormones/urea/salts…
Carries dissolved neutrients

RBCs:
Transport oxygen

WBCs:
Phagocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens – spherical nucleus
Lymphocytes – produce antibodies – lobed nucleus

Platelets:
Cell fragments – blood clotting

How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function?
1. They contain haemoglobin – iron binds with oxygen to form
carboxyhaemoglobin
2. They do not have a nucleus – so more haemoglobin an be packed – more
oxygen
3. Very thin cell membranes – short diffusion distance
4. Biconcave shape – efficient exchange of oxygen in and out of the cell

Why do athletes train on mountains?

1. To produce more red blood cells
2. More oxygen
3. More respiration
4. More energy/ATP

Platelets – Role in blood clotting:

1. If the skinniest cat exposure to air, stimulate the platelets
2. To produce a chemical that causes this on the soluble plasma protein to change
into insoluble fibres of another protein fibrin
3. Fibrin forms a network across the wound, trapping the red blood cells (prevent
blood loss – microorganisms from entering)
 White Blood Cells

- Produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes

- Have nucleus but no haemoglobin
- Main role: protect body from diseases by producing phagocytes and
lymphocytes

Phagocytes:
- Function: make antibodies
 Pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses have chemical markers on the
surfaces which are recognized by the antibodies - antigens
 The antibodies stick to the surface of the antigen and destroy the pathogen.

Lymphocytes:
 Develop into memory cells

Primary immune response: production of antibodies.

Secondary immune response: memory lymphocytes reproduce antibodies faster and
more efficient, so that the pathogen can be quickly dealed with quickly.

Why do WBCs have a nucleus?

1. To produce antibodies
2. To multiply incase of infection
 Vaccines
Provides artificial immunity

- Vaccine carries the same antigens with the specific pathogen

- Lymphocytes recognize the antigens
- Produce memory cells
- If person gets the disease – has a secondary immune response

Past Paper Questions

Explain how the immune system protects most people from becoming ill with
listerioses:
1. WBCs kill the pathogen
2. Phagocytes
3. Engulf the pathogen and destroy it
4. Lymphocytes
5. Produce antibodies
6. That bind onto antigens
7. Or become memory cells for 2ndary immune response

What type of vessel is A:

- Aorta

What type of chamber is Y:

- atrium
Describe how the structure of a fish heart defers from that of a human heart:
1. No separation of left and right side
2. fewer Chambers
3. fewer valves

Explain the difference is the concentration of gases between fish and human:
1. Less oxygen in the fish heart
2. More CO2 in the fish heart
3. As in humans blood is oxygenated in the lungs

Explain why reducing the transport of oxygen to the heart muscle cells will make
them contract less efficiently and may kill these cells:
1. Less aerobic respiration
2. Less energy
3. More anaerobic respiration
4. Build up of lactic acid
5. Lowers pH
6. Enzymes denature

How are capillaries adapted to help improve heart function?

1. One cell thick
2. Short diffusion distance – faster
3. Permeable

Explain how the process of vaccination improves the growth of fish:

1. Dead/inactive/modified microorganism used
2. Antigens recognized by immune system
3. Production of memory cells
4. For second immune response/ faster production of antibodies

Explain how the white blood cell helps to prevent bacteria from causing disease:
1. Engulfs a pathogen by the process of phytosis
2. Releases digestive enzymes
3. To digest/breakdown the pathogen and kill it

Function of red blood cells/phagocytes/platelets/plasma:

1. Transport oxygen
2. engulf bacteria
3. Blood clotting
4. Transport vitamins and minerals

Describe the role of memory cells:

 1. Recognizes the antigen of the pathogen
2. Stimulate the secondary immune response
3. Antibodies produced faster and quicker
4. Therefore more antibodies produced

Describe how the structure of the aorta is adapted for its role:
1. Thick wall in small lumen
2. Muscular wall
3. Elastic tissue
4. Valves between the artery and the ventricle

Explain how the speed of blood flow in the land capillary affects gas exchange:
1. Blood flow is slower
2. To give more time for diffusion/gas exchange to take place

Suggest why athletes often live at high altitude before competing in Long distance
race:
1. More RBCs produced
2. More oxygen transported
3. More aerobic respiration
4. Less aerobic respiration/less lactic acid

Why change in the number of white blood cells during therapy for cancer could be a
risk to the patient:
1. fewer lymphocytes
2. Fewer antibodies produced
3. Less phagocytes
4. Less engulfing
5. Increased risk of disease

How vaccination protect from viruses:

1. Modified/weak/inactive virus
2. Antigens recognized by immune system
3. Memory cells produced
4. Stimulating the secondary immune response
5. So antibodies are produced faster and sooner

Explain the role of lymphocytes in the immune response:

1. Produce antibodies
2. That attach onto specific
3. Antigens/pathogens to destroy them
4. Also make memory cells for a secondary immune response
Explain what happens to bacteria after they have been ingested by phagocytes:
1. Digestive enzymes released
 2. To digest/breakdown
3. To kill/destroyed the pathogen
4. Products remained may be absorbed by the phagocytes

Explain why antibodies in milk are used for babies:

1. Provide immunity
2. Prevent infection/disease
3. By destroying the virus/bacteria/pathogen

2 reasons why blood clotting is important:

1. Prevent loss of blood
2. Prevent microorganisms from entering