Chu gler 3- -t-

I senlr" pic F-lor,D

v, l. I olr. J*.lr*ovt
:
A n i enl".pi.
J f,o rr is qn .^J i.^ L"li. Flo- (Ft" o it, *, lnt.l^ *here is
ho heo* excLrrqe)ir, *lhir[^ Visc.,,.^s 1.,sfes ctre vte ligible,th"rehnu
i+ is qJiq bol'c "rric I''vtlerr f lo tJ "

Ft*rJ pr. perlier rn iren+r"Fic flo"\

qre oSf..l"J by o"- ahu*lu.
A|}h"gl,rhoreq|fl'.,rirernh,"l.1i.feral,"Pic,ll.ereo@'
.+ g7..t ?.rncl;ce i^y,rloncg *1'uL;.h the 6ta,f or por{; "n "f *ke
$tort Cdn b. dt s ,* u J b be is ey.lro F i. .

F.,r , in inlet nql J.t.t 4l"d 14",re av'€- rrnany i^f".I..t

ef-qvqplu
cctses ,hL. +te n{ virc-rd! o^) h*rL +^"t{ler ar?
reslr;.teJ t" *hr^ "IA.t
kjevT .J.i.^ce^t t *Le w.^tts ,*her"Srre
r otse only iyy."J.rt "i^ *hg .Irdt-- barrnl.r\ \.rjers {nu rert
of {tn e frl o ccr}^ be <rss urrneJ t. be it ""J
pii- crs 5 hovrn in
frgr;e(r.t). "-fi^
t.^ r.^.^L-^:- or\ (no n - ir en {t"pi. B. LJ

l
.4

l5ehlr"pic Cst.e
l
i
I
I
I
fl"d I

I
I

l
l
i

Ftyure .S J".* te
I

13, t) Reyi"rr Slo.^: +L+ cqh orr. *sJ t. ba1 I

rsq+r.
iic. I

5.2, GoVefrtin
i

lions
I+ o,,r s lonJ 2 SL.,oh in lry ure (s-z),
qn isenlr"pic f't O irr
$e Co ltri Jrre J , i+ 41,".^:, !ru* *1us. (1. to) r (l"tl)

*=@Y=g)& -(r.r) ?,
-.ti
?t,Tr.Yr,p^

T[e s-[e.,J5 fl"* *Jt...t.l-i. j eclrtc{isvr

e-her$^ #
i 5 oP
P lieJ be {- ee r P" i,r[t | .rn J 2 lro y,n
€luelron (t.S)

{=(he+8" )-(h,*$ trry urre (s , zl

 'r
For iJe"l ,o, -2-
Ytz+ vt = 9-Ir + or
V,L
2_ 2 ?,i-.6'*r,S) = qr r'.r*f)
or
-r; t+#
= .Yi
tr 2-

-t;
l* 29rE

b*t 2gr
Yt -= v2- tr?-
= M2
+(.r-c,) Y-r
zX&T q 24 = ltA2
2

so +h.ib
-Tz t+ $!-p112
-Ti
r+f n|
From eluq+t'ayls (f. f) .rrt J (r.z) we. hqve
Y! Y,z Tt
Y

4Y! ml
t
E7
4 t+ + M,"
I
3.3.
**i 63.t)

rvr our Jiss.usr sh o$ Gvrngre ssible fiod, i+ ls Grrve.taf.nt ts uje

*he s{.^:|r,rqh'ott s}^{e qs o. referer,ce s\ole .
5{"Jnq&'sh
flroferli*s qye 4hose fr.fer{ies ;f +h+ wo.rlJ be
" bloine J + "": p.int ir,t *h e fl,"l' fie lJ *he fluiJ " | +t "t
P'int wev'€ J"J" l"r*1" J fr. m loc.r[ conJi{rons t" )csFo
vel'ci{y f",1..^l inq q\ I";.*,.nle$ , qJt*b..{ic 1 iserr {r"pic) flroce$"
so +h*+ of -={{"
=+i:r..L.;n
Vo=o, ?=?o,'T=G, 5=S.': Jo=A.
 IJ €q uqLshs (s. z) , (g,9 . qhJ ( s ,t{) .tre *pp lieJ be}w eeh cr po in t -q-
in *he flo.r where 4)ne Pres.sure, *evn?ero{ure, }enri! r qr,t J Mq"fr humbr
qre ?,n'Pr onJ l,A relfeclttlel; , qnJ .r. Slogn".{r'.vt ?.in* iv, lh e
irrmgirter5 sgslrm sho,,ln in fr'yure \2,51 -here *he Pre!-fure-
+ev,^pen1"r€, ..nJ )ent} dre R,T, , onl 4 resyeclivgb , *" ge+
I
-5=t
?o

