IndianAdministration MAHistory

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321 13 Indian Administration MA History-Tamil Version
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mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
vk;.V. [tuyhW] அழகப் பNkk;ாghl;Lபல் க-லைக் கழகம்
Njrpaj; ju epu;zaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts mikr;rfk; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ
தேசியத் ேர நிர்ணயக் குழுவின் மூன்்ாம் சுற்றுத் ேர மேிபபபீட்டில் A+(CGPA: 3.64) ேகுேியும்
Kjy; gUtk;
321 13
fhiuf;Fb - மானியக்குழுவின்
மனிேவள தமம்பாட்டு அைமகசசகம் - பல்கைலக்கழக 630003 முேல் ேரப
பல்கைலக்கழகம் மற்றும் ேன்னாட்சித் ேகுேியும் பபற்்து
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
321 11 காைரக்குடி – 630 003
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
போைலநிைலக்கல்வி இயக்ககம்
Kjw; gUtk;
gp.fhk; vk;.V. [tuyhW]

Kjy; gUtk;
Kjy; gUtk;
vk;.V. (tuyhW)
102 12 321 13
முேற் பருவம்; 321 11
321 13
,e;jpa ehfupfKk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.gp 1206 tiu

,e;jpa ehfupfKk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.gp 1206
tpahghu jfty; njhlu;ghly;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
vk;.V. [tuyhW]
Kjy; gUtk;
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
321 11
,e;jpa ehfupfKk;
Kjw; gUtk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.g
gp.fhk;
அழகப்பா பல்கைலக்கழகம்
தேசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் குழுவின் மூன்றாம் சுற்றுத் தர மதிப்பீட்டில் A+(CGPA: 3.64) தகுதியும்
மனிதவள மேம்பாட்டு அமைகச்சகம் - பல்கலைக்கழக மானியக்குழுவின் முதல் தர
பல்கலைக்கழகம் மற்றும் தன்னாட்சித் தகுதியும் பெற்றது
காரைக்குடி – 630 003
த�ொலைநிலைக்கல்வி இயக்ககம்
vk;.V. (tuyhW)
முதற் பருவம்;
321 13
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
A u th ors
Dr Nirja Sharma, Assistant Professor, University o f Delhi
Unit (1)
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University o f Delhi
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University o f Delhi
Units (7, 8.0-8.3, 9.3-9.8, 10.0-10.2, 13.0-13.3, 13.6-13.10)
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Units (11.0-11.3, 13.5, 14.0-14.3)
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ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;-Gj;jf tiugl ml;ltiz
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; Gj;jf tiuglk;
njhFjp I: tuyhw;W R+oy; myF 1: ,e;jpa gupzhk tsu;r;rp

myF-1: ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp fp.gp 1858 tiu: nksupau; epu;thfk;
fhyk; - Fg;ju; fhyk; (gf;fq;fs; 1-17)
myF-2: Nrhou; fhyk;;> nly;yp Ry;jhd;fs; kw;Wk; Kfyha fhyk;;. myF 2: Nrhou; fhyk;;> nly;yp
myF-3 1858 gpupl;b\; fhyk; tiu - xOq;FKiw rl;lk; - epu;thfj;jpd; Ry;jhd;fs; kw;Wk; Kfyha fhyk;;.
jd;ik. (gf;fq;fs; 18-44)
myF-4: 1858-1947 ,ilNa ,e;jpa epu;thf mikg;G: 1909 kw;Wk; 1919 myF 3: gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;. epu;thfk; 1858 tiu
(gf;fq;fs; 45-61)
myF 4: ,e;jpa Ml;rp 19tJ kw;Wk;
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy;
(gf;fq;fs; 62-76)
njhFjp II: ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp myF 5: ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935apd; fPo;
myF-5: ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935 apd; fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Nkk;ghLfs; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Nkk;ghLfs;
myF-6: ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs; - ,e;jpa Rje;jpu (gf;fq;fs; 77-86)
rl;lk; 1947d; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpw;F> gpupl;b\; ghuk;gupak;. myF 6: ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpy;
myF-7: 1947f;F gpd; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;: ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdj;jpd; rl;l Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs;
gzp - kj;jpa> khepy epu;thf njhlu;Gfs; (gf;fq;fs; 87-97)
myF-8: ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; - A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfk; mbg;gil myF 7: 1947f;F gpwF ,e;jpa
cupikfs;.
epu;thfk;
(gf;fq;fs; 98-120)
myF 8: ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs;
(gf;fq;fs; 121-150)
njhFjp III: kj;jpa epu;thfk; myF 9: fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
myF-9 khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; - Njrpa neUf;fbepiy ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;. (gf;fq;fs; 151-162)
myF-10: kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G: FbauRj; jiytu; - gpujku; kw;Wk; myF 10: ika mikg;G epu;thfk;
rig mikr;ru;fs;. mikr;ruitf; FOf;fs;. (gf;fq;fs; 163-184)
myF-11: kj;jpa nrayfk;-jiyikr; nrayhsu;-nghJ Nritfs;-mfpy myF 11: kj;jpa nrayfk;
,e;jpa Nritfs;.
(gf;fq;fs; 185-202)
myF-12: Fbikg; gzpfs; - xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; - Nju;T
myF 12: Fbikg; gzpfs;
Kiwfs; - muR Copau;fSf;fhd gapw;rp.
njhFjp IV: khepy epu;thfk; (gf;fq;fs; 203-220)
myF-13: khepy epu;thf mikg;G: MSeu; - Kjyikr;ru; - mikr;ru;fs;
- nrayfk; - gpujk nrayhsu; - ,af;Feu;fs; - khepy muRg; gzpahsu; myF 13: khepy epu;thf mikg;G
Nju;thizak; (gf;fq;fs; 221-245)
myF-14: khtl;l epu;thfk; - fpuhkg;Gw epu;thfk; - Nyhf; ghy;> Nyhf;mAf;jh]; myF 14: khtl;l epu;thfk;
- jw;fhypf rthy;fs; - ,e;jpahtpy; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;. (gf;fq;fs; 246-277)
nghUslf;fk;
mwpKfk;
njhFjp 1: tuyhw;W R+oy;
myF 1 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp 1-17

1.0 mwpKfk;
1.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2 nksupa Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfk;
1.2.1 kj;jpa epu;thfk;
1.2.2 khfhzq;fspd; epu;thfk;
1.2.3 nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;
1.2.4 nksupa fhy fl;lj;jpd; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; thzpgk;
1.3 Fg;ju; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfk;
1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1.5 RUf;fk;
1.6 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;
1.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 2 Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; Kfyha Ml;rp fhyk;; 18-44
2.0 mwpKfk;
2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
2.2 Nrhou; Ml;rp fhy epu;thfk;
2.3 nly;yp Ry;jhd; epu;thfk;
2.3.1 kj;jpa murhq;fk;
2.3.2 khfhzq;fspd; epu;thfk; (IQTAS)
2.3.3 epjp epu;thfk;
2.4 Kfyha Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; epu;thfk;
2.4.1 Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
2.4.2 Nguuru;
2.4.3 muru;fspd; rig
2.4.4 kj;jpa mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ flikfs;
2.4.5 epu;thfj;jpd; jiyikj; Jiwfs;
2.4.6 cs;shl;rp epu;thfk;
2.4.7 kd;rg;jup mikg;G
2.6 RUf;fk;
2.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 3 1858 tiu gpupl;b\upd; fPo; epu;thfk; 45-61

3.0 mwpKfk;
3.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
3.2 xOq;FKiw rl;lk;> 1773
3.2.1 gpujhd Vw;ghLfs;
3.2.2 rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
3.2.3 xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;
3.3 epu;thfj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;
3.3.1 murhq;fj;jpd; fhydpj;Jt mikg;gpd; Njhw;wk;
3.5 RUf;fk;
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 4 19tJ kw;Wk; 20tJ E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpa epu;thf mikg;G; 62-76
4.0 mwpKfk;
4.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
4.2 19-k; E}w;whz;bd; gpupl;b\; epu;thf rl;lq;fs;
4.2.1 ,e;jpa khfhz rl;lk;> 1861
4.3 1909 kw;Wk; 1919 Mk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
4.3.1 ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919
4.5 RUf;fk;
4.8 NkYk; gbf;f
njhFjp II ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp
myF 5 ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935 apd; fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Nkk;ghLfs; 77-86
5.0 mwpKfk;
5.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
5.2 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lk; 1935
5.2.2 Njrpathj murpay; (1935-1939)
5.4 RUf;fk;
5.7 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 6 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs; 87-97

6.0 mwpKfk;
6.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
6.2 Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd epfo;Tfs;
6.3 ,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; rl;lk; 1947
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 7 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiw 98-120

7.0 mwpKfk;
7.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
7.2 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; fl;likg;G
7.3 kj;jpa> khepy epu;thf njhlu;Gfs;
7.3.1 epu;thf njhlu;Gfs;
7.3.2 cs;- khepy njhlu;GfSf;fhd gzpGupAk; FOf;fs;
7.3.3 epjp njhlu;Gfs;;
7.3.4 cs;khepy rig
7.5 RUf;fk;
7.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 8 ghuhSkd;w [dehaf kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs; 121-150

8.0 mwpKfk;
8.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
8.2 ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
8.2.1 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,iaG
8.2.2 rl;lk; cUthf;Fjypd; nray;Kiw
8.3 If;fpa gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfk;
8.4 mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; mkyhf;fk;
8.6 RUf;fk;
8.9 NkYk; gbf;f
njhFjp III: kj;jpa epu;thfk;
myF 9 Neub Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,e;jpa epu;thfKk;; 151-162
9.0 mwpKfk;
9.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
9.2 khepy nfhs;ifapd; nghJf;fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs;
9.2.1 ,e;j Nfhl;ghLfis gy;NtW gpupTfspy; tifg;gLj;Jjy;
9.2.2 rkj;Jt rpe;jidia kW cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
9.2.3 mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghJf;fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; ,ilNa cs;s
njhlu;Gfs;
9.3 ,e;jpa epu;thfk; kw;Wk; Njrpa neUf;fb epiy
9.5 RUf;fk;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 10 kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G 163-184
10.0 mwpKfk;
10.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
10.2 ,e;jpahtpd; [dhjpgjp
10.2.1 [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;
10.3 ,e;jpahtpd; gpujk ke;jpup
10.3.1 gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
10.4 mikr;ru;fs; FO
10.4.1 mikr;ruit mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
10.4.2 mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit FO
10.4.3 mikr;ruit
10.4.4 mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
10.5 mikr;ruit FOf;fs;
10.7 RUf;fk;
10.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 11 kj;jpa nrayfk; 185-202

11.0 mwpKfk;
11.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
11.2 mikr;ruit nrayhsu;
11.3 nghJ Nritfs;
11.4 mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
11.4.1 If;fpa nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO
11.4.2 ,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit (IAS)
11.4.3 ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw Nrit (IFS)
11.4.4 ,e;jpa fhty;Jiw Nrit (IPS)
11.4.5 mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
11.6 RUf;fk;
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 12 Fbik gzpfs; 203-220

12.0 mwpKfk;
12.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
12.2 xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;(UPSC): xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
12.3 gzpaku;j;jk; kw;Wk; gapw;rp
12.3.1 gapw;rp
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f
njhFjp IV khepy epu;thfk;
myF 13 khepy epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G 221-245
13.0 mwpKfk;
13.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
13.2 MSeu;
13.2.1 MSeupd; mYtyfk;
13.2.2 MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
13.3 Kjyikr;ru; kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fs; FO
13.3.1 Kjyikr;rupd; epakdk;
13.3.2 jiyik mikr;ru;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;
13.3.3 Kjyikr;rupd; gjtp
13.3.4 mikr;ru;fs; FO
13.4 khepy muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;
13.4.1 mYtyf epakdk; kw;Wk; gjtp fhyk;
13.4.2 khepy muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; gzpfs;
13.5 khepy nrayfk;
13.5.1 khepy ,af;Feu;fs;
13.7 RUf;fk;
13.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 14 khtl;l epu;thfk; 246-277

14.0 mwpKfk;
14.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
14.2 khtl;l epu;thfk;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
14.2.1 khtl;l Ml;rpau; mYtyfj;jpy; ARC gupe;Jiufs;
14.3 fpuhk epu;thfk;
14.4 rkfhy rthy;fs;: ,e;jpahtpy; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
14.4.1 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; tiffs;
14.4.2 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd Njit
14.4.3 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa gy;NtW FOf;fs;
14.4.4 ,uz;lhtJ ARCd; gupe;Jiufs;
14.5 Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; NyhfhAf;jh];
14.5.1 NyhfhAf;jh
14.7 RUf;fk;
14.10 NkYk; gbf;f
mwpKfk; mwpKfk;
,e;jpah ,Ugj;jp xd;gJ khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; VO ika murpd; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l

gFjpfis nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fspd; $l;likg;G MFk;. ,e;j $l;likg;G
If;fpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> mbg;gil Fwpg;Gfs;
murpay; nfhs;iffis tiuaWf;Fk; fl;likg;ig tptupf;fpwJ.
murpd; fl;likg;G> eilKiwfs;> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs;
Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs;> fl;lisf; Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
flikfis Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
epu;thfk;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw vd %d;W
gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epu;thfj;Jiw ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j Ml;rp
kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ> rl;lkd;wk;
rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;F nghWg;Ngw;fpwJ>
kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Ml;rpf;Fupa rl;l mk;rq;fSf;fhd nghWg;ghFk;.
,e;jpa Fbikg; gzpfs; ,e;jpahtpd; KJnfYk;ghf tpsq;FfpwJ
kw;Wk; ngUk; kupahijAk; nghWg;igAk; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ.
,e;jpa epu;thfk; vd;w E}y; tuyhW, gupzhk tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; jw;Nghija R+o;epiyia tpthjpf;fpwJ.
,J khztu;fs; ,e;jpa nghJ epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd jj;Jtq;fs;
kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd mwpit ngw cjTfpwJ:
mjd; epu;thf mikg;G> murpayikg;G mjpfhupfs;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
epjp epu;thfk; kw;Wk; epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jk; Mfpait ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
,e;j Gj;jfk; gjpdhd;F myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> xt;nthU
myFk; xU mwpKfj;Jld; njhlq;FfpwJ> mjd;gpwF Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd;
ntspg;ghl;il czu;j;JfpwJ. ,jpy; tpupthd cs;slf;fk; gpd;du;
xU vspa kw;Wk; fl;likf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLk;, cq;fs;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf, khztupd; Gupjiy Nrhjpf;f
cjTfpwJ. RUf;fk;, Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;, jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk;
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFj;Jiuj;jy; xt;nthU myfpd;
,WjpapYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;;
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
njhFjp I: tuyhw;W R+oy; gupzhk tsu;r;rp
myF 1 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk

tsu;r;rp Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
1.0 mwpKfk;
1.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2.3 nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; r%f nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fs;
1.3 Fg;ju; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfk;
1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfs;
1.5 RUf;fk;
1.8 NkYk; gbf;f
1.0 mwpKfk;
ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw> fhty;Jiw kw;Wk; csT
mikg;ghy;> nksupau;fs; xU gue;j rhk;uh[;aj;ij guhkupj;J rf;uh
vd;w gy khfhzq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,e;j khfhzq;fs;
NkYk; khtl;lq;fshf (efuq;fs;) gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy;
fpuhkkhdJ epu;thfj;jpd; kpff; Fiwthd gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ.
nksupa uh[;aj;jpd; Kbahl;rpapy; muru; ,uhZtj;jpd; jsgjpahfTk;
kw;Wk; jiyik ePjpgjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> nfsby;ahtpd;
fUj;Jg;gb> murupd; mjpfhuq;fs; KOikahdjhf ,y;iy. muru;
jpwk;gl nray;gLtjw;fhf> gue;j uh[;aj;ij epu;tfpf;f mtUf;F
cjtpahf mikr;ru; FOit nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
nksupau;fs;> muru;fis cr;r ePjpgjpahf nfhz;L jpwikahd
kw;Wk; gaDs;s ePjp mikg;GKiwia itj;jpUe;jdu;. nkf];jdp];
$w;Wg;gb> vOj;Jg;G+u;tkhd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jz;lidfspd; mikg;G
vJTk; fLikahf ,y;iy. ,uhZtj;jpd; kpf cau;e;j jsgjpahf muru;
,Ue;jhu;. nksupag; NguuR xU ngupa kw;Wk; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
,uhZtj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. kf;fsJ eyd;fSf;fhd eyd;Gup
eltbf;iffis nksupa muR Nkw;nfhz;lJ. me;j fhyj;jpy;
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw Kd;Ndhbapy;yhj tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;;1
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; nksupa muR xU tifahd epu;thf mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ> Fg;ju;
gupzhk tsu;r;rp Ml;rpahsu;fs; mij gpd;dhspy; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
Fg;ju; epu;thfkhdJ> nksupau;fs;> rj;t`d];> rPj;jpau;fs;
kw;Wk; F\hdpau;fs; MfpNahupd; epu;thf mikg;Gfspd; mk;rq;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. Fg;ju; epu;thfkhdJ cau;e;j juk;
tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ> Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by; rPdj;Jwtpahd
/gh`pd; vOjpaijg; Nghy kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jdu;. epu;thfk;
murpayikg;G kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fspy; murUf;F MNyhridaspf;f
cjTtjw;fhf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ikak; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G
kd;wkhf ,Ue;jJ. NguuR kpfTk; gue;j mstpy; ,Ue;jjhy;> ,J
gy khfhzq;fshf Gf;jp> Ngh`h kw;Wk; gpuNjr vd gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; mj;jifa gpupT epu;thf Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Qhdj;jpd;
xU milahskhf ,Ue;jJ. Fg;ju; muru;fspd; murhq;fk; ,uhZt
mjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j fpuhkkhdJ
epu;thfj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ> NkYk; ePjpj;Jiw kpfTk;
jpwikahdjhFk;. Fg;j muru;fs; jq;fs; Nguuir tpupTgLj;jpdu;>
kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpd; juk; ntw;wpfukhf gpuNjrq;fspy; cau;e;jpUe;jJ.
,e;j myF nksupau; kw;Wk; Fg;ju; fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfj;ij
gFg;gha;T nra;tjhf mike;Js;sJ.
1.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;,
••nksupa NguuRfspd; mfd;w gug;gpiz mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••nksupa fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfj;ij Ma;T nra;a KbAk;
••nksupa fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; mikg;ig Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••Fg;ju; fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thf mikg;ig tptupf;f KbAk;
••Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; mk;rq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;

nksupau;fs; xU gue;j rhk;uh[;aj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;. KO
rhk;uh[;aKk; gy khfhzq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> mit khtl;lq;fshf
(efuq;fs;) gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. epu;thfj;jpd; kpff; Fiwthd gpupT
fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jJ. nksupau;fs; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw>
fhty;Jiw kw;Wk; csT mikg;ig cUthf;fpdu;.

kj;jpa epu;thfk; gpd;tUk; gFjpfis nfhz;bUe;jJ:
1. Ml;rpahsu;: nksupa uh[;ak; Kbahl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ.
nfsby;a mu;j;jrh];jpuj;jpd; guhkupg;G:: muru; xU
jpwikahd Nghuhsp, xU cau; FLk;gj;jpd; topj;Njhd;wy;> xU
ePjp kw;Wk; xU mwpthu;e;j epu;thfpahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
2 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. nkf];jdp]; $w;Wg;gb Ml;rpahsu; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
jdJ Xa;T Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. murd; ,uhZtj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp
jiytuhfTk; jiyik ePjpgjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;> Mdhy;
mtUila mjpfhuq;fs; Kw;wpYkhf ,y;iy. nfsby;ahtpd;
fUj;Jg;gb>’ murd; vd;gtd; muRupik kw;Wk; mDgtpf;fhky; Fwpg;Gfs;
kf;fSf;F nghJeyd;fis nra;a Ntz;Lk;.’
2. mikr;ru;fs; FO: nksupa Nguurpd; epu;thfg; gzpf;fhd
cjtpia toq;Ftjw;F xU ke;jpup kd;wk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murd; jd;Dila rigf;F jpwikahd kf;fis Nju;e;njLj;jhu;.
epu;thfj;jpd; thfdk; xU rf;fuj;jpy; nray;glhJ vd;w
fUj;jpid nfsby;ah ek;gpdhu;. jpwk;gl nray;gLtjw;fhf> gue;j
uh[;aj;jpy; mtUf;F cjTk;gb ke;jpup rigia itj;jpUe;jhu;.
vdNt Ml;rpahsu; jdJ mikr;ru;fsplkpUe;J MNyhridia
ngw;W nray;gl;lhu;. ,e;j mikr;ru;fs; Neu;ikahdtu;fshfTk;>
cz;ikAs;stu;fshfTk;> Gj;jprhypahfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.
nfsby;ahtpd; mu;j;jrh];jpuk;> gjpndl;L mikr;ru;fspd;
Fwpg;gpl;l gpupitf; nfhz;L tptupf;fpwJ. xt;nthU mikr;rUk;
jdJ Jiwf;F jiyik tfpj;jdu;. gjpndl;L ke;jpupfs;:
,sturu;> Kjy;tu;> jsgjp> lTthupf;> GNuh`pj;> mz;lu;Nt\pf;>
n[a;yu;> rkhù;lh> rd;dpjj> g;uj];jh> ehaf;> ghu;> jiyik
ePjpgjp> fu;khd;bf;> fTd;rpypd; jiytu;> jz;l;ghy;> Ju;f;ghy;
kw;Wk; me;jg;ghy;. kd;dUf;F mwpTiu toq;Ftjw;F rpwpa
mikr;ru;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. xt;nthU FOtpYk; khd;upl;]; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; ke;jpupfs; ,Ue;jdu;. ];kpj; $wpagb> ‘nksupa
uh[;ak; Jy;ypakhd tifapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhopy;fspd;
gpuptpy; Jy;ypakhf Jiwfs; kw;Wk; gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.’

gue;j NguuR rf;uh vd;w gpd;tUk; MW khfhzq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. cj;jughj;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; fe;ju;> fhk;Ngh[;> Mg;fhdp];jhd;>
fh\;kPu; kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; ,Ue;jd. ,tw;wpd; jiyefuk; lhf;]pyh.
2. kj;jpagpuNjrk;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; ,d;iwa jpdk; cj;jug;
gpuNjrk;> ngq;fShu; kw;Wk; gPfhu; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. jiyefu;
glhypGj;uh.
3. jf;\pzhghj;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; tpe;jpahry; kw;Wk; njd;
,e;jpahtpd; midj;J khepyq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. jiyefu;
Rtu;zfpup.
4. mte;jpuh\;l;u: fhj;athj;> F[uhj;> uh[;Gjdh kw;Wk; khy;th
Mfpait ,e;j khfhzj;ij mikj;jpUe;jd. jiyefu;
c[;i[d;.
5. fypq;fh: etPd xuprh kw;Wk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; gFjpfs;
,jpy; mlq;Fk;. mjd; jiyefuk; Nlh\yp.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; 6. f;upùh[;a: ,J Nguurpd; jiyefu; gFjpia cs;slf;fpaJ.
gupzhk tsu;r;rp mjd; epu;thfk; k`hkhj;uhf;fspd; cjtpAld; kd;duhy;
ftdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
khfhz epu;thfk; jpwikahf kw;Wk; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; xt;nthU khfhzKk; gy Mizaq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU
MizaKk; khtl;lkhfTk; kw;Wk; efukhfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
(i) efu epu;thfk;

nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; efu epu;thfk; gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU efuKk; ehfuhf; vd;w jiyg;gpy;
,Ue;jJ. ehfu;fpw;F cjt Nfhg; kw;Wk; ];jhdpf;; mjpfhupfs; ,Ue;jdu;.
gj;jypGj;uh gw;wpa nkf];jdp]; tpsf;fk; ,J rk;ge;jkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa efukhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J fq;fh kw;Wk;
Nrhd; ejpfspd; fiuNahuq;fspy; epWtg;gl;lJ. mjd; ePsk; 9 ½ iky;
kw;Wk; mfyk; 3 my;yJ 4 iky;. efupd; epu;thfj;jpw;fhf xt;nthU
Ie;J Ngu;fSf;Fk; MW FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd. xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk;
mjd; gzpNeu ml;ltiz ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j FOf;fs; Mu;brhd; FO>
ntspAwT FO> kf;fs; FO> tu;j;jff; FO> tzpff;FO kw;Wk;
tupf; FO Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
(ii) fpuhk epu;thfk;:

epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil myF fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jJ. mq;F jiyik
mjpfhup> fpuhkpf; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mu;j;jrh];jpuj;jpd; $w;Wg;gb>
fpuhkpq;fpd; %j;j jiytu; Nfhg; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;> mtu; 5-6
fpuhkq;fspd; epu;thfj;ij ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. xU ];lhdpf;
xU Nfhg;igf;F Nkyhsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. fpuhkj;jpd; epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;thjhuKk; jpUg;jpfukhf ,Ue;jJ. fpuhkpf; xU
fpuhkj;jpdu; iffshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
(iii) jz;lid kw;Wk; ePjp Kiwik

nksupau;fSf;F Ml;rpahsu;; cr;r ePjpgjpahf nray;gl xU
jpwikahd ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G ,Ue;jJ. nfsby;ahtpd; fUj;Jg;gb
‘kd;du; ahiuahtJ jtwhf jz;bj;jhy;> mNj jz;lidia %d;W
Kiw jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk;.’ ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,uz;L tifahdit:
ju;k];jhdpa ePjpkd;wq;fs;> mit etPd Fbkf;fSf;F rkkhdit
ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tptfhuq;fisf; Nfl;l fe;jf;];Njhjd;
ePjpkd;wq;fs;. ,e;j ,uz;L ePjpkd;wq;fs; jtpu> fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfs;
Muk;g fl;lq;fspy; gzpGupe;jd.
jz;lidf;Fupa Kiw kpfTk; fLikahdjhf ,Ue;jJ. rpwpa
Fw;wq;fSf;F $l ngupa jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. nkf];jdp];
vOjpaJ> ,e;jpau;fSf;F vOjg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; fpilahJ> Mdhy;
fLikahd jz;lidapd; fhuzkhf> rpwpa Fw;wq;fSf;fhf $l kuz
jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
(iv) ,uhZtk; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
gupzhk tsu;r;rp
,uhZtj;jpd; kpf cau;e;j jsgjp Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. nksupag;
guk;giuapy; FUjp rpe;Jk; Jd;gKk;> mjidg; Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; nghUl;L
];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ; mNj xOf;fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. xU ngupa kw;Wk;
ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,uhZtk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. re;jpuFg;ju; mij Fwpg;Gfs;
kjuPjpahf guhkupj;jhu;. ,uhZtk; MW gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ:
fhyhl;gil> flw;gil> Fjpiug;gil> Nju;g;gil> ahidg;gil kw;Wk;
gilfs;. kpfg; ngupa uhZtj;ij Mizauhy; guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;W g;ypdp vOjpAs;shu;.
Ie;J Nfhl;ilfs; ,Ue;jd: epiyahd Nfhl;il> ePu; Nfhl;il> td
Nfhl;il> kiyf;Nfhapy; kw;Wk; ghiytd Nfhl;il. MAjq;fisAk;
cw;gj;jp nra;a gy njhopw;rhiyfs; ,Ue;jd. nkf];jdp]; ,t;thW
$Wfpwhu;: 'tPuu;fs; NghJkhd Cjpak; ngw;wdu;> ,jdhy; mtu;fs;
tho;ehs; KOtJk; trjpahf tho Kbe;jJ. rf;jp tha;e;j ,uhZtj;jpd;
cjtpAld; re;jpuFg;ju; gue;j rhk;uh[;aj;ij ];jhgpg;gjpy; ntw;wp
ngw;whu;.'
(v) fhty;Jiw kw;Wk; csT mikg;Gfs;

nksupa csT mikg;G kpfTk; jpwikahdJ. mjd; jiyik
mjpfhupahd kfhgj;uh ghu;];g;> ufrpa csthspfshy; rhu; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;tUtdtw;iw ,ufrpa Nritfs; cs;slg;gLfpwJ:
1. rhd;];j];: mtu;fs; xU ,lj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J ufrpa nra;jpia
toq;fpdhu;fs;> mtu;fs; khztu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;
MfpNahiuf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
2. rQ;rhu];: mtu;fs; xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;W> nra;jp Nrfupj;jhu;fs;. ,J jtpu> ,ufrpa vOj;Jf;fs;
mwpag;gl;ld.
1.2.3 nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

tUthapd; Kf;fpa Mjhuk; epykhf ,Ue;jJ. khepy epyj;jpd; tUkhdk;
rPjh vd miof;fg;gl;lJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; tptrhapfs; epyj;jpd;
tUthiag; gf; vd;W mioj;jdu;. xU tptrhapd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy;
1/6 gFjpia muR tUtha; <l;baJ. efuq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;j tUkhdk;
Ju;f; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; nghJthf trjpahdtu;fshfTk;
ed;dlj;ijAld; md;ghfTk; ele;Jnfhz;lhu;fs;.
(i) eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs;

kf;fsJ eyd;fSf;fhd eyd;Gup eltbf;iffis nksupa
muR Nkw;nfhz;lJ. muR Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis cUthf;fp>
neLQ;rhiyfspy; Xa;T ,y;yq;fis mikj;jJ. ,J gazpfSf;F
epoy; kuq;fs; kw;Wk; FbePu; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,it jtpu> khepyq;fSk; ViofSf;F kUj;Jtkidfs; fl;bd.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; nksupa epu;thfk; ed;whf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJ. nksupau;fs;
gupzhk tsu;r;rp xU Kiw Ml;rpia mikj;jdu;> gpd;du; Fg;ju; Ml;rpahsu;fs;
gpd;dhspy; gpd;gw;wpdu;. uha;nrsj;up fUj;Jf;fs;: ',e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW
gFjpfis xd;wpizg;gjw;fhf> cyfshtpa murpd; nfhs;iffSf;F
Fwpg;Gfs; xU eilKiw tbtj;ij toq;fTk; kw;Wk; ,e;j ehl;il cyfpd;
kw;w gFjpfSld; nfhz;L tuTk;> xU ijupakhd kw;Wk; mw;Gjkhd
kdpju; Njitg;gl;lhu;. kw;Wk; ,J xU mjpu;\;lk; re;jpuFg;ju; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; xU cyfshtpa kd;dd; kpf tpiutpy; te;jhu;. ed;F
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l uh[;aj;ij mtu; epWtpdhu;.
(ii) nksupa rKjhak;

