04 BOSH - Module 2 Part 1B Hazard Identification - Health Hazards

Welcome to the seminar on
Prescribed 40-Hours Basic OSH Training

Course for Safety Officer 2 (SO2) – ONLINE
AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570
Objective:
 Upon completion of the module, participants
will be able to:
 Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene;
and
 Identify health hazards in their workplace.

 According to ILO, each year 2.78 million workers die from occupational accidents
and of which 2.4 million are disease-related. About 6,500 workers die from work-
related diseases.
 Estimates suggest that circulatory system diseases (31 per cent), work-related
cancers (26 per cent) and respiratory diseases (17 per cent) contribute to almost
three-quarters of the total work-related mortality. Diseases are the cause of the
great majority of work-related deaths (2.4 million deaths or 86.3 per cent), in
comparison to fatal occupational accidents (which make up the remaining 13.7
per cent). Together, these account for 5 to 7 per cent of deaths globally

(Source:
https://www.ilo.or
g/wcmsp5/groups/
public/---
ed_protect/---
protrav/---
safework/docume
nts/publication/wc
ms_687610.pdf)

 In 2017, there was 101,851 cases of occupational disease occurred in
establishments employing 20 or more workers. This was a decrease from
125,973 reported cases in 2015.

Shown in figure 4 is the top 5 occupational diseases in establishments employing 20 or
more workers.
In terms of cases of occupational diseases, the industry with the highest

share is administrative and support activities accounted to 31.8 percent
followed by manufacturing industry with 28.9 percent and wholesale and
retail trade: repair of motorcycles with 9.6 percent.

 Industrial hygiene is “the science and art
devoted to the recognition, evaluation and
control of environmental factors or stresses
arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-
being, or significant discomfort and
inefficiency among workers or citizens of the
community.”

 Occupational Health has been defined by the ILO and the WHO as the:
 Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social
well-being of workers of all occupations
 Prevention among its workers of departures from health caused by their working
conditions
 Protection of workers in their employment from risks usually from factors adverse
to health
 Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to

his/her physiological ability
 Occupational Health is a discipline aiming at the prevention of work injuries (both

occupational diseases and accidents) & in the improvement of the working
conditions & environment.

 The various environmental stresses or
hazards, otherwise known as occupational
health hazards can be classified as
A. Chemical,
B. Physical,
C. Biological, or
D. Ergonomic.

 Chemical Hazards – means substance in solid, liquid or
gaseous forms known to constitute poison, fire, explosion or
health hazards. Occupational health hazards arise from
inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts,
fumes, and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The
degree of risk of handling a given substance depends on the
magnitude and duration of exposure.

▪ Gases means normally aeroform fluid, which have neither shape nor
specific volume but tend to expand indefinitely and which can be
changed to the liquid or solid state by the effects of increased pressure
or decreased temperature. Examples are chlorine, hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and
formaldehyde.

 One of the examples of chemical hazards is ammonia.
Ammonia is a colorless gas with distinct odor and it has many
uses. It is used in fertilizer manufacturing industry and as
refrigerant to ice plant or cold storage industries. Workers in
those industries have higher risk of exposure to ammonia if
there is a sudden gas leak or gas release.

▪ Vapor means gaseous form of substances which are
normally in the liquid or solid state, and which can be
changed to these states by increasing the pressure or
decreasing the temperature. Examples are the components
of organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and
xylene.

 Mist means suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation from
the gaseous to the liquid state or by breaking up of a liquid into a
dispensed state, such as by atomizing, foaming or splashing. Examples:
nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
 Aerosol spray of chemicals can form mist. Industry such as automotive

uses aerosol spray to perform painting works resulting to workers
exposed to chemical hazard in form of mist.

 Dust means solid particles capable of being blown about or suspended in
the air generated by handling, crushing, cutting, drilling, grinding, rapid
impact, spraying, detonations, or disintegration of inorganic or organic
materials and are of a composition similar to the substance or substances
from which derived. Examples are metal dusts and asbestos.
 Asbestos is used in a wide range of manufactured products. Commonly

uses of asbestos are in industrial furnaces and heating systems because of
its heat-resistant and insulating properties. Repair, renovation or removal
activities of industrial furnaces may break the asbestos to become dust
particles having workers be exposed to hazard.

Fume means suspended solid particles, which are generated by
condensation from gaseous state, generally after volatilizations from
molten metals. Examples are oxides generated from molten metal such as
cadmium oxide, beryllium oxide, etc.
 Welding works is an activity that produces fume in which exposing the

welders and those in the vicinity to chemical hazard.

 Problems relating to such things as extremes of temperature,
vibration, radiation, abnormal air pressure, illumination,
noise, and vibration are physical stresses. It is important that
the employer, supervisor, and those responsible for safety
and health are on guard to these hazards due to the possible
immediate or cumulative effects on the health of the
employees.

