04.01.

2021

CONSUMER'S EQUILIBRIUM UNDER SINGLE COMMODITY CASE

N MUx Px MUm MUm

1 20 4 4 5 MUm=MUx/Px
2 18 4 4 4.5 MUm=4
3 16 4 4 4 Px=4
4 8 4 4
5 0 4 4
6 -5 4 4

CONSUMER'S EQUILIBRIUM UNDER DOUBLE COMMODITY CASE

SAY X AND Y

MUm=MUx/Px

MUm=MUy/Py

CONDITION UNDER DOUBLE COMMODITY CASE

MUm=MUx/Px=MUy/Py

N MUx MUy Px=1 MUx/Px 10/1

1 17 26 Py=1 MUy/Py 10/1
2 15 23 M=10 M=P1X1+P2X2
3 12 29 MUm=MUx/Px=MUy/Py P1=PRICE OF GOOD 1
4 10 16 OR X1=QUANTITY OF GOOD 1
5 7 13 MUx/MUy=Px/Py P2 = PRICE OF GOOD 2
6 5 10 X2 = QUANTITY OF GOOD 2

M=P1X1+P2X2
10=1*4+1*6
10=10

05.01.2021

N MUx MUy MONEY =88

1 88 40 Px=8
2 72 36 Py=8
3 64 24 EQUATION-------P1X1+P2X2=M
4 56 20
5 48 16 88=8*8+8*3
6 40 12 88=64+24
7 32 8 88=88
8 24 4
9 16 0
10 8 0

N MUx MUy M=5

1 12 10 Px=1
2 10 8 Py=1
3 8 6
4 6 4
5 4 2

M=P1X1+P2X2
5=1*3+1*2
5=3+2
5=5

N MUx MUy MUmx MUmy M=30

1 100 24 10 12 Px=10
2 80 22 8 11 Py=2
3 60 20 6 10
4 40 18 4 9 MUmx=MUx/Px
5 20 16 2 8 MUmy=MUy/Py
6 0 14 0 7
7 -20 12 -2 6

M=P1X1+P2X2 M=P1X1+P2X2
M=10*2+2*5 30=10*1+2*3
30=20+10 30=10+6
30=30 30>16

06.01.2021

LAW OF EQUI MARGINAL UTILITY

STATES THAT THE CONSUMER STRIKES HIS EQUILIBRIUM WHEN THE LAST RUPEE SPENT BY HIM
GIVES HIM EQUAL MARGINAL UTILITY WHETHER HE SPENDS IT ON GOOD X OR GOOD Y

07.01.2021
CHAPTER 4
CONSUMER'S EQUILIBRIUM
INDIFFERENCE CURVE ANALYSIS
J.R HICKS
ORDINAL NUMBERS
I, II, III, IV......
ACCORDING TO IC ANALYSIS. UTILITY IS ONLY RANKED AS HIGH OR LOW(MORE OR LESS)

ASUMPTIONS OF IC ANALYSIS
1- MONEY INCOME OF THE CONSUMER IS GIVEN AND DOES NOT CHANGE
2- THE CONSUMER SPENDS HIS INCOME ON SUCH GOODS WHICH CAN BE SUBSTITUTED
3- THE CONSUMER'S PREFERENCE(SCALE OF PREFERENCE) FOR THE TWO GOODS IS WELL DEFINED
4- MORE OF GOOD ALWAYS GIVES HIM MORE SATISFACTION. THIS IS CALLED
MONOTONIC PREFERENCE'
5- CONSUMER SHOULD BE RATIONAL

INDIFFERENCE SET AND INDIFFERENCE CURVE

COMBINATIONS APPLES ORANGES INDIFFERENCE SETS

A 1 10 (1,10) BUNDLES
B 2 7 (2,7)
C 3 5 (3,5)
D 4 4 (4,4)

INDIFFERENCE SET IS A SET OF THOSE COMBINATIONS OF TWO GOODS WHICH OFFERS

THE CONSUMER SAME LEVEL OF SATISFACTION SO THAT THE CONSUMER IS INDIFFERENT
BETWEEN THE TWO COMMODITIES OR COMBINATIONS

1- IC IS DOWNWARD SLOPING CURVE

2- IC IS CONVEX SHAPE CURVE

INDIFFERENCE CURVE
IC IS A DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF AN INDIFFERENCE SET OF A CONSUMER. IT SHOWS
DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF TWO GOODS OFFERING THE SAME LEVEL OF SATISFACTION