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; rKjha mikg;gpw;F nksupa fhyk; Gfo; ngw;wJ.
,e;j Neuj;jpy; r%f mikg;gpd; gpujhd rpwg;gk;rq;fs; gpd;tUk;
jiyg;gpd; fPo; tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;:
••r%f epiy: ,e;j fhyg;gFjpapy; kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpahfTk;
trjpahfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapd; mtrpaq;fs;
kl;Lky;y> r%f tho;tpd; ,d;gKk; ,e;j kf;fSf;F fpilj;jd.
••tu;zh];uk; mikg;G: rKjhak; gy;NtW tu;zq;fshf
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mu;j;jrh];jpug;gb> rKjhak; ehd;F tu;zq;fshf
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ: gpuhkzu;fs;> \j;jpupah> it\;ah kw;Wk; R+j;uh>
Mdhy; nkf];jdp]; rKjhak; VO rhjpfshf gpupf;fg;gLtjhf
vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;j rhjpfs; tptrhap> jj;Jtthjp>
Nfhg; \pfup> njhopyhsp> rj;jpupau;fs;> [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ru;
my;yJ rgrhj;. xUtu; jdJ njhopiy tpl;Ltpl;L> kPz;Lk;
njhopiyr; nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. nkf];jdp]; VO
rhjpapdupd; tptuk; rupahfj; njupatpy;iy> Mdhy; rhjp mikg;G
rpf;fyhfp tpl;lJ vd;gJ epr;rak; njupate;jJ. tho;f;if ehd;F
M\;ukq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ: gpuk;kr;rupak;> fpu`];jh];uk;>
td;g;u];j\;uhk; kw;Wk; rd;ah];. nfsby;ahtpd; $w;Wg;gb>
cz;ik> Rr;rpl td;Kiw> ,uf;fk;> kd;dpg;G> Kjypad
midj;J tu;zq;fSf;Fk; mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. mbikj;jdk;
$l eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.
••jpUkzk;: FLk;g tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gil jpUkzk;. jpUkzj;jpd;
Kf;fpa fhuzk; Foe;ijfspd; cw;gj;jp MFk;. nghJthf mNj
rhjpfspilNa jpUkzk; ele;jJ. ,J xU Kf;fpa rlq;F vd;W
fUjg;gl;lJ. jpUkzj;jpd; vl;L tiffs;: gpuk;kh> Njt;> Mupa>
gpu[hgjpa> MRU> fe;ju;t;> uf;\hf;fs; kw;Wk; igrhf;.
••ngz;fspd; epiy: Ntj fhyj;NjhL xg;gpLk;NghJ nksupa
tajpy; ngz;fspd; epiy Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ. rjp kw;Wk;
tpjit kWkzk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fztd;khu; ,we;j
gpwF> kidtpfs; jq;fs; fztu;fspd; rlyj;ij kfpo;r;rpAld;
vupj;jdu;> mt;thW nra;ahjtu;fs; kupahijf;Fupatu;fshf
fUjg;gltpy;iy. ngz;fs; jdpg;gl;l> Fbik cupik my;yJ
murpay; cupikfs; fpilahJ. tpgr;rhuk; gw;wpa rhd;WfSk;
cs;sd. nfsby;ah xU Ntrp jdJ tUkhdj;jpy; tupf;F xU ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
gFjpia toq;fpajhff; $wpdhu;. ngz;fs; mbg;gil fy;tpf;F gupzhk tsu;r;rp
cupik cz;L.
••nghOJNghf;F Mjhuq;fs;: ngUkstpyhd nghOJNghf;fpd;
Mjhuq;fs; nksupa fhyj;jpy; fhydpa kf;fspd; tho;tpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
nry;tj;ij gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. nghOJNghf;Ffspd; Kf;fpa
Mjhuq;fs; Ntl;il> ky;Aj;jk;> Nju; ge;jak;> Fjpiu ge;jak;>
tpyq;F rz;il> eldk;> rTghl; kw;Wk; ,ir. kf;fs; gy
jpUtpohf;fis nfhz;lhbdu;.
(iii) nghUshjhu epiy

nksupa fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu tho;T Vuhskhf tsu;e;jJ. tptrhak;>
tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; kf;fs; nghUshjhu epiyikfs; tsu;e;jd
kw;Wk; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nksupa fhyj;jpy; jiyik Mf;fpukpg;G
tptrhak; ,Ue;jJ. nghUshjhu tho;f;if tptrhak; rhu;e;jpUe;jJ.
%d;W tifahd epyq;fs; ,Ue;jd: fpup];lh (epyg;gug;G epyk;)> mf;up];lh
(epyg;gug;gy;yhj epyk;) kw;Wk; ];jy (kio epyk;). NfhJik> muprp>
gUg;G> gUj;jp kw;Wk; vs; Mfpatw;why; gpujhdkhf jahupf;fg;gl;lJ>
mjpy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l khepy muR tupf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
tptrhapfs; trjpahd kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jjhy; nkf];jdp];
,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rj;ij mDgtpj;jjpy;iy vd;W vOjpAs;shu;;.
(iv) kj tho;f;if
nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; mbj;jsk; ,e;jpau;fspd; kj ek;gpf;iffspy;
xU ngupa khw;wk; fz;lJ. ,e;j fhyj;jpy;> gpuhkzpa kjk; Mjpf;fk;
,Ue;jJ. gpuhkzu;fs; Cf;Ftpj;j rlq;Ffspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;fs;>
,e;jpuh> tUz;> ];fe;j;> \pt; kw;Wk; tp\;Z Nghd;w gy;NtW tpf;ufj;
nja;tq;fSf;Fk; gpuhu;j;jid nra;jdu;. af;dh kw;Wk; ,ju rlq;Ffs;
jdpg;gl;l ed;ikfSf;fhf elj;jg;gl;ld. mNrhfhtpd; gpur;rhuj;jpd;
fhuzkhf ngsj;j kjk; Gfo;ngw;wJ. Gj;jkjj;ijj; jtpu; i[dKk;
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; njhlu;e;J tsu;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; kw;nwhU kjk; ghFthl; kjkhFk;. ,J KO gf;jpiaAk;
typAWj;jp> xU nja;tPfj; jd;ikf;F ruzile;jJ.

nksupa fhyj;jpy;> tu;j;jf kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhbapy;yhj
tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. nfsby;aupd; fzf;Ffs;> nksupf; fhyj;jpd;
NghJ ifj;jwp gl;L kw;Wk; rPd gl;L njhopy; tsu;r;rpAw;wjhf
,Ue;jJ. ,it jtpu> cNyhf kw;Wk; je;j nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiyfs; tsu;r;rpailAk;. ghid jahupg;ghsu;fSk;>
nfhy;yu;fSk;, jr;ru;fSk; jq;fs; njhopiy tpupTgLj;jpdu;.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; (i) tzpfk;
gupzhk tsu;r;rp
,wf;FkjpAk; Vw;WkjpfSk; ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Milfs;> eif> fiyg;nghUl;fs;> thrid jputpaq;fs;> Fjpiufs;>
kw;Wk; gy Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. fpNuf;f vOj;jhsu;fspd;
Fwpg;Gfs; $w;Wg;gb> tzpf epyj;jpYk;> fly; topfspYk; tu;j;jfk; eilngw;wJ.
murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rf;jpfs; nfhz;l nerthsu; kw;Wk;
nfhy;yu;fs; mikg;Gfis rkfhy fzf;Ffspy; fhzyhk;. may;ehl;L
kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; nropg;ghd njhopy;fspy; ,Ue;J Nkk;gl;lJ.
(ii) tu;j;jfk;
Ntshz;ikAk; gy;NtW njhopy;fSk; tsu;r;rpia ngUkstpy;
mjpfupj;jd. xU tpWtpWg;ghd cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; ,Ue;jJ. tu;j;jfu;fs;
KO Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;ldu; vd;W /gh-nà;dpd; tpsf;fk;
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mtu;fs; vspjhf xU ,lj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU
,lj;jpw;F nry;yyhk;. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ntspehl;L ehLfSld; xU
ey;y tu;j;jf cwT ,Ue;jJ. cs; tu;j;jfj;jpw;F> ey;y Nghf;Ftuj;J
trjp ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; jq;fs; ruf;Ffis flypy; kw;Wk; epyg;gFjpfspy;
,Ue;J ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; vLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. me;j ehl;fspy;> c[;i[d;>
gdhu];> itryp> fah> gpuahf> ghlypGj;jpu kw;Wk; kJuh Mfpait
Kf;fpa tu;j;jf ikaq;fshf ,Ue;jd. rhiyfs; topahf ,e;j
efuq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. rhiyfs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;jd
kw;Wk; /gh-nà;d; rhiy tpgj;J KOtJk; tutpy;iy. tzpfu;fs;
jq;fs; nghUs;fis vUJ tz;bfs; kPJ vLj;Jr;nrd;wdu;. fq;if>
fpU\;z Nfhjhtup kw;Wk; gpuk;kGj;uh Mfpait tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tu;j;jf nghUl;fs; epr;rakhf mwpag;gltpy;iy
Mdhy; mJ Jzp> NfhJik> eWkzg;nghUs;, cg;G, ituq;fs; kw;Wk;
tpiyAau;e;j fw;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W $wyhk;.
MWfs; %yk; tu;j;jfk; kypthd kw;Wk; trjpahdjhf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> fg;gy; fl;Lkhdj; njhopy; NkYk;
tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; xU JiwKfkhf tpsq;Fk; jk;uhypg;jp>
rPdh> ,yq;if> [hth kw;Wk; Rkj;jpuh Nghd;w fpof;F ehLfSld;
tu;j;jfk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. Me;jpuhtpy;> Nfhjhtup kw;Wk; fpU\;z
ejpapd; fiuNahuq;fspy; gy JiwKfq;fs; ,Ue;jd. njhz;il
Nrho murpd; Gfo;ngw;w JiwKfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j JiwKfq;fs;
tu;j;jfk; nropg;gila cjtpaJ kl;Lky;yhky;> Mrpahtpd; midj;J
gFjpfspYk; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; ehfupfj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wpdu;.
JiwKfq;fs; Nkw;F ehLfSld; tu;j;jfk; nra;a cjtpaJ.
Nuhkhdpa tzpfu;fs; ,e;j JiwKfq;fs; %yk; tu;j;jfk; nra;a
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy;> khYkpfs; trjpf;fhf fyq;fiu tpsf;fq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. fy;ahz> Nrhy;> GNuhr;> fk;Ng Mfpait njd;
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fshf ,Ue;jd. ,jd; %yk; Kj;Jf;fs;>
tpiyAau;e;j fw;fs;> Jzp> thrid jpiutpaq;fs;> eWkzg;nghUs;>
kUe;Jfs;> Njq;fha; kw;Wk; je;jk; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. fhg;gu;> ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
jfuk;> <ak;> Ngupr;irg;gok; kw;Wk; Fjpiufs; Nghd;witfis gupzhk tsu;r;rp
,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fshFk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. nksupa Nguurpd; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpfs; vit.
2. nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; khfhzq;fis gl;baypLq;fs;.
1.3 Fg;ju; fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfk;

Fg;ju; epu;thf mikg;G Ke;ija tuyhw;W ghuk;gupaj;ij mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lJ. gy jpUj;jq;fs; rkfhy epiyikf;F Vw;g khw;wg;gl;ld.
Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpy; nksupau;fs;> rj;th`d]; rpj;jpau;fs; kw;Wk;
F\hdpau;fs; MfpNahupd; epu;thf mikg;Gfspd; $Wfs;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. rPd fzf;Fg;gb> Fg;ju; epu;thf mikg;G vg;nghOJk;
ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ> Vndd;why; mJ jhuhsthj kw;Wk; nghJ eydpy;
,Ue;jJ. Ml;rpahsu;fs; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>
jilaw;w kw;Wk; ru;thjpfhukhf ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ. ‘re;Njfj;jpw;F
,lkpd;wp> Fg;ju; murhl;rp cau;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;L
rPd Jwtp /gh `pd; ,e;j fhyj;ij gw;wp ‘kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpahfTk;
tskhdjhfTk; ,Ue;jdu; vd;W vOjpdhu;. kf;fs; jq;fs; tPLfspy; rpwpa
fhupaq;fisf; fzf;fpy; vLf;fhkYk;> epahaj;jPu;g;Gf;F Kd;ghfTk;>
Ml;rpahsu;;fSf;F Kd;ghfTk; gpuNtrpf;fNtz;bajhapUe;jJ.
Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; mk;rq;fs;:

Fg;ju; murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L jsq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ:
1. Kbahl;rp: Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik Kbahl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ>
Nguuru; cr;r mjpfhuJld; ,Ue;jhu;. gpuahfh murhizapy;>
rKj;jpuFg;ju;> flTs; Nghy; G+kpapy; tho;e;j xU Ml;rpahsu;
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
2. epyg;gpuG Kiw: Fg;ju; rhk;uh[;ak; gue;jstpy; ,Ue;jJ> vdNt
mij MSik nra;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt>
epyg;gpuGj;Jt mikg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
kj;jpa muR
(i) Ml;rpahsu;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ,izg;ghy; Ml;rpahsu; Kbahl;rpahf ,Ue;jhu;
mur ,uhZt ePjp kw;Wk; ,ju mk;rq;fspy; muru; cau;e;j epu;thf
mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;. gpuahf murhizj;jpd; $w;Wg;gb ‘,J
Nghd;w ey;y Ml;rpia toq;FtJ Ml;rpahsupd; flik MFk;.
kf;fSf;F> mtuJ kdjhu midj;J MWjy; kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpia
toq;f cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwhNuh mtNu rpwe;j muru;'. mjpfhupfs;
epakpf;fg;gLtJk; ePf;fg;gLtJk; muruhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. murUf;F
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; nja;tPf jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjd; fhuzkhf ru;thjpfhupahf
gupzhk tsu;r;rp ,Ug;gjw;fhd cupik ,y;iy ,Ug;gpDk; xU nja;tPf Fzhjprak;
,Ue;j NghjpYk;> Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhu; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd
fy;tpiag; ngWtJ Ml;rpahsUf;F mtrpakhFk;. k`huh[hjpuh[h>
Fwpg;Gfs; guNk];tu gukk;iltl; kw;Wk; ,uh[jpuh[h ,J Nghd;w jiyg;Gfis
Ml;rpahsu; vLj;Jf;nfhd;whu;.
(ii) mikr;ru;fs; FO
epu;thfj;jpy; kd;dUf;F MNyhrid tptfhuq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F xU
ke;jpup kd;wk; ,Ue;jJ. Ml;rp mbg;gilapy;> mur nray;ghLfis
nfsby;au;fs; gu];gu xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; ey;nyz;zk; Mfpatw;Wld;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt
xj;Jiog;G ngw mikr;ru;fs; xU ke;jpup epakdk; nra;tjw;Fk;
rupahd MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;Fk; mJ nghUj;jkhjhf ,Ue;jJ.
jq;fs; jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; mikr;ru;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
vdpDk;> ,e;j epiy gpd;du; guk;giuJtk; MdJ. rpy Kf;fpa
mikr;ru;fs;> k`hje;jdhaf> k`hgpujpùh> k`hre;jptpf;fpu`pf;fh>
ghz;lfupjpf;upjh> k`hgf;]ghlypfh kw;Wk; jz;lgh\pfh. muru;
mtu;fsJ mwpTiuia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk;> mij Vw;f mtu;
fl;Lg;gl;L ,y;iy.
(iii) khfhz epu;thfk;

Fg;ju; NguuR kpfTk; gue;j mstpy; ,Ue;jJ. mj;jifa gue;j
NguuR Neub fl;Lg;ghl;by; rhj;jpakhdjhf ,y;iy. vdNt> mJ gy
khfhzq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt khfhzq;fis Gf;jp, Ngh`h
kw;Wk; gpuNjr vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; mj;jifa gpupT xU
epu;thf Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Qhdj;ij gw;wpa mwpFwpahfNt ,Ue;jJ.
khfhz Ml;rpahsu;fs; murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; cgupfh
kfhuh[hthf mwpag;gl;ldu;. nghJthf mtu;fs; mur FLk;gj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu;fs;. rhk;uh[;ak;> nghJ eyd;> kw;Wk; NguurUf;Ff; fPo;g;gbjy;
Mfpatw;wpy; mikjp> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;if guhkupg;gJ mtu;fspd;
flikahFk;.
(iv) tprah (khtl;l) epu;thfk;

khfhzkhdJ tprah]; (khtl;lq;fs;) vd gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tp\a];
jiyik mjpfhup tpragl;b vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; Ml;rpahsu;
my;yJ Nkyg;ghisahy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. khfhzj;jpd; kw;w
mjpfhupfs; ru;jt`> gpujhkFypfh> gpujhkh fa];jh kw;Wk; G+];lghyh
MfpNahUk; mlq;Ftu;.
(v) efu epu;thfk;

xU khfhzj;jpy; gy efuq;fs; ,Ue;jd. efuj;jpd; jiyefu; efugl;b
vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. mtu; tpragl;b-ahy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. xt;nthU
efuj;jpYk; tup tR+ypg;gjw;fhd xU nray;ghl;Lf; FO xd;W ,Ue;jJ
mit nghJ Rfhjhuj;ij guhkupg;gJ kw;Wk; efu epu;thfj;ij ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
,af;fTJk; mjd; flikahFk;. gupzhk tsu;r;rp
(vi) fpuhk epu;thfk;

fpuhkj;jpy; epu;thfj;jpd; myF kpfr;rpwpa mstpy; ,Ue;jJ. xU Fwpg;Gfs;
fpuhkj;jpd; gug;gsT rup nra;ag;gl;lJ. fpuhkj;jpd; jiytu; fpuhkhgjp
my;yJ k`hl;lu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. xU fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J vd;gJ
cz;ikapy; xU rpwpa [dehafkhf fUjg;gl;lJ. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpy;
kf;fs; rhjhuz mjpfhupfspd; nray;fisr; nra;jdu;. gQ;rhaj;Jfspy;
cg FOf;fs; mjpf Ntiy nra;jdu;. ghrd Nkyhz;ikf;F jdp
FOf;fs;> tptrhak;> kjk; Kjypait ,Ue;jd.
(vii) ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G

ePjpj;Jiw kpfTk; jpwikahdJ. ehujh ];kpUjp vd;gtuhy; ehd;F
tifahd ePjp kd;wq;fshdit – (1) mur (2) Gfh (3) fpy;l; kw;Wk;
(4) FLk;gk;. /gh `pd; gb> 'Fg;ju; fhyj;jpy; ele;j jz;lid
fLikahdjhf ,y;iy. kuz jz;lidapdhy; jz;bf;fg;gLtJ mupjhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.' eLj;ju my;yJ cau; nghUshjhu jz;lid
vd;gJ rpy Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;wthspfis kl;LNk mtu;fs; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Ml;rpahsu;pd; KbT ,WjpahdJ. vdpDk;> fhspjhr
kw;Wk; tprhfhl;l gb> jz;lidfs; kpfTk; fLikahdit.
(viii) ,uhZt mikg;G

gue;j Nguurpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F xU ngupa kw;Wk; gykhd ,uhZtk;
mj;jifa Nguurpw;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. Fg;ju; muru;fspd;
murhq;fk; ,uhZt mjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,uhZtj;jpd; ehd;F tiffshtd gFjpfs; – fhyhl;gil> Nju;gil>
Fjpiug;gil kw;Wk; ahidgil. kpfr;rpwpa fhyhl;gilahd myF
rKah vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhZtj;jpd; jiytu; k`Nrdhgjp
my;yJ k`hgyjpf;upjh vd mwpag;gl;hu;. ‘,uhZtj;jpd; kpf cau;e;j
mjpfhupahd Nrdhgjp(jsgjp) Mthu;. k`hjz;lehafh>
uhzhghz;lfupfh> kz;l];tgb MfpNahu; mtUf;F fPo; ,Ue;jdu;.
ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpapdUf;Fk; ,uhZt Nritapy; ve;j ghFghLfSk;
nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,uhZtj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; uh[;ak; ,Ue;jJ.
khfhzq;fspy; rpy ,uhZtq;fs; ,Ue;jd> mtw;wpw;F Njitg;gLk;
Neuj;jpy; mtu;fs; cjtpaJ. MAjq;fis Nrkpg;gjw;F ,J xU
MAjkhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
(ix) tUtha; mikg;G

tUtha;f;F Kf;fpa Mjhukhf epy tup ,Ue;jJ. murDf;Nfh my;yJ
khepyj;jpw;Nfh nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpisnghUl;fspd; gq;F ghf vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ. khepy tUthia cUthf;f Ie;J tifahd tupfSk;
,Ue;jd: (1) fl;Lg;ghl;L tup Nghd;w epyk; tup> (2) fhytiuaw;w tup> (3)
nghUshjhu mguhjk; (4) khepy nry;tj;jpypUe;J tUkhdk; kw;Wk; (5)
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; tUk; tUtha;. fhspjhr
gupzhk tsu;r;rp uFtk;rj;jpd; ,yl;rpaj;jpypUe;J Fg;ju; murupd; tup tR+y; kf;fspd; eyid
njspthfpwJ. Mwpy; xU gq;F epy-tupf;F tup tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Fg;jhtpd; rhk;uh[;ak; xU rpwe;j ,e;J khepykhFk;> kw;Wk; mtu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; mij ,aq;Ftjw;F gz;ila Kiwikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j
Neuj;jpy; khepy tup xU tifahd jz;lid my;y.
Fg;ju; epu;thf mikg;gpd; FiwghLfs;

Fg;ju; epu;thfkhdJ kpfTk; jpwikahdJ. mjd; mikg;G ikaq;fs;
kw;Wk; khfhzq;fis kpfTk; jpwikahf nfhz;bUe;jJ. Fg;ju;
Nguuru;fs; jq;fs; rhk;uh[;aj;ij tpupTgLj;jp> ntw;wp ngw;w
gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; rkepiyahd kw;Wk; ghuhl;lj;jf;f epu;thfj;ij kpf
cau;e;j jukhf epWtpdu;.
vdpDk;> ,J xU rpy FiwghLfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; midj;J
mikg;GfSk; epyg;gpuGj;Jtq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,Ue;jJ. epyg;gpuGj;Jt
Ml;rpahsu;fs; ru;thjpfhukhf Mdhu;fs;. khfhz Ml;rpahsu;fs;
mjpf mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpajhy;> ,J fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fg;ju;
rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;F Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk;
3. Fg;ju; fhyk; Ke;ija kw;Wk; rkfhyj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;Gfis
vt;thW nghUj;jpaJ?
4. Fg;ju; murpd; jsq;fis gl;baypLq;fs;.
5. muru;fs; Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; vt;thW Ml;rp nra;jhu;?
1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. kj;jpa epu;thfk; gpd;tUk; gFjpfis nfhz;bUe;jJ:
(i) Ml;rpahsu;: nksupag; vd;w tbtk; NguurhdJ. muru; xU
jpwikahd Nghuhsp> cau;e;j FLk;gj;jpd; topj;Njhd;wy;>
ePjp toq;FgtUk;> tpNtfk; tha;e;j epu;thfp vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ..
(ii) ke;jpupfs; FO: kTupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; epu;thfg;
gzpf;fhd cjtpia toq;Ftjw;fhf xU ke;jpup kd;wk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpahsu; jd;Dila rigf;F
jpwikahd kf;fis Nju;e;njLj;jhu;.
2. nksupag; NguuR rf;uh vd;w gpd;tUk; MW khfhzq;fshf
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ:
(i) cj;ughj;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; fe;ju;> fhk;Ngh> Mg;fhdp];jhd;>
fh\;kPu; kw;Wk; gQ;rhgpd; efuq;fs; mlq;Fk;. ,jDila
%yjdk; lhf;]pyh.
(ii) kj;jpaNj\;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; ,d;iwa jpdk; cj;jug;
gpuNjrk;> ngq;fShu; kw;Wk; gPfhu; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
,jDila jiyefu; ghlypGj;uh. gupzhk tsu;r;rp
(iii) jl;rpzhghj;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; tpe;jpahry; kw;Wk; njd;

,e;jpahtpd; midj;J khepyq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. ,jDila
jiyefu; ];tu;zfpup MFk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
(iv) mte;jpuh\;l;uh: fhj;athj;> F[uhj;> uh[;Gjdh kw;Wk;
khy;th Mfpait ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; mikj;jpUe;jd.
,jDila jiyefu; c[;i[d; MFk;.
(v) fypq;fh: ,J etPd xuprh kw;Wk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd;
gFjpfshFk;. mjd; jiyefuk; Nlh\yp MFk;.
(vi) fpupùh[;ah:,J Nguurpd; jiyefu; gFjpia cs;slf;fpaJ.
mjd; epu;thfk; k`hkhj;uhf;fspd; cjtpAld; kd;duhy;
ftdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Fg;ju; epu;thf epu;thfkhdJ Ke;ija tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupaj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ> mjpy; gy jpUj;jq;fs; rkfhy
epiyikf;F Vw;g khw;wg;gl;ld. Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpy; nksupau;fs;>
rhj;th`d;fs;> ];ifjpau;fs; kw;Wk; F\hdpau;fs; MfpNahupd;
epu;thf mikg;Gfspd; $Wfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
4. Fg;ju; murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L jsq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ:
(i) Kbahl;rp: Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik Kbahl;rp MFk;.
Nguuru; kpf cau;e;j mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltu;. gpuahfh
murhiz> rKj;jpuFg;ju;> flTs; Nghy; G+kpapy; tho;e;j
xU Ml;rpahsu; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;.
(ii) epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiw: Fg;ju; rhk;uh[;ak; gue;jstpy;
,Ue;jJ> vdNt> mjd; kPJ Ml;rp nra;tJ> gutyhf;fk;
,y;yhky; kpfTk; fbdk;. vdNt> epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. muru; Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ikak; MFk;.
Vnddpy; mJ xU Kbahl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. muR> ,uhZtk;> ePjp
kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpd; kw;w mk;rq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; muru; kpf
cau;e;j mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;.
1.5 RUf;fk;
••nksupau;fs; xU gue;j rhk;uh[;aj;ij jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
KO rhk;uh[;aKk; gy khfhzq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> mit
khtl;lq;fshf (efuq;fs;) gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. epu;thfj;jpd;
kpff; Fiwthd gpupT fpuhkkhf ,Ue;jJ. nksupau;fs; ed;F
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw> fhty; kw;Wk; csT mikg;ig
cUthf;fpdu;.
••ngUk; nksupa Nguurpd; epu;thfg; gzpf;fhd cjtpia
toq;Ftjw;F xU ke;jpup kd;wk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpahsu;
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; jd;Dila rigf;F jpwikahd kf;fis Nju;e;njLj;jhu;.
gupzhk tsu;r;rp epu;thfj;jpd; thfdk; xU rf;fuj;jpy; nray;glhJ vd;W
nfsby;ah ek;gpdhu;. epu;thfk; jpwk;gl nray;gLtjw;fhfTk;>
gue;j uh[;aj;ij epu;tfpg;gjw;Fk; Ml;rpahsu; ke;jpupfspd; rig
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhu;.
••efupd; epu;thfj;jpw;fhf MW FOf;fspy; Ie;J egu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; mjd; gzpNeu ml;ltiz ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j
FOf;fs; fiyQu; FO> ntspAwT FO> kf;fs; FO> tu;j;jff;
FO> thzpff; FO kw;Wk; tupf; FO Mfpait.
••nksupaupau;fs; cr;r ePjpgjpahf Ml;rpahsUld; xU
jpwikahd kw;Wk; jpwikahd ePjp mikg;GKiwia
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. jz;lidf;Fupa Kiw kpfTk; fLikahdjhf
,Ue;jJ. rpwpa Fw;wq;fSf;F $l ngupa jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nkf];jdp]hy; vOjg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; ,e;jpau;fSf;F ,y;iy>
Mdhy; fLikahd jz;lidapd; fhuzkhf> rpwpa Fw;wq;fSf;Fk;
kuz jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
••nksupa rhk;uh[;[pakhdJ xOq;FKiwia nra;ag;gLj;Jtjw;F
f\;lq;fisAk; kw;Wk; ,d;dy;fisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;f ,jd;
%yk; guhkupf;fgl;lJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU ngupa kw;Wk;
ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,uhZtk; Njitg;gl;lJ. kjuPjpahf
re;jpuFg;ju; mij guhkupj;jhu;
••kf;fsJ eyd;fSf;fhd eyd;Gup eltbf;iffis nksupa
muR Nkw;nfhz;lJ. muR Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis cUthf;fp>
neLQ;rhiyfspy; Xa;T ,y;yq;fis mikj;jJ. ,J
gazpfSf;F epoy; kuq;fs; kw;Wk; FbePu; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,it jtpu> ViofSf;fhd kUj;Jtkidfs;
fl;lg;gl;lJ.
••Fg;ju; epu;thf epu;thfkhdJ Ke;ija tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupaj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ> mjpy; gy jpUj;jq;fs; rkfhy
epiyikf;F Vw;g khw;wg;gl;ld. Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpy; nksupau;fs;>
rhj;th`d;fs;> ];ifjpau;fs; kw;Wk; F\hdpau;fs; MfpNahupd;
epu;thf mikg;Gfspd; $Wfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. rPd
fzf;Fg;gb> ‘Fg;j epu;thf Kiw vg;NghJk; jhuhskhfTk;> nghJ
eyDf;fhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. Ml;rpahsu;;fs; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> jilaw;w kw;Wk; ru;thjpfhukhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
KbahJ.’
••Ml;rpahsu; xU murhl;rpahf ,Ue;jjhy; kj;jpa murpd;
ika;akhf ,Ue;jJ. muR> ,uhZtk;> ePjp kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpd;
kw;w mk;rq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; muru; kpf cau;e;j mjpfhupahf
,Ue;jhu;. gpuahfh Mizapd;gb> ‘ey;y Ml;rpia toq;Ftjw;F
Ml;rpahsupd; flik ,J. xU rpwe;j Ml;rpahsu; jd;Dila
kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; MWjiyAk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk; mspg;gjpy;
cWjpahdtu;.’

••epu;thf tptfhuq;fspy; murUf;F MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;F ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
xU ke;jpup kd;wk; ,Ue;jJ. uh[Gjdq;fis ntspNaw;Wtij gupzhk tsu;r;rp
gu];gu xj;Jiog;Gld; nra;J> ey;nyz;zj;Jld; mq;fPfupf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhdJ nfsby;aupd; MSiff;F xU mbg;gilahf
mike;jJ. vdNt> xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; Kiwahd MNyhridiag; Fwpg;Gfs;
ngw mikr;ru;fs; xU kd;wj;ij epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••Fg;ju; NguuR kpfTk; gue;j mstpy; ,Ue;jJ. mj;jifa gue;j
NguuR Neub fl;Lg;ghl;il rhj;jpakpy;iy. vdNt> mJ gy
khfhzq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. khfhzq;fis Gf;b> Nghfh
kw;Wk; gpuNj\h vd;W miof;fpd;wdu;. murhq;fj;jpd; mj;jifa
gpupT epu;thf Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Qhdj;jpd; xU milahskhf
,Ue;jJ.
••Fg;ju; epu;thfkhdJ kpfTk; jpwikahdJ. ikak; kw;Wk;
khfhzq;fspy; mjd; mikg;G kpfTk; rhj;jpakhdJ. Fg;ju;
Nguuru;fs; jq;fs; rhk;uh[;aj;ij tpupTgLj;jp> ntw;wp ngw;w
gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; rkepiyahd kw;Wk; ghuhl;lj;jf;f epu;thfj;ij
kpf cau;e;j juj;Jld; epWtpdu;.