T= L'n +i^'] (s,s)

_l;- sr+ + Iv\z* -- tE.6)

T ,

6-l
8, =[,*
-p
+*"] -
(s-'7)

/'JIfr:",,, ,,'
\ _ .-_ -
Ftyl f p. (e. s) st,.5nr {ion
uoh d i tr s lrS qt o
p"dnt in
flor).
The s["^3no{io*r
Gr tlqff t"JJ.c"nJilt.t^s will eef"c}iuulJ erist .rt *he
"g in ,,br",^i. leoJilrc uJle
*s tt e b- J3 i! is. er,tl^pic . [r;rii""l', +a" J eceter"hon .{ }he ft:* qLe,.rJ
si]u.]iu yr d s Sho,^rn ivt fiSu
re Hlr).
?.,T,t
S.rhoni 7er- J.t.il3
t
fb^t
6n s0
P
P
T tser.lr. p,'c Ju.elur*Jbra
H'gure (r.{) s\r..}*n c. nJr },'.h .^{ l",.Jir,g ,J3 e ., Ll.4t}
b
"J5
T,, is n"4 {rue ivr Supedonfc fl"*l lsecaute inlh;t case Jhock,^qves
t o6 nhe) +i, b" 11 . 1n;s f e y\ in l,'3 u r.e (f,SJ
"{ SL"oK
Cct sho,-.f
wqV€. \L
s'dferssn{ L
ft*^r(trt>l)

I
i hon -tistrr{v.Pi c
t deeele-Isll"n
 be qS eJ t -I
Pt t-+ s{.^},'. {"t. C"rn }tr€"r1 \^\re -lhu M""h
ln'S*is.nic f/o.) cts Sho''rh irn I3ute (3'<J ^o^bul
s.rt$onic
r9""D s{olr'. f ress ure
_-.!
_-+
-----D
(ttrr)
-.}
slo{ic presiure
= f 6
-+'
\ ,

I Fi3ure (3,6) Ft.*r ouer P,'Lf

?"
- Sloli" {*be.
"
LlsinJ e1u*{ion (g,E ) , uJ e have |
-

M
fi+)t'l (r. g)

3.\. Ct;Ii c.l GnJ

'li'ns
,+- U uSef.al .r.s re ferenc e S1o{e f r-
-ToJnq r ro 7l
I l"^.- c.- r/^l^-.'l-,
r'cs *; t
P"*'::, : ^t ; X':.-fi l"';I"':t";,y"'
thoryuo lJ n
",,
Y'
t: t fl)'"
I
P
^q
;;T:;1,;;";' : "i "+'{e ^..{,'o,ra :}l
IT
rhe" sreeJ 5T l: [ nvwberl
",u ",
o* d rh,".h
:,:,"::{;'1;'*i:;,+;."i"!;;;l - I

"t ul4i+l
-
s- th..t ot lV\=l Vt=
C*
where *h,e superScript + is Use.) &r
ctit'.1 C'"1/)Jili'vns )
G'+) be'to1^s t-
N cri4r^c.t I c.,n Jihyrs' e]u"tlt"h! (5,s) t ()t an)
l

(e
I

L*:1 . ?l*:E+]
l

la '/ -l Y+l (3' 1.;

a,
L =-
T* I
2_

a=ll *'-'1 E-r_flq

Pr' L 2 J -L 2
1
J
x-f _ (r.ll)
.

trtr iJeql 3aS

yR- 2T'
i

Y+t
- G;a) I

I
 The s{ogu,e{i.r. s}o}e is hot ule J'^ I &r qfec (V=o fla 6) S +h, t. - 5-' o

+h; crilri-*l 5!{e is u re } or cf, refenenc e s++e f.. r qrecr.

e.rnli^, ,{y e1r4+io!^ b e}reg h qh5 SeJi "r" ivr f tor^l o,tn J {he Se.{15 6
wh.tre {il" Iti f,'.o I con }i{t *ns d'r e *ist cctvr L" ulrl tlevt ars !-
pvA = dr&*
ott 'criiic".l
s-[o*e
)t
ao
A
=-
.,/O^ vx Jo* c* I ,J /o* m
p* -lo v N\C n^ -p M ," Jr
,#
MA
/
e1u. (s-t l)
I
/ F\
I