PROPERTIES OF INDIFFERENCE CURVE

1- IC SLOPES DOWNWARD
IC SLOPES DOWNWARD FROM LEFT TO RIGHT AND IT SHOWS NEGATIVE OR INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
IT IMPLIES THAT IF CONSUMER DECIDES TO HAVE MORE OF ONE GOOD THEN HE HAS TO SACRIFICE
ANOTHER GOOD

(INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO GOODS)

08.01.2021

MONOTONIC PREFRENCE
(3,4) 20 RS
(4,4) 20 RS

2- IC IS CONVEX TO ORIGIN
MRS/MRT/MOC
DUE TO DIMINISHING MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION

3- HIGHER IC SHOWS HIGHER LEVEL OF SATISFACTION

4- ICs DO NOT CROSS OR INTERSECT EACH OTHER

A=B
A=C
THEN
B=C BUT IT IS NOT SO BECAUSE B IS NOT EQUAL TO C
5- IC NEITHER TOUCHES X-AXIS NOR Y-AXIS

M=20 (A,O)
Px=4 A (0,10) 1 COMB X Y MRS
Py=2 B (1,8) 2 B 1 8 2
C (2,6) 3 C 2 6 2
X-APPLE D (3,4) 4 D 3 4 2
Y-ORANGE E (4,2) 5 E 4 2 2
F (5,0) 6

11.01.2021

CONSUMER,S BUDGET
BUDGET SET

M=40 A (0,20)
Px=10 B (1,15)
Py=2 C (2,10)
D (3,5)
E (4,0)

BUDGET SET REFERS TO ATTAINABLE COMBINATION OF A SET OF TWO GOODS,

GIVEN THE PRICE OF GOODS AND INCOME OF THE CONSUMER
BUDGET SET EQUARION ALSO KNOWN AS BUDGET EQUATION
P1X1+P2X2=M
BUDGET SET IS ALSO KNOWN AS BUDGET CONSTRAINT AS IT SHOWS THE LIMIT OR CONSTRAINT
UPTO WHICH A CONSUMER CAN BUY TWO GOODS GIVEN HIS INCOME AND PRICE OF TWO GOODS

BUDGET LINE

BUDGET LINE/PRICE LINE

BUDGET LINE IS THE LINE SHOWING DIFFERENT POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF TWO GOODS
WHICH A CONSUMER CAN BUY GIVEN HIS INCOME AND PRICE OF TWO GOODS

BUDGET LINE AND ATTAINABLE AND NON ATTAINABLE COMBINATIONS

SLOPE OF BUDGET LINE = MRS

SLOPE OF BUDGET LINE= MRS

Px/Py=CHANGE IN Y/CHANGE IN X

12.01.2021

CHANGES IN BUDGET SET

1- SHIFTING OF BUDGET LINE
2- ROTATION OF BUDGET LINE

1- SHIFTING OF BUDGET LINE

M=40 A (0,20) M=60 A (0,30) M=30 A (0,15)

Px=10 B (1,15) Px=10 B (1,25) Px=10 B (1,10)
Py=2 C (2,10) Py=2 C (2,20) Py=2 C (2,5)
D (3,5) D (3,15) D (3,0)
E (4,0) E (4,10)
F (5,5)
G (6,0)