••mu;j;jrh];jpuk;: nfsby;ahtpd; mu;j;jrh];jpuk;> khepy
murpaypy;> nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapYk; ,uhZt Af;jpfspYk;
xU rpwe;j Ma;T MFk;.
••epyg;gpuGj;Jt mikg;G: Nrit my;yJ ciog;Gf;F gjpyhf
epyk; itj;jpUg;gjpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l cwTfisr; Rw;wp
mikg;gjw;fhd xU top vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.
••gpuahf; murhiz: ,J xU Guhzf;fij. ,jw;F myfhghj;
J}z; vd;Wk; ngau;. ,J xU mNrhfd; J}z;> Mdhy; 4 ntt;NtW
fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd.
••uFtk;]h: ,J kpfTk; gpugykhd rk];fpUj ftpQuhd
fhspjhrtpd; rk];fpUj fhtpa ftpij MFk;. ,f;ftpijahdJ
uF tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;j fijfs;> 19 fijfs; Mfpatw;wpy;
,Ue;J cUthdJ.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nksupa khepy murpd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. nksupa fhyj;jpy;> efu epu;thfj;jpd; ghj;jpuj;jpy; xU rpwpa
Fwpg;ig vOJf.
3. nksupa khepyj;jpy; elf;Fk; eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J
tpthjpf;fTk;.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; 4. nksupa fhyq;fspy; ngz;fspd; epiy gw;wpa xU RUf;fkhd
gupzhk tsu;r;rp Fwpg;ig vOJf.
5. nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 6. Fg;ju; fhyj;jpy; ePjpj;Jiw Kiwg;gb RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G xd;iw
vOJf.
7. Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; FiwghL gw;wpa xU RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig
vOJf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;igg;

gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. nksupa fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW mikr;ru;fspd; Nju;T nray;Kiwia
Muha;f.
3. nksupa murpd; jz;lid kw;Wk; ePjp Kiwik gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. nksupa fhyj;jpy; ,uhZtj;jpd; gq;if Muha;f.
5. fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;NtW r%f-nghUshjhu khw;wq;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
6. Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; mk;rq;fis Muha;f.
7. Fg;ju; Ml;rpapd; fPo; tUtha; Kiw Fwpj;j tpupthd gFg;gha;T
xd;iw vOJf.
1.8 NkYk; gbf;f

mNuhuh> uNk\; Nf. kw;Wk; u[pdp Nfhay;. 1997. ,e;jpa nghJ epu;thfk;:
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fy;fs;. GJ jpy;yp: tp\;th ntspaPLfs;.
mNuhuh> uNk\; Nf kw;Wk; rq;fPjh ru;kh (gjp). 1992. xg;gPl;L kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L epu;thfk;. n[a;g;G+u;: mupahd;l; ntspaPLfs;.
ghu;j;thy;> rp.gP. (gjp.) 1993. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;. GJ jpy;yp:
M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
jh];> v];.Nf. 1998. rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;G
rPuikg;G. GJ jpy;yp: Mf;];Nghu;l; gy;fiyf;fof gjpg;gfk;.
nlg;uhap> igngf; (gjp.). 2004. murhq;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
epfo;r;rpepuy;. GJ jpy;yp: fy;tp mwf;fl;lis.
`hy;bG+u;> Mu;.vd;. 1997. nghJ epu;thfk;: gpujpgypg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpfs;. GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
n[apd;> vy;.rp. (gjp.). 2005. mjpfhuj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cs;Shu; Ml;rp. GJ
jpy;yp: Xupaz;l; yhq;Nkd;.

n[apd;> Mu;.gP 2001. nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah> 21 tJ E}w;whz;L ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
ey;y Ml;rpf;F rthy;fs;. GJ jpy;yp: Mokhd kw;Wk; Mokhd gupzhk tsu;r;rp
ntspaPLfs;.
kNf];tup> ];uPuhk;. 1985. ,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL. GJ jpy;yp:
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;. Fwpg;Gfs;
myF 2 Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; Kfyha
Ml;rp fhyk
Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; Kfyha Ml;rp

fhyk; Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
2.0 mwpKfk;
2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
2.3 nly;yp Ry;jhd; epu;thfk;
2.3.1 kj;jpa murhq;fk;
2.4.1 Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
2.4.2 Nguuru;
2.4.7 kd;rg;jup mikg;G
2.6 RUf;fk;
2.9 NkYk; gbf;f
2.0 mwpKfk;
jPgfw;gj;ijr; Rw;wp Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy;>

Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk; kpf Kf;fpakhd Ml;rp fhykhf ,Ue;jJ. 9Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Nrhou; Ml;rpapd; ikak; jQ;rhT+u; MFk;. Nrho rhk;uh[;ak;
tpupthf kw;Wk; tskhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. Ml;rpahsu;fs; cau;e;j mjpfhuq;fisAk;
nfsutj;ijAk; mDgtpj;jdu;. Ml;rpahsupd; epiyg;ghL guk;giuahf ,Ue;jJ>
tof;fkhf> %j;j muru; thuprhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mJ rf;jptha;e;j uhZtq;fisAk;>
flw;gilfisAk; guhkupj;J> xU jpwikahd Fjpiug;gil guhkupg;gjw;F ngupa
njhiffis nrytpl;Ls;sJ. epu;thfj;jpd; trjpf;fhf NguuR, kz;lyq;fshf
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. cs;Su; Raepu;zaj;jpd; Vw;ghL Nrhou;fspd; epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil
mk;rkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
nly;yp Ry;jhdfj;jpy;> khepyj;jpd; xt;nthU JiwapYk; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuq;fis
mDgtpj;j Ry;jhd; khepyj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. Ry;jhdpd; fhyg;gFjpapy;
njhlu;e;J ve;j rl;lKk; ,y;iy. xU jpwikahd thupR ,y;yhj R+o;epiyfspy;> cau;
mjpfhupfs; Ry;jhid Nju;T nra;Ak; cupik ngw;wdu.; ,y;YJkp\;> Ry;jhdh u]pah>
FJg;-cj;-jpd; Kghuf; fpy;[p kw;Wk; gpU]; Jf;sf; Mfpa midj;J rNfhjuu;fSk;
gpuGf;fspd; rk;kjj;Jld; Ry;jhd;fis Nju;e;njLj;jdu;. gy;NtW mikr;ru;fSk; kw;w
mjpfhupfSk; me;j muir epu;tfpf;Fk; tifapy; Ry;jhDf;F cjtp nra;jdu;.
ntt;NtW mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mjpfhupfs; Ry;jhd; muir epu;tfpf;f cjtpaJ.
jtpu> Ry;jhd; NtW rpy Jiwfs; kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhupfSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l
rpy flikfisr; Rkj;jpdhu;.
k];jhgj;up mikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gl;l nkhfyha epu;thfk; rhuhk;rj;jpy;
xU ,uhZt mikg;gpy; ,Ue;jJ. Vnddpy; xt;nthU mjpfhupAk; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg; gl;lhu;fs;. Nrhou; tk;rk;> nly;yp Ry;jhdfk; kw;Wk;
Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; Kfyha Kfyha fhyq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; fPo; epu;thfj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;J> mtu;fspd;
Ml;rp fhyk;
rf;jp mikg;G> gyk;> kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu R+o;epiyfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp
tpupthf tpsf;FfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;

••Nrhou; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;GKiwia Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
••Nrhou; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; cs;Su; Raepu;zaj;ij Vw;gLj;j
KbAk;
••Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; nly;yp Ry;jhdfj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j nfhs;ifapd;
gq;if tpsf;f KbAk;
••Kfyha rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;ij tpsf;f KbAk;
••Kfyha fhyj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;a KbAk;
••Kfyha fhyj;jpy; kd;du; kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ru;fspd; gq;if
Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;

Nrhou; rhk;uh[;ak; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd MSikfspy;
xd;whFk;. ,J ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l epu;thf Kiwikia
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,J cs;Su; Raepu;za cupikf;F ngau;ngw;wjhFk;.
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz epu;thfk;:

muru; epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk;
mtuJ iffspy; Ftpe;jd. Nrho kd;du; cau;e;j mwpag;gl;l
gl;lq;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. jQ;rhT+u;> fq;ifnfhz;l-NrhoGuk;>
Kbnfhz;lhd; kw;Wk; fhQ;rp gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW Nrhou;
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; gy;NtW jiyefuq;fshf ,Ue;jd. Nrhou; rhk;uh[;ak;
tpupthd kw;Wk; tskhdjhf ,Ue;jjhy; Ml;rpahsu;fs; cau;e;j
mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfsutj;ijAk; mDgtpj;jdu;. uh[;aq;fspd;
nja;tPf Njhw;wj;ij mtu;fs; ek;gpdu;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gy
Nfhtpy;fspy; muru;fSk; mtu;fSila kidtpfSk; ,Ue;jdu;.
MdhYk; Nrho Ml;rpahsu;fs; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpahsu;fshf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; jq;fs; Fbkf;fspd; eyd;fis jq;fs;
Kjd;ik flikahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. Nrhou; Ml;rpahsu;fs;
jq;fs; Ml;rpahsiu my;yJ Atuh[hitj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;Fk;
mtu;fspd; tho;ehspy; mtiu epu;thfj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
eilKiwiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mjdhy;jhd; Nrhou;fs; kj;jpapy; ve;j
NghUk; ,y;iy. uh[htpd; epiyg;ghL guk;giuahf ,Ue;jJ> tof;fkhf>
%j;j muru; thuprhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy; rpy Neuq;fspy;> %j;jtu;

jFjpaw;wtu; vdpy;> thupRfs; ,isa kfd;fsplkpUe;Njh my;yJ Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
uh[htpd; rNfhjuu;fsplkpUe;Njh Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. Ml;rp fhyk
ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk; murpd; kw;w cau; mjpfhupfs; murUf;F
epu;thfj;jpy; cjtpdu;> mtu;fSf;F cau; gl;lq;fs; nfsutq;fs;
kw;Wk; [hfpu;]; Nghd;w epyq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. Nrhou;fs; xU Fwpg;Gfs;
jpwikahd mjpfhuj;Jtj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;> mtu;fsJ Ml;rp
ntw;wpAilajhf mike;jJ.
,uhZt kw;Wk; Nghu; eltbf;if:

Nrhou;fs; rf;jp tha;e;j gilfs; kw;Wk; flw;gilfis guhkupj;J
te;jdu;. fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil kw;Wk; Nghu; ahidfs; Nrhou;fspd;
,uhZtj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpfshf cs;sd. Nrhou;fs; vOgJ
giliaf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mNefkhf> ,uhZtj;jpy; 1>50>000 tPuu;fs;
kw;Wk; 60>000 Nghu; ahidfs; ,Ue;jd. Nrhou;fs; xU jpwi-
kahd Fjpiug;gilia guhkupf;f ngupa mstpy; nrytpl;ldu;.
mNugpa ehLfspypUe;J rpwe;j Fjpiufis jq;fs; ,uhZtj;ij
rpj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,wf;Fkjp nra;jdu;. rkhjhd fhyj;jpd;NghJ
,uhZtk; gapw;rpapYk; xOf;fj;jpYk; rupahd Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.
muru;fs; jq;fs; jdpg;gl;l nka;f;fhg;ghsu;fis itahf;fu;fs; vd;W
mioj;jdu;> mtu;fsJ capu;fspd; tpiyapy; kd;du; egu;fisf;
fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;jhu;. Aj;jj;jpy; jq;fisj;
jhq;fNs NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;ba giltPuu;fSf;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;Fk;
rj;jpuparpfhkzp Nghd;w jiyg;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. kd;duJ egu;fis
fhf;f jkJ jdpg;gl;l nka;f;fhg;ghsu;fis kd;du;fs; itj;jpUe;jdu;.
,e;jpaj; jiytu;fs; kj;jpapy; Nrhou;fSf;F Kjd;Kjypy; jhf;Fjy;
kw;Wk; jw;fhg;G Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xU tYthd flw;gil itj;jpUg;gJ
flikahf vz;zpdhu;fs;.Nrhou;fs;> ,yq;if muru;fisAk;>
];uPtp[aj;ijAk; jhf;fptpl;L> jkJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;W> cau;e;j
fly;fspy; jkJ tu;j;jfj;ij ghJfhj;J tq;fhs tpupFlhtpd;
v[khdu;fshf Mdhu;fs;.dhYk; Nrho Ml;rpahsu;fs; nfhLq;Nfhy;
Ml;rpahsu;fshf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> Nrhou;fs; ,e;J jhu;kPf
Aj;jj;ij mjhtJ ju;kk; Ajhitf; ftdpf;ftpy;iy. Nrhou;g;
gilapdu; ngz;fs; cl;gl, Fbkf;fSf;F mjpf fhaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
rpg;gha;fs; nfhs;isabj;jy;> mopT> Fbkf;fs; nfhy;yg;gLjy; kw;Wk;
ngz;fspd; mtkjpg;G Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;ldu;.
tUtha; mikg;G:
khepy tUthapd; Kjd;ik Mjhuk; epy tUtha; MFk;. ,uh[uh[h
jdJ %d;wpy; xU gFjpia jdJ kf;fsplkpUe;J fhzp tUthahf
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. tUtha;tup kw;Wk; gztup ,Utifahd tupfs;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. epyk; mjd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; ntt;NtW
gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> mJ msf;fg;gl;L> cz;ikahd tpisng-
hUs; kPJ tUtha; tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. tUthapy; <l;Lgtu;fsplkpUe;J
Neubahf xU myF vd KO fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J> rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;>
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. tUthiar; Nrfupf;Fk; NghJ mjpfhupfs;
Ml;rp fhyk; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf; fz;ldu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Nrhou; ghrdj;jpd; nraw;if
top tiffis cUthf;f Nrhou;fs; Kad;wdu;. fhNtup Mw;wpd;
kPJ gy mizf;fl;Lfs; fl;lg;gl;ld> NkYk; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpw;fhf
Fwpg;Gfs; VupfisAk; fl;bdu;. epy tUtha; jtpu> tu;j;jfj;jpy; tup> gy;NtW
njhopy;fs;> fhLfs;> Ruq;fq;fs;> ePu;g;ghrdk;> cg;G Kjypad> khepy
tUkhdk; kw;w Mjhuq;fshf ,Ue;jd. murpd; nrytpdq;fSf;fhd
Kf;fpa nghUl;fs; Ml;rpahsu; kw;Wk; mtuJ muz;kid> ,uhZtk;>
FbKiw Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghJ eyd;Gup gzpfs; MFk;.
epu;thf gpupTfs;:
epu;thfj;jpd; trjpf;fhf> NguuR kz;lykhf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mit
vz;zpf;ifapy; VO my;yJ vl;L MFk;. kz;lyq;fs; ehLfshf
gpupf;fg;gl;ld. ehLfs; Fwk; my;yJ Nfhl;lq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;ld.
xt;nthU FwKk; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fis nfhz;bUe;jd. mit rpW
epu;thf mikg;Gfshf mike;jd.
cs;Su; Raepu;zak;:
cs;Su; Raepu;zaj;jpd; Vw;ghL Nrho epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. mNefkhf> tlf;F my;yJ njw;fpYs;s Ntnwe;j MSk;
murkuKk; Nrhou;fspd; gy;NtW myFfspy; cs;Shuhl;rpj; jd;dhl;rp
mikg;G nfhz;l xU tpupthd Vw;ghl;il nra;atpy;iy. fpuhkj;jpd;
kfhrig fpuhk epu;thfj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ. NkYk;> Fu;uhk;>
jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; kz;ly; Mfpa kl;lj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;Gfs;
,Ue;jd. mit midj;Jk; epu;thfj;jpy; cjtpd. fpuhkj;jpy;
kfhrigapd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfshy; cs;Su; Raepu;zaj;jpd;
,ay;G kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kfhrigia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf> Kjypy; xU fpuhkk; Kg;gJ
njhFjpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU thu;bd; kf;fSk;> xU Vf;fu;
kw;Wk; xU miu epyj;jpd; cilik> xU tPl;by;> 35 f;Fk; 70 f;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l xU tPl;il> xU Ntjk; kw;Wk; xU g`;];ia gw;wpa
mwpit itj;jpUe;jtu;fs; vd;W ngaupl gad;gLj;jpdu;. NkYk;>
mtu; my;yJ mtuJ cwTfspy; ve;j xU jtwhd nray;fspNyh
my;yJ jz;lidapNyh <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ. fle;j %d;W Mz;Lfshf
ve;jf; fkpl;bfspy; ,Ue;jtu;fSk;> me;jf; FOtpy; ,Ue;jtu;fSk;>
fzf;Ffis rku;g;gpf;fj; jtwpatu;fs;> ngau; ,y;yhjtu;fs;
vd;W xJf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;. kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU egUk; kfh-
rigapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;
Kiwahf gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;jy;
%yk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy. kf;fs; ngau;fs; gid-,iyfspy;
rPl;lhf vOjg;gl;bUe;jd> mit xU ghidapy; Nghlg;gl;ld> kw;Wk;
xU ,isQd; rPl;il ntspNa vLf;f ,af;Fduhf ,Ue;jhd;.
kfhrigapd; gy;NtW FOkq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F ,Nj eilKiw
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. vdNt fpuhkj;jpy; kfhrig> fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
uPjpahf RahjPdkhd xU fpuhkj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> midtUf;Fk; Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
Kg;gJ cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;jf; fpuhkj;ijg; gw;wp> ePjpj;Jiw Ml;rp fhyk
FO> Njhl;lf; FO> Vupfs; kw;Wk; ghrdj;ij ftdpf;Fk; FO Nghd;w
gy;NtW tp\aq;fisf; ftdpf;f kfhrigapd; gy;NtW fkpl;bfSk;
,Ue;jd. Fwpg;Gfs;
kfhrig gue;j mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpj;jhu;. mJ r%f
epyq;fspy; cupikfs; kw;Wk; mjd; mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; jdpahu;
epyq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. fpuhkj;jpd; epyj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa
ve;jnthU khw;wj;jpw;Fk; kj;jpa my;yJ khfhz muR fpuhkj;ijr;
Nru;e;j kfhrigitf; fye;jhNyhrpj;jJ. ,J fpuhkj;jpd; cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; tUthia kjpg;gpLtjpy; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhupfSf;F
cjtpaJ. mJ tUthia tR+ypj;J> ,ay;G epiyf;F Vw;g> nghJ
Vyk; %yk;> epyj;ij tpw;gid nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ.
,J tPzhd epyk; kw;Wk; fhL vd;w $w;iwf; ftdpj;J mjd;
mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;jJ. fpuhkj;jpd; epu;thfj;ij ftdpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf tup nrYj;Jgtu;fs; gzpahsu;fis epakpf;fpwhu;fs;.
kfhrgjpapd; ePjpf; FO> ea;ahj;ju; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. FbKiw
kw;Wk; Fw;wthspfSf;F ,ilNa epyTk; gpur;rpid tof;Ffisj;
jPu;j;jJ. mJ rhiyfspd;> J}a;ik> Nfhtpy;fspd; tpsf;Ffs;>
njhl;bfs;> Xa;T ,y;yk; kw;Wk; fpuhkj;jpd; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iwf;
ftdpj;jJ.
,jdhy;> kfhrigapd; Fbkf;fs;> ePjpj;Jiw fhty;, tUtha;
kw;Wk; fpuhk rk;ge;jg;gl;l kw;w midj;J gzpfisAk; ftdpj;jhu;.
,J xU jd;dhl;rp kw;Wk; ngUk;ghYk; Rje;jpukhd nray;ghL MFk;.
kj;jpa my;yJ khfhz muR fpuhkj;jpd; epyj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikapd; ve;j
khw;wj;ijAk; gw;wp fpuhkj;jpd; kfhrigia MNyhrpj;jJ. ,jdhy;>
epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; cs;s fpuhkq;fs; Nrhou;fs; eilKiwapy; 'rpwpa
FbauRfshf' ,Ue;jd. ,J gpupl;b\; epu;thfpfshy; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ.
lhf;lu; Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup> ,J xU mjpfhuj;JtkhdJ vd;W gy;NtW
topfspy; FbAupik xU cw;rhfkhd czu;thf Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;.
cau;e;j epu;thf nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; J}a;ikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;J
khepyk; cau;e;j epiyia mile;jJ.
r%f epiy
r%fk; tu;zh\u;kju;kh vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ> Mdhy;
ntt;NtW tu;zq;fSk; rhjpapdUk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; mikjpahf
tho;e;jhu;fs;. rhjp jpUkzq;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ> mJ
gy;NtW Jiz rhjpfis cUthf;fpaJ. ngz;fspd; epiy ed;whf
,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs; gpd;du; ,e;J rKjhaj;jhy; Rkj;jg;gl;l gy
fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. gu;jh mikg;G ,y;yhjpUe;jJ>
ngz;fs; midj;J r%f kw;Wk; kj nray;ghLfhspy; Rje;jpukhf
gq;F ngw;wdu;. mtu;fs; nrhe;j cupikAlDk; nrhj;JlDk;
jq;fis mikj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. rjpapd; jtwhd tof;Ffs; ,Ue;jd>
Mdhy; mJ gutyhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. nghJthf
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp xUjhu kzk; gutyhf ,Ue;jJ. nghJthf kdpjhgpkhdk; gutyhf
Ml;rp fhyk; ,Ue;jJ> Mdhy; muru;fs;> rke;jhf;fs; kw;Wk; nry;te;ju;fs; gy
kidtpfis itj;jpUe;jdu;. Njtjhrp KiwahdJ tof;fkhfTk;>
efuq;fspy; tpgr;rhupfshfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mbik KiwAk; gutyhf
Fwpg;Gfs; ,Ue;jJ.
nghUshjhu epiy
Nrhou; rhk;uh[;ak; xU gue;j nropg;ig mDgtpj;jJ. Nrhou;fs;
rupahd Kiwapy; ghrd trjpf;fhf Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jdu;. ,J
jupR epyj;ij kWrPuikj;J> tptrha cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jJ> mJ
Ml;rpahsu;fis tsu;g;gjw;fhd mbg;gilia toq;fpaJ. Nrhou;fs;
jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs; rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;> ed;F ,izf;fg;gl;l rhiyfis epu;khzpj;jdu;> gazpfs;
kw;Wk; tu;j;jfu;fSf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jdu;> vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf
flypy; flw;gil xU tYthd flw;gilahf itj;jpUe;jdu;. ,j;jifa
R+o;epiyfspy;> cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw tu;j;jfk;> tsu;r;rpAw;wJ> ,jd;
tpisthf khepyj;jpd; nropg;G mjpfupj;jJ. tu;j;jfu;fs; rPdh> kyhah>
Nkw;fj;jpa ,ilntsp kw;Wk; jPT njd;fpof;F Mrpah Mfpatw;Wld;
gue;j tu;j;jfj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Nrhou;fspd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo;
njhopy; tsu;e;jJ. Jzp> Mguzq;fs;> cNyhfq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
gy;NtW nghUl;fs;> cg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq;fspd; cw;gj;jp glq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nfhapy;fspy; rpy Kf;fpakhd njhopw;rhiyfs; ,Ue;jd> mit
Nrhou;fspd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; tsu;e;jd.
1. Nrho rhk;uh[;aj;jpy; kj;jpa epu;thfKk; thupR jpl;lKk; vt;thW
eilngw;wd?
2. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; tUtha; mikg;G vt;thW eilngw;wJ?
3. kfhrig> Nrho tk;rj;jpy; vd;d gq;F tfpf;fpwJ?
2.3 nly;yp Ry;jhd; epu;thfk;:

nly;yp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; eilngWk; eilKiwfis ghu;j;J nly;yp
murpd; epu;thfk; Fwpj;j vq;fsJ Ma;tpid njhlq;FNthk;.
2.3.1 kj;jpa murq;fk;
I. Ry;jhd;
nly;yp Ry;jhdfj;jpy;> khepyj;jpd; jiytu; Ry;jhd; Mthu;.
khepy nray;ghl;bd; xt;nthU JiwapYk; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuq;fis
mDgtpj;jdu;. Ry;jhdpd; fhyg;gFjpapy; njhlu;e;J ve;j
rl;lKk; ,y;iy. %j;j kfd; my;yJ Ry;jhd; kfs; je;ijia
ntw;wp nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> Ry;jhd;
,y;Jkp\pd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J ,e;j ghuk;gupak; %j;j kfd;
my;yJ Ry;jhdpd; kfSf;Nfh vd;W rpj;jupf;fg;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld;> Ry;jhd; mupaizf;F mtuJ thuprhf ahiuAk; Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
epakpf;Fk; cupik ,Ue;jJ. Mifahy;> guk;giu guk;giuahf Ml;rp fhyk
Ry;jhdpd; thuprhf epakdk; ele;jJ. u]pah \p`hg;-cj;-bd;-
fpy;[p kw;Wk; Jf;sf; \h ,e;j Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
nfhs;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk;> nly;yp mupaizapy; Fwpg;Gfs;
xU ngz;iz itg;gjw;fhd gupNrhjid Njhy;tpAw;wJ. vdNt>
eilKiwapy; kuGrhu;e;j tyJ xU jpwikahd thupR tof;Ffspy;
kl;LNk nghUe;Jk; vd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. xU jFjp tha;e;j
thuprhf ,y;yhj R+o;epiyfspy;> ,y;Jkp\;> Ry;jhdh u]pah> FJg;GjPd;
Kghuf; fpy;[p kw;Wk; gpU]; Jf;sf; Mfpa rfy rNfhjuu;fSk;
gpuGf;fspd; rk;kjj;Jld; Ry;jhd;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jdu;. ,e;j
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; NghJ> ths;> thupR gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. myhTjPd; fpy;[p> fpu;]; fhd; kw;Wk; g`;y; Nyhb
MfpNahu; ntspg;gilahd rf;jpapd; %yk; mupaiz mku;e;jdu;.
Ry;jhd;> mtUila gyj;jpd; gb> xU rf;jptha;e;j
ru;thjpfhupahf nray;gl;lhu;. Ry;jhd; khepyj;jpd; KOikahd jiy-
tuhfTk;> mtUf;Fs; midj;J rl;lkd;w> epu;thf kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhuq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. mtu; ,uhZtj;jpd; cau;e;j jsgjpahfTk;
,Ue;jhu;. khepyj;jpd; midj;J ke;jpupfs;> gpuKfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mjp-
fhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;lL> gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;. mtuJ fl;lis
mtuJ khepyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> ,itnay;yhk; mtuJ
rl;l mjpfhuq;fs;. mtu;fspd; jpwd;> eilKiwapy;> mtuJ ,uhZt
typikia rhu;e;jpUe;jJ. Ry;jhd; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l gpuGf;fspd;
nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;whu;. ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fspd; nkhopngau;g;ghsuhf
,Ue;j cNykh, ,J NkYk; Ry;jhd; nfhs;ifapy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. myhTjPd; fpy;[p kw;Wk; Kghuf; fpy;[p kl;LNk khepy
tp\aq;fspy; cNykhtpd; FWf;fPl;il Vw;f kWj;jdu;. rl;l guhkupg;G
jtpu> NguuRf;Fs; xOq;F Kiw> ntspehl;L gilnaLg;Gfspd;
ghJfhg;G> kw;Wk; vy;iyfis tpupTgLj;Jjy; Ry;jhdpd; kw;WnkhU
flikahFk;.
II. mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mYtyu;fs;:
ntt;NtW mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mjpfhupfs; Ry;jhd; muir
epu;tfpf;f cjtpdhu;fs;. mtu;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) eaPg; (eaPg;-I-kk;ypfhlh): Ry;jhd; u]pahtpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;
gpd;du; Ry;jhd; g`;uhk; \h Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,e;j gjtp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpuGf;fs; jq;fSf;Fs;Ns xUtiuj;
eaPg;ghf njupe;Jnfhz;lhu;fs;;. cz;ikapy;> mtu;fs;
khepyj;jpd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; mDgtpj;jdu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy;
kl;LNk ,e;j gjtp gaDs;sjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jifa
re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> eapg; gjtp Ry;jhDf;F mLj;jjhf ,Ue;jJ>
trpUf;F Nkyhf mike;jJ. rf;jptha;e;j Ry;jhd;fs; ,e;j
gjtpia KOtJkhf xopj;jdu;> my;yJ ntWkd mtiu
kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf xU kupahijf;Fupatuplk;
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp mspj;jdu;> mit myhTjPd; fpy;[pahy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Ml;rp fhyk; mg;gb ,Uf;ifapy;> epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s ve;j rpwg;G
mjpfhuq;fisAk; ehgp mDgtpj;jhu;.
(ii) thrpu;: gpujk ke;jpup thrpu; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu;
Fwpg;Gfs; gpujhdkhf jpthd;-I-tp[huj; vdg;gLk; epjp Jiwapd;
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu; kw;Wk; khepyj;jpd; tUkhdk; kw;Wk;
nrytpdq;fis Nkw;ghu;itapl kl;Lky;yhky;> kw;w
midj;J JiwfisAk; Nkw;ghu;itapl;lhu;. vdNt>
mtu; KO epu;thfj;ijAk; Nkw;ghu;itapl;lhu;. Ry;jhd;
Neha;tha;g;gl;L my;yJ jiyefuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNa
te;j Nghnjy;yhk; mur tptfhuj;ijg; ghu;j;jhu;. mjdhy;
jiyefupy; ,Ue;J ntspNa te;j Nghnjy;yhk; mur tp\
aq;fis ftdpj;jhu;. gy;NtW gjptpw;fhd mYtyu;fis mtu;
epakpj;jhu;> gy;NtW flikfisr; nra;jhu;. mtUf;F gy
mjpfhupfs; cjtpdu;. eaPg;-thrpu; kw;Wk; K\;upg;-I-kkypf;
(nghJ-jzpf;ifahsu;) Mfpatw;Ws; kpf Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;
Mtu;.
(iii) mup];-I-Kkspf;: ,tu; jpthd;-I-Mu;rpd; Jiwj;
jiytuhthu;. me;j jpwikapy;> nghJ ,uhZtj; Jiwapd;
fl;Lg;ghL mjpfhup Mthu;. mtu;> tPuu;fis Nju;T nra;J>
mtu;fsJ rk;gs epu;zak;> nghUl;fs;> Ma;T nra;a Vw;ghL
nra;jy;, Fjpiufs; kw;Wk; Ml;fspd; tpsf;f gl;bay;
guhkupjiy Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;. vdpDk;> Ry;jhd; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,e;j nghWg;ig mtUf;F toq;fpaNghjpYk;
mtu; ,uhZtj;jpd; jsgjpahf ,Ue;jjpy;iy.
(iv) jgPu;-I-fh]; (mkPu;-Kd;\p): jpthd;-I-,d;\h jpizf;fsj;jpd;
jiytuhthu;. Ry;jhd; ,ilapyhd midj;J Kiwahd my;yJ
,ufrpa njhlu;G kw;w khepyq;fspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; my;yJ
Jizj; jiytu;fs;> MSeu;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyu;fs; mtUila
Jiwahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. mtu; jdJ gzpapy; jhgpu;
(vOj;jhsu;fs;) Vuhskhd cjtpahsu;fshy; cjtpdhu;.
(v) jpthd;-I-uprhlj;;: ,tu; ntspAwT mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhu;> ntspAwTj;
J}ju;fSld; ,uh[je;jpu cwTfisAk; ntspehl;L
,uh[je;jpupfs; kw;Wk; J}Jtu;fspd; eyd;fisAk; ftdpj;jhu;.
(vi) rju;-m];-R+J}u;: ,tu; kjj; Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
,];yhkpak; gw;wpa gpur;rhuk;> mjd; nfhs;iffs; filg;gpbj;jy;
,];yhkpau;fspd; rYiffis ghJfhj;jy;> mtuJ Kjd;ik
flikahf nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,];yhkpau;fis kj tupr; rl;lkhff;
nfhz;l [fj; vd;w tupfspd; epjpfis mtu; fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtu;
kR+jpfs;> kf;jhg;]; (,];yhkpau;fSf;fhd fy;tp epWtdq;fs;)
kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; rka Qhdpfs; MfpNahUf;F
epjp cjtp mspj;jhu;. khepyj;jpd; njhz;L tpepNahfj;ij mtu;
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