▪ Extreme temperatures
(extreme heat and extreme
cold) affect the amount of
work that people can do and
the manner in which they do
it. In industry, the problem is
more often high
temperatures rather than low
temperatures.

 Radiation. Electromagnetic waves are produced by the
motion of electrically charged particles. These waves are also
called “electromagnetic radiation” because they radiate from
the electrically charged particles. They travel through empty
space as well as through air and can penetrate some other
substances. Radio waves, microwaves, visible light and X-rays
are all examples of electromagnetic waves.

Types of Radiation or
Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ NON-IONIZING RADIATION
➢ IONIZING RADIATION.

 Hyperbaric (greater than normal pressures) environments are
also encountered by divers operating under water, whether
by holding the breath while diving, breathing from a self-
contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or by
breathing gas mixtures supplied by compression from the
surface.
 Mining industry is one of the industries which risk workers
encountering extreme pressure. Another example is deep sea
fishing industry.

 Inadequate illumination. The measure of the stream of light
falling on a surface is known as illumination. The key aspects
of illumination include lux, luminance, reflectance, glare and
sources of lighting.

a. Lux - unit of measurement.
b. Luminance - measure of light coming from a source
C. Reflectance - ability of a surface to return light.
D. Glare is caused by bright light sources which can be seen by

looking in the range from straight-ahead to 450 above the
horizontal. There are two types of glare: direct and reflected.

There are two sources of light:
 Daylight, also called natural light depends on the availability at the
location and weather condition.
 Electric Light can come from:
▪ Incandescent lamps or bulbs
▪ Fluorescent lamps or tubes
▪ High intensity discharge or mercury

 Illumination can also be viewed in terms of:
a. General lighting illuminating the entire
premises
b. Local lighting directing light on a
particular object that you are working with.

 Nature of work - more light will be required if one is
working with small objects.
 Environment - the ability of the surrounding surfaces
to reflect light.
 Eyesight of the workers - the ability of the eye to
adjust rapidly to different distances declines as
people grow older.
 Workers during night and inside confined spaces
have risk of exposure to inadequate illumination.
And also present in mining activity.

 Vibration. A body is said to vibrate when it is in an oscillating motion
about a reference point. The number of times a complete motion cycle
takes place during the period of one second is called the frequency and is
measured in hertz (Hz). Vibration usually refers to the inaudible acoustic
phenomena, which are recognized by through touch and feeling. It is a
vector quantity described by both a magnitude and direction.

 Portable meters are
available for vibration
measurements. These
usually provide readouts
that must be compared to
the appropriate standards.
 Example of occupation
exposure is use of tools
and equipment producing
vibration such as
jackhammer.

 Noise or unwanted sound is a form of energy conducted
through solids, liquids, or gases. The level of noise in an
industrial operation can constitute a physical hazard to the
exposed workers. The extent of the hazard depends not only
on the overall noise level but also on the time period and
frequency and type of noise to which the worker is exposed.

1. Continuous noise is a steady state noise with negligible level fluctuations
during the period of observation.
2. Intermittent noise levels shift significantly during observation.
3. Impact noise consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each lasting
less than one second.

➢ variation in individual susceptibility
➢ the total energy of the sound
➢ the frequency distribution of the sound
➢ other characteristics of the noise exposure, such as whether
it is continuous, intermittent, or made up of a series of
impacts
➢ the total daily duration of exposure
 Example of occupational exposure is signalman in aviation

industry to provide traffic assistance.

 Biological hazards are any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or
living organism that can cause a disease in human beings.
They can be a part of the total environment or associated
with certain occupations such as medical professions, food
preparation and handling, livestock raising, etc.

 Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are commonly infectious
and parasitic which can also result from exposure to contaminated water,
insects, or infected people.
 Example of Occupational Exposure of biological hazards is hospital works.

 “Ergonomics” literally means the
customs, habits, and laws of
work. According to the
International Labor Organization
it is
 “… The application of human

biological science in conjunction
with the engineering sciences to
achieve the optimum mutual
adjustment of man and his
work, the benefits being
measured in terms of human
efficiency and well-being.”

 The ergonomics approach goes
beyond productivity, health, and
safety. It includes consideration
of the total physiological and
psychological demands of the
job upon the worker. It deals
with the interaction between
humans and traditional
environmental elements as
atmospheric contaminants, heat,
light, sound, and all tools and
equipment used in the
workplace.

 The human body can endure
considerable discomfort and
stress and can perform many
awkward and unnatural
movements for a limited period
of time. However, when
awkward conditions or motions
are continued for prolonged
periods, the physiological
limitations of the worker can be
exceeded. To ensure a continued
high level of performance, work
systems must be tailored to
human capacities and
limitations.
 Poor workplace design – cramped leg area, crowded worktable, distant work
materials
 Awkward body postures – prolonged sitting, twisted body while bending
 Repetitive movements – sewing, cutting, stamping
 Static posture – prolonged standing without motion
 Forceful motion – extreme pulling and pushing
 Manual handling – improper carrying of materials, use of pliers.
 In a broad sense, the benefits that can be expected from designing work
systems to minimize ergonomic stress on workers are as follows:
more efficient operation;
fewer accidents;
lower cost of operation;
reduced training time; and
more effective use of personnel.