FJ z
,

L'*+ ^frl i

i
I
l

)
At (r. r=)
*1

A+M i
I

I
j

fi3ure (=.+) is *he Pl.t " f

..1i oh.* t=.ial- fiis Pl-t in Iic.les A
+hft tV.e c(rea( r*li o is rnni ni wNu^ 7. S$Lsonic I

Supe,hJorlL
ornJ h".s o Yalue .,f unilg "t
{ilne cntt.ol p-int,,,1^.,.e M= I . i=or -
o*l,.er Vr.lrei "| t\A*"I. r',r^r"rb.,la*lte
ctrea, *{r'. {S a[ur+3S 3t.r.]*
-trln qun uwil5 .
F r qr^y giV e,h
V*[.te- *5 *[e ay@, t-"t{r'o there
q,t e lw" Vrlues .,f Mo.h flunb*-
{.o
ota? *or S.r tsonr'c fl-- on J *he
o{L." *. r Srrf cHo/t<- flo"D .
1.o
f i'3 u re ( 3.7) Ar.o !^*{r'o as "^.
.*in.*bn- .rc 4he Mo.h hutwber,
(t'=r'u)
 _ 6_r
5.5. Et$..t ".F H"* Vori..I" on oh P^ p"-L es i n Iser,l-r. ic Flor,o
C.nsiJer J' o!r\e -Jih"enst"r,o
J;$f""errli.rl c-v. sh..on irt $rgure (=" x)
onrpress$h
fl,riJ {hn"ugh c\

J&,
I
,
I
I
rC. V";
I
I
I
-\-.
?
t r*dp

v.t
.p+J--

Y*Ie
o+Jp
V+ Jy
Fr;f ure (3.9)
Conlinui u..lto n
l

r,Y A = (P rJr) (v+J/) + (A+J R) *c: &o to 3"1

l

= tM* rflJv +v A )r + n lfitf v dP .rr6;u$o-rrttol

I

v
ii.

Muwre.n{.^m *-luoh n
% "

Ztrx - rh (Vr.*+ -t'lon) I

ffII
)r?x+ pp - ff+|ilfi+Jn) = il /nlv -f ) JP* rs *Le qc+i tJ
s.,r&ce &rce
)ex:(#gf) V+ro-/): ( rr*)Jn l

Tr-
uvetn*geJ

r pre-ss.,tr

.ryT6- f
-AJP=fAVJV
e
fr:Ar?-Y{n=vhdv
3 o

-Jg-- pvJv (a-ls) +PvL

 JP
-7-
PVL=_Jy
(3. i 6)
V
q*f frortn elU.6a. tt)

JA JV J,p
=
A f
S"br{i}*h.n oI Eu. ( ?. tO inl. .1u. (2. l+J g ive s t-
JA JP J}
H PVz -P

T
Jfr
=JF
eV2 [,-
trl
J?l
Jr
Re.oll +h{t f." qh irenlr"pic Procers d?= >P\
)P ,, /=

#=#"[r-rh"]
s*bsJ-,'{"lio r. .l au.(=.16) in}" e1,^.(?,lS ) I i ue5 1-
)* Jv
r
V =--
V [, - ,*iJ
F
Y
i

F.r S-,tbJayric FIor,,U (tr\(f)

pressure ch+nge .S lte Scr.vrae 59 n ''fey u .:. tf)
(ir"si{tve JA m"*y,s p"si{rve Jp) t q Ve-t..i! chqvtve -+
siyh (
"nJ r\ 'PP"r'*"
Eu. s.ti) 6 p.riliue J R we+rvts r,te3ofi ve ;i\.
so +h+ q. s*brovric flozz-le rcluir-es lhot *he poJs*ue crreq
Je.ru*f e. +" +,
n" ivr cy sod'e, tl,is fl.tJJqge is sho *r h r,ro
tillurrs (4. 1o).
S.^bsohic Ji$uter reluire-r +t*t *he peffctg e crf^ect irtcr^eqse
l', J".;,r.._-r,.. .A.r-,_. , ^, t_
lroSra3e is srrown ,, r";"e(e.rb)
&;:t;3,i^.5*,€,Ihir
ar@^ change
An
orn} q vel.o'{j chunge .*}he
cqqles d.
fY"sSure c-ln*nye
:p"for,*e sf3vr
.l
'rtJYr (..{u.r,B)
\='{''5'l
sanne. ,,giiEr.3,r9).
t *hot A st;"q?ers"n;L n.zzlg mr^rL be -b,^l li * iil ' o* erer^ in.rqod.
inllre $lr,*r n in fryure-ti,g.1.
orrl.{iironic J;Jf.r$er rn,rst be cbhv#siil '"t^"^^"1 qs sh,*rh ivr
fgure
 Mo:ezl e D;S$usen -Y
dP (o, Jvlo Jf )o" JV(o
.4..t
n"N=.
Sqtsontc
il(r *'k;r
-.-....+
(t)
-_
Fr>--
Superson i c
M)r -d
\
#
-4

tJt
(c)
trrgqre (3.1) N.zzle .,nJ 0;ff,rser sh.rpe,s c\s q. S. r..{Toh
.$
inih.rl M".l^ fluu,rber. '