(vii) fhrp-cy;-Fthl;: mtu; Ry;jhDf;Fg; gpwF khepyj;jpy; kpf Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
cau;e;j ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;fs; mry; kw;Wk; Ml;rp fhyk
Nky;KiwaPL mjpfhurig Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
ngUk;ghYk;> rhl;u]; RLu; kw;Wk; fhrp-cy;-Fthl; mYtyfq;fs;
xNu egUld; ,ize;jd. Fwpg;Gfs;
(viii) ghupl;-I-kkypfh: ,tu; Gydha;T kw;Wk; jghy; Jiw
jiytuhthu;. mtu; csT mikg;G> nra;jp Nrfupg;G kw;Wk;
mitfspd; tpiuthd mDg;Gjy; kw;Wk; ePf;FjYf;F
nghWg;ghsuhthu.;
Ry;jhd; jtpu NtW rpy Jiwfs; kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gl;l
mjpfhupfs; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l flikfis epiwNtw;wpdhu;. cjhuzkhf>
K`k;kJ Jf;sf; jpthd;-I-mkpu; Nfh`papd; Jiw my;yJ tptrhaj;
Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Ry;jhd; jdJ jdpg;gl;l ghJfhtyu;fisAk;
kw;w mYtyu;fisAk; jdJ tPl;il epu;tfpf;fTk; itj;jpUe;jhu;.
tf;fPy;-,-jhu;-k`hy; muz;kid mjpfhupfis ftdpj;jhu;; ghu;gf;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; mjd; ftu;r;rpiaAk; guhkupj;jJ.;
mkPu;-I-`h[pg; Ry;jhd; ghu;itahsu;fis ftdpj;J te;jhu;;
mkPu;-I-\p-fhu;-,-\h`p Ry;jhd; Ntl;ilf; fl;rpfSf;F Vw;ghL nra;jhu.;;
mkPu;-,-k[;yp];-,-\h`p khepyj;jpd; jpUtpohf;fis ftdpj;jhu,;;
kw;Wk; rhuh-[è;ju; MfpNahu; Ry;jhdpd; ghJfhtyu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
Milfs;> MAjq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW fl;Liufis jahupf;f Ry;jhd;
gy;NtW fhufq;fisAk; guhkupj;J te;jhu;. mq;F gy;NtW mjpf-
hupfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fspy; gy mjpfhupfs; Ry;jhdpd;
ek;gpf;iff;Fupa mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fs; mikr;ru;fs;
me;j];ijg; ngwtpy;iy Mdhy;> mtu;fspy; rpyu; Ry;jhdpd; jdpg;gl;l
ghJfhg;igAk;> trjpiaAk; ftdpj;jhd;. mtUf;F kpf neUf;fkhf
,Ue;jtu;fs; ey;y nry;thf;Fld; ,Ue;jdu;.

epu;thfj;jpd; trjpf;fhf nly;yp Ry;jhdfk; khfhzq;fshf
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; ,f;jh]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,f;jhf;fspd;
vz;zpf;if rup nra;ag;gltpy;iy kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ epu;thfj;jpy;
rPuhd jd;ik ,y;iy. ,f;jhtpd; jiytu; NtW ngau;fshy;
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;> mjhtJ> eaPg; Ry;jhd;> ehrpk;> Kf;jp my;yJ thyp.
myhTjPd; fpy;[p Ml;rpapd; NghJ> ,f;jhf;fs; ,uz;L gpupTfshf
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Muk;gj;jpy;> nly;yp Ry;jhdfj;jpd; fPo; ,f;jhf;fs;
,Ue;jdu.; ,uz;lhtJ> myhTjPd; fpy;[p Ml;rpapd; NghJ nly;yp
Ry;jhdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,f;jhf;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ldu;. Kf;jp];
my;yJ ,uz;lhk; tifiar; Nru;e;j thyp> Gjpjhf Nru;f;fg;gl;l
epyg;gFjp ,f;jh jpwikAld; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,d;Dk; rw;W tpupthd mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
,it jtpu> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Jiz khepyq;fshFk;. Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l njw;fpy; cs;s ,e;J Ml;rpahsu;fs;> cs;sf epu;thfk;
njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; Rje;jpukhf ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy;> Ry;jhDf;F
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp tUlhe;jpu mQ;ryp nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. Ry;jhd; ,f;jh];> thyp]; my;yJ
Ml;rp fhyk; Kf;jp]; mNj mjpfhuq;fis ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;.
vdpDk;> mtu;fs; kj;jpa murpd; Nkw;ghu;itapy;> jq;fs;
epu;thfj;jpy; Ry;jhdpd; cj;jutpd; Ngupy; <Lgl;ldu;. mtu;fs; jq;fsJ
Fwpg;Gfs; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa tUlhe;jpu mwpf;iffis kj;jpa
fUT+yj;jpy; mDg;gp itj;jdu;. mtu;fs; ngupa uhZtj;ij guhkupj;J>
Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; Ry;jhdpd; Mjutpw;F tu Ntz;ba mtrpak;
Vw;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Ry;jhdpd;
Kd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; vy;iyg;gFjpapy; tpupthf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd
Nghu;fspy;> gpuNjrj;ij tpupTgLj;Jk; Nghu;fspy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf;
nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Ry;jhDf;F nry;te;ju;fs; xU gFjpia
nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Nghupd; NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ahidfs;
kw;Wk; mur FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; Ry;jhdpd; VfNghfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
Ry;jhd; jiyg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kf;jp mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy>
jdJ nrhe;j ePjpkd;wj;ij elj;j> my;yJ xU tpjhdk; my;yJ
mur rpd;dkhf gad;gLj;j Ntz;bUe;jJ. mtu;fs; ngau;fs; cs;s
ehzaq;fSf;F mDkjp ,y;iy> NkYk; Fj;gh mtu;fspd; ngau;fspy;
fhz KbahJ. MdhYk;> gytPdkhd Ry;jhd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ> Kf;jp];
tpupthd mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpj;jhu;. Nyhjp Ry;jhd;fspd; fhyj;jpy;>
mtu;fs; ahidfis itj;jpUe;jdu;> ,J Ry;jhdpd; gpuj;jpNaf
cupikahf ,Ue;jJ. nghJthf> Ry;jhdpd; fhyg;gFjpapy; Kf;jp];
gue;j mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpj;jhu;. mt;tg;NghJ vOe;j fpsu;r;rpfspd;
xU fhuzk;> ,e;j fhyg;gFjpapy; mbf;fb khwf;$ba khw;wq;fshFk;.
Kf;jp jtpu> xt;nthU ,f;jh kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; kw;w
mjpfhupfs; ,Ue;jdu;. xt;nthU ,f;jhtpYk; xU thrpu;> mup];> xU
fpah[pAk; ,Ue;jdu;. kj;jpa murhy; ,f;jh]py; nra;jpj;Jiw epUgu;fSk;
,Nj Nghd;w mjpfhupfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,f;jh epu;thfj;jpd;
nray;jpwd;> xUGwk; Ry;jhdpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJk;> kw;nwhd;W Kf;jpapd;
jpwikapYk; jq;fpapUe;jJ.
gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu ,f;jhit
tpl rpwpa epu;thf gpupT ,y;yhjpUe;jJ. gpd;du;> ,f;jh];
\pf;]pd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s \pf;];f;Ffs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; rpwpa
myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. rhk;uh[;ak; rpije;J NghdNghJ>
\pfpf;Ffs; xU ru;fhu; vdTk;> ru;fhu; nghWg;ghsuhfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.
\pf;lhu;-I \pfpf;-juhd; my;yJ jiyik \pf;lhlu; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
\pfpf;Ffs; NkYk; gu;fhdhf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mkPy;> K\;upg;>
mkPd; my;yJ K\;upg; nghUshsu;> Fdhu; kw;Wk; ,uz;L fu;Fd;
(vOj;ju;). ,e;j gu;fhdh xU Kf;fpakhd epu;thf myfhFk;. Vnddpy;>
muR> tptrhapAld; Neubj; njhlu;G nfhz;L te;jJ. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J
kw;Wk; cs;Su; guk;giu mjpfhupfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;l rpwpa fpuhkq;fs;
epu;thfj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. nrsj;up> gl;thup> Fl;>
Kf;flk; kw;Wk; nrsfpjhu; MfpNahu; fpuhkj;jpd; guk;giu mjpfhupfs;>
mtu;fs; murhq;fj;ij tUtha; tR+ypg;gjw;F cjtpaJ> myhTjPd;
fpy;[p Ml;rpf;fhyj;ij jtpu> rpy rYiffis mDgtpj;J te;jdu;.

fpuhkj;jpd; gQ;rhaj;J fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; gytw;iwf; ftdpj;J> Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
xU ePjp kd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ. Ml;rp fhyk

Ry;jhd; Kf;fpakhf Ie;J tif tupfis tR+ypj;jhu;. me;j tupfs;: Fwpg;Gfs;
(i) c\;u;: ,J ,];yhkpa tptrhapfsplkpUe;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l xU
epy tup. ,aw;if tsq;fs; %yk; epyj;jb cw;gj;jpapy; 10
rjtPjKk;> kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ghrd trjpfis
mDgtpj;j epyj;jpy; 5 rjtPjKk; ,Ue;jJ.
(ii) fuh[;: ,J ,];yhkpau; my;yhjtu;fsplkpUe;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l
xU epy tup kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpfspy; 1/3 Kjy; 1/2 tiu ,Ue;jJ.
(iii) fk;];: Nghupy; gpbf;fg;gl;l nfhs;isAlik 1/5 MFk;>
NkYk; Ruq;fq;fspd; cw;gj;jp 1/5 MFk;> my;yJ Gijay;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ Ie;jpy; ehd;F xU Nghupy; Nghupl;l
,uhZtj;jpw;F my;yJ Gijay; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l eguplk;
nrd;wJ. Mdhy;> gpU]; Jf;sf; jtpu> midj;J Ry;jhd;fSk;
4/5f;F gjpyhf 1/5I Nrfupj;jdu;> Mdhy; rpf;fe;ju; Nyhb me;j
Gijay; vijAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
(iv) [p];ah: ,J ,];yhk; my;yhjtu;fspd; kj tupahFk;.
,];yhkpak; gb> xU [pk;kp (,];yhkpau; my;yhj) xU
,];yhkpau; Ry;jhd; Nguurpy; tho cupik ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j
rYif [p];ah vd;w tupf;F gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,];yhk;
my;yhjtu;fs; ,e;j tup nrYj;Jtjw;fhf %d;W gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Kjy; gpupthdJ 48 buhk;fspd; tpfpjj;jpy;>
,uz;lhtJ 24 buhk;fs; kw;Wk; %d;whtJ 12 buhk;fs;. ngz;fs;>
Foe;ijfs;> gpr;irf;fhuu;fs;> CdKw;wtu;fs;> FUlu;fs;>
Kjpatu;fs;> Jwtpfs;> FUf;fs;> gpuhkzu;fs; (gpU]; Jf;sf;
fhyfl;lj;ij jtpu) kw;Wk; tUkhd Mjhukw;wtu;fs; midtUf;Fk;
tup tpyf;F tpjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. midj;J Ry;jhd;fSk; ,e;j
tupfis nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; tR+ypj;jhu;fs;> Mdhy; xU
eilKiwahd eltbf;ifahf> ahUk; mij jPtpuj;Jld;
tR+ypf;ftpy;iy. [p];ah gw;wp lhf;lu; ghdu;rp gpurhj; rf;\;Nrdh
kw;nwhU fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. [p];ah tptrha my;yhj
tup vd;W mtu; fUj;J njuptpj;jhu;. guzp> mkPu; F];uht; kw;Wk;
ep[hKjPd; mt;ypah MfpNahu;> [p];ah vd;w nrhy;iy epy
tUtha; jtpu midj;J tupfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jpdu; vd;W
$wpAs;sdu;.
(v) [fhj;: ,J xU kj tup MFk;> ,J gzf;fhu ,];yhkpau;fs; kPJ
kl;LNk Rkj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu;fsJ tUkhdj;jpy; 2 tpOf;fhlhf
,Ue;jJ. NkNy tupfis jtpu> ,];yhkpau;fsplkpUe;J 2
rjtPjKk;> ,e;Jf;fsplkpUe;J 5 rjtPjKk; tzpf tup
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fjpiufspd; tpw;gid kw;Wk; nfhs;Kjy;
kPjhd 5 rjtPj tup ,Ue;jJ. myhTjPd; fpy;[p tPl;L tup kw;Wk;
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp Nka;r;ry; tupfis tpjpj;jhu;. mNj Neuj;jpy; gpA+U]; Jf;Yf;
Ml;rp fhyk; 10 rjtpfpjj;ij epyj;jpd; ghrd tupahf tR+ypf;fpd;wdu;>
khepyj;jhy; ePu;g;ghrd trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ. thupRfs; ,y;yhj
midj;J nrhj;JfSk; muRf;F mDg;gg;gl;ld. kw;nwhU
Fwpg;Gfs; Kf;fpakhd tUkhdk; Ry;jhDf;F kf;fs;> gpuGf;fs;> khfhz
MSeu;fs; kw;Wk; fPo; cupikg;gl;l jiytu;fSf;F toq;fpaJ.
nrytpdj;jpd; gpujhd nghUl;fs; uhZtj;jpy; nryTfs;> rptpy;
mjpfhupfspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; mtuJ muz;kidapd;
jdpg;gl;l nryT Mfpait MFk;.
4. nly;yp Ry;jhd; fhyj;jpy; Ry;jhdpd; gq;F vd;d?
5. nly;yp Ry;jhdpy; khfhzq;fspd; epu;thfk; vt;thW nray;gl;lJ?
6. nly;yp Ry;jhdpy; Kf;jp]; my;yJ thyp ahu;?

n\u; \h (fp.gp. 1545) kw;Wk; mjd; gpd;du;> ghdpgl; ,uz;lhk; Aj;jk;
(fp.gp 1557) Kjd;Kjyhf Kfyha Mjpf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.
jq;fs; epu;thfkhdJ> kd;rg;jup mikg;G vd miof;fg;gLtJ>
rhuhk;rj;jpy; xU ,uhZtj; jskhf ,Ue;jJ> Vndd;why; xt;nthU
mjpfhupAk; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lhu;. xt;nthU
mYtyUk; xU kd;rg; itj;Js;shu; — jFjp kw;Wk; ,yhgj;jpw;fhd
mYtyfk; — kw;Wk; Nguuriu gy JUg;Gf;fSld; xg;gilf;f
Ntz;ba fl;lhak;. Fjpiufs;> ahidfs;> tz;bfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
xJf;fPl;il mtu; guhkupf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mtu; gzkhfNth my;yJ
jdf;F nrhe;jkhd xU epyg;gug;ig [hfPu; toq;fpdhu;> Mdhy; me;j
rk;gsj;jpw;F rkkhd tupfis Nrfupj;jhu;. [hfpu; xU khd;rhg;lhupypUe;J
,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;> me;j mYtyfkhdJ guk;giu
my;y. kd;rhg;lu;fs; Neubahf Nguuruhy; Ml;Nru;f;fg;gl;L>
mtUila Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;ldu;. Nguuru; xU KOikahd Ml;rpahsuhf
,Ue;jhu;. mtiu nghWj;jtiu> Vfhjpgj;jpa FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;j
(fhd;-I-rhkhd;)> f[f];jhd; (jpthd;)> ,uhZt Cjpak; kw;Wk;
fzf;Ffs; (kpu; gf;\p)> ePjpj;Jiw (F[pap)> kj rk;ge;jkhd
mjpfhupfs; jiyikapy; epu;thfj;jpd; gy Jiwfs; ,Ue;jd.
epthuzq;fs; (rju;-vq;fSf;F- R+Ju;)> kw;Wk; nghJ xOf;fq;fspd;
jzpf;if (K`;jh]pg;). ghuk;gupakhf jiytupd; fPOk;> mtuJ
fPo;epiy fhty;fhudpYk; fpuhk epu;thf ,Ue;jJ. efuq;fspy;> NghyP];
flik nfhl;thy;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld> kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy; gh[;jhu;
,Ue;jJ. ePjpgjpfs; Fuhdpf; fUj;Jf;fis gpd;gw;wp> mjd; Ke;ija
tpsf;fq;fs; (ghj;th)> kw;Wk; Nguuru; (Fthd;) Mfpatw;wpd; tpjpfis
gpd;gw;wp te;jdu;. ePjpgjpf;F Ntfkhd kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ>
mjpfhupfs; cl;gl mJ midtUf;Fk; rkkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.

2.4.1 Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
Ml;rp fhyk
(i) epu;thfj;jpy; ntspehl;L cWg;G ,wf;Fkjp: nkhfyhau;fs;
jq;fs; epu;thf mikg;gpy; rpy ntspehl;L $Wfis
,wf;Fkjp nra;jdu;. kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J mtu;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpahTf;F te;jhu;fs;> mq;F mtu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j
epu;thf Kiwia nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy;> mtu;fs;
,e;jpa kuGfs; kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mNj
khjpupahf khwptpl;ldu;. ,jdhy;> Kfyha epu;thfk;
,e;jpahitAk;> $Ljy; ,e;jpah $WfisAk; ,izj;jJ.
NkYk; rupahf> mJ ,e;jpa mikg;gpy; xU ngu;Nrh-muG
KiwahFk;.
(ii) ,uhZt mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epu;thfk;: mjd; Kiwahd
fl;likg;gpy;> Kfyha murhq;fk; ,uhZt mikg;ig
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. cjhuzkhf> murhq;f
mjpfhupfs; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nru Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lhak;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd Fjpiu tPuu;fspd;
ngaustpyhd jsgjpahf mtu; xU kd;rhg; toq;fg;gl;lJ>
mJ mtUila epiy kw;Wk; Cjpaj;ij cWjp nra;jJ.
mtu;fSf;F gf;\p my;yJ ,uhZt Cjpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
(iii) nfhLq;Nfhy;: ,uhZtj;jpy; ,ay;ghfNt Kfyha epu;thf
mikg;G ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l ru;thjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. Ml;rpahsu; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;> mtUila thu;j;ijNa rl;lkhFk; .
(iv) kj kw;Wk; murpay; fyit: kjj;jpYk; murpaypYk; xU
typikahd fyit mike;jpUe;jJ. kd;du; ,];yhkpa
kugpay;fSf;F Vw;g Ml;rp nra;tjw;Fk;> cNykhtpd;
fl;lisfSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbthu; vd;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
[hJehj; ru;fhu; $WtJ Nghy;> ',];yhkpau; kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;
Fbkf;fSf;F vjpuhf Nguurupd; mZFKiwf;F xU
tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jJ. ,];yhkpau;fSf;F mtu; rkju;k
mbg;gilahd nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;> Mdhy;
mtuJ ,];yhkpau; my;yhjtu;fisg; nghWj;jtiu>
mtu; Fiwe;jgl;r FWf;fPl;bd; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wp
fhty;Jiw kw;Wk; tUtha; nray;ghLfis jw;fhypfkhf
jLj;J epWj;jpdhu;.
(v) fhfpj murhq;fk;: gpur;rhuq;fspd; cz;ikahd elj;ij
jtpu> Kfyha murhq;fk; xU fhfop uh[;> mjhtJ>
fhfpj murhq;fkhFk;. ngupa gpuNjrj;jpd; fhuzkhf>
Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty;njhlu;Gfspd; nkJthd top-
Kiw kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ,lkpy;yhj murpay; Kd;Kaw;rp
Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf> cj;jpNahfG+u;t njhlu;G kw;Wk;
ngUkstpyhd gjpTfspd; ngUf;fk; Mfpait ,Ue;jd.
(vi) gpujhd nrayhf fhty;Jiwapd; flikfs; kw;Wk;
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp tUtha; Nrfupg;G: khepyj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
Ml;rp fhyk; nghWj;jtiu> mJ fhty;Jiw flikfisAk;> tUtha;
Nrfupg;igAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; my;yJ
me;j khepyk; nghJkf;fspd; nghUshjhu eydpy; ve;j
Fwpg;Gfs; Kaw;rpiaAk; vLf;ftpy;iy. fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;
fiy Nghd;w Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; xU jdpahu;
Kd;Kaw;rpf;fhdit. mf;gu; jtpu> jw;nfhiyj; jiyaPl;bd;
nfhs;if kw;Wk; je;ij topelj;Jjy; nfhs;if Kfyha
Nguuru;fs; njhlutpy;iy.
(vii) muR njhopy; KidNthu;: xU njhopy;KidNthu; kw;Wk;
nghJ epWtdq;fspd; mikg;G vd;w fUj;ij cWjpahff;
filg;gpbj;jJ. murhdJ gy fu;fhd]; (njhopw;rhiyfs;)
mjd; nrhe;j gpujhd efuq;fspy; guhkupj;J gy
nghUl;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jJ.
(viii) ePjp kw;Wk; rkhjhd guhkupg;G: rl;lk; xOq;F Fwpj;j
nkhfyhag; epu;thfj;jpd; Nghf;if> xU gspr;nrd
xU mk;rk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ePjp kw;Wk; mikjpia
guhkupf;Fk; epu;thfk; etPd murpd; mbg;gilg; gzpfshff;
fUjg;gLtjhy;> Kfyha rfhg;jj;jpd; NghJ> mJ cs;Shu;
epu;thfj;jpd; Kidg;Gf;F tplg;gl;lJ. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fshy;
guhkupf;fg;gl;L te;j cs;Shu; rTf;fplu;]; gue;j fpuhkg;Gw
gFjpfspy; fhty; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ve;jnthU re;NjfKk;
,y;yhky; gh[;jhu; murhq;fj;jpd; Kftuhf nray;gl;lhu;>
Mdhy; mtUf;F fPo; cs;s gFjp kpfTk; ngupaJ> mtu;
midj;J fpuhkq;fisAk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
(ix) 'kuGtop' Raepu;zak;: epu;thfk; khfhz kw;Wk; cs;Shu;
epu;thfq;fSf;F tptfhukspf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> Kfyha
rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; fpuhkq;fs; kw;Wk; rpW efuq;fs;
cs;Shu; Raepu;zaj;ij tpl ',ilf;fhy' Raepu;zaj;ij
mDgtpj;Js;sd vd;W nrhy;tJ rupahdJ. mtu;fSf;F
ve;j murpay; Rje;jpuKk; fpilahJ kw;Wk; tup nrYj;JNthu;
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jd.
2.4.2 Nguuru;
Ml;rpapd; Kfyha Kiwikapy;> Nguuru; cz;ikahd ,iwahz;ikia
mDgtpj;jpUe;jhu;> ,J mtek;gpf;f Kbahj kw;Wk; jdpikg;gLj;j
KbahjJ. ,e;j rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs;> xw;Wikf;fhd milahskhfTk;
rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;bahfTk; mtu; cau;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;
murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa eltbf;iffisAk; jPtpukhfr;
nra;jhu;. mtu; midj;J cau; mjpfhupfspd; epakdk; kw;Wk;
mfw;wg;gLtjw;F nghWg;ghd Fbik kw;Wk; ,uhZt epu;thfj;jpd;
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ Kj;jpiu ,y;yhky; ve;j jhf;fPJk;
toq;fg;gl KbahJ. murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F ntspapy; $l murhiz
,y;iy> murpd; nrytpdq;fisAk; Mjhu %yq;fisAk; jPu;khdpj;jJ.
mtu; kf;fSf;F nghWg;ghd my;yJ nghWg;gw;w Kiway;y. Mdhy;> Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
ngUk;ghyhd Kfyha Nguuru;fspd; flikf;F mtu;fs; $wg;gl;l Ml;rp fhyk
mjpfhuq;fis J\;gpuNahfk; nra;atpy;iy vd;W $wyhk;. murpd;
midj;J Kf;fpa gzpfisAk; jPtpukhf nra;jhu;. mtu; rptpy;
kw;Wk; ,uhZt epu;thfq;fspd; jiytuhfTk;> midj;J cau; Fwpg;Gfs;
mjpfhupfisAk; epakpg;gJk;> mfw;Wtjw;fhd nghWg;ghspAk; ,Ue;jhu;.
,jd; tpisthf> xU epiyahd %yjdj;jpd; Nahrid mtu;fSf;F
kpfTk; <u;f;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; %yjdj;ij mtu;fNs nfhz;L
te;jdu;. Nguurupd; tho;f;ifia 'nrhu;f;fj;jpw;Fupa ,d;g mikjp' vd;W
epidg;gJ jtW. cjhuzkhf mf;gu;> jpthd;-I-Mk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l
jpwe;j ju;ghupy; midj;J epu;thfg; gzpiaAk; ifahz;lhu;.

Nguuru;fs; rpy Kf;fpa mjpfhupfs; mtUf;F cjt
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mtu; ve;jnthU mikr;rUlDk; ve;jtpjkhd
xw;WikiaAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j mjpfhupfs; vg;NghJk;
trPu; kw;Wk; jpthd; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpapUe;jdu;> kw;Wk;
mjpfhupfspd; gyk; Nguuruhy; gpuj;jpNafkhf epu;zapf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
mjpfhupfs; mur murpaypd; ntWk; gpujpepjpfs;. mtu;fspd; Kjd;ik
nray;ghL ,iwikf;F MNyhrid nra;tJjhd;> Mdhy; ,e;j
mwpTiu gpizf;fg;gltpy;iy. mtu;fisg; gw;wp mtu;
Nfs;tpg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;> mtu;fs; mjw;F Vw;wthW vg;NghJk;
nray;gltpy;iy. mtu;fs; mur rpj;jj;jpd;gb ve;jtpjkhd
NrhjidfisAk; toq;ftpy;iy> mtu;fs; ve;j tifapYk;
mtUila rf Copau;fshf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ru;fhu; mtu;fs;
mikr;ru;fis tpl 'nrayhsu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtjw;F
jFjpAilatu;" vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
nkd;ikahd J}z;Ljyhy; kw;Wk; kiwf;fg;gl;l vr;rupf;ifahy;
jtpu mtu;fspd; nfhs;iffis mtu;fs; xUNghJk; J}z;btpl
KbahJ. mtu;fSila MNyhridia epuhfupj;jpUe;jhy; mtu;fs;
uh[pdhkh nra;atpy;iy vd;gJ Mr;rupakhf ,Ue;jJ.
1. thf;fpy;p my;yJ gpujku;

thf;fpy; vd;w nrhy;ypd; mu;j;jk; gpujpepjp. mtu; khepy
gpujpepjp Mtu;. thf;fpy; vd;w mikr;ru; jdJ rhu;ghf Nguurupd; midj;J
cupikfisAk; mDgtpf;ff;$ba thf;fpy;ahf miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
,e;j mYtyfk; mf;gupd;> [`hq;fpupd; kw;Wk; \h[fhdpd; Ml;rpapy;
njhlu;e;J ele;jJ. mtu;fspd; fhyj;jpy;> gpujk ke;jpup thf;fpy; vd;W
fUjg;gLtu; my;yJ (thf;fpy;-epjp-I-Kj;jhyf;) vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
rpy gpd;du; Nguuru;fs; thf;fpy; mYtyfj;ij kjpg;gha;T nra;jdu;>
v.fh. [è;ju; \h Mfhj; fhd; tf;fPy;-,-Kj;jhyhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;>
mtUila kfd; Ry;gpfhu; fhd; thrpu; vd epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp gpujpepjpapd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfs;
Ml;rp fhyk; tf;fPy; nghJthf ,e;j cupikfisAk; flikfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;:
(i) RNglu;];, ghA[;lu;]; kw;Wk; jpthd; MfpNahupd; epakdk;
kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk; gw;wp NguurUf;F MNyhrid $wTk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(ii) [hf;fpupfis xJf;fPL njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fspy; mtu;
NguurUf;F mwpTiu $wpdhu;.
(iii) Nguuru; Kd; epd;W midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; mtu;
Kd;itj;jhu;
(iv) mtu; mur Kj;jpiuia fhtypy; itj;jpUe;jhu;.
(v) khfhzq;fspypUe;J tUk; midj;J jfty;fspd; xU
efiyg; ngWtjw;fhd cupikia mtu; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
jpthdpd; midj;J Mtzq;fspd; efYk; mtuplk; tu
Ntz;Lk;.
(vi) midj;J jghy; fbjq;fspYk; mtuJ Kj;jpiu kw;Wk;
ifnaOj;Jf;fs; Njit. mtu; xU godpFapy; ,irf;FO
kw;Wk; efUk; cupik ,Ue;jJ.
2. thrpu; my;yJ jpthd;

thrpu; my;yJ jpthd; tUtha; Jiw jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. epakpf;fg;glhj
my;yJ thf;fpy; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mtuJ gilg;Gfs; midj;JNk
thrpu; %yk; nra;ag;gLk;. t[Pupd; mYtyfk; tUtha;j; jhs;fisf;
nfhz;lJ> kw;Wk; khfhzq;fspypUe;Jk; ,uhZtj;jpduplkpUe;Jk;
JUg;Gf;fis mDg;gpaJ. gy rlq;F re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> mtu; Nguurupd;
gpujpepjpahf nray;gl;lhu;. midj;J fl;lisiaAk; mtu; ifnaOj;jpl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ> NkYk; midj;J gw;W tuTfSk; mtUila
Jiw %ykhf kl;LNk nra;ag;gl;ld. Nguurupd; topfhl;Ljypd; fPo;
mtu; cj;juTfis epiwNtw;wpdhu;. tUthiag; gw;wpa midj;J
Nfs;tpfSk; mtUf;Ff; FbNawpd. mtu; Kf;fpakhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
kl;LNk Nguuriuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;jhu;. jpthd;-,-Mk; my;yJ jpthd;
rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk; jpthd;-,-fh]; my;yJ fpuPd; ehl;Lj; jpthd;
Nghd;w ,uz;L cjtpahsu;fis mtu; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. xsuq;frPg;gpd;
kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;> thrpu; murpd; Ml;rpahsuhf Mdhu;.
3. kpu; ghf;\p
kpu; ghf;\p jiyik ,uhZt MNyhrfuhf ,Ue;jhu;. cau; kl;l
,uhZt typikia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; kd;rg;lu;]; ,d;];ngf;lu;
n[duyhf mtu; gzpahw;wpdhu;. kW Ma;T Kbe;jgpd; mtu; xU
rhd;wpjio kd;rg;lu;]; %yk; ntspapl;lhu;. ,J %yjdj;jpy; cs;s
gy;NtW mzpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwg;G tpUJfis cs;slf;fpa
rk;gsq;fs;> mtw;wpd; rk;gsq;fs;> mtu;fspd; Nritfspd; xU
KOikahd gjpTk;> mtu;fspd; JUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Fjpiufspd;
tUlhe;j kjpg;gPl;bd; tpisT. %yjdj;jpd; Vfhjpgj;jpa KfhKf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd kdpju;fis mtu; kd;rg;lu;]; epakpj;jhu;> Mjdhy; me;j Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
gl;bay; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ> ,Wjp xg;GjYf;fhf jpthDf;F mDg;gg;gl Ml;rp fhyk
Ntz;Lk;. khepyj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jgpd;> mtu; gy jsq;fspd;
gpur;rhuq;fisj; jsgjpfs; kw;Wk; NguurUld; fye;Jiuahbdhu;. mtu;
,uhZtg; gzpfspy; gq;Fngw;whu;> NkYk; tYT+l;ly; my;yJ Nguuru; Fwpg;Gfs;
Fwpj;J MNyhrid $wpdhu; vjpupfspd; jsgjpfspd; rz;ilapLk;
nghwhikfisr; NrhjidapLk;NghJ> mtw;wpy; xd;iw jpUk;gg;
ngWjy; my;yJ khw;WtJ Mfpatw;iwr; nra;jhu;.
4. fhd;-I-rkd; my;yJ cau; Nkyhsu;

fhd;-I-rhkhd; nkhfyhaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;.
Vnddpy; mtu; Nguurupd; tPl;Lj; Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. NkYk;
midj;J gazq;fspYk; gpur;rhuq;fspYk; mtiur; re;jpj;jhu;.
5. rju;-A+];-RLu;
rju;-A+];-RLu; Nguurpd; jiyik rlhu; Mthu;. rju;-I-f;{`y; kw;Wk;
rju;-I-[`hd; MfpNahupd; ngau;fisAk; mtu; mioj;jhu;. rju;-
A+];-RLu; Nguuru; kw;Wk; kf;fs; ,ilNa ,izf;Fk; ,izg;ghf
,Ue;jJ. mtu; ,];yhkpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa kjj;jiytu;
nra;jp njhlu;ghd fhg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. mtu; ,];yhkpa rl;lk; kw;Wk;
cNykh nra;jp njhlu;G fhg;ghsuf ,Ue;jhu;.
6. K`j;\pg;
kf;fSila jhu;kPfj;ij Ma;T nra;a K`j;\pg; Nguuru;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. rka kw;Wk; kjr; rhu;gw;w flikfs; ,uz;ilAk; mtu;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. xU kjr;rhu;gw;w mjpfhupahf> tu;j;jfu;fs;
kw;Wk; kspiff;fhuu;fs; jq;fs; nghUl;fSf;fhd rupahd tpiyia
tR+ypg;gjhf cWjp mspj;jhu;. ,e;j ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapy;> mtu;
efupd; nghJthd J}a;ikfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
7. fpah[p-cy;-Frhl;
fh[p cy;- Frhl; NguurUf;F mLj;jJ kpf cau;e;j ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; epahakhd Kiwahd kw;Wk;
jpwikahd epu;thfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;ghspahf ,Ue;jhu;. khfhz
Fth]p]; mtiu epakpj;jhu;. xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk;> khtl;lk;
kw;Wk; efuk;> tof;Ffspd; KbTfisj; jPu;khdpj;j Fth];fs;
,Ue;jd. gpujhd Fth];apd; flik mtu;fsJ ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J
KiwaPLfis Nfl;L mtu;fspd; elj;ijia Nkw;ghu;itapLtjhFk;.
8. kw;w mikr;ru;fSk; mjpfhupfSk;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lgb ,e;j mikr;ru;fs; jtpu> ,uz;L Kf;fpa
mikr;ru;fs; ,Ue;jdu;:
(i) jhNuhfh-I-lf;-nrsf;fp – mtu; csTj;Jiw kw;Wk;
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp gjtpfSf;fhd fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
Ml;rp fhyk; (ii) kPu;-I-Mb\; – mtu; gPuq;fpapd; Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Mthu;.
mtu; Muk;gj;jpy; kPu; gf;\p xU Jiz Mdhy; Aj;jj;jpy;
kpf Kf;fpakhd gq;F tfpf;f gPuq;fpfs; te;jNghJ> ,e;jj;
Fwpg;Gfs; Jiw mikr;rpd; ke;jpup gjtpf;F cau;e;jJ.

Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa Jiwfs;:
(i) tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tUtha;: tUtha; Jiw jpthd; my;yJ
thrpu; jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ.
(ii) Nguuirr; rhu;e;j FLk;gj;jpdu;: Nguuirr; rhu;e;j FLk;gj;jpdu;
Vfhjpgj;jpa > fhd;-I-rhkh jiyikapyhdJ. Nguurupd;
midj;J jdpg;gl;l Copau;fSk; ,e;j mjpfhupapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jdu; kw;Wk; mtu; Nguurupd; jpdrup
nryT> czT> filfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Nkw;ghu;itapl;lhu;.
mtu; Nguurupd; ek;gpf;ifia mDgtpj;jhu;> NkYk;
fhd;-I-rhkh]py; ,Ue;J epakpf;fg;gl;l t[Pupd;
cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
(iii) ,uhZt Cjpak; kw;Wk; fzf;F mYtyfk;: ,uhZt
Cjpak; kw;Wk; fzf;F mYtyfk; kpu; gf;\p fPo; ,Ue;jJ.
mtu; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Cjpau;. midj;J Fbik
mjpfhupfs; ,uhZtj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy;>
mtu;fspd; rk;gsk; kpu; gf;\p mtu;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
kd;rg;lu;]a; epakdk; nra;tjpy; Ml;rpahsUf;F
cjtpdhu; mtuJ kw;w flikfs; ,uhZt Ml;Nru;g;G
Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> me;j JUg;Gf;fspd; typikia
epu;zapj;jy;> ntspehl;L cwTfspd; elkhl;lj;jpy;
murUf;F cjTjy;> ,uhZtk; my;yJ xU gFjpia
topelj;Jk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;gazq;fspy; murDld; Nru;e;J
nfhz;lJ.
(iv) epajp rl;lk;> cupikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;: rl;l
Jiw mjd; jiytuhf fpah[p ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; rl;lj;jpd;
epu;thfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;ghspahfTk;> NkYk; ,];yhkpau;
rl;lj;jpd;gb mtu; Kad;w Fw;w tof;Ffspy; jiyik
ePjpgjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
(v) kj ek;gpf;iffSk; njhz;LfSk;: kj tptfhuq;fspd;
jiyik jiytuhf rlhu; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ,];yhkpa rl;l
fhg;ghsuhf kw;Wk; nra;jp njhlu;ghsuhfTk; ,Ujhu;. mtu;
kj khdpaq;fisr; nra;jhu;> rupahd Nehf;Fld; mj;jifa
khdpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gijg; ghu;f;f mtUf;F
flik ,Ue;jJ. rpy tifahd Fbapay; tof;Ffspy;
mtu; ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jhu;.
(vi) nghJ xOf;fq;fspd; jzpf;if: K`;jh]pg; fPo; xOf;f
tpjpfspd; jzpf;if Kiw ,Ug;gjhy; mtNu xOf;f Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
tpjpfspd; jzpf;if Kiwia jiyik jhq;Ffpwhu;. Ml;rp fhyk
,J kf;fspd; elj;ij xOq;FgLj;jpaJ> mopahjijf;
fise;J> kj tpNuhj eltbf;iffspy; <LgLj;jpatu;fis
jz;bj;jJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(vii) gPuq;fpg;gil: ,J kpu; Ml;b\; my;yJ ju;Nuhfh-I-
njhg;`hdh jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ.
(viii) Gydha;T kw;Wk; gjpTfs;: ,J jNuhftpd; lf; Nrhsfp
jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ.

Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; NghJ> xt;nthU RghTk; ru;f;fhu; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; gy gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU ru;fhiuAk;
gu;fhdh]; my;yJ k`hy;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epiyapy;>
mjpfhupfs; Neubahf njhlu;G nfhz;ldu;. gu;fhdhf;fSf;F fPNo>
kt;jh`; my;yJ jp`; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fpuhkq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
Kfyha nkhopapy;> xU fpuhkj;jpy; mJ Rw;wpAs;s epyj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ> vdNt> xt;nthU kt;jhtpd; vy;iyiaAk; njsp-
thf tiuaWj;jhu;. xU kt;jhtpy;> ef;yh`; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
rpW Filfs; ,Ue;jd. \h[`hdpd; fPo;> mtuJ thrpu; ru;fhu;
kw;Wk; gu;fhdhtpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rf;yh vd;w kw;nwhU
gpupit cUthf;fpaJ> ,J gy gu;fhdhf;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ru;fhu;
,Ug;gpDk; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;jJ.
fpuhk epu;thfk;
fpuhk epu;thfkhdJ> Kfyhau; fhyj;jpy; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; iffspy;
,Ue;jJ. fpuhk tho;f;ifapd; mikg;G kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
tpjpKiwfspd; fz;fhzpg;G> r%f eyj;jpl;l mikg;ghf nray;gl;l
fpuhkpa gQ;rhaj;J %yk; guhkupf;fg;gl;lJ> ,J kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf
toq;fg;gl;lJ. fpuhkthrpfs; kj;jpapy; epyTk; jfuhWfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tof;Ffis mfw;Wtjw;fhd xU ePjp epWtdkhfTk; ,J ,Ue;jJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; Kbit vjpu;j;J Nky;KiwaPL
murhq;fj;jpd; cau; mjpfhupfSf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
2.4.7 kd;rg;lup mikg;G

Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; NghJ kd;rg;lup mikg;G gpd;tUk; jiytu;fspd;
fPo; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; Fbcupikf;Fupa mjpfhupfSf;F kd;rhg;
toq;fg;gl;lJ
,uhZt mjpfhupfSf;F kl;Lky;y> tUtha; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw
NritfspYk; Kfyha mjpfhupfs; midtUf;Fk; khd;rg;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mwpQu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fs; $l
khd;rhgpd; itj;jpUe;jdu;. vdNt> ,u;tpd; $Wfpwhu;> kd;rg;lup> 'kd;rg;
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp itj;jpUg;gtu; murpd; Copau; vd;w cz;ikiaj; jtpu NtW xd;Wk;
Ml;rp fhyk; ,y;iy.' Mu;.gP. Nfh];yh xU tpjj;jpy; kWgbAk; $Wfpwhu;> 'Kfyha
murpy; ,uhZtk;> xw;Wik kw;Wk; Fbik epu;thfk; midj;ijAk;
xd;whf ,izj;jdu;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
2. kd;]g;jhu;fspd; tiffs; my;yJ juk;
fp.gp 1573-1574 ,y;> kd;rg;lhu;]; gj;J jsgjpfs; ,Ue;J 12>000 me;j
Kg;gj;jp %d;W juq;fshf jutupirapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gj;J
Kjy; 400 tiuapyhd fl;lisfisf; nfhz;ltu;fs; kd;rg;lhu;]; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mjpfgl;rkhf> 500-2500 fl;lisiag; ngw;wtu;fs;
mkpu;]hf ghzpapy; ,Ue;jdu;> mNj Neuj;jpy; 3000 kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky;
itj;jpUe;jtu;fs; mkPu;-I-M]k; my;yJ cuk; vd mwpag;gl;ldu;.
8000-12>000 ,Ue;J kpf cau;e;j tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l jsgjpfs; mur
,uj;jj;jpd; ,sturu;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. xU rhjhuz
mjpfhup 7000 Ij; jhz;b khd]hg; elj;j KbahJ.
3.kd;rhg;lu;fspd; epakdk;
kd;rg;lhu;]; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; epakpf;Fk; Nguuru;> mtu; tpUk;gpathNw
ePz;lfhykhf kd;dhit jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. nghJthf>
kd;rg;lu;]pd; 8000 FLk;gq;fs; mur FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
4 kd;rg;lhu;;fspd; gzk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfs;

nkhfyha fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kd;rg;lhu;]; kpfTk; mjpf Cjpak;
ngw;wdu;. mtu;fs; tof;fkhf gzj;jpy; rk;gsk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. rpy
Neuq;fspy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l [hfpu; tUtha; mtu;fSf;F rk;gskhf
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mtu;fs; jq;fs; Fjpiu tPuu;fis epu;tfpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ kw;Wk;
mtu;fspd; rk;gsj;jpypUe;J Fjpiufspd; nryTfis jPu;f;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; ,uhZtj;jpd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F mtrpakhdtu;fs;.
Kfyha kd;du;fspd; rk;gsj;ijg; gw;wp Nguhrpupau; rjP\; re;jpuh
$Wfpwhu;> 'Kfyha kd;rg;lhu;]; kpf mofhf gzk; rk;ghjpj;jhu;fs;;
cz;ikapy;> me;j Neuj;jpy;' mtu;fspd; rk;gsk; mNefkhf cyfpy;
kpf cau;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ. `5000 vd;w kd;jhg;jhu;> `28>000 - `30>000
,Ue;J fpilj;jJ> mjpy; mtu; rpg;gha;fis guhkupf;fTk;> kw;w flik-
fisAk; guhkupf;f `16>000 nrytpLthu;. Mapuk; kd;rg;lhu;]; Rkhu;
`8000 Ngiuf; nfhz;bUe;jJ> ,jpy; `3000 Ngu; ,Ue;jdu;. mtuJ
flikfis epiwNtw;w nrytplg;gl;Ls;sJ NkYk;> me;j ehl;fspy;
tUkhd tup vJTk; ,y;iy. me;j ehl;fspy; &ghapd; thq;Fk; jpwd;
1966 y; ,Ue;jijtpl mWgJ klq;fhf fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuGf;fs;
jq;fs; nrhe;j Cjpaj;ij ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfTk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhfTk;>
jq;fs; [hfPu; epu;thfj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> mtu;fs;
Mlk;gukhfTk; tho toptFj;jdu;.

5. kd;]g;jhu;fspd; flik Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; Kfyha
Ml;rp fhyk
,uhZtj; jsgjpfs; ,uhZt jsgjpfshf my;yJ jd;id xU
kd;rg;lhu;]hf ,Ue;j rpy jsgjpapd; fPo; kd;rg;lhu;];fis
Nghu;f;fsj;jpw;F mDg;g KbAk;. xU fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabf;fTk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
Gjpa gFjpia ifg;gw;wTk; my;yJ ,uhZt kw;Wk; epu;thf
flikfis nra;a mtu;fs; miof;fg;glyhk;. jq;fs; JUg;Gf;fs;
kw;Wk; jq;fs; cgfuzq;fs; thq;f rpy Neuq;fspy; mtu;fs; epakdk;
nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
6. kd;rg;lhu;]; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL

kd;rg;lhu;];fshy; Ml;Nrgpf;fg;gl;l rthu;]; mDgtk; tha;e;jit
kw;Wk; ed;F Vw;wg;gl;lit vd;gij cWjp nra;a ngUk; ftdj;ij
vLj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mf;gu; xt;nthU `hu;Nkhdpd; Fwpg;igAk;
(`Pypah) xU kd;rg;lhupd; fPo; itj;J> mtu;fspd; Fjpiufis
(lhf;) Kj;jpiu Fj;Jtijj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. xt;nthU
FjpiuAk; ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;wd - tyJGw njhilapd;
kPJ murhq;f FwpaPlhfTk;> ,lJ njhilapy; kd;rg;lhupd;
milahskhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU gj;J FjpiutPuu;fSf;Fk;njupahjhu;
,UgJ Fjpiufisg; guhkupf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Fjpiufs; ftd-
khf gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;ld> muhgpa kw;Wk; <uhf; ,dq;fspd; ey;y
jukhd Fjpiufs; kl;LNk Ntiy nra;ag;gl;ld. xt;nthU gj;J
FjpiutPuu;fSf;Fk;> kd;rg;lhupd; ,UgJ Fjpiufisf; fhg;ghw;w
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Vndd;why; Fjpiufs; Xa;ntLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ
Nghupd; Neuq;fspy; khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
7. kd;rg;lhu;fspd; J}a kw;Wk; fyg;G JUg;Gfs;

KFy;> gjhd;> `pe;J];jhdp> ,];yhkpau;fs;> uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; —
Nghd;w midj;J FOf;fsplkpUe;Jk; tpyfpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhupf;ifAld;> mf;gu; goq;Fbthjk; kw;Wk; kjr;rhu;gpd;ik rf;jpfis
gytPdg;gLj;j Kad;whu;. nkhfyhau;fSk; uh[Gj;jpu jiytu;fSk;
nkhfyhau;fs; my;yJ uh[Gjdq;fis kl;Lk; jdpj;jdpahff;
nfhz;bUf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;> Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;> fyitahd
fl;Lg;ghl;L nghJ tpjpfshf khwpaJ.
8. Ml;Nru;g;G> gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; gzpePf;fk;

Kfyhau; fhyj;jpd;NghJ> kd;rg;lhu;]; Nguurupd; iffspy;
gzpaku;j;jy;> gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
nkhfyha Nritapy; Nru tpUgnkdpy; xU egu; Nguuriu xU
kd;rg;lhu;]; %yk; my;yJ NguurUf;F mw;Gjkhd kPu;-ghf;\p %yk;
njhlu;GgLj;jyhk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l egUf;F xU kd;rhg; xJf;Fk;
tifapy; kPu; gf;\p gupe;Jiuia Vw;W rf;utu;j;jp ngw;w kdepiy
kw;Wk; jpUg;jp tiu mJ ,Ue;jJ.mtu; xU kd;rhg; toq;fg;gl;lhy;>
'`f;fpf;fl;' vd;W miof;fg;gLk; KO gjpTk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp mtUf;F kd;rg;lhu;fspd; gpurq;fq;fs; Nguurupd; iffspy; ,Ue;jd.
Ml;rp fhyk; (i) xU gazj;jpd; Kd;Dk;> gpd;Dk;-(ii) fhypaplk; kw;Wk; (iii) rpy
Rg re;ju;g;gq;fspy; my;yJ tpohf;fspd; NghJ. rf;utu;j;jpahy; ve;j
Neuj;jpYk; xU kdhg;jhu; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glyhk;. Kd;dhs; tpRthr
Fwpg;Gfs; tpRthrkhfNth my;yJ Neu;ikaw;wtuhfNth> NguuRf;fhd jdJ
gad;ghl;il ,oe;Jtpl;ljhfTk; mtu; epidj;jhu;.
7. Kfyha fhyj;jpy; Nguurupd; gq;F vd;d?
8. Kfyha murhq;fj;jpy; tf;fPypd; cupikfs; kw;Wk;
flikfis gl;baypLf.

1. Nrhou; rhk;uh[;aj;jpy;> muru; epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; mtuJ ifapy; Ftpe;jd. Nrhou;
Ml;rpahsu;fs; jq;fs; Ml;rpahsiu my;yJ Atuh[hitj;
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;Fk; mtu;fspd; tho;ehspy; mtiu epu;thfj;Jld;
njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;Fk; eilKiwiaj; njhlq;fpdu;. mjdhy;jhd;
Nrhou;fs; kj;jpapy; ve;jg; NghUk; ,y;iy.
2. Nrhou; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; NghJ, khepyj;jpd; tUthapy; Kjd;ikahd
Mjhukhf epytup ,Ue;jJ. ,uh[uh[h I jdJ %d;wpy;
xU gFjpia jdJ kf;fsplkpUe;J tUthahf vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j tUtha; nuhf;fkhfTk; kw;Wk; nghUshfTk;
tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. epyk; mjd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; mbg;gilapy;
gy;NtW gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mJ mstplg;gl;lJ
kw;Wk; cz;ikahd cw;gj;jpf;F tUtha; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tUthia tptrhapfsplkpUe;J NeubahfNt tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ>
Mdhy; KO fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU myF vd rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;.
tUthiar; Nrfupf;Fk; NghJ mjpfhupfs; jPtpuj;jd;ikiaf;
fz;ldu;.
3. fpuhkj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpy; Nrhou;fs; fPo; kfhrig fpuhkj;jpy; xU
Kf;fpa ghj;jpuk; tfpj;jdu;. jtpu> Fu;uhk;> ehL kw;Wk; kz;lyk;
Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpepjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; mikg;GfSk;
,Ue;jd. ,it midj;JNk epu;thfj;jpy; cjtpaJ.
fpuhkpa kfhrigapd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfshy; cs;Su;
Raepu;zaj;jpd; ,ay;G kjpg;gPL nra;ag;glyhk;.
4. nly;yp Ry;jhdj;jpy;> khepyj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j Ry;jhd;>
khepyj;jpd; xt;nthU JiwapYk; tuk;gw;w mjpfhuq;fis
mDgtpj;jhu;.
5. nly;yp Ry;jhdfk; epu;thfj;jpd; trjpf;fhf khfhzq;fshf
gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; ,f;jh]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
,f;jh];fspd; vz;zpf;if rup nra;ag;gltpy;iy kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ
epu;thfj;jpy; rPuhd jd;ik ,y;iy. gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd; Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
,Wjp tiu ,f;jhit tpl rpwpa epu;thf myF ,Ue;jJ. gpd;du;> Ml;rp fhyk
,f;jh]; \pf;l;fhu;]pd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s \pf;];f;Ffs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; rpwpa myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. ,f;jh jiytu; NtW ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lhu;> mjhtJ> Fwpg;Gfs;
eaPg; Ry;jhd;> ehrpk;> Kl;fp my;yJ thyp. ,f;jhtpd; ,uz;lhtJ
tif Kl;f;jp]; my;yJ thyp Gjpjhf Nru;f;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij
Ry;jhdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Ltu KbAk; vd;W ,f;jhtpd;
,uz;lhtJ gpuptpd; Kl;fp]; my;yJ thypf;F ,d;Dk; mjpf
tpupthd mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpd. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Jiz
khepyq;fs;, Ry;jhd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa njw;fpd; ,e;J
Ml;rpahsu;fs; cs; epu;thfj;jpd; tp\aq;fspy; RahjPdkhf
,Ue;jdu;> Mdhy; Mz;LNjhWk; Ry;jhDf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;jpdu;.
Ry;jhd; rhk;uh[;aj;jpy; mDgtpj;jijg; NghyNt typRk;
Kl;fPfSk; jq;fs; ,f;jhTld; njhlu;Gila mNj rf;jpfis
mDgtpj;jdu;.
7. Kfyha murpaypy;> Nguuru; cz;ikahd ,iwahz;ikia
mDgtpj;jpUe;jhu;> ,J mtrukw;wJ kw;Wk; ,iltplhky; ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs;> xw;Wikf;fhd milahskhfTk;
rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;bahfTk; mtu; cau;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
mtu; murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa eltbf;iffisAk;
jPtpukhfr; nra;jhu;. mtu; midj;J cau; mjpfhupfspd; epakdk;
kw;Wk; mfw;wg;gLtjw;F nghWg;ghd Fbik kw;Wk; ,uhZt
epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ Kj;jpiu ,y;yhky;
ve;j ghu;kd;]; toq;fg;gl KbahJ. murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F
ntspapy; $l murhiz ,y;iy> murpd; nrytpdq;fisAk;
Mjhu %yq;fisAk; jPu;khdpj;jJ.
8. thf;fps; nghJthf ,e;j cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfis
nfhz;bUe;jhu;:
(i) RNglu;];, /G[;jhu; kw;Wk; jpthd; MfpNahupd; epakdk;
kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk; gw;wp NguurUf;F MNyhrid $w
cgNjrpj;jhu;.
(ii) [hf;fpupfis xJf;fPL njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fspy; mtu;
NguurUf;F mwpTiu $wpdhu;.
(iii) xt;nthU khiy nghOjpy; mtu; NguurUf;F Kd;ghf
vy;yh Mtzq;fisAk; mspj;jhu;.
(iv) mtu; mur Kj;jpiuia fhtypy; itj;jpUe;jhu;.
(v) khfhzq;fspypUe;J tUk; midj;J jfty;fspd; xU
efiyg; ngWtjw;fhd cupikia mtu; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
jpthdpd; midj;J Mtzq;fspd; efYk; mtuplk; tu
Ntz;Lk;.
(vi) mtuJ Kj;jpiu kw;Wk; ifnaOj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk;
epakdf; fbjq;fspy; Njitg;gl;ld. mtu; ,irf;FOitf;
Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fk; xU gy;yf;fpy; Rw;Wtjw;Fk; cupik
Ml;rp fhyk; cz;L.
2.6 RUf;fk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
••Nrhou; kd;du; cau; xypg;gjpTg; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;whu;.
jQ;rhT+u;> fq;ifnfhz;lh NrhoGuk;> Kjpnfhz;ld; kw;Wk;
fhQ;rp gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW Nrhou; rhk;uh[;aq;fspd;
gy;NtW jiyefuq;fshf ,Ue;jd. Nrhou; rhk;uh[;ak;
tpupthd kw;Wk; tskhdjhf ,Ue;jjhy; Ml;rpahsu;fs; cau;e;j
mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfsutj;ijAk; mDgtpj;jdu;. uh[;aq;fspd;
nja;tPf Njhw;wj;ij mtu;fs; ek;gpdu; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gy
Nfhtpy;fspy; muru;fSk; mtu;fSila kidtpfSk; ,Ue;jdu;.
••khepy tUthapd; Kjd;ik Mjhuk; epy tUtha; MFk;.
,uh[uh[hd; jdJ %d;wpy; xU gFjpia jdJ kf;fsplkpUe;J
fhzp tUthahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j tUtha; nuhf;fkhfTk;
kw;Wk; nghUshfTk; tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ. epyk; mjd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd;
mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mJ
mstplg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; cz;ikahd cw;gj;jpf;F tUtha;
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
••cs;Shu; Raepu;za mikg;G Vw;ghL Nrhou;fspd; epu;thfj;jpd;
mbg;gil mk;rkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. tlf;fpy; NtW ve;j MSk;
tk;rKk; ,y;iy Nrhou;fs; epu;thfj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfspy;
cs;Shu; Raepu;za cupikf;F njw;Nf ,j;jifa tpupthd
Vw;ghL ,Ue;jJ. kfhrig fpuhkj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpj;jhu;.
••nly;yp Ry;jhdfj;jpy; Ry;jhd;> mtuJ typikapd; gb> xU
rf;jptha;e;j vjpup vd fUjg;gLfpwhu;. Ry;jhd; khepyj;jpd;
KOikahd jiytuhfTk;> mtUf;Fs; cs;s midj;J
rl;lkd;w> epu;thf kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fSk; ,Ue;jd.
mtu; ,uhZtj;jpd; cau;e;j jsgjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
khepyj;jpd; midj;J ke;jpupfs;> gpuKfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;> mtiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;J
epuhfupj;jdu;. mtuJ ,e;j cj;juT mtuJ khepyj;jpy; rl;lkhf
,Ue;jJ.
••Kfyha Ml;rp Kiwapy;> Nguuru; cz;ikahd ,iwahz;ikia
mDgtpj;jpUe;jhu;> ,J mtek;gpf;f Kbahj kw;Wk;
jdpikg;gLj;j KbahjJ. ,e;j rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;Fs;> xw;Wikf;fhd
milahskhfTk; rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;bahfTk; mtu;
cau;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa
eltbf;iffisAk; jPtpukhfr; nra;jhu;. mtu; midj;J cau;
mjpfhupfspd; epakdk; kw;Wk; mfw;wg;gLtjw;F nghWg;ghd
Fbik kw;Wk; ,uhZt epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

••Nguuru;fs; rpy Kf;fpa mjpfhupfSf;F cjt ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
mtu;fs; ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;> etPd ehs; mikr;ru;fs; Ml;rp fhyk
FO ve;jtpjkhd xw;WikiaAk; fhl;ltpy;iy. ,e;j mjpfhupfs;
vg;NghJk; thrpu; kw;Wk; jpthd; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpapUe;jdu;>
kw;Wk; mjpfhupfspd; gyk; Nguuruhy; gpuj;jpNafkhf Fwpg;Gfs;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
••thrpu; my;yJ jpthd; tUtha; Jiw jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
epakpf;fg;glhj my;yJ tf;fPy; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mtuJ gilg;Gfs;
midj;JNk thrpuhy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;. thuprpd; mYtyfk;
tUtha;j; jhs;fisf; nfhz;lJ> kw;Wk; khfhzq;fspypUe;Jk;
,uhZtj;jpduplkpUe;Jk; JUg;Gf;fis mDg;gpaJ.
••fpa[p-cy;-Frhl; NguurUf;F mLj;jJ kpf cau;e;j ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; epahakhd Kiwahd kw;Wk;
jpwikahd epu;thfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;ghspahf ,Ue;jhu;. khfhz
fpa[p]; mtiu epakpj;jhu;. xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk;> khtl;lk;
kw;Wk; efuk;> tof;Ffspd; KbTfisj; jPu;khdpj;j fpa[p];fs;
,Ue;jd.
••midj;J kd;rg;lhu;]; epakdk; Ml;rpahsupd; iffspy; Kw;wpYkhf
,Ue;jJ. mtu; kd;rg;];fis mtu;fSf;F toq;fpdhu; my;yJ
mtw;wpd; Rje;jpukhd tpUg;gj;jpw;F mtu;fis tpyf;fptpl;lhu;.
epakd cj;juTfis cau; jpthd; ntspapl;lJ. kd;du; vy;yh
epu;thf mjpfhuq;fSf;Fk; Mjhukhf ,Ue;jhu;> mtuJ epakdk;
kw;Wk; ePf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;> mtu; epu;thf ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;il itj;jpUe;jhu;.
••Kfyha Ml;rpapd; fPo; tUtha; epu;thfk; thrpu; fPo; ,Ue;jJ.
gy;NtW Kfyha Nguuru;fs; jpthd; kw;Wk; thrpu; vd;w
ngau;r;nrhy; ngaustpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf> mf;gu;
gjtpf;F jpthid Kd;itj;jhu;> mNj Neuj;jpy; [`hq;fpu; mij
thrpu; vd;W khw;wpdhu;.