 Walk-through/ocular inspection – this is
necessary in identifying the potential hazards
and determining the critical conditions in the
workplace. It will be good to make a checklist
for inspection.

 Review of the process involved – The identity
of the chemical intermediates formed in the
course of an industrial process and the
toxicological properties of these
intermediates may be difficult to establish.
Undesirable chemical by-products such as
carbon monoxide resulting from the
incomplete combustion of organic material
may be formed.
 Knowing the raw materials, by-products and
finished products – Knowing about the raw
materials used and the nature of the products
manufactured will help you determine the
specific contaminants to which workers are
actually exposed. Possible impurities in raw
materials such as benzene in some solvents
should be considered.

 Gathering workers’ complaints – the actual
chemicals or substances handled may be
determined by interviewing the workers.
More so, their complaints can also be
gathered and assessed in the clinic record.

▪ Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a
▪ exposure control/personal
summary of important health,
protection
safety and toxicological
information on the chemical or ▪ physical and chemical properties
the mixture ingredients. It ▪ stability and reactivity
should contain: ▪ toxicological information
▪ identification ▪ ecological information
▪ hazard(s) identification ▪ disposal considerations
▪ composition/information on ▪ transport information
ingredients ▪ regulatory information
▪ first-aid measures ▪ other information
▪ fire-fighting measures
▪ accidental release measures The SDS should conform to the Globally
▪ handling and storage Harmonized System (GHS) of
classification and labelling of chemicals.

 The GHS is an international standard for classifying chemicals and
communicating its hazards. It is a basis for establishing a comprehensive
national chemical safety program, and a comprehensive approach to
defining and classifying hazards and communicating information on labels
and safety data sheets.
 The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference

on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Brazil in 1992.

 Benefits of GHS – All countries, international organizations,
chemical producers, and users of chemicals will benefit from
the GHS as it will:
 enhance the protection of humans and environment
 facilitate international trade in chemicals
 reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals
 assist countries and international organizations to ensure the
sound management of chemicals

 Legal Authority
▪ Pursuant to the provisions of Article 162 an 165 of
the Labor Code of the Philippines;
▪ Joint Administrative Order (JAO) No 1. Series of
2009 on the Adoption and Implementation of GHS
▪ Serves as Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) to implement the provisions of GHS in the
industrial workplace sector;
▪ Amends the chemical labelling provisions in Rule
1090 of the OSHS;
▪ Safety
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 Coverage: All workplaces engaged in the
manufacture, use, storage of industrial
chemicals, in the private sector, including
their supply chain.

 Objectives
▪ To protect the workers and properties from the
hazards of chemicals
▪ To prevent and reduce the incident of chemically
induced accidents, illnesses and death resulting in
the misuse of chemicals

 Elements of GHS
a. Hazard Classification Criteria has three major hazard groups namely
physical, health and environmental hazards. Based on the three
classifications of hazards, the following compose the GHS criteria:
▪ Physical hazards – explosives, flammable gases/aerosols, oxidizing
gases, corrosive to metal, substances and mixtures which, in contact
with water, emit flammable gases, and others.
▪ Health hazards – acute toxicity, skin corrosion/ irritation, serious eye
damage/eye irritation, respiratory or skin sensitization,
carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, aspiration hazards, and others.
▪ Environmental hazards – hazardous to aquatic environment,
hazardous to the ozone layer, and others.

▪ Hazard Communication – composed of SDS and Labels. GHS Labels
must include specific:
▪ Signal words – warning or danger
▪ Hazard statements – flammable liquids, fatal if swallowed
▪ Symbols/pictograms

Objective:
Upon completion of the workshop, participants will be able to effectively identify specific safety and health hazards.
1. Hazard Identification
No. Work Activity Hazard
Health Hazards
1.
1
2.
3.
Health Hazards
1.
2
2.
3.

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Welcome to the seminar on

Prescribed 40-Hours Basic OSH Training

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

In terms of cases of occupational diseases, the industry with the highest

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to

 Occupational Health is a discipline aiming at the prevention of work injuries (both

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 Aerosol spray of chemicals can form mist. Industry such as automotive

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 Asbestos is used in a wide range of manufactured products. Commonly

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 Welding works is an activity that produces fume in which exposing the

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

b. Luminance - measure of light coming from a source

C. Reflectance - ability of a surface to return light.

D. Glare is caused by bright light sources which can be seen by

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 Example of occupational exposure is signalman in aviation

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 Example of Occupational Exposure of biological hazards is hospital works.

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 “… The application of human

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

 The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

No. Work Activity Hazard

AD Safety – adsmcservices@yahoo.com / 046-4509860 / 0927-9057998 / 0921-4162570

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