1- SHIFTS IN BUDGET LINE

FORWARD AND BACKWARD SHIFTING OF BUDGET LINE

WHEN INCOME OF THE CONSUMER INCREASES

BUDGET LINE SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT OR FORWARD

SIMILARLY WHEN THE INCOME OF THE CONSUMER

DECREASES THE BUDGET LINE SHIFTS TO THE LEFT
OR BACKWARD SHIFT

SHIFTING OF BUDGET LINE TAKES PLACE ONLY BECAUSE OF CHANGE IN INCOME AND NOT PRICE

2- ROTATION OF BUDGET LINE

BUDGET LINE ROTATES TO THE RIGHT WHEN EITHER THE Px DECREASES OR THE Py DECREASES

BUDGET LINE ROTATES TO THE LEFT WHEN EITHER THE Px INCREASES OR THE Py INCREASES

ROTATION OF BUDGET LINE TAKES PLACE ONLY BEACAUSE OF CHANGE IN PRICE AND NOT INCOME

M=40 M=40 M=40

Px=4 Px=2 Px=4
Py=2 Py=2 Py=4

13.01.2021

OPTIMAL CHOICE OF THE CONSUMER

CONSUMER'S EQUILIBRIUM

A CONSUMER ACHIEVES EQUILIBRIUM UNDER IC ANALYSIS WHEN HE FULFILLS TWO CONDITIONS

1- MRSxy=Px/Py
OR
SLOPE OF IC = SLOPE OF BUDGET LINE
AND
2- IC IS CONVEX TO THE ORIGIN AT THE POINT OF EQUILIBRIUM

RATIONALE BEHIND CONDITIONS OF CONSUMER'S EQUILIBRIUM

1- SLOPE OF IC AND SLOPE OF BUDGET LINE ARE TANGENT TO EACH OTHER

THE RATE AT WHICH CONSUMER IS WILLING TO SUBSTITUTE X FOR Y IS EXACTLY EQUAL TO THE
RATE AT WHICH THE MARKET ALLOWS X TO BE SUBSTITUTED FOR Y

2- IC IS CONVEX AT THE POINT OF EQUILIBRIUM

MU DERIVED FROM EVERY COMMODITY MUST DECLINE
AS WE CONSUME MORE OF IT

14.01.2021

CHAPTER 3
COLLECTION OF DATA
CENSUS AND SAMPLE METHOD

CENSUS METHOD

1- CENSUS METHOD IS THAT METHOD IN WHICH DATA ARE COLLECTED COVERING EVERY ITEM OF THE UNIVERSE OR
POPULATION RELATING TO THE PROBLEM UNDER INVESTIGATION

MERITS DEMERITS
1- RELIABLE AND ACCURATE 1- COSTLY
2- LESS BIASED 2- LARGE MANPOWER
3- EXTENSIVE INFORMATION 3- NOT SUITABLE FOR LARGE INVESTIGATION
4- STUDY OF DIVERSE CHARACTERISTICS
5- STUDY OF COMPLEX INVESTIGATION

2- SAMPLE METHOD IS THAT METHOD IN WHICH DATA ARE COLLECTED ABOUT A SAMPLE ON GROUP OF ITEMS TAKEN FROM
THE POPULATION FOR EXAMINATION AND CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN ON THEIR BASIS

SAMPLE METHOD
MERITS DEMERITS
1- ECONOMICAL 1- PARTIAL
2- TIME SAVING 2- WRONG CONCLUSION
3- IDENTIFICATION OF ERROR 3- DIFFICULTY IN SELECTING REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

15.01.2021

METHODS OF SAMPLING
1- RANDOM SAMPLING
2- NON RANDOM SAMPLING

1- RANDOM SAMPLING
IS THAT METHOD OF SAMPLING IN WHICH EACH AND EVERY ITEM OF THE UNIVERSE HAS EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED

a) LOTTERY METHOD
b) TABLES OF RANDOM NUMBERS

MERITS OF RANDOM SAMPLING DEMERITS OF RANDOM SAMPLING

1- FREE FROM BIAS 1- PROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION OF ITEMS IS NOT GUARANTEED
2- EVERY ITEM HAS EQUAL CHANCE 2- CERTAIN IMPORTANT ITEMS ARE NOT GIVEN WEIGHTAGE
3- UNIVERSE GETS FAIRLY REPRESENTED

2- NON RANDOM SAMPLING

NON RANDOM SAMPLING ARE THOSE SAMPLING IN WHICH ALL UNITS DO NOT GET EQUAL
CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED IN THE SAMPLE OF STUDY

a) PURPOSIVE SAMPLING/DELIBERATE SAMPLING

UNDER THIS SAMPLING THE INVESTIGATOR HIMSELF MAKES THE CHOICE OF SAMPLE
ITEMS WHICH IN HIS OPINION ARE THE BEST REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNIVERSE

MERITS DEMERITS
1- SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SAMPLE ITEMS 1- PERSONALLY BIAS
2- SIMPLE TECHNIQUE OF SELECTION 2- DOUBTFUL RESULT

b) STRATIFIED OR MIXED SAMPLING

ACCORDING TO THIS METHOD POPULATION IS DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT STRATA HAVING DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS AND SOME OF THE ITEMS ARE SELECTED FROM EACH DATA SO THAT THE ENTIRE POPULATION
GETS REPRESENTED

MERITS
1- STUDIES DIVERSE CHARACTERISTICS
2- COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA
2- RELIABLE AND MEANINGFUL RESULTS
DEMERITS
1- THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE ONLY WHEN THERE IS COMPLETE
KNOWLEDGE OF DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS
2- POSSIBILITY OF BIAS AT THE TIME OF CLASSIFICATION
3- WHEN THE SIZE OF POPULATION IS SMALL IT IS DIFFICULT TO
FURTHER DIVIDE IT INTO SMALLER PARTS OR STRATA

18.01.2021

HALF YEARLY
50 MARKS 1.5 HOUR
25 MCQ 15 QUESTIONS OF 1 MARKS 15
25 DESCRIPTIVE 5 QUESTIONS OF 2 MARKS 10
25 25

25 DESCRIPTIVE 5 QUE OF 2 MARKS 10

3 QUE OF 5 MARKS 15
25 25
50

SYLLABUS FOR HALF YEARLY EXAMS

STATISTICS
5 CHAPTERS
MICRO ECONOMICS
5 CHAPTERS

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
c) SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
ACCORDING TO THIS METHOD UNITS OF THE POPULATION ARE NUMERICALLY, GEOGRAPHICALLY OR ALPHABETICALLY
ARRANGED. EVERY nTH ITEM OF THE NUMBERED ITEM IS SELECTED AS A SAMPLE ITEM

MERITS DEMERITS
1- SIMPLE METHOD 1- EVERY ITEM OF POPULATION DOES NOT GET EQUAL CHANCE OF
2- NO PERSONAL BIAS BEING SELECTED
2- THIS METHOD SERVES NO SPECIFIC PURPOSE IF ALL ITEMS OF THE
UNIVERSE ARE HOMOGENEOUS

d) QUOTA SAMPLING
IN THIS METHOD THE POPULATION IS DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT GROUPS OR CLASSES ACCORDING TO
DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION

100
50 H 5
30 M 3
20 S 2
10 ITEMS
MERITS DEMERITS
1- LESS EXPENSIVE 1- PERSONAL BIAS

e) CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
IN THIS METHOD SAMPLING IS DONE BY THE INVESTIGATOR IN SUCH A MANNER THAT SUITS HIS CONVENIENCE

MERITS DEMERITS
1- SIMPLE 1- UNSCIENTIFIC
2- LESS EXPENSIVE 2- UNRELIABLE

RELIABILITY OF SAMPLING DATA

RELIABILITY OF SAMPLING DATA MEANS THAT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNIVERSE ARE
FULLY REPRESENTED BY THE SAMPLE

19.01.2021

CENSUS AND SAMPLING METHOD : A COMPARATIVE LOOK

CENSUS SAMPLE
1- COVERAGE BEST
2- SUITABILITY SMALL AREA LARGE AREA
3- ACCURACY BEST
4- COST COSTLY LESS COSTLY
5- TIME TIME CONSUMING LESS TIME CONSUMING
6- NATURE OF ITEMS DIFF CHARACTERISTICS HOMOGENEOUS

STATISTICAL ERRORS
1- SAMPLING ERRORS
DUE TO A VERY SMALL SIZE OF SAMPLE SELECTED THE VALUE COLLECTED MAY DIFFER FROM THE ACTUAL
VALUE OF PARAMETER

2- NON SAMPLING ERROR

1- ERROR OF MEASUREMENT
2- ERROR OF NON RESPONSE
3- ERROR OF MISINTERPRETATION
4- ERROR IN ACQUISITION
5- ERROR OF SAMPLING BIAS

CHAPTER NO 4
ORGANISATION OF DATA

ORGANISATION OF DATA REFERS TO THE ARRANGEMENT OF FIGURES IN SUCH A FORM THAT THE COMPARISON
OF THE MASS OF SIMILAR DATA MAY BE FACILITATED AND FURTHER ANALYSIS MAY BE POSSIBLE.
CLASSIFICATION
AN IMPORTANT METHOD OF ORGANISATION OF DATA IS TO DISTRIBUTE THESE INTO DIFFERENT CLASSES OR
GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED CLASSIFICATION.