••Fuhk;: Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; 'Fuhk;' fpuhkq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
••fuh[;: ,J ,];yhkpau; my;yhjtu;fsplkpUe;J tpjpf;fg;gl;l xU
epy tup kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpfspy; 1/3 Kjy; 1/2 tiu ,Ue;jJ.
••/ghu;kd;: xU Xupaz;ly; ,iwahz;ikapd; Miz> xU
khdpak; my;yJ mDkjp.
••K`;jh]pg;: xOf;f tpjpfspd; jzpf;if Kiwapd; jiyikahf
,Ug;gjhy; mtNu xOf;f tpjpfspd; jzpf;ifahFk;.
Ml;rp fhyk;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; 1. Nrhou; rhk;uh[;aj;jpy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz epu;thfj;ij
RUf;fkhff; fye;JiuahLf.
2. Nrhou; tk;rj;jpy; epu;thfg; gpupTfs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; kfhrgdpd; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
4. nly;yp Ry;jhdpd; fhyj;jpy; mLj;jLj;J tUk; nfhs;ifapy; xU
RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJf.
5. nly;yp Ry;jhdpy; thrpupd; gq;if tptupf;f.
6. nkhfyha fhyj;jpy; khd;rg;lu;fspd; gq;if RUf;fkhff;
Fwpg;gpLf.
7. Kfyha epu;thfj;jpy; xU kpu; gf;\papd; ghj;jpuq;fspy; xU
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. Nrhou; tk;rj;jpd; fPo; cs;Su; Raepu;za cupikg; gq;ifg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. Nrhou; fhyj;jpd;NghJ r%f epiyikia Muha;e;J ghu;f;fTk;.
3. "Nrhou; rhk;uh[;ak; xU gue;j nropg;ig mDgtpj;jJ." ,e;j
mwpf;ifia njhlu;Gila Fwpg;GfSld; Ma;T nra;f.
4. nly;yp Ry;jhdpy; Ry;jhdpd; KOikahd mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
5. nly;yp Ry;jhdpapd; gq;F gw;wp Muha;f.
6. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gy;NtW r%f-nghUshjhu khw;wq;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
7. nly;yp Ry;jhdpy; tup tpjpg;Gfis Ma;T nra;f.
8. Kfyha fhyj;jpy; epu;thfj;jpd; tpupthd gFg;gha;T xd;iw
vOJf.
9. Kfyha epu;thfj;jpd; jiyikj; Jiwapd; nray;ghLfis
Muha;e;J ghu;f;fTk;.
2.9 NkYk; gbf;f

epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fy;fs;. GJ nly;yp: tp\;th ntspaPLfs;.

ghu;j;thy;> rp.gP. (gjp.) 1993. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;. GJ nly;yp: Nrhou; Ml;rp fhyk;> nly;yp
M\p\; ntspaPLfs;. Ml;rp fhyk
rPuikg;G. GJ nly;yp: Mf;];Nghu;l; gy;fiyf;fof gjpg;gfk;.
nlg;uhap> igngf; (gjp.). 2004. murhq;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;
epfo;r;rpepuy;. GJ nly;yp: fy;tp mwf;fl;lis.
Muha;r;rpfs;. GJ nly;yp: fdp\;fh.
nly;yp: Xupaz;l; yhq;Nkd;.
n[apd;> Mu;.gP 2001. nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah> 21 tJ E}w;whz;L
ey;y Ml;rpf;F rthy;fs;. GJ nly;yp: Mokhd kw;Wk; Mokhd
ntspaPLfs;.
kNf];tup> ];uPuhk;. 1985. ,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL. GJ nly;yp:
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
myF 3 1858 tiu gpupl;b\upd; fPo; epu;thfk;
epu;thfk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
3.0 mwpKfk;
3.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
3.2.3 xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;
tpilfs;
3.5 RUf;fk;
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f
3.0 mwpKfk;
Kfyhau;fSf;Fg; gpwF gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rpahsu;fshf
khwpaJ. ghuhSkd;w fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpy; mjd; epu;thfj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; xOq;FKiw rl;lk;>
1773ia epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; epWtdj;jpd; murpayikg;gpy;
cs;shu;e;j rpf;fy;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhd Kjy; gpujhd eltbf;ifahf
,J ,Ue;jJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;gpy; ,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiw
kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Mfpait ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpa JUg;Gfs; ,uhZtj;jpd;
ngUk;gFjpia cUthf;fpd. xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd; fPo;
1774 Mk; Mz;by; fy;fj;jhtpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ>
mJ Mq;fpy rl;lj;ij epu;tfpj;jJ> Mdhy; mjd; mjpfhu vy;iy
tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,J 1781 Mk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
Mq;fpNya kf;fSf;F Mq;fpy rl;lj;ij jil nra;jNjhL> ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfis tiuaWj;jJ. 1793 Mk; Mz;by; fhu;d;thy;]; epue;ju
FbNaw;w Kiwiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;> mjpy; ru; [hd; N\huhy;
Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;gpd; fPo;> epyj;ij [kPd;jhu; my;yJ
epy cupikahsu; elj;jp> epWtdj;jpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT tUtha;
toq;fpdhu;.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; epWtdj;jpd; tptfhuq;fisf; ifahStjw;F
,aw;wg;gl;l xOq;FKiw rl;lk; 1773d; gy;NtW tpjpKiw mk;rq;fs;
kw;Wk; FiwghLfis gFg;gha;T nra;tJ ,e;j myfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,J epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik gw;wpa gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
3.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; 1773 ,d; rl;lj;jpw;F toptFj;j fhuzq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; fz;lwpa KbAk;.
••xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpy; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfis
tpsf;f KbAk;.
••murhq;fj;jpd; fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;gpd; ntspg;ghL gw;wp
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••tUtha; mikg;G epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f KbAk;
••fhu;d;thy;]; epue;ju jPu;T Kiwia tpsf;f KbAk;.

gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; 1773Mk; Mz;L xOq;FKiw rl;lk; %yk; fpof;F
,e;jpa epu;thf tptfhuq;fis ,af;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
Nrit nra;a njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. thud; mtrufhykhf ngq;fShupy;
ftu;du; n[duyhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; ehd;F cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l
epu;thff; FOthy; cjtpaspf;f Neu;e;jJ.
MSeu; nghJr;rig mjpfhuj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
$l;lhz;ik murhq;fj;ij ];jhgpg;gjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis
xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis cUthf;Fjy;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; mtrufhykhf tu;j;jf epWtdj;ij xU epu;thf mikg;ghf
khw;w Kbe;jJ> mJ ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; mbg;gilia
cUthf;fpaJ.

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk;> 1773d; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW
gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
••,q;fpyhe;J kd;du; fpof;F ,e;jpa epu;thfk; nghWg;ghsuhf
,Ue;jhu;. epWtdj;jpd; cau; mjpfhupfs;> ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
,af;Feu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
••cupikahsu;fspd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thf;Fupik ngw jFjpAila
njhif £500 Kjy; £1000 tiu mjpfupj;jJ.
••Mz;LNjhWk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,af;Feu;fs; ehd;F tUlq;fshf
gjtp tfpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ> NkYk; ehd;fhz;Lfspy;
Mz;LNjhWk; kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
••jiyik ePjpgjpAk; %d;W ePjpgjpfs; nfhz;l cr;r ePjpkd;wKk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. MSeu; kw;Wk; mtUila rig
cWg;gpdu;fs; jtpu> epWtd Mjpf;fq;fspy; cs;s midj;J
gpupl;b\; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf Fw;wtpay;> flw;gil kw;Wk;
jpUr;rig mjpfhu tuk;ig cs;slf;fpaJ.
••MSeu; kw;Wk; mtuJ ehd;F fye;Jiuahsu;fs; Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
,uhZt tptfhuq;fis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs;
Ie;J Mz;Lfshf gjtp tfpg;ghu;fs;> mtu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
mtu;fs; ,af;Fdu;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
kl;LNk Ml;rpahsuhy; ePf;fg;gLtu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••Ml;rp FOtpy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; Kbit MSeuhy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. thf;nfLg;G ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
mJ gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••Nghu; kw;Wk; rkhjhd tp\aq;fspy;> ftu;du; KbT> nkl;uh];
kw;Wk; ghk;Ngtpd; MSeu;fshy; ntspg;gLj;jpa fUj;JfSf;F
Nkyhdjhf fUjg;gl;lJ. mjpfhupfs; rpwe;j jFjp fhl;bapUe;jhy;
rk;gsk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fs; gupRfis
my;yJ yQ;rk; thq;f kw;Wk; jdpahu; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLj;j
mDkjp ,y;iy.
••cs;Jiw nrayhsupd; Kd; mDkjpAld; kl;LNk ftu;du; Ml;rp
FO tpjpfis cUthf;f KbAk;.
••MSeupd; Ml;rpf;FOtpy; tpjpfs;> kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis
toq;Ftjw;fhd cupikiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ> mit
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;bapUe;jd.
,e;j rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,e;jpa gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; epu;thfk; Copau;fspd; egu; my;y vd;gij

mJ njspthf;fpaJ. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; jpUj;jq;fisr;
nra;a mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ.
••,e;j rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; gpuhe;jpa xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; epu;thf
ikag;gLj;jypd; Nghf;ifj; Jtf;fpaJ.
••epWtdj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;l epu;thf Kbit ghuhSkd;w
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; xU nray;Kiwahf ,J Jtq;fpaJ.
••xU cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp> jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; %d;W
cWg;gpdu;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd
cupkj;ij ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk;.
••nghJ MSeUf;F cjt ehd;F cWg;gpdu;fs; nfhz;l FO
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j cWg;gpdu;fs; Ie;J Mz;Lfshf gjtp
tfpj;jpUe;jhYk;> mtu;fs; gpupl;b\; murhy; kl;LNk ePf;fg;gl
KbAk;.
••gpupl;b\; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; Fw;wtpay;, muR xOq;FKiwfis
xOq;FgLj;jTk;> ntspaplTk; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; ••tq;fhs khfhzk; kw;w khfhzj;ijtpl Nkyhdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ>
epu;thfk;
NkYk; tq;fhs MSeuhf> nghJ MSeu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
MSeu;fs;, nrd;id kw;Wk; gk;gha; Mfpa rigfs;, MSeu;
kd;wk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs rig nfhz;L te;j jPu;khdq;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
3.2.3 xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;

177 xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs; fPNo tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
••MSeUf;F ve;jtpjkhd jilAupik mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy.
mtrufhykhf jdJ Ml;rp FONthL mbf;fb Nghuhl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ> mtu;fs; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;fspg;gjd; %yk;
jq;fs; Kbit vspjhf Rkj;j KbAk;.
••cr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhu vy;iy> Nguitapy; nghJ MSeu;
cldhd mjd; njhlu;G Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
••nkl;uh]; kw;Wk; ghk;Ng Mfpatw;wpd; jiytu;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
nghJ MSeu; kw;Wk; tq;fhs rigapd; MNyhrid ,y;yhky;
Nghiu mwptpj;jdu;. kuhj;jh kw;Wk; i`ju; myp> ghk;Ng muR
kw;Wk; nkl;uh]; murpd; MNyhrid Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
jq;fs; nrhe;j Kbitj; jPu;khdpf;f KbT nra;jdu;.
••,e;jpa MNyhrid MSeuhy; mDg;gpa mwpf;iffs; jPtpukhf
fUjg;gltpy;iy> Kiwahf gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
••,af;Feu;fs; ePjpkd;wk; 'mjpf my;yJ Fiwthd epue;ju
jd;dyf;FO' NkYk; cupikahsu;fspd; ePjpkd;wk; jhu;kPf
mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapypUe;j ve;jnthU Ma;Tf;Fk;
tpjptpyf;fhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,e;j rYiffs;> rjpj;jpl;lq;fspy;
fye;J nfhs;sTk; cs;ehl;by; ghjpf;fg;gLk; gpupTfis
cUthf;fTk; mtu;fSf;F mDkjp mspj;jd.
1. xOq;FKiw rl;lk;> 1773> Vd; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ?
2. xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Vw;ghl;il
gl;baypLq;fs;.

thud; mtrufhykhf ,e;jpa khepyq;fis nghWj;jtiuapy; xU
jpl;ltl;lkhd nfhs;ifia cUthf;ftpy;iy> mit tq;fhsk;> gPfhu;>
xuprh Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Kjy; jlitahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
cz;ikapy;> ,e;jpahtpd; khepyq;fSf;F epu;thfj;jpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
nfhs;ifia cUthf;fpa yhu;l; nty;y];yp Mthu;.

Jiz $l;lzp nfhs;if 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
xU Jizeltbf;if vd;gJ xU eilKiwapy; cs;s ehl;bw;Fk;
,ilapyhd xU cld;gbf;ifahFk;. 1798y; ,Ue;J 1805 tiu
gpupl;b\; nghJ MSeu; yhu;l; nty;y];ypahy; Jiz $l;lzpapd;
nfhs;if njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. mtUila MSeupd; njhlf;fj;jpw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
mUfpy;> nty;y];yp RNjr muRfspy; jiyaplhj xU Ml;rpia
eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. vdpDk;> mtu; Jiz $l;L xg;ge;jq;fis
cUthf;Fk; nfhs;ifia vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpy; myF
4y; ,J tpupthf tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
yhg;rpd; Nfhl;ghL
1848 kw;Wk; 1856Mk; Mz;LfSf;F ,ilapy; ,e;jpahtpd; ftu;du;
n[duyhf ,Ue;j lhy;n`srp cUthf;fpa xU ifg;gw;wpaf;
nfhs;if yhg;rpd; Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb>
gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Neub mjpfhuj;jpy; (Nkyhjpf;fk;)
cs;s ve;jnthU mur my;yJ khfhzk;> (Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; kj;jpa
fhydpj;Jt mjpfhuk;) Ml;rpahsu; Kw;wpYk; jpwikaw;wtu; my;yJ
Neubahd thupR ,y;yhky; ,we;Jtpl;lhu; vd;why;> gpupl;b\; Jiz
mikg;gpd; fPo; rhu;e;j gpuNjrkhf> gpupl;b\; Jiz mikg;G Kiwapd;
fPo; rhu;e;j epyg;gFjp jtpu;f;f Kbahky; vLf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpy;
myF 4y; ,Jgw;wp tpupthf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

murhq;fj;jpd; fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;gpy; ,uhZtk;> fhty; kw;Wk;
ePjpj;Jiw Mfpait ,Ue;jd. ,e;j fl;likg;ig tpupthf gbg;Nghk;.
1. Fbikg; gzp
,J fpof;fpe;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; ,af;Fdu;fs; my;yJ gpupl;b\; Ml;rp
my;y vd;W gy tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; $wp tUfpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> Fbik
topahf nray;gLk; MSeu;-jsgjp ,e;jpahit MSfpd;wdu;.
fhu;d;thyp]; epWtdj;jpd; Fbik gzpapd; mbj;jsj;ij
mikj;jhu;. 1793Mk; Mz;bd; rhu;l;lu; rl;lk; midj;J cau;
mYtyfq;fsplkpUe;Jk; ,e;jpau;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lJld;>
epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fsplk; £500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kjpg;Gs;s midj;J
gjptu;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Kd;djhf epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fs;
Nkhrkhd Cjpak; kw;Wk; Coy; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ fhu;d;thy;];
jhuhs eyd;fs; kw;Wk; cau; gjtpfSf;F gjtp cau;Tfis
toq;fpdhu;. ,t;thW> Nrit cau;e;j flikapid mile;jJ.
E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; khu;f;/ghy;> vy;gpd;];Nlhd;> khy;fk; kw;Wk;
yhud;]; Nghd;w cau;e;j gjtpapy; ,Ue;j nghJ Copau;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
nghJ MSeu; gpuptpy; ,e;jpahtpd; gpupl;b\; Fbikg; gzp
tuyhw;wpy; nty;y];yp gpuG xU Kf;fpakhd iky;fy; MFk;.
nty;y];Ny ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; nghJ Copau;fSf;F NghJkhd gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. muR
epu;thfk;
Copau;fspd; fy;tpahdJ xU fyitahd jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W nty;y];yp gupe;Jiuj;jhu;> mjd; mbj;jsq;fs;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; epahakhf jPl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; ,e;jpahtpy; fl;ll
Fwpg;Gfs; epu;khzk; Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 1800 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 18 Mk;
Njjp nty;y];Nyapd; fl;lisahy;> fy;fj;jhtpy; Nfhl;il tpy;ypak;
fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd; nghJ Copau;fSf;F jhuhsthj
fiy rl;lk; kw;Wk; nkhop Mfpatw;wpy; rpwg;G gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
[p.`hu; ghu;Nyh> N[. vr;. `hupq;ld;> vr;. b. Nfhy;G&f;> nyg;bndd;l; [hd;
ngapy;yp> gpuhd;rp]; fpshl;tpr;> nut;. Gr;rhdd; kw;Wk; nut;. lgps;A+ Nfup
Nruk;Nghu; MfpNahu; ,e;j fy;Y}upapy; gapd;wtu;fs;. 1801 kw;Wk;
1805f;F ,ilapy;> Nfhl;il tpy;ypak; fy;Y}up kpfg;ngupa tpupthf;fj;ijf;
fz;lJ> fpof;fpd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; nty;y];ypapd; tpUg;gk;
xU ngupa gFjpf;F te;Jtpl;lJ vd;W $wyhk;. fy;Y}up, gy;NtW
nkhopfspy; mfuhjpfs; njhFf;fg;gl;bUe;j nkhopapay; Muha;r;rp
ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy;> rhu;y]; nkl;fhngy;> tpy;ypak; nga;yp>
tpy;ypak; khu;l;bd;> tpy;ypak; gpupl;> [hd; bf;];gp> jhk]; ghnu];nlf;
kw;Wk; gyu; Nfhl;il tpy;ypak; fy;Y}upapy; tFg;Gfs; elj;jpdu;.
mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; Kiwahd fy;tpiaf; ngw MW
my;yJ VO tUlq;fs; ,Ue;jdu;> mit juTfis xOq;fikf;fTk;
murhq;fj;jpw;F nfhs;iffis cUthf;fTk; cjtpaJ.
gpuG ikl;Nlh (1807-13) gzf;fhu tpUJfis toq;Ftjpy;
nty;y];ypapd; nfhs;if kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghd
gjtpfspd; thf;FWjpiaAk; gpd;njhlu;e;jhu;. ,e;j fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
Nfhl;il tpy;ypak; fy;Y}upapy; gl;lk; ngw;w rpwe;j khztu;fs; rpyu;
n`d;wp gpupd;nrg;> N`hy;l; nkf;fd;rp> N[k;]; rju;yhz;l; kw;Wk;
Mz;l;& ];upu;ypq; MfpNahuhtu;. ngu;rpa tpy;ypak; fy;Y}upapd;
ngu;rpaj; JiwahdJ> kpfTk; jpwikahd khztu;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
mtu;fspy; rpyu; gy;NtW efuq;fspy; trpf;fpd;wdu;. 1811 Kjy; 1819
tiu nly;yp FbapUg;ghsuhfTk;> 1820 Kjy; 1825 tiu i`juhghj;
FbapUg;ghsuhfTk; nkl;fhy;g; gzpahw;wpdhu;. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy;>
vl;L Mz;Lfspy; nly;ypapy;> kuz jz;lid tof;F ,y;iy. 1812k;
Mz;by; mbikj;jdj;ij xopg;gjpy; mtu; fUtpahf ,Ue;jhu;. vdpDk;>
Nfhl;il tpy;ypak; fy;Y}upapy; gapw;rpAk; gpupl;b\; ,isQu;fis
",e;jpakakhf;fy;" vd;W czu;e;jNghJ xU rpy Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;G epWj;jg;gl;lJ. rhu;y]; fpuhd;l;> fpof;fpe;jpauplkpUe;J
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;Gk; Kd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; rpWtu;fis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;sf;$ba Nfk;gpupl;[; kjFUkhu;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; ,Ue;jhu;. 1806Mk; Mz;by;> yz;ld;
mUfpYs;s nàpy;gup vd;w ,lj;jpy; fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ. ,q;Nf>
fpof;fpy; Nritf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l ,sk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ,uz;L
tUlq;fSf;F gapw;rp ngw;wdu;. Nghl;bapLk; Fw;wtpay; ePjpj; Nju;T
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLk; tiu NtW ve;j jpl;lKk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
i`Nya;gup fy;Y}up Muk;gj;jpy; gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf jzpf;if
nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1813 Mk; Mz;by;> ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;ngw;w ciuapy;>
yhu;l; fpnud;tpy;> ,e;jpahtpd; vjpu;fhy epu;thfpfSf;F Mq;fpyk; Njrpa 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
tho;f;ifapd; gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntl;Lf;fisf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf
epWtdj;ij tpku;rpj;jhu;. NkYk;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F mg;gl;lkhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gl;lJ. rhu;y]; fpuhd;l; ,e;j
tpku;rdq;fis kWj;J> i`Nygup-apypUe;J gl;lk; ngw;wtu;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdj;jpd; ey;y Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; mwpnthsp Njrgf;ju;fs; vd;W
typAWj;jpdhu;. ngupa gFjpfs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ MAjq;fis ifg;gw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W 1819y; mtu; $wpdhu;> mtu;fsJ rupahd epu;thfk;>
nfhs;iffis> jpwikfs; kw;Wk; mur Copau;fspd; Mu;tj;ij rhu;e;J
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 1833 Mk; Mz;bd; rhu;l;lu; rl;lk; mur Copau;fis
epakpf;Fk; Nghl;bapd; nfhs;ifia mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;baJ. Mdhy;
Ntl;ghsu;fisj; Nju;T nra;a Nghl;bg; Nju;T elj;Jtjw;fhd
jpl;lq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; ,af;Feu;fs; jq;fsJ
cupikAldhd cupikiaf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;> Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;
cUthfpd.
1853,y; ru; rhu;y]; Tl;> fl;Lg;ghl;L thupaj;jpd; jiytu;>
Fbikg; gzpfSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;fhd jpwe;j Nghl;b Nju;Tf;F
gupe;Jiuj;jhu;> ,J nkf;fhNytplkpUe;J tYthd Mjuit fz;lJ
kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; $l xg;Gjy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,uhZtk;
epWtd ,uhZtk; INuhg;gpau;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpau;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
1857 fyfk; Kbtile;jNghJ INuhg;gpau;fs; Rkhu; 16>000 Mz;fs;
,Ue;jdu;. Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;gpau;fs; juepiyahf ,Ue;jdu; Mdhy;
gbg;gbahf mtu;fs; xOf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; Mfpatw;wpy;
Nkk;gl;ldu;. ,uhZtj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp rpg;ghapd; giliaf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1830Mk; Mz;by;> rpg;gha; JUg;Gfspy; 1,87>000
Mz;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;j vz;zpf;if 1857-y; 2,00>000 Mf khwptpl;lJ.
INuhg;gpau;fs; ,uhZtj;jpd; mjpfhu tu;f;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,e;jpa JUg;Gfs; epWtd ,uhZtj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpia
cUthf;fpd. xg;gPl;lstpy; ey;y Ntiy epiyikfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
tof;fq;fSf;F kupahij Mfpatw;iw xOq;FgLj;jpapUg;gJ> cs;Su;
njhopyjpgu;fis ,uhZt njhopYf;F <u;j;jJ. ,e;jpaj; JUg;Gf;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; jpwikahd ,uhZtk;jhd;. mtu;fs; INuhg;gpa
v[khdu;fSf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; cau;e;j gjtp cau;it
miltjw;F fdT fhz Kbatpy;iy.
3. fhty;
fhty; Kiw 1791y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ> fy;fj;jh
fhty; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; gjtpia gpuG fhud;thyp]; cUthf;fpdhu;.
xU khtl;lk; gy jhdh]hf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. epyg;gpuGf;fs; fhty;
flikfis nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gltpy;iy. mjw;F
gjpyhf gy nja;tPf cjtpahsu;fshy; cjtp nra;ag;gLk; xU
lnuhf tpl xU nghWg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j Kiw xU
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; tpiykpf;f Njhy;tpahf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. lnuhfh]; Fw;wk; Fiwf;f
epu;thfk;
NghJkhd Mjhuq;fs; ,y;iy kw;Wk; ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fspd;
elj;ij Fw;wkw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ. yhu;l; kpNdhtpd; fl;lisapd; gb>
xU fhty; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; 1808y; xU gpuptpy; mDg;gg;gl;lhu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; mtu; jdJ gzpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf csTfhuu;fSld; my;yJ
N[hnad;]{ld; <Lgl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. vdpDk;> Nfhnae;jhf;fs;> mNj
jd;ikapd; ml;ôpaq;fs;> kw;Wk; nfhs;isf;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
tq;fNjrk; jtpu fk;gdpapd; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;
jhNuhfh]; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fPo;Nthu; epWtg;gLjy; uj;J nra;ag;gLk;
vd;W 1814y;> ,af;Fdu;fspd; ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutpl;lJ.
4. ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G
goikahd fhyq;fspy;> midj;J rpW tof;FfspYk; ePjp
toq;Ftjw;F [kPd;jhu;fs; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,aw;ifahfNt>
,e;j mikg;G vg;NghJNk epahakhdJ my;y> J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk;
gzf;fhuu;fis Viofis xLf;fptpl mDkjpj;jJ. mtrug;gLj;Jk;
ePjpj;Jiw Kiwia rPu;jpUj;Jtjw;F jd;idj;jhNd nfhz;Lte;jhu;.
mtu; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; ,uz;L ePjpkd;wq;fis epWtpdhu;>
jpthdp mlyl;> ,J Fbik tof;Ffs; kw;Wk; gh[;jup mlyl;>
fpupkpdy; tof;Ffs; Kaw;rp vd;W KbT nra;Ak;. jpthzpp mlyl;ilr;
Nru;e;j khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; jiyik tfpj;jhu;> mtuJ gzpf;F
jpthz; cjtpdhu;. khtl;lj;jpd; fhrp my;yJ Kg;jp kw;Wk; ,uz;L nksytp];
jiyikapyhd /Ngh[;lup mlyl; jiyikapyhdJ> mJ khtl;l
Ml;rpahsu; xl;Lnkhj;j Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. jpthzp mlyl;>
kw;Wk; gh[;lup mly;l; Mfpatw;wpw;F Nkyhf> fy;fj;jh - rju; jpthzp
mlyl;by; ,uz;L cau;e;j ePjpkd;wq;fSk; epWtg;gl;ld> Fw;w
tof;Ffs; kw;Wk; ru;jhu; ep[kj; mly;l; Fw;wtpay; KiwaPLfisf;
Nfl;gjw;fhf> 1774 Mk; Mz;by;> khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mkpd;]; vd;w
,e;jpa mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. mNj Mz;by;
rju; jpthzp mlyl; %lg;gl;L> rJu; ep]hk; mly;l; Ku;\pjhghj;jpw;F
khw;wg;gl;lhu;. xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd; fPo; 1774Mk; Mz;by;
fy;fj;jhtpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ> mJ Mq;fpy rl;lj;ij
epu;tfpj;jJ> Mdhy; mjd; mjpfhu vy;iy tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,J 1781k; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Mq;fpNya kf;fSf;F
Mq;fpy rl;lj;ij jil nra;jJ kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhu vy;iy tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. nrg;lk;gu; 1780k; Mz;by;
mtrufhykhf rjhu; jpthzp mlyl;;> kw;Wk; cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik
ePjpgjp ru; vyp[h ,k;gPap ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1781k; Mz;by; mtrufhykhf gjpndl;L Gjpa khtl;l
ePjpkd;wq;fis epWtpdhu;. rpy cld;gbf;if nra;ag;gl;l Copau;fs;
epahahjpgjpfs; vd epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; Fbik gzp
tof;Ffis KbT nra;jdu;. ,e;j khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J
ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffs; rjhu; jpthzp mlyl;;Jf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
khtl;l ePjpj;Jiw ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ePjpj;Jiw tpahghu eltbf;iffSf;F
rpy tpjpKiwfis Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;. epyj;jpd; rl;lj;ij itj;J
ePjp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mq;fpNyaUf;F Gupe;Jtpl;lJ. ,ij 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
epidtpy; itj;J> ,e;J rl;lj;jpd; xU FwpaPL njhFf;fg;gl;L
Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;L ,];yhkpau; rl;lj;jpd; nkhopngau;g;G
fpilj;jJ.
1782Mk; Mz;by; ,k;gPapid epidT $u;e;jhu;. mjd;gpwF> nghJ Fwpg;Gfs;
MSeu; kw;Wk; rjhu; jpthzp mlyl; jiyik tfpj;j gzpapy; mit
<LgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. fhu;d;thyp]pd; ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

gpuG fhu;d;thyp]; ePjpj;Jiwapy; ngUk; khw;wq;fisr; nra;jhu;.
Fw;wtpay; ePjp toq;Ftjw;fhd Ntiyfisr; nra;Ak; ,e;jpau;fs;
jhd; vd;gij mtu; Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;. brk;gu; 3> 1789 Njjpapy;
xU epkplj;jpy; mtu; $wpdhu;: 'ehq;fs; Nghff;$lhJ vd;W ehq;fs;
epidf;ftpy;iy. ve;jnthU nrhe;jkhd my;yJ ve;jnthU jdp egupd;
jdpg;gl;l tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
xU vjpu;fhy fl;Lg;ghl;il fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.'
jiyik Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp, K`k;kj; Nurh
fhd; (rju; ep]hj; mlyl;) Mthu;. 1790y; mYtyfj;ij tpl;L
ntspNaWk;gb Nfl;lhu;. mjd; gpd;du; ePjpkd;wk; fy;fj;jhtpw;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,g;NghJ jiyik Mizaj;jpd; nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;j
nghJ MSeu; cr;r mit cWg;gpdu;fSk; Mthu;. jtpu> fy;fj;jhtpd;
kj;jpa Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wk;> ehd;F gpw Rw;W ePjpkd;wq;fs; fy;fj;jh
efuq;fspy;> Ku;\pjhghj;> lhf;fh kw;Wk; ghl;dh. ,uz;L cld;gbf;if
Copau;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jiyik jhq;fpdu;> mtu;fs; ,e;jpa
MNyhrfu; %yk; cjtpdhu;fs;. ,e;j MNyhrfu;fs; Mz;LNjhWk;
,uz;L Kiw jq;fs; gpupTfis Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;Ak;gb
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. fhu;d;thy;]; kh[p];jpupNal;bd; khtl;l
Ml;rpahsu;fis jpir jpUg;gpdhu;. jpthzp mlyl;]; khtl;l my;yJ
[py;yh ePjpkd;wq;fs; vd kWngauplg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 23 khtl;lq;fspy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mq;fpy ePjpgjpfs; nghWg;ghf
,Ue;jd> kw;Wk; Fbik kw;Wk; tUtha; tof;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwf;
ifahz;lJ. Nky;KiwaPl;Lf;F Nky; ehd;F Nky;KiwaPl;L
ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,it fy;fj;jh> lhf;fh> ghl;dh kw;Wk;
Ku;\pjhghj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s rju; jpthzp
mlyl; vd;w jiyikapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; nghJ MSeu; kw;Wk; mtuJ
fTd;rpyu;fshy; jiyik jhq;fg;gl;lJ. ehd;F khfhz ePjpkd;wq;fs;
Nky; KiwaPL nra;j %d;W ePjpgjpfs; mNj efuq;fspy; cs;s Fw;wtpay;
rig ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
vdNt> mNj ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhupaplk; Fbik kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ePjpgjpfs; INuhg;gpau;fshf ,Ue;jdu;
kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ epGzu; MNyhrfu;fshy; ,ay;ghfNt jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdu;. rl;l eilKiw rpf;fyhdJ, Gjpa ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
eilKiwfs; gpupl;b\; hthf ,Ue;j NghjpDk;> rl;lk; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;l
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; ,e;J my;yJ ,];yhkpakhf ,Ue;jJ. fu;ehlf muru;fs; ,e;jpau;fs;
epu;thfk;
Fw;wtpay; ePjp epu;thfj;jpy; ve;jnthU cz;ikahd rf;jpiaAk;
gpupj;Jtpl;ldu;. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; cs;s lhu;fh]; ePjpgjpapd;
Neub Nkw;ghu;itapy; gzpGupe;jhu;. 1793Mk; Mz;bd; fhu;d;thy;];
Fwpg;Gfs; rl;l njhFg;G vdg;gLk; xOq;FKiw tpjpfspd; xU tpupthd
tpjpKiw eilKiwf;F te;jJ> ,J Gjpa ePjp mikg;gpd; mjpfhupfSf;F
topfhl;bahf mike;jJ. Gjpa ePjpkd;wq;fs; ePjp toq;Ftjpy;
epahakhf ,Ug;gjhf fhu;d;thyp]; jtwhf ek;gpdhu;.
6. epy tUtha; nfhs;if

tUkhdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf epy tUtha; ,Ue;jNjhL epu;thfk;
mij KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. 1762k; Mz;by; gu;j;thd;
kw;Wk; kpl;dhG+u; khtl;lq;fspy; xU Nrhjid elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
gpuhe;jpaq;fspypUe;J jq;fs; tUtha;fis mjpfupf;f Kaw;rpf;ifapy;>
epWtdk; tpw;gid njhlq;fpaJ nghJ Vyj;jpd; Njhl;lq;fs;, epyq;fs;
%d;W tUlq;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;jf;
nfhs;ifahdJ epu;thfj;jpw;f;F ,yhgfukhf ,Ue;jJ> tptrhapfSf;F
epahakw;wJ.
1765Mk; Mz;by; fpof;F ,e;jpa epu;thfk; Kfyha Nguuru;
tq;fhsk;> gPfhu; kw;Wk; xuprh Mfpatw;wpd; jpthzpia ifg;gw;w
Kbe;jJ. fpist;> 'midj;J epyq;fspd; Nkw;ghu;itapYk;> tq;fhsk;>
gPfhu; kw;Wk; xuprh khfhzq;fspd; midj;J tUtha;fspd;
Nrfupg;ghfTk;' tpsf;fpaJ.
1772 tiu epy ehfupfj;ij Nrfupj;j ,uz;L nea;g; btd;fs;.
1769k; Mz;by;> epWtdj;jpd; tUtha; vt;thW Nrfupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; 'Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fis'
epakpj;jJ. ,g;NghJ 1772k; Mz;by; ,af;Fdu;fspd; ePjpkd;wk;
thud; mtrufhykhf ,uz;L nea;g;-btd;];> K`k;kJ u]h
fhd; kw;Wk; \pjhg; uha; cz;ikapy; mtu;fspd; mYtyfq;fis
%bdu;. ,J jpthz; vd;w ngaupy; epw;Fk; kw;Wk; tUthia
epu;tfpg;gjw;F Kw;wpYk; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjw;fhd jlq;fs;
njspthf ,Ue;jd. mf;Nlhgu; 1772y; MSeiuf; nfhz;l xU tUtha;
thupak; fy;fj;jhtpy; mit mikf;fg;gl;lJ. xU kjpg;gPl;il Ie;J
tUl fhyj;jpw;F elj;jg;gl;lJ> NkYk; nghJ Vyj;jpy; epyj;ij kpf
mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;gidahsUf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lJ. [kPd;jhu;fs;
gyu; tUtha; ngw;w tptrhapfs; Mdhu;fs;. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk;
xU khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; kw;Wk; xU ,e;jpa jpthz; ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;j
mjpfhupfs; tUtha; epu;thfj;ij Nkw;ghu;itapLtjw;F
nghWg;ghspfshtu;. ,Ug;gpDk; Ie;J tUl tptrha Kiw ahUf;Fk;
gad; jutpy;iy: [kPd;jhu;fs;> tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; uhNahl;fs; jq;fsJ
topKiwiaAk; epWtdj;ijAk; fLikahd ,og;Gf;fis
re;jpj;jJ. mikg;G rPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. etk;gu; 1773y;>
Nrfupg;ghsu;fs; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fsJ
,lj;jpy; Ie;J khfhz rigfSk; tUthia Nrfupg;gjw;fhf
epWtg;gl;ld. khfhzj;jpd; jiyikafk; fu;rha; Ku;\p 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
jhghj;> gu;jhd;> jpdh[;G+u;> lhf;fh kw;Wk; ghl;dhtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
fy;fj;jhtpy; tUtha;f;fhf xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J rpwg;ghf
,Ug;gjw;F ve;j khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy> Ie;J Mz;Lfhy
jPu;T 1777y; mfw;wg;gl;lJ. epu;thfk; mjw;F gjpyhf Kd;Dupik Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhz;l Mz;L jPu;T Kiw 1789 KbT tiu njhlu;e;J. Mdhy;
tpiutpy; mjd; ghjfkhd tpisTfshf fUjg;gl;lJ. xU
tUtha; Copau; gjpT nra;jhu;: 'Mq;fpyj;jpypUe;J tUkhdj;jpd;
Vw;w ,wf;fq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tjw;fhd
kpfg;ngupa fskhFk;'. 1781y;> khfhz rigfis mfw;wpdu; kw;Wk;
INuhg;gpa Nrfupg;ghsu;fs; Fiwe;j mjpfhuj;Jld; khtl;lq;fSf;Fj;
jpUk;gpdu;. nghJ MSeu; rigapd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; fy;fj;jhtpy;
xU tUtha; FO mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
7. epue;ju jPu;T
1793y;> fhu;d;thyp]; epue;ju FbNaw;w Kiwiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;>
rhu; [hd; NrhNw-ahy; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo; me;j
epyk; xU [kPd;jhu; my;yJ epy cupikahsu; %yk; epWtdj;jpw;F
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l njhifia nrYj;Jk; tifapy; ,Ue;jJ. epy
cupikahsu; kw;Wk; mtuJ FbapUg;ghsu;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s
cwT gu];gu KbT nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. epyk; ifafg;gLj;Jjy;> tpw;gJ my;yJ tpw;gid nra;tJ
Mfpatw;wpd; cupikia epy cupikahsu;fs; itj;jpUe;jdu;. Mdhy;
,q;Nf vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ: xU epu;zapf;fgl;l epiyahd tUtha;
muRf;F Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpf;F mtu;fs; nrYj;j Kbahtpl;lhy;> mtu;fs;
midj;J cupikfisAk; ,of;f NeupLk;. gpupl;b\; tUtha;f;F xU
tof;fkhd tUtha; fpilj;jJ> epue;ju jPu;T vd;gJ xU rhjfkhd
KiwahFk;. NkYk;> jdpg;gl;l tptrhapfsplkpUe;J mijg; gwpg;gijg;
gw;wp mtu;fs; ftiyg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy. gzk; rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;ba
tUthapd; msTf;F Kd;G tptrhapAk; mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. gz;izahsu;fs;>
,g;NghJ mtu;fsJ epyq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghd> rhFgb mjpfupf;f $Ljy;
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;W R.C. ^l; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;: xU ehl;bd;
nropg;G> re;Njh\k;> Qhdk; Mfpait ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahdit
MFk;.
1793k; Mz;bd; fhud;thyprpd; epue;ju FbNaw;wkhdJ> ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; Njrj;ij vg;NghJk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l kpfr; rpwe;j kw;Wk; kpfTk;
ntw;wpfukhd eltbf;ifahFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> nghUshjhu kjpg;gPl;il
fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;> ,e;j kjpg;gPL Kw;wpYk; cz;ik ,y;iy. kz;
tsj;ij fzf;fpy; my;yJ epyg;gFjpf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;s ahUk;
ftiyg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. mtu;fspy; gyUf;F kjpg;gPL
kpf mjpfkhf cs;sJ kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; Njhl;lq;fs; murhq;fj;jpw;F
tpw;fg;gl;ld. rpy [kPd;jhu;fs;> jq;fs; fld;fis nrYj;j Kbahky;
Nghdjhy;> mtu;fsJ epy gFjpfs; eLtu;fsplk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;ld.
,J kw;nwhU gpur;ridia cUthf;fpaJ: FbapUg;ghsuhd [kPd;jhu;fs;
,lkpy;yhky; khw;wg;gl;ldu;. tptrhapfSld; jdpg;gl;l njhlu;G
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; ,y;yhj epy cupikahsu;fs;, Fbahdtd; cupikfs; ruzile;jd>
epu;thfk;
mtu; Nju;e;njLj;j gz;izahsu; mtu;fNshL ve;jnthU jPu;Tk; nra;a
KbAk;. ,y;Ngu;l; $wpaJ Nghy;: "1793 rl;lk;> Nghuhspfspd; rupahd
epYitia tpl;Ltpl;lJ. NkYk;> mtu;fs; kPJ rj;jpakhf> mtu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; mtw;iwg; gpd; kiwj;J> mtw;iwg; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mopf;fTk;
nra;jhu;fs;. epy cilikahsu;fsplkpUe;J Fbahdtu;fs; ghJfhf;fg;
gpd;tUk; Mz;Lfspy; miukdNjhL Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1859k; Mz;L tiu tq;fhs epy rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
epue;ju FbNaw;wkhdJ> tq;fhsj;jpy; fpuhkg;Gwf; fl;lisfis mjd;
fhybapy; js;sp> tptrhaj;jpw;F xU Cf;fj;ij mspj;jJ. epy
cupikahsu; kw;Wk; Fbahdtd; ,ilNaahd cwit tYtpof;fr;
nra;jhu;. [kPd;jhu;fs; Vfhjpgj;jpa fl;likg;gpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
gFjpahf ,Ue;jdu;> gpupl;b\; ,ij mq;fPfupj;jJ. vdNt> mtu;fs;
jq;fs; mjpfhuj;ij Mjupg;gjpy; njspthf ,Ue;jdu;> rhjhuz
kdpjdpd; eyq;fspy; my;y. 1802 kw;Wk; 1805f;F ,ilapy;> epue;ju
FbNaw;wj;jpd; nfhs;ifahdJ xuprh> ngdhu]; kw;Wk; tlf;F
murhy; %d;W khepyq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nfhs;ifapd;
jPq;fpiof;Fk; jd;ikia epu;thfpfs; ,g;NghJ mwpe;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
N[k;]; kpy;, [hd; ];Ltu;l;, kpy; jhf;fNu kw;Wk; Kd;Nuh Nghd;w
gad;kpf;f rpe;jidahsu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; kw;w khepyq;fSf;F ,e;j
Kiwia gad;gLj;Jtij fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. jhf;fNu mij
vjpu;j;J Ngrpdhu;: 'Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa ngUkpj
vOr;rp kpf;f> ngUk; nry;tk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nfhLf;Fk; Mo;e;j
rpe;jid> xLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jsgjpfs;> mur jiytu;fs; kw;Wk;
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ehq;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy, ehk; njhopy; GupAk;
tptrhapfis Vw;fNtz;Lk;.'
8. uahl;thup FbNaw;wk;
gpupl;b\; njw;Nf FbauRj; jiyefupy; FbNaw;wj;jpd; xU khw;Wf;
nfhs;ifia ngw;wJ. ,J uahl;thup mikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j mikg;G rhu; jhk]; Kd;Nuh (1820-1827) MSiff;F cl;gl;lJ.
,e;j Kiwapd; fPo;> xU gapupLgtu; Neubahf> xU x vz;zpf;ifapyhd
Mz;Lfs;> mjhtJ Kg;gJ vd;w mstpy; xU jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
mikg;gpd; fPo;> murhq;fKk; tptrhapAk; xU Neub cwit mDgtpj;jdu;.
murhq;fj;jpd; gq;fPL nghJthf gapu; mWtil epfu kjpg;gpy; rup
nra;ag;gl;lJ> gpupl;b\; Ml;rp gQ;rk; twl;rp kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G
fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l Fiwg;G rYiffs; %yk rupnra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Kiwikapd; fPo; tptrhap kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghf czu;e;jNghjpYk;> mtu;
mbf;fb murhq;f mjpfhupfspd; fLikahd Nfhupf;iffis G+u;j;jp
nra;a ,aytpy;iy. Kd;Nuh Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ: 'uhal; cz;ikahd
cupikahsuhthu;> Vndd;why; rtu;f;fhuj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd ve;j epyKk;
mtUf;F ,y;iy. gk;ghapd; Ml;rpapy;> nksd;l;];^tu;l; vy;gpd;];Nlhd;
njhlu;e;j tUtha; mikg;G> uahl;thup mikg;Gf;F xj;jjhf ,Ue;jJ.
1835k; Mz;by;> nghw;nfhy;yu; kw;Wk; tpd;Nfl; MfpNahu; xU tpupthd
fzf;nfLg;G elj;jpdu;. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l
nkhj;j njhifahdJ mtu;fspd; cwtpdu;fspd; kjpg;gPl;bd;gb 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
gapuplg;gl;l Jiwfs; kj;jpapy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jPu;T Kg;gJ
Mz;LfSf;F epu;zapf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU FbNaw;wj;jpd; KbtpYk;
Nfhupf;if mjpfupf;f my;yJ Fiwf;f murhq;fj;jpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
tptrhapapd; Mo;e;j ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd ,e;j mikg;GKiwapd; Fwpg;Gfs;
xU ngupa FiwghL> jPu;Tf;F mtuJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;j ve;j
topapYk; ,y;iy. mtu; ntWikahf tUtha; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ mtuJ epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;

3. yhg;]; Nfhl;ghL vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
4. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Fbik gzpia epWtpajpy;
nty;y];yp gpuGtpd; gq;F vd;d?
5. xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd; fPo; ePjp mikg;Gfspy;
vd;d khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld?
6. ,e;jpa rl;l Mizak; vg;NghJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?
7. ,e;jpahtpy; epue;ju jPu;T mikg;GKiwia mikj;jtu;
ahu;?

1. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; epWtd tptfhuq;fis xOq;FKiw rl;lk;>
1773 %yk; ,af;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Nrit
nra;a Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk;> 1773d; Kf;fpa tpjpfs; gpd;tUkhW
gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
(i) ,q;fpyhe;jpd; muru; fpof;F ,e;jpa epu;thfk; nghWg;ghsuhf
,Ue;jhu;. epWtdj;jpd; cau; mjpfhupfs;> ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
,af;Feu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
(ii) cupikahsu;fspd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thf;Fupik ngw jFjpAila
njhif £500 Kjy; £1000 tiu mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
(iii) Mz;LNjhWk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,af;Feu;fs;> ehd;F
Mz;Lfshf gjtp tfpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ> me;j
vz;zpf;ifapd; xU fhyhz;by; xt;nthU tUlKk; kPz;Lk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
(iv) xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; %d;W ePjpgjpfs; nfhz;l
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
(v) nghJ MSeu; kw;Wk; mtuJ ehd;F kd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;
nghJ kw;Wk; ,uhZt tptfhuq;fis ftdpj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Kjy; epfo;tpNyNa rl;lj;jpy;
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu;fSk; mlq;Ftu;.
epu;thfk;
3. yhg;]; Nfhl;ghL 1848 kw;Wk; 1856k; Mz;LfSf;F ,ilapy;
,e;jpahtpd; nghJ MSeuhf ,Ue;j gpuG ly;`Trpy; vd;gtuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLk; xU ifg;gw;wpaf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb> gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; Neub
Mw;wy; (Nkyhjpf;fk;) (Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; cs;s kj;jpa
fhydpj;Jt rf;jp)> gpupl;b\; Jiz mikg;G Kiwapd; fPo;
xU rhu;Gila gpuNjrkhfTk;> Ml;rpahsu; NeubahfNth my;yJ
Neubahd thupR ,y;yhky; ,we;Jtpl;lhNyh> jtpu;f;f Kbahky;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLthu;.
4. nty;y];yp gpuGtpd; nghJ MSeu; mikg;G, ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; Fbik gzp tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd iky;fy;
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nghJ Copau;fSf;F NghJkhd
gapw;rp mspg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij nty;y];yp czu;e;jhu;.
murhq;f Copau;fspd; fy;tp xU fyg;G ghj;jpukhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W nty;y];yp gupe;Jiuj;jhu;> mjd; mbj;jsq;fs;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; epahakhf jPl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; ,e;jpahtpy;
fl;ll epu;khzj;jpid epiwT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuj;jhu;.
5. 1774y;> khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mkpd;]; vd;w ,e;jpa
mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. mNj Mz;by;
rju; jpthzp mlyl; %lg;gl;L> Ku;\pjhghj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lhu;.
xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd; fPo; 1774k; Mz;by; fy;fj;jhtpy;
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ> Mq;fpy rl;lk; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ>
Mdhy; mjd; mjpfhu vy;iy tiuaWf;fg;glhjjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
vdpDk;> ,J Mq;fpNya rl;lj;jpw;F Mq;fpy rl;lj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;jp 1781k; Mz;bd; rl;lk; %yk; jPu;g;gspj;jJ kw;Wk;
,J ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu vy;iy MFk;.
6. 1833k; Mz;by;> ,e;jpa rl;l Mizak; nkf;fhNy gpuGtpd;
fPo; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ePjp Kiwikia rupnra;tjpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gbahFk;. 1860k; Mz;by;> ,e;jpa Fw;wtpay;
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mLj;j Mz;L> Fw;wtpay; eilKiw
tpjpKiw cUthdJ. rl;l rl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; rPuikf;fg;gl;L>
ePjpgjpfs; tpfpjhr;rhu mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa Fbikg; gzp
cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
7. 1793k; Mz;by;> fhu;d;thyp]; epue;ju FbNaw;w Kiwiaj;
njhlq;fpdhu;> mjpy; mtUf;F ru; [hd; N\hu; MjuT mspj;jhu;.
3.5 RUf;fk;
••,e;j tpjpKiw rl;lk;> xOq;if nfhz;L te;J Fbik
murhq;fj;ij epWTtjw;F> tpjpfs;> Mizfs; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghLfis nra;a nghJ MSdu; rigf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fpAs;sJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; `h];bq; xU tu;j;jfj;ij

khw;w Kbe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; mbg;gilia 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
mikj;j, epu;thf mikg;ghf epWtdk; jpfo;fpwJ.
••jiyik ePjpgjpAk; %d;W ePjpgjpfs; nfhz;l cr;r ePjpkd;wKk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. nghJ MSeu; kw;Wk; mtUila
mit cWg;gpdu;fs; jtpu> Fbik> Fw;wtpay;> epu;tfpj;jy;> kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs;
kjr;rhu;gw;w mjpfhu tuk;G Mfpait epu;thfk; Mjpf;fq;fspy;
cs;s vy;yh gpupl;b\; mikg;GfSf;Fk; Nkyhf ,Ue;jd.
••xOq;FKiw rl;lk;> 1773 ,e;jpa gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; epu;thfk;
epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tptfhuk; my;y vd;gij
njspTgLj;jpaJ. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;a
mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ.
••gy tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;> mtu;fs; fpof;F ,e;jpa
epu;thfk; my;yJ gpupl;b\; murpd; ,af;Feu;fs; my;y> nghJ
MSeu;;> ,e;jpahtpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j Fbik Nritahsu;fshy;
nray;gltpy;iy vd;W $wpAs;shu;.
••,e;jpa JUg;Gfs; epWtd ,uhZtj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpia
cUthf;fpaJ. Cjpak;> xg;gPl;lstpy; ey;y Ntiy epiyikfs;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F kupahij> ,uhZt
njhopYf;F cs;Su; kf;fis <u;j;jJ. ,e;jpaj; JUg;Gf;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; jpwikahd ,uhZtk; MFk;.
••tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG tUtha; kw;Wk; Rw;W tl;lhu
Mizau;fs; my;yJ Mizahsu; gjtpfis cUthf;fpdhu;>
fhty; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; mYtyfj;ij uj;J nra;jhu;. khtl;l
Ml;rpahsu; - ePjthd; mtuJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; fhty; jiy-
tuhf ,Ue;jhu;> xt;nthU gpuptpw;Fk; Mizau; fhty;Jiw
fz;fhzpg;ghsupd; flikfisr; nra;jhu;.
••1781y;> mtrufhykhf gjpndl;L Gjpa khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fis
epWtpdhu;. rpy cld;gbf;if nra;ag;gl;l Copau;fs; eLtu;fs;
vd epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; Fbik tof;Ffis
KbT nra;jdu;. ,e;j khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J ePjpj;Jiw
eltbf;iffs; rlhu; jpthzp mlyj;Jf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
khtl;l ePjpj;Jiw ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ePjpj;Jiw tpahghu
eltbf;iffSf;F rpy tpjpKiwfis fhl;bdhu;.
••1793-y; fhu;d;thy;]; gpuG ,d; epue;ju FbNaw;wkhdJ gpupl;b\;
ehL ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;fj;jf;f tifapy; kpfr; rpwe;jJk;> kpfTk;
ntw;wpfukhdJk; MFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> nghUshjhu kjpg;gPl;il
fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;> ,e;j kjpg;gPL Kw;wpYk; cz;ik ,y;iy.
kz; tsj;ij fzf;fpy; my;yJ epyg;gFjpf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
ftiyg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
••gpupl;b\; njd; khfhzj;jpy; FbNaw;wj;jpd; xU khw;Wf;
nfhs;ifia gpupl;ld; gpupj;njLj;jJ. ,J uNahl;tup mikg;G
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;G ru; jhk]; kd;Nuh (1820-
1827) MSeupd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ> ,jdhy; mtUld; ,ize;jhu;.
1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo; ••1833 kw;Wk; 1853 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;> R.M. gpul; N[k;]; jhk;rd;
epu;thfk;
xU tpupthd Ma;T elj;jpdhu; kw;Wk; ,Wjpapy;> mJ Kg;gJ
Mz;LfSf;F kjpg;gPl;L fhyj;ij epu;zapf;f KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;j mikg;gpd; jPu;T k`hy;tup my;yJ fpuhk thupahd jPu;T
Fwpg;Gfs; vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;gpd; fPo;> [kPd;jhu; my;yJ
tptrhapfSld; jPu;T Vw;gltpy;iy Mdhy;> KO fpuhkj;jpw;Fk;
tUkhdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F nghWg;Ngw;W> jdpj;jdpahf>
fpuhkthrpfs; nghWg;Ngw;wdu;.

••rhrd rl;lk; 1793: fpof;F ,e;jpa epu;thfk; rl;lk; 1793 gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU rl;lkhFk;> ,J gpupl;b\; fpof;F ,e;jpah
epu;thfk; (EIC)f;F toq;fg;gl;l rhrdj;ij GJg;gpj;jJ> kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; epu;thfk; Ml;rpia njhlu;e;jJ.
••rpg;gha; fyfk;: 1857-58y; ,e;jpa fyfk;, ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\;
Ml;rpia gutyhf vjpu;j;jJ. Mdhy; Njhy;tpAw;wJ. gpupl;b\;
fpof;fpe;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Nritapy; ,e;jpa JUg;Gfs;
(rpg;gha;fs;) kPul;by; Muk;gpj;jdu;> ,J nly;yp> Mf;uh> fhd;G+u;
kw;Wk; yf;Ndh Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F gutpaJ.
••tptrhapfs;: ,J ,e;jpah KOtJk; tptrhapfSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthd nghUshjhu ngauhFk;> Mdhy;
gy;NtW khfhzq;fspy; cs;s NtWghLfshFk;. [kPd;jhu;fs;
epy cupikahsu;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> tptrhapfs;
tptrhapfshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa tpjpfs; Fwpj;J xU FWfpa

Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; rpy FiwghLfis gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. yhg;]; Nfhl;ghl;bd; xU RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJf.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Fbik gzp jahupg;gpy; toptFj;j gy;NtW
eltbf;iffis gl;baypLq;fs;.
5. fhud;thyp]; gpuG njhlq;fpa fhty; mikg;G gq;F gw;wp
RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G tiuf.
6. gpupl;b\huhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l rl;l tpjpKiw gw;wpa xU

neL tpil tpdhf;fs; 1858 tiu gpupl;b\hupd; fPo;
epu;thfk;
1. xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk;> 1773d; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;gpd; ntspg;ghL gw;wp tpupthf
tpthjpf;fTk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
3. Fbik Copau;fSf;fhd xU rpwe;j gapw;rpf;F tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il
fy;Y}upapd; gq;F gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. gpupl;b\huhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa
tpupthd Fwpg;G vOJf.
5. 'epue;ju jPu;T vd;gJ xU rhjfkhd KiwahFk;.' ,e;j mwpf;ifia
njhlu;Gila Fwpg;GfSld; Ma;T nra;f.
6. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; uahl;thup FbNaw;wj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;f.
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f

ghu;j;thy;> rp.gP. (gjp.) 1993. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;. GJ nly;yp:
M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
myF 4 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa epu;thf

mikg;G
E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy;
,e;jpa epu;thf mikg;G Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
4.0 mwpKfk;
4.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
4.3 1909 kw;Wk; 1919Mk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
4.3.1 ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919
tpilfs;
4.5 RUf;fk;
4.8 NkYk; gbf;f
4.0 mwpKfk;
,e;j epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghl;bw;F vjpuhf ngUfpa vjpu;g;G> gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wk; ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk; 1858 vd;Wk;> Kjypy; ",e;jpa
murhq;fk; xU rl;lk;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah
NeubahfTk;> kFlk; vd;w ngaupYk; Ml;rp mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
rl;l fl;likg;ig mJ toq;fpaJ. 1858 Mk; Mz;L rl;l epWtdj;jpd;
Ml;rpia xopj;jJ. ,af;Fdu;fspd; ePjpkd;wj;ij xopj;jJld;>
fl;Lg;ghl;L thupaj;ij mfw;wpaJ. gpupl;b\; murpayikg;gpw;F
cl;gl;l ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F tpLjiyAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. muR
Nritfspy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F rpy fjTfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. Ml;rpf;F
KO mjpfhuk;, ,e;jpahtpd; r%fj;jpdupd; jdp cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd
,uhZt epu;thfp kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; rigapd; mq;fj;jpdu;
MSeuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ldu;. khepy nrayhsupd; mYtyfk; ,e;jpa
epu;thfj;jpw;F KO mjpfhuj;ijAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Kjy; Kiwahf ,e;jpa rig rl;lk; 1861 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy;
xU gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j rl;lk;
,e;jpahtpd; murg; gpujpepjpahf epiwNtw;Wf; FOthf mikr;ruit
mikr;rfj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikr;ruitapy; MW rhjhuz
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fspy; xt;nthUtUk; nrhe;j tPL>
murhq;fk;> tUtha;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; epjp kw;Wk; nghJg; gzpfs;
nfhz;l fy;fj;jh murhq;fj;jpd; RahjPdkhd Jiwapd; nghWg;ghsuhf
,Ue;jdu;. ehl;by; rl;lk; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ it];uha; epu;thff; FOtpy; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ.
E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa epu;thf
mikg;G mjpy; $Ljy; cWg;gpdu;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; MW kw;Wk; mjpfgl;rk;
gd;dpuz;L Ngu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it> ,uz;L
Mz;LfSf;F> nghJ MSeuhy; Neubahf epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fSf;fhd ntspAwT nrayhsu; yhu;l; Nkhu;Ny>
jdJ murhq;fk;> ,e;jpau;fSf;F Gjpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fis cUthf;f
tpUk;Gtjhf mwptpj;jhu;. mjpy; cs;Su; kf;fSf;Nf rl;lkd;w
tptfhuq;fspy; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. 1909 Mk; Mz;bd;
rl;lk; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,J kpz;Nlh-
khu;Ny rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919
gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; ehlhSkd;w rl;lkhFk;. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
nrhe;j Cu;tyj;ij tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F ,J mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ru; vl;tpd;
khz;NlF kw;Wk; yhu;l; Nrk;];Nghu;l; MfpNahupd; $l;L mwpf;ifapy;
gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fis ,e;j rl;lk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
,e;jr; rl;lk; cs;ehl;bYk;> kj;jpa khfhzq;fspYk; Kf;fpakhd
khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
gpupj;jhdpa ehlhSkd;wk;> epWtd Ml;rpia xopj;Jtpl;L>
,e;jpahtpd; tptfhuq;fis rkhspf;f ,ad;w gy;NtW ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G rl;lq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy>;
••gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpujhd murpaypy; rpytw;iw
Muha KbAk;.
••1858 ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lj;ij tpsf;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1858 ,d; mk;rq;fis Muha KbAk;.;
••,e;jpa rig rl;lk;> 1861 ,d; Nehf;fj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;;.
••,e;jpa rig rl;lk;> 1892 gupzhkj;ij tptupf;f KbAk;.
••1909 kpz;Nlh-khu;Ny rPu;jpUj;jq;fis gw;wp tptupf;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919 d; gj;jpia Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk.;;