Fr.'vn..elq.tr.rqt fv-l f#=$,+h,i ylre-,rhs *l^*t the c[org*l a].g3 nnust

"f,
pcss 11nv".^3h q. Yniniwruw.
rnJ or Inq.riyrruyn ort M=f . fnspech"on :$ Jilfure
17.1) sh.t,ls *hot M= | Cttyr be re.tcheJ or.l5 iyr.r {l^r"ot or seclion o}
nnin r'tarrvtWrr ct!^€.A.

I+ h.,^lJ be vlneralt.neJ {-}."tt +l.e $louc chenJ e #", fi* bsonic t,o
s
s'epensrtfc ov.J fror^^ fufcdsudc +" suLror,tfc p.tssilg +heyl^
,

. q.{hr^ot oh rm\nivnvthn qreq. ,ohere (Ur=l) . fluiv-es

*his ckn.Je l'\-{ occur, er.ept in *he cq.fe =f.}krvt+f) "+ +i^tt ":-l
, . tnormol sh*.L-
i

l-ffi^;$:!. huPF*' ir,t rt'perssnic f,lo't's "^*J

ryt
i r
 3. 6 f,s *nlrs p ic FIo r,\ in q ConVe
"3
i
tJ N ozz le' -q-
Fls.,l in e.nVef$ivtJ noz:<le ShovJr,r in $-.i.^rg (3.
to\ f s s*pgl;eJ fr"m q
tarJ e chumber , qthe,re *he slc.t3hal.ori' co nJ ilion, ert.e c\ ssuY]\e J , Fl"*
is inJuce J bJ q. V4c uuw\ PuYnf Jo*rY"s |reqyr" is c.n{roll e J bJ the
"^rnJ
V.rtVe 5h"\^)n.

\r 7" = eY.i+ Press ure

lo V4Cuu\r1
.--.> Pg= b,..K Pressure
Put fl

a
ir (r)
(z)
(s)
P* (q)
Tlo
l

./, (0 l
1

l$= I I

l
l
I
l
I
I

-{'hr"ct
I

trigrrre(r. i") Qsnverging rtozzle ofera{i*5 of V"trr"o.rs

l
1

b acK pressures .

?" =7a r;nJili*vr6l Fi$'rree'*)

@ Whrn llne Volve is close.J. ffl.=o P. =
' l^ <lioL+l- 1... {h.rvr (e)- ]

A ,r , r ro,
(fr) . ,-^ 1..-- I
Juce.{, f o s li3htl5 lu's *h'rvr ( R)' *h
*rnn p
ere
Orl '*he h.k press.,re is ry ,
I
i

ers Shown bJ cor,Jr{i.vr 11;. Flo..r ot- eri{ fs s'rbronit (P"=B)

Jireclion -f fl",^:
*;lt con+ih\le +., increqie qnJ
@ n, Lile conl'inue {- Jecreqte l?a) , khl i

ffe) C-nlirue t. Jecre.r[e crs Sh.w,r b5 C"nJiVii'vn(E)' 'it'='t"

i

(m= @f*iii
O w,*h cortlirue +^ JecrecrJe
(?y\*il\e= I qn'
ql pressure r...l.'. 9-" i J erl 9*S C-ctrn' b e ' bl*iv' eJ 9"'^
The crili c i

el uc+roh B.il o q,.