OBJECTIVES OF CLASSIFICATION
1- BRIEF AND SIMPLE
2- UTILTY
3- DISTINCT
4- COMPARISON

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLASSIFICATION

1- COMPREHENSIVENESS
2- CLARITY
3- HOMOGENEITY
4- SUITABILITY

20.01.2021

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
1- GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION
2- CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
3- QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION
4- QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION/NUMERICAL

1- GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION
SPATIAL CLASSIFICATION

PLACE NO. OF FIRMS

PUNJAB 20
HARYANA 35
UP 40

2- CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
WHEN DATA ARE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF TIME , IT IS CALLED AS CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

YEAR SALES
2017 50
2018 30
2019 60

3- QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION
THIS CLASSIFICATION IS ACCORDING TO QUALITIES OR ATTRIBUTES OF DATA.

1- SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION
IT IS CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DICHOTOMY
MALE FEMALE EDUCATED UNEDUCATED EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED

CLASS MALE FEMALE

XI ARTS 20 15
XI SC 15 15
XI COM 25 10
TOTAL 60 40

2- MANIFOLD CLASSIFICATION
WHEN CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO QUALITY OF DATA INVOLVE MORE THAN ONE CHARACTERISTICS

WORKERS
URBAN RURAL
SKILLED SKILLED
UNSKILLED UNSKILLED

SKILLED UNSKILLED
LITERATE LITERATE
ILLITERATE ILLITERATE

4- QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION/NUMERICAL
WHEN THE CLASSIFICATION IS DONE ON THE BASIS OF NUMERICAL VALUES OF FACTS

INCOME NO. OF PERSONS

0-10000 780
10000-100000 100
100000-500000 30
500000-1000000 5
TOTAL 915

QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION IS ASLO KNOWN AS CLASSIFICATION BY VARIABLES

VARIABLES
A CHARACTERISTIC OR PHENOMENON WHICH IS CAPABLE OF BEING MEASURED AND CHANGES ITS VALUE
OVERTIME IS CALLED AS VARIABLE.
VARIABLE ARE OF TWO TYPES
1- DISCRETE VARIABLE
2- CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

1- DISCRETE VARIABLE
DISCRETE VARIABLES ARE THOSE THAT INCREASE IN JUMPS OR COMPLETE NUMBERS
e.g. INCREASE IN NO. OF PERSONS

2- CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT ASSUME A RANGE OF VALUES OR INCREASE NOT IN JUMPS BUT CONTINUOUSLY OR IN
FRACTIONS ARE CALLED CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

RAW DATA
A MASS OF DATA IN ITS CRUDE FORM IS CALLED RAW DATA
IT IS AN UNORGANISED MASS OF VARIOUS ITEMS

SERIES
SERIES REFER TO THOSE DATA WHICH ARE PRESENTED IN SOME ORDER AND SEQUENCE
RAW DATA ARE CLASSIFIED IN THE FORM OF A SERIES

21.01.2021

CONVERSION OF RAW DATA INTO SOME STATISTICAL SERIES

TYPES OF STATISTICAL SERIES
1- INDIVIDUAL SERIES
2- FREQUENCY SERIES

2- FREQUENCY SERIES
a) DISCRETE SERIES
b) CONTINUOUS SERIES

1- INDIVIDUAL SERIES
1- CONVERSION OF RAW DATA IN INDIVIDUAL SERIES
a) ACCORDING TO SERIAL NUMBER
ROLL NO MARKS
1 20
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 18

b) ACCORDING TO ASCENDING OR DESCENDING ORDER

MARKS ASCENDING ORDER MARKS DESCENDING ORDER

14 3 14 20
 13 5 13 14
10 7 10 13
5 10 5 10
7 13 7 7
3 14 3 5
20 20 20 3

2- DISCRETE SERIES OR FREQUENCY ARRAY

a) FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES AN ITEM OCCURS OR REPEATS ITSELF IN THE SERIES
SN X X F X F TALLY BARS
1 10 5 1 2 2 2 5 IIII
2 5 6 1 8 4 3 4 IIII
3 12 8 1 3 3 4 4 IIII
4 10 10 4 2 2 5 2 II
5 8 12 1 4 3 6 1 I
6 10 TOTAL 8 3 5 8 2 II
7 6 2 4 18
8 10 5 6
4 8

TALLY BARS
ALSO KNOWN AS FOUR AND CROSS METHOD
IIII

3- CONTINUOUS SERIES OR FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

CLASS FREQUENCY
THE NUMBER OF TIMES AN ITEM REPEATS ITSELF CORRESPONDING TO A RANGE OF VALUE (CLASS INTERVAL) IS
KNOWN AS CLASS FREQUENCY
C.I. CLASS FREQUENCY
0-10 2
10-20 10
20-30 15
30-40 10
40-50 5
TOTAL 42

CLASS
A RANGE OF VALUES WHICH INCORPORATES A SET OF ITEMS IS CALLED CLASS
E.G. 0-10, 10-20

CLASS LIMITS
THE EXTREME VALUE OF CLASS ARE LIMITS
10-20
10 AND 20 ARE LIMITS
HERE 10 IS LOWER LIMIT AND 20 IS UPPER LIMIT

MAGNITUDE OF CLASS INTERVAL

MAGNITUDE OF CLASS INTERVAL IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE UPPER LIMIT AND LOWER LIMIT OF A CLASS
INTERVAL
0-10, 10-20 20-40
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIMITS IS 10 i=l2-l1
i=l2-l1 40-20
i=20
MID VALUE
MID VALUE IS THE AVERAGE VALUE OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS
m=l2+l1/2

10-20
m=l2+l1/2 m=20+10/2
30/2
m=15

22.01.2021

TYPES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1- EXCLUSIVE SERIES
EXCLUSIVE SERIES IS THAT SERIES IN WHICH EVERY CLASS INTERVAL EXCLUDES ITEMS CORRESPONDING TO
ITS UPPER LIMIT.

C.I F
0-10 3 5 20 4
10-20 2 10 29 8
20-30 3 12 24
TOTAL 8

2- INCLUSIVE SERIES
AN INCLUSIVE SERIES IS THAT SERIES WHICH INCLUDE ALL ITEMS UPTO ITS UPPER LIMIT

CI F
0-9 3 9.5
10-19 2 19.5
20-29 3

CONVERSION OF INCLUSIVE SERIES INTO EXCLUSIVE SERIES

CI
0-9.5
9.5-19.5
19.5-29.5

3- OPEN END SERIES

OPEN END SERIES ARE THOSE SERIES IN WHICH LOWER CLASS LIMIT OF THE FIRST CLASS INTERVAL AND THE
UPPER CLASS LIMIT OF THE LAST CLASS INTERVAL ARE MISSING

C.I C.I
BELOW 10 0-10
10-20 10-20
20-30 20-30
30-40 30-40
ABOVE 40 40-50

4- CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY SERIES

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY SERIES IS THAT SERIES IN WHICH THE FREQUENCIES ARE CONTINUOUSLY ADDED
CORRESPONDING TO EACH CLASS INTERVAL IN A SERIES

C.I f CF LESS THAN METHOD f cf MORE THAN METHOD f cf

0-10 5 5 LESS THAN 10 5 5 MORE THAN 0 5 32
10-20 7 12 LESS THAN 20 7 12 MORE THAN 10 7 27
20-30 10 22 LESS THAN 30 10 22 MORE THAN 20 10 20
30-40 6 28 LESS THAN 40 6 28 MORE THAN 30 6 10
40-50 4 32 LESS THAN 50 4 32 MORE THAN 40 4 4
TOTAL 32 MORE THAN 50 0