P+ r2 /
-r. =l;{] -T- - -- (s'2u1
For air 8= 1,4 <.,.-{b #Po -- o.51g
F.,r S*e,.J,
r cohr
f/"."t c",lJi{io v\s , *h e
lo^{ -o,n J c",. b;-';i;;r;"J
yr^qss fl.* - *hr,""g\'' h *he h,,zz le
nn*e ,

ctS r
 !
- lo-
ri ='r,oYA = !- (m.fre= A= +ilPnffi -- (a.211

lsir Y ,,^ e{uc{r'on (g"€) o*J f"" f froutt (s,s1 ctr.J s*L sli{"liy
.s.fvin5
ivr (z.zt) \^re h.rve l-
a
fr\ =
AM P" $i R-r. G.zL)
.

r Sio J 7i,,^*x .---* if

I,IAA
JM
= "
)ielJs
,T,p
(M= t)
kn{s
P-
= c-snr
sin c e *h e ly
f. cq{io vt ir,r .t ho22lg wkere
o (fi'\ =l) ir *he 1"cq{lon
o$ vninimum .r"Lq (fi" thr.^t) (Ax)- *hevu
^

-1_ n z+l
_\ 2(' -t)
h^or= n+ R lH I
\ zr+t /

@Tf fi" is r"Ju.eJ bel.ql p* s.^.[.crS GnJiliovr(5)inf,'gure(s.lo).

-ft^" Je.reose irr ?U ri anolalou5 lo q. twrq.ll J;s{. rbqhc€ *\t*t *r"rnsvtrl*r
ct Sigvte [ *r.rvetinl qt s ohic Vet..ily +" -H.e ch"v.tb er. .l t *he
Ve t-ci-[y .rt *L.- exi{ plane iJ -Johic ( llre = I , Ve.= C") S" *["1 tlte
l-eJ ucft*o11 in Pu be loo p* hq,ve ho eff,e.* nei*her .n *h e.
pressure Jir{+;L,ahsrrt uJh lrle h.zzle- , (?u)" Ytat- @)_.
r fu { r^P* , *..
roilb\
Fo 'EE- jl" .^r lsqlr'tt4g
rlor!4, le.iv,'r,,r3. -TBe
- h"=# y_it)
1l^: }trozzl€ ,"r"1 {o rh6th
will ellrdnd
uxtr*rJ
the low gy- [o,.1,( Pre.s-rqre. c"Ji}r-oy1 (S) ,This exPqnsilvr
,
N hoyrisertlrcpic .

a
?"
w Tlo
I I

5-l
a

.1*Xa[-+t
.fl"r^) |

P*
7r P* fa
Tlo
-E
lo
(q) (t)
trig u re (s. lt) E${..t .S B".k Prelsure oh
(q) rn , (b) F*
 5.7, ic in -tl-
Tsu^lrup F-lo*.o ConV€.r i,rJ - D;ver5iry No:zx,le

To l/
ft Ftou)
"*
I s
t,
Y.f Cr,tUyn

Pumr

r
E
q Me(r

Px
T )1
lv1=I I

I 5 trle)t
I

{hr-;[ ett c'

fltrrq.
trUure (3. tz) c-nvergil5 - Diver3i n1 N.zz)e o
Fer.r+ivrJ o b
Vcrr.ior,rs b".k preSnries.
@wh"nfieVnlyeisClorgJ,fr=:R=P"=PuC.^Jili.n(r)trr3ure(=.l4
@ o;zeninS the Volve sliyhtty. P.o Jqces *rJtrt .$y qre ( 3,v) rLt
@ As {he Ul,ve is optneJ- r"ll.r pr.Juces cxrvt (s) I,'yure (z,tz) r;}t
l

@ A: *he VqlUe il of eneJ ftbre, C,rFVe(q) resu lts. M= | qt *hr.qt onJ

*he no:e:rle i i ch. reJ ( i.e. Irt = ha-* e1,.*{;.va ( z ,z<1\
O ro cr.cc€t.r",,1. floo: 5..|ron rluirel prel-ture
in *Le Jivergdry
}ecreoSe.-rLitC.nJihonisi[t.,s}r"-l.Jt3c\rve(5Ji,,fi3qre(3"la).
Ilconvergi^9-"Jiverying fio-zzle is usEJ *o proJ*.g Srrp€Fronic
fe.nenrtly
-
flo- t exi* plane. L ?u is set ps , f1o* <^rill be is"rn{r"'pic
-fpr y..rgh llne noz>le
"t
o^ J Supe,rsonic of -ll^ e e11$ . No:z.zles . per"*i1g
c.f ( ?y . ?) crre S.rf J {s of en{e qt iI}^ c" ll+f"h I ,
i9s

t exi* (sorne curve (s)), onJ *kerunJe,ra. !:?rssttltrflE Exfgr '

( t,rJ.r.Uqn )e) lvo-zzls1

@ fi 5 fo ) ?s --- sh.ck of f eul-s ivr *h e Jiverging Port \*_

,ol:".vpan JeJ N.zz,le)

.
 Is en+" c |".b les ( U= l. rl) -,2--
n lp*
--T-
I

E*o4^ p I e

l$q
t1/ W?

,t

t_