5- MID VALUE FREQUENCY SERIES

MID VALUE FREQUENCY SERIES ARE THOSE SERIES IN WHICH WE HAVE ONLY THE MID VALUES OF THE CLASS
INTERVALS AND THE CORRESPONDING FREQUENCY

m f CI F
5 4 0-10 4
15 6 10-20 6
25 8 20-30 8
35 5 30-40 5
 45 3 40-50 3

LOWER LIMIT- L1=5-1/2*10

l1=m-1/2*i L1=0
UPPER LIMIT- L2=5+1/2*10
l2=M+1/2*i L2=10

25.01.2021

CHAPTER 5
PRESENTATION OF DATA
TEXTUAL AND TABULAR PRESENTATION

TABULAR PRESENTATION
IS THE PROCESS OF PRESENTING THE DATA IN THE FORM OF A TABLE

IN THE WORDS OF NEISWANGER

A STATISTICAL TABLE IS A SYSTEMATIC ORGANISATION OF DATA IN COLUMNS AND ROWS

COMPONENTS OF A TABLE
1- TABLE NUMBER
2- TITLE
3- HEAD NOTE
4- STUBS
5- CAPTION
6- BODY OR FIELD
7-UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
8- FOOTNOTES
9- SOURCE

FEATURES OF A TABLE
1- COMPATIBLE TITLE
2- COMPARISON
3- SPECIAL EMPHASIS
4- IDEAL SIZE
5- USE OF ZERO (NA OR (-))

KINDS OF TABLE
1- TABLES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
2-TABLES ACCORDING TO ORIGINALITY
3- TABLES ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION

1- TABLES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

(i) GENERAL PURPOSE TABLE
IT IS OF GENERAL USE AND DOES NOT SERVE ANY SPECIFIC PURPOSE
DATA BLANK
THESE ARE ALSO CALLED REFERENCE TABLES
(ii) SPECIAL PURPOSE TABLE
SPECIFIC PURPOSE
SMALL TABLES LIMITED TO THE PROBLEM UNDER CONSIDERATION
DATA ARE PRESENTED IN THE FORM OF RESULT ANALYSIS
THESE ARE ALSO CALLED SUMMARY TABLES

2-TABLES ACCORDING TO ORIGINALITY

(i) ORIGINAL TABLE
DATA ARE PRESENTED IN THE SAME FORM OR MANNER IN WHICH THEY ARE COLLECTED
(ii) DERIVED TABLE
DATA ARE FIRST CONVERTED INTO RATIOS OR PERCENTAGE AND THEN PRESENTED

3- TABLES ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION

(i) SIMPLE OR ONE WAY TABLE
WHICH SHOWS ONLY ONE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE DATA

TABLE NO. 1
NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN JSSS
(HEADNOTE)
CLASS NO. OF STUDENTS
IX 200
X 200
XI 300 PAGE 121
XII 300 ESSENTIAL PRACTICALS
TOTAL 1000 QUESTION NO. 1
(GIRLS AND BOYS INCLUDED)
DATA FROM JSSS

27.01.2021

(ii) COMPLEX TABLE

(a) DOUBLE OR TWO WAY TABLE
WHICH SHOWS TWO CHARACTERISTIC OF DATA

TABLE NO. 2
NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN JSSS
(HEADNOTE)
CLASS NO. OF STUDENTS
BOYS GIRLS
IX 120 80
X 100 100
XI 180 120
XII 150 150
TOTAL 550 450
(FOOTNOTE)
DATA FROM JSSS

(b) TREBLE TABLE

WHICH SHOWS THREE CHARACTERISTIC OF DATA

(c) MANIFOLD TABLE

WHICH SHOWS MORE THAN THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA

SEX RURAL URBAN

MALE
FEMALE

MARKS NO. OF STUDENTS

0-10
10-20
20-30

YEAR SALE
2011
2012
2013

PLACE WHEAT PRODUCTION

US
JAPAN
AUST

MERITS OF TABULAR PRESENTATION

1- SIMPLE AND BRIEF
2- FACILITATES COMPARISON
3- EASY ANALYSIS
4- HIGHLIGHTS CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA

IN 2017-18THE CONTRIBUTION OF PS, SS AND TS TO INDIA'S GDP WAS 17.6, 28.2 AND 54.2
IN 2018-19 THE SHARE WERE 17.7, 27, 55.3

TABLE NO. 3
GDP OF INDIA

(IN PERCENTAGE)

SECTORS 2017-18 2018-19

PRIMARY SECTOR 17.6 17.7
SECONDARY SECTOR 28.2 27
TERTIARY SECTOR 54.2 55.3
TOTAL 100 100
(FOOTNOTE)
SOURCE -ECONOMIC SURVEY 2020