1858 Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> murpd; Ml;rpia Kbj;J
gpupl;b\; murplk;> ehl;bd; Ml;rp khw;wg;gl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp>
,jdhy; epWj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; epu;thf murpd; nrayhsu; %yk; Ml;rp
vd;w ngaupy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. nrayhsu; epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fs;
kw;Wk; epu;thff; FO Mfpatw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis nrayhsu;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf; $Wk; murpd;
nrayhsu;> gjpide;J cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jpa rigapd;
Mjuitg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. Ml;rp vl;L cWg;gpdu;fis epakdk; nra;a 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Njitg;gl;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; ,af;Fdu; FOtpdu; mikg;G
kPjKs;s VO cWg;gpdu;fis Nju;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,J ehl;bd; xw;Wik kw;Wk; fLikahf ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
epu;thfj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. epygug;G MSeUld; khfhzq;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk; Jizepiy MSeu; jdJ epu;thff;
FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> khfhz murhq;fq;fs;
ntWk; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Kftu;fshf ,Ue;jd. khfhz
MSik njhlu;ghd midj;J tp\aq;fspYk; nghJ ftu;dupd;
Nkw;ghu;it> jpir kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nray;gl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••mJ nray;ghLfis gpupg;gjw;fhd ve;j Vw;ghLk; nra;atpy;iy.
,e;jpa MSikf;fhd KO mjpfhuk; - Fbik> ,uhZtk;>
epu;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk; nghJ ftu;duplk; ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ
- mtu; khepy nrayhsUf;F nghWg;G Mthu;.
••,e;jpa murpd; nrayhsu; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ KOikahd
fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
••epu;thfj;jpd; nkhj;j ,ae;jpuq;fs; mjpfhuj;Jtkhf khwpaJ.
1858 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; rpwe;j murhq;fj;jpw;fhf
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> ,J cs;Jiw murhq;fj;jpy; gy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j khw;wq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd;
epu;thf mikg;Gld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gltpy;iy. 1857-58y; fLikahd
neUf;fbf;F gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpy; Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;ld. ,e;j khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F gy fhuzq;fs;
,Ue;jd. midj;J rl;lg;G+u;t eilKiwfSk; 1833 Mk; Mz;bd;
gl;lar; rl;lj;jhy; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;Wjy;
kw;Wk; fle;J nry;Ytjw;fhd mjpfhuk;> nghUshjhuk; Mfpatw;iw
nray;gLj;Jk; tifapy; rl;lkd;w rig (ikak;) mike;jpUe;jJ. 1833
Mk; Mz;bd; gl;lar; rl;lq;fshy; rl;lkd;w ikaj;jpd; nray;ghLfs;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> rl;lk; xOq;fhf gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy.
gpujpepjpfs; FOtpd; midj;J rYiffs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis
$wp> rig xU rpwpa mstpyhd tpthj rKjhakhf my;yJ
ghuhSkd;wkhf MdJ. xU RahjPdkhd rl;lkd;wkhf nray;gLk;
Ntisapy;> cs;Jiw murhq;fj;jpd; rig ed;whf nray;glhJ. ,jd;
tpisthf> Kjy; rigapd; rl;lk; 1861 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpd;
cs;Jiw murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
tpthjq;fis elj;jpa gpd;du; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa rig rl;lk;> 1861 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Kiwahf ,e;jpahtpy; xU
gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb, nghJ
MSeupd; epiwNtw;Wf; FOthdJ> rpy ,e;jpau;fis rl;lG+u;tkhd
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ tzpf eltbf;iffspd; rhu;ghf, mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w cWg;gpdu;fshff;
mikg;G nfhz;bUe;jJ. gk;gha; kw;Wk; nrd;id khfhzq;fSf;F rl;luPjpahd
mjpfhuq;fisj; khw;Wtjd; %yk;, ,J gutyhf;f nray;Kiwiaj;
Jtf;fpaJ. rl;lj;jpd; kw;nwhU mk;rk; Nghu;l; NghypNah mikg;gpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; rl;lg;G+u;t mq;fPfhuk; MFk;.
ehk; Mokhff; fz;lhy;> ,e;jpa rig rl;lk; 1861 y; gpupl;ldpd;
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xU rl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
,Ue;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; it];uhapd;; epiwNtw;Wf; FOthf,
mikr;ruit mikr;rfj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikr;ruitapy;
MW rhjhuz cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fspy; xt;nthUtUk;
nrhe;j tPL> murhq;fk;> tUtha;> rl;lk;, epjp kw;Wk; nghJg;gzp
(1874f;Fg; gpd;) Mfpatw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fy;fj;jh murhq;fj;jpd;
RahjPdkhd Jiwapd; nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,uhZt jsgjp,
jiyik epu;thf mjpfhup xU rpwg;G cWg;gpduhf gzpGupe;jhu;.
rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; fPo;> it];uhaplk; mJ NjitahdJ vd;W
fUjg;gl;lNghJ rigf;F Nkyjpfhuj;ij toq;Fthu;.
,r;rl;lk; rl;lkd;w rig cWg;gpdu;fSf;F gy ed;ikfs;
toq;fpaJ. mtu;fs; rl;lj;ij tpthjpj;J mtu;fspd; cs;sPLfs;
my;yJ MNyhridfis toq;f KbAk;. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; 1833 Mk; Mz;bd; rhrdj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkpaw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; kPl;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. kWGwk;> rl;lj;jpy; rpy FiwghLfs;
,Ue;jd. rig cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j rl;lq;fis nray;gLj;j
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
it];uha; epu;thff; FOtpy; Ie;jhtJ cWg;gpdiur; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhz;lJ. cWg;gpdu; rl;l njhopy;rhu; Nrit kw;Wk; xU ePjp-
gjp rpwe;jtuhf fUjg;gl;lhu;. rigapy; cs;s trjpahd tpahghu
guptu;j;jidfSf;fhd tpjpfis epiwNtw;w MSedUf;fhd mjpfhu
j;ij ,e;j rl;lk; toq;fpaJ. yhu;l; fz;zpd; ,e;jpa murpd; Nghu;l;
NghypNah mikg;Gf;F Kd;Ndhbahf nray;gLtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
mJtiu> murhq;fj;jpd; tpjpfs; nkhj;jkhf epiwNtw;Wf; FOit
epu;tfpf;fpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf, midj;J cj;jpNahfG+u;t Mtzq;fs;
ika cWg;gpdu;fspd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd; gb> yhu;l; fz;zpd; ika cWg;gpdu;fs;
kj;jpapy; murhq;fj;ij gpsTgLj;jpdhu;. ,jd; %yk;> ,e;jpahtpy;
mikr;ruit murhq;fj;jpd; mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU
epu;thff; fpisf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhTk;> KO epu;thfj;jpw;Fk;
nghWg;ghspahf ,Uf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghu; vd;W
mwptpj;jJ. Gjpa mikg;G jpdrup epu;thf tp\aq;fis nghWg;Ngw;Wf;
nfhz;bUg;gij ftdpj;jJ. Kf;fpakhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l
cWg;gpdu; nghJ MSeu; Kd;du; tptfhuq;fis Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; ve;jnthU KbitAk; vLg;gjw;F Kd; mtiuf; fye;jhNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> tpahghuj;jpd; jpwdha;T Kiw rpy jpwikfis
nfhz;Lte;jJ. Mdhy;, mJ KOikahf epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy.

1861 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wk; ehl;bd; gy rl;lkpaw;w 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. it];uhapd; epu;thff; FOtpy; mikg;G
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ. ,jpy; $Ljy; cWg;gpdu;fs;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; MW kw;Wk; mjpfgl;rk; gd;dpuz;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it ,U Mz;Lfshf Neubahf nghJ Fwpg;Gfs;
MSeuhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ld. cWg;gpdu;fspy; Ik;gJf;Fk;
Fiwthdtu;fs; my;yhj cj;jpNahfG+u;t cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
,e;jpau;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F rl;lg;G+u;tkhf ve;j rl;lKk;
,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> cau; juj;jpd; rpy mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w ,lq;fs;
,e;jpau;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. rigapd; nray;ghLfs; rl;lG+u;tkhd
tptfhuq;fSf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jd. epu;thfk;> epjp kw;Wk;
,ilntspapd; cupikapd; kPJ ve;j fl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,y;iy.
,e;j rl;lk;> nrd;id kw;Wk; ghk;Ng khfhzq;fSf;F rl;lq;fis
mky;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;tjw;Fk; rl;lG+u;tkhd
mjpfhuq;fis kPz;Lk; mspj;jJ. MdhYk;, khfhz rigfSf;F
nghJ MSeu; mDkjpiaf; nfhz;LtUk; tiu ve;jnthU rl;lKk;
,ayhJ. jtpu> rpy tp\aq;fspy;> nghJ MSeu; Kd; xg;Gjy;
fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> 1862> 1886> 1889 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;>
tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspy; rl;lkd;w rigfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;j rl;lk; murhq;fj;jpd; ,ae;jpu mikg;ig fzprkhf
mikj;Jtpl;lJ. xU nghJthd Kiwahf mikf;fg;gl;l %d;W
RahjPdkhd gjtpfs; cs;sd. rig MSeupd; nghJr;rig kw;Wk;
epu;thf mjpfhukhdJ gy;NtW khfhzq;fspd; kPJ epWtg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>
,e;j rl;lk; ghk;Ng kw;Wk; nrd;id Mfpatw;wpd; murhq;fq;fSf;F
rl;lG+u;tkhd mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ. kw;w khfhzq;fspy; xNu
khjpupahd rl;lkd;w FOf;fis cUthf;Fk; gy jpl;lq;fis
mikj;jJ ,J ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd; 1935 ,d; fPo; khfhzq;fSf;F
Rahl;rp khdpaq;fspy; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> kj;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;Su; rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
,Ue;J kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij NtWgLj;j 1861 rig
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ve;j Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. NkYk;>
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l rl;lkd;w rigfspd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs;
xOq;fhf elj;jg;gltpy;iy. rig rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f KbahJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpd; murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; gpujpepjpj;Jt
muir ,e;j rl;lk; cUthf;f Kbatpy;iy. fhydpj;Jt gpujp
epjp $l;lq;fs; epjp tp\aq;fs; kw;Wk; tuptpjpg;G gw;wp tpthjpf;Fk;
vd;W mJ mwptpj;jJ. gue;jstpyhd Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;
me;epag;gLj;jYf;fhf top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. kw;w khfhzq;fspy; xNu
khjpupahd rl;lkd;w FOf;fis cUthf;Fk; gy jpl;lq;fis mJ
mikj;jJ. ,J ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd; 1935 ,d; fPo; khfhzq;fSf;F
Rahl;rp khdpaq;fspy; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ.
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ 4.2.2 ,e;jpa khfhz rl;lk;> 1892
mikg;G
,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gupzhkj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;tJ Kf;fpak;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1861 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpwF
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1861 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; rl;lg;G+u;t rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk;
capu;g;Gfis re;jpg;gjpy; jtwtpl;ld. gpujhd [kPd;jhu;fs;> ,e;jpa
,sturu;fs; my;yJ Xa;T ngw;w mjpfhupfs; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpa
mjpfhupfspd; rpwpa $Wfs; my;yhj rhjhuz kdpjdpd;
gpur;rpidfSf;F Kw;wpYk; jPu;T fhztpy;iy. ,jdhy;> ,e;jpahtpd;
nghJ kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpahf ,y;iy.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Njrpathjk; ntspg;gl;lJ.
ehl;bYs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fis epWTtJ, ehl;bd; fy;tp
Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F toptFj;jJ. FbKiw Nrit gpuptpy; gpupl;b\;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpau;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntspfis ,e;jpau;fs;
tpUk;gtpy;iy. 1878 Mk; Mz;bd; tpu;dhFyu; mr;rf rl;lKk;> ,e;jpa
MAj rl;lKk;> yhu;l; upgdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;. mJ xU ngupa
mstpw;F ,e;jpau;fis J}z;btpl;ld.
Ie;J rjtpfpjk; gUj;jp flidj; js;Sgb nra;tjpy; ,U
murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd ru;r;ir gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
mePjp Fwpj;J ,e;jpau;fs; mwpe;jdu;. ,J 1885 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ. fhq;fpu]pd; gpujhd
Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; nghJkf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;ghL nra;tJ>
Jauq;fis nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis NfhUtJ Nghd;wit MFk;.
njhlf;fj;jpy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRf;F gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
mZFKiw ed;whf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpia jhgpupd;
jhf;fp> fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij jpzwbj;j NghJ
khwptpl;lJ. fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fpa ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mtu;
Gwf;fzpj;jhu;. l/g;gupd; rigfis jhuhskag;gLj;jTk;> khfhz
rigfis tpupTgLj;Jk; xU FOnthd;iw epakpf;fTk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
jpl;ltl;lkhd jpl;lq;fis mDg;gpaJ.
,jd; tpisthf> rigfspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis
khw;Wtjw;fhf xU FO mwpf;if ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s cs;Jiw
mjpfhupfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mwpf;if> epu;thfj;jpy;
,e;jpau;fSf;F gue;j gq;if toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.
1890 Mk; Mz;by;> goikthj ke;jpup ,e;j Kd;nkhopTfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,q;fpyhe;jpd; khspifapd; rigapy; xU
kNrhjhit mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. 1892 ,e;jpa rig rl;lj;jpd; gb
eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; MdJ.
,e;jpa MNyhrid rl;lk; 1892 ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkd;w
MNyhridfspd; mjpfhuq;fis> nray;ghLfis Kw;wpYk;
ifahsg;gl;lJ vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;ij
nghWj;jtiuapy;> $Ljy; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if MW
kw;Wk; gd;dpuz;Lf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;lk; 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
cWjpnra;jJ. cWg;gpdu;fspd; mjpfupg;G gadw;wjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mikg;G
clypd; nray;jpwd; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapyhd
typikAld; ve;j njhlu;igAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;W gpuG
fu;Nrhd; Mjupj;jhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
1892 rl;ljpl;lj;jpd; gb rl;l rigapy; cs;s nkhj;j
cWg;gpdu;fspy; 2/5-tJ mjpfhupfs; rl;lj;jpy; my;yhju;tu;fshf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspy; rpyu; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
kw;w rpyu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nju;jy; nfhs;if XusTf;F rkurk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. rl;lk; gb> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; epjp gpur;ridfspy;
jq;fis ntspg;gLj;j rk cupikfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. midj;J
epjp tptuq;fspd; mwpf;ifAk; rl;lg;gb jahupf;fg;gLk; vd;W KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> cWg;gpdu;fs; jPu;khdq;fis efu;j;Jtjw;F
my;yJ epjpiaf; ftiyapd;wp gpupf;f mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
cWg;gpdu;fs; xU MW ehl;fspd; murhq;f tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J
kl;LNk Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f KbAk; vd;W mwptpg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1892 vd;w ,e;jpa rig rl;lk; gy Gjpa
tpjpKiwfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; nfhz;L te;jJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j
rl;lj;jpd; xNu Kf;fpa mk;rk; Nju;jy; eilKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
rl;lj;jpy; 'Nju;jy;' vd;w thu;j;ij ftdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug;G+u;t cWg;gpdu;fSlDk; $Ljyhf>
Ie;J my;yhj mjpfhug;G+u;t cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
rl;lj;jpy; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j cWg;gpdu;fs; ghk;Ng> nrd;id>
fy;fj;jh> tlNkw;F khfhzk; kw;Wk; fy;fj;jh tu;j;jf rk;Nksdj;jpd;
khfhz rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;,
$wg;gLfpwJ. MSeu; mtu;fs; Ie;J mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w cWg;gpdu;fis
epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
,e;j $l;lk; > khtl;l rigfs;> efuhl;rpfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
kw;Wk; tu;j;jf rig cWg;gpdu;fis njupT nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; Nju;jy; Kiwfs; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ,e;j
cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; xt;nthU rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdupd;
gupe;JiuAk; guprPypf;fg;gl;l gpd;G> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs;
'gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;' vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghYk;
ngUk;ghd;ikf;F tpUk;gpa egu; 'Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;' vd;W
fUjg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; Neubahf Ntl;GkDj; jhf;fy; nra;a
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> cWg;gpdu;fs; tuT nryTj;
jpl;lj;jpy; guprPyid nra;ag;gLtjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gLthu;fs;. NkYk;
tUthia vt;thW mjpfupf;fyhk; kw;Wk; nryT Fiwf;fg;glyhk;
vd;gjw;fhd mtu;fspd; MNyhridfis toq;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1892 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gb, Nju;jy; nfhs;if>
murpayikg;gpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ..
MapDk; $l> 1892 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lq;fspy; Vuhskhd
jtWfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jd. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa
Njrpathjpfspd; Njitfis jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,J
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; gy;NtW mku;Tfspy; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mikg;G ,e;j rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;jy; eilKiwia tpku;rfu;fs;
tuNtw;fg;gltpy;iy. rl;lkd;w rigfspd; nray;ghLfis fLikahf
fl;Lg;gLj;jpajhf mtu;fs; czu;e;jdu;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1858 ,d; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. ,e;jparig rl;lk;> 1892 ,d; gpujhd mk;rj;ij gl;baypL;f..
4.3 1909 kw;Wk; 1919 Mk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;

,r;rl;lk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ngaiu, Nguuirr; rhu;e;j rl;lkd;wkhf
khw;wpaJ. khfhz rigfspd; msT mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w cWg;gpdu;fs;
cl;gl tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rl;lkd;w rigapd;
nray;ghLfs; mjpfupj;jd.
,e;jpa tptfhuq;fSf;fhd ntspAwT nrayhsu; yhu;l; Nkhu;yp>
jdJ murhq;fj;jhy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F Gjpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fis cUthf;f
tpUk;Gtjhf mwptpj;jhu;. mjpy; cs;Su; kf;fSf;Nf rl;lkd;w
tptfhuq;fspy; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk; vd mtu; mwptpj;jhu;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; gaq;futhjj;ij vjpu; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W yhu;l;
khu;yp kw;Wk; yhu;l; kpz;Nlh Mfpa ,UtUk; ek;gpdu;. ,e;jpa muR
rPu;jpUj;j jpl;lq;fis Kd;nkhoptjw;F xU FOit epakpj;jJ. ,e;j
FO mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpj;J> mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
yhu;l; kpz;Nlh kw;Wk; yhu;l; Nkhu;Ny MfpNahuhy; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Mifahy;, 1909 ,d; rl;lk; gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; kpd;Nlh-khu;yp
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
1909 rl;lk; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ:
••,J> rl;lkd;w MNyhrid rigapy; ,e;jpau;fisj;
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F cjtpaJ. ,jw;F Kd;du; rpy ,e;jpau;fs;
rl;lkd;w MNyhrid rigapy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu.; mtu;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ik gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; epakq;fspd; Ngupy;
,Ue;jdu;.
••rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nju;jy; nfhs;if xU
ehlhSkd;w mikg;gpw;fhd tbtikg;ig mikj;jJ.
••'Kjy; fle;j fhyj;jpy;' gpupj;jhdpa tif Nju;jy; Kiw
mtu;fis epue;jukhf ,e;J ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpf;F cl;gLj;jg;
Nghtjhf ,];yhkpau;fs; jPtpu mf;fiwia nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,];yhkpa jiyik $wpagb 1909 rl;lk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ:
(i) ,e;jpa ,];yhkpau;fSf;F efuhl;rp kw;Wk; khtl;l
thupaq;fspy; kw;Wk; khfhz rigfspy;> Vfhjpgj;jpa
rl;lkd;wk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;;
(ii) xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiatpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; (,e;jpa kf;fspy;
25 rjtPjk; Ngu;); kw;Wk; 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
(iii) ,];yhkpau;fs; kl;LNk ,];yhkpau;fSf;F ,l xJf;fPl;il mikg;G
thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; ('jdp thf;fhsu;fs;')
1909 Mk; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••ikaj;jpy; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if gjpdhwpypUe;J Fwpg;Gfs;
mWgjhf cau;e;jJ.
••khfhz rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ.
tq;fhsk;> ghk;Ng> kw;Wk; nrd;id khfhzq;fspy; Ik;gJfshf
,J mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
••khfhzq;fspd; kw;w gFjpfSf;F> me;j vz;zpf;if Kg;gJ
MFk;. rl;lkd;w FO cWg;gpdu;fs;> ehd;F gpupTfshf
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mit ikak; kw;Wk; khfhzq;fSf;Fs;
,Ufpd;wJ. ,e;j gpupTfs; nray;jpwd; cWg;gpdu;fs; (nghJ-
MSeu; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ epu;thf FO cWg;gpdu;fs;)
nghJ MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l murhq;f mjpfhu cWg;gpdu;
MfpNahu;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghJ-MSeu; epakpf;fg;gl;l muR
rhuhj> mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpau;fs;
gy;NtW gpupTfshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; Mtu;.
••,];yhkpau;fs; jdp thf;fhsu;fspd; cupikia toq;fpdu;.
••mjpfhug;G+u;t cWg;gpdu;fsplk; ngUk;ghd;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk;> khfhzq;fspy; mjpfhug;G+u;t my;yhj cWg;gpdu;fs;
ngUghd;ikahf cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
••rl;lkpaw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;L> rpy tp\aq;fis jtpu;j;J
thf;fspj;jdu;. thf;fspf;fhj nghUl;fshy; cWg;gpdu;fs;
rl;lkpaw;Wk; eltbf;iffspy; jq;fs; njhlu;ig ngWtjw;F
cupik ngw;wdu;.
••nrd;id kw;Wk; gk;ghapy; ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F tiuapyhd
epu;thff;. FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,e;jpa ntspAwT nrayhsu;
mjpfupf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;whu;.
••xU ,e;jpa cWg;gpdiu epakpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk; epiwNtw;Wf;
FOTf;Fk; nghJ MSeUFk; ,Ue;jJ.
1909 Kjy; 1947 tiu ,e;J kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa kf;fSf;F
,ilNaahd rr;ruTfis xU epiyahd Mjhukhf ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;lJ. tFg;Gthjj; jPtputhjj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jJ
Nghy; gpupl;b\; uh[pau;fs; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fis nghJthf
tUe;jj;jf;f tifapy; fUjpd. ,e;J murpay;thjpfs; jq;fSf;F
[dehafkw;wJ vd;W fUjpajhy; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fis mfw;w
Kad;wdu;. ,e;J kw;Wk; K];ypk;fspilNa gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;l
,e;jpa Njrpa czu;T tsu;r;rpf;F xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs; jilgLk;
vd;Wk; mtu;fs; ek;gpdu;.
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ 4.3.1 ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919
mikg;G
,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919 If;fpa uh[;a ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU rl;lkhf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; cs;s kf;fis gq;Nfw;Wtjw;fhf mJ
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ru; vl;tpd; khz;NlF kw;Wk; yhu;l; Nrk;];Nghu;l;
Fwpg;Gfs; MfpNahupd; $l;L mwpf;ifapy; gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
,e;j rl;lk; cs;slf;fpaJ. gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; gpd;tpisT
Kjy; cyfg; Nghupy; ,e;jpahtpd; cw;rhfkhd gq;fspg;gpd; tpisthf
,Ue;jJ.
,e;j rl;lkhdJ gpujhd khfhzq;fSf;fhd ,ul;il khjpupahd
murpayikg;ig gutyhff; nfhz;lJ. yz;ldpy; trpf;Fk; xU cau;
Mizau; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,e;jpahit gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; vd;W mJ
cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. 1919 Kjy; 1929 tiu gj;J Mz;LfSf;F ,e;jpa
murhq;f rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
rl;lg;gb> ghJfhg;G> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk; ntspAwT
tptfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j it];uha; nghWg;ghspahf ,Ue;jhu;.
Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fis ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
murhq;fk; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jid jtpu> ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;s xU
,U rig rl;lkd;wk; cs;sJ. mJ 144 cWg;gpdu;fSld; rl;lkd;wj;
njhFjpia cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jpy; ehw;gj;jp xd;W cWg;gpdu;fs;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLthu;fs;.
khepy fTd;rpy; >Kg;gj;J ehd;F Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs;
kw;Wk; ,UgJ Ma;Tfs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ.
murpay; fl;rpfspd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;il itj;jpUg;gJ RNjr
muRfspd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,e;j rl;lj;ij
jpUg;jpg;gLj;jtpy;iy. Mifahy,; ,J 'Vkhw;wkhf' fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Kk;igapy; eilngw;w xU rpwg;G mku;T ,Ue;jJ, `rd; ,khkpd;
fPo; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; rPuope;jd. ,Ug;gpDk;> RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p Nghd;w
jiytu;fs; ,e;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fis ghuhl;bdu;.
,e;jr; rl;lk; cs;ehl;bYk;> kj;jpa khfhzj;jpYk; Kf;fpakhd
khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••khfhzq;fspy; jpirkhwypd; mikg;G: ,e;j Kiwikapd; gb>
epu;thfj;jpd; Fbkf;fs; ,uz;L gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;:
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz rig. ika muRfs; gpuj;Nafkhf
kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. kWGwk;>
khfhz rigfSk; ',lkhw;wg;gl;l' kw;Wk; 'xJf;fg;gl;lit' vd
ghlq;fspy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
••khfhzq;fspd; kPjhd kj;jpa fl;Lg;ghL jsu;j;jg;gl;lJ:
,e;j Vw;ghl;bd; fPo;> midj;J ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd;
cl;gpupTfSk; 'kj;jpa' gpuptpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
mNj rkak; khfhzq;fspd; epu;thfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila
tp\aq;fs;> 'khfhz' ghlq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,J khfhzq;fspd;
kPJ Ke;ija kj;jpa fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F epu;thfj;jpy; kl;Lky;y>
rl;lkpaw;Wk; epjp tp\aq;fspYk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
Ke;ija khfhz tuT nryT jpl;lq;fis kj;jpa muRk;> khfhz mikg;G
rl;lkd;wq;fSk; jq;fs; nrhe;j tuTnryTj; jpl;lq;fspdhyAk;>
khfhz tUtha; Mjhuq;fspd;gb tup tpjpg;gjw;Fk; mjpfhuk;
nfhz;bUe;jd. Fwpg;Gfs;
••,e;jpa rl;lkd;wk; NkYk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw;wJ: ,e;jpa
rl;lkd;wk;> vUkd;w Kiwikahf nra;ag;gl;lJ. rl;lkd;w
Nkyit> rl;lg; Nguit vd;W ngauplg;gl;Ls;s Nkyit vd;W
ngau; ngw;wJ. khepy rig mWgJ cWg;gpdu;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; Kg;gJ cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 144 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mjpy; 104 Ngu;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. MapDk; $l> ve;jnthU nghWg;igAk;
kj;jpa muR toq;ftpy;iy kw;Wk; nghJ rig MSeu; MfpNahu;
gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kj;jpa
rl;lj;jpd;gb, nghJ MSeupd; Nkyjpf rf;jpfs; gy tbtq;fspy;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1927 Mk; Mz;by; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; rl;lj;jpd; nray;ghl;by;
xU tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> MSikj; jd;ik ,e;jpa murp-
ay; tsu;r;rpfspd; Fwpf;NfhshFk; vd;W mwptpg;gjw;Fk; 1919 Mk;
Mz;bd; murpayhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lgb> xU epajpr;rl;lf; FOit
epakpj;jJ. ru; [hd; irkd; fkp\dpd; jiytu; Mthu;. mJ 1930
,y; mjd; ,Wjp mwpf;ifia mspj;jJ. nts;is mwpf;if xd;iw
cUthf;fpa tl;l Nkir khehl;by; ,e;j mwpf;if guprPypf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;L Nju;Tf; FOtpdhy; nts;is
mwpf;if Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. yz;ld; ypd;ypj;Nfh $l;L Nju;T
FOtpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1935> gpg;utup 5 jFjpf;FOtpy;
xU tiuT gj;jpuk; xd;iw rku;g;gpj;jJ. ,e;j kNrhjhtpy;> ehw;gJ
ehl;fspYk;> rig ,y;yj;jpYk;> gjpd;%d;W ehl;fspYk; yhu;l;]; rigapy;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. kd;dupd; ifnaOj;Jf;fis mLj;J> 1935
[_iy khjk; kj;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1935 vd kNrhjh mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3.1909 rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW fhuzq;fis gl;baypLf.
4. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1935 rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; 'nts;isj;
jhspd;' gq;F vd;d?

1. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1858 y; epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp Kbtile;jJ
kw;Wk; ehl;bd; Ml;rpia Neubahf gpupl;b\; murplk; xg;gilj;jJ.
epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rpahdJ ,t;thW Kbtile;jJ kw;Wk; epu;thf
jiyik vd;w ngaupy; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khfhz nrayhsu;
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ %yk; murpd; nrayhsu; epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk;
mikg;G epu;thff; FO Mfpatw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
2. ,e;jpa MNyhridr; rig rl;lk; 1892 gy Gjpa tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghLfis nfhz;L te;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;, ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nju;jy; mk;r eilKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
rl;lj;jpy; 'Nju;jy;' vd;w thu;j;ij ftdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mYtyu;fSf;F $Ljyhf> rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. Ie;J my;yhj cj;jpNahfG+u;t cWg;gpdu;fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk; mwptpj;jJ.
3. 1909 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf
,Ue;jJ:
••,J rl;lkd;wq;fspy; ,e;jpau;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F
cjtpaJ.
••rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nju;jy; nfhs;if xU
ehlhSkd;w mikg;gpw;fhd tbtikg;ig mikj;jJ.
••,];yhkpau;fs; jPtputhjj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. gpupl;b\;
tifapyhd Nju;jy; Kiwia mtu;fs; fle;j fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;du; ,e;J ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rpapd; fPo; epue;jukhf
tpl;LtpLthu;fs; vd;W vr;rupj;jdu;.
4. 1927 Mk; Mz;by; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; rl;lj;jpd; nray;ghl;by;
xU tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> MSikj; jd;ik ,e;jpa
murpay; tsu;r;rpfspd; Fwpf;NfhshFk; vd;W mwptpg;gjw;Fk; 1919
Mk; Mz;bd; murpayhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lgb> xU epajpr;rl;lf;
FOit epakpj;jJ. ru; [hd; irkd; tpw;gidg;gq;fpd; jiytu;
Mthu;. 1930 ,y; mjd; ,Wjp mwpf;ifia mspj;jJ. nts;is
mwpf;if xd;iw cUthf;fpa xU tl;l Nkir khehl;by;
,e;j mwpf;if guprPypf;fg;gl;lJ. nts;is mwpf;if gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;L Nju;Tf; FOtpdhy; gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
yhu;L ypd;ypj;Nfh $l;L Nju;T FOtpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1935 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 5 Mk; Njjp me;jf; FO xU tiuTj;
jpl;lj;ij Kd;itj;jJ. ,e;j kNrhjh kf;fs; rig kd;wj;jpy;
ehw;gj;jp %d;W ehl;fs; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 13 ehl;fSf;F
khspifapd; rigapy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ifnaOj;Jf;fisj;
njhlu;e;J fp.K. 1935 [_iyapy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4.5 RUf;fk;
••1858 Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd;gb, epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp
Kbtile;jJld;> ehl;bd; murhl;rp gpupl;b\; murplk; Neubahf
khw;wg;gl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp> ,jdhy; epWj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk;
epu;thfk; murpd; nrayhsu; %yk; jiyik vd;w ngaupy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; epu;thff; FO
Mfpatw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis nrayhsu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
••1858 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; rpwe;j murhq;fj;jpw;fhf 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt, ,J cs;Jiw murhq;fj;jpy; mikg;G
gy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
vdpDk;> ,e;j khw;wq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf mikg;Gld;
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gltpy;iy. 1857-58y; fLikahd neUf;fbf;F Fwpg;Gfs;
gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpy; Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;ld.
••ehk; Mokhf ghu;j;jhy;> ,e;jpa rig rl;lk; 1861 y; gpupl;ldpd;
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xU rl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
,Ue;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; it];uhapd;; epiwNtw;Wf; FOthf
mikr;ruit mikr;rfj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
••1861 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa rig rl;lk; ehl;bd; gy rl;lkpaw;w
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. it];uhapd; epu;thff;
FOtpy; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ. ,jpy; $Ljy;
cWg;gpdu;fs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; MW kw;Wk; mjpfgl;rk; gd;dpuz;L
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
••,Ug;gpDk;> kj;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;Su; rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
,Ue;J kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij NtWgLj;j 1861
rig rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ve;j Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
NkYk;> rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l rl;lkd;w rig;fspd; Kf;fpa
nray;ghLfs; xOq;fhf elj;jg;gltpy;iy.
••1861 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lg;G+u;t
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs; kw;Wk; Mu;tj;ij
re;jpg;gjpy; Nkhrkhf jtwtpl;ld. gpujhd [kPd;jhu;fs;> ,e;jpa
,sturu;fs; my;yJ Xa;T ngw;w mjpfhupfs; MfpNahiu
cs;slf;fpa my;yhj mjpfhupfspd; rpwpa $Wfs; rhjhuz
kdpjdpd; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kw;wpYk; jPu;T fhz ,ayhJ.
••,jdhy;> ,e;jpahtpd; nghJ kf;fs; kfpo;r;rpahf ,y;iy.
,e;jpa MNyhridr; rig rl;lk; 1892 gy Gjpa tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghLfis nfhz;L te;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;, ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nju;jy; mk;rk; eilKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
rl;lj;jpy; 'Nju;jy;' vd;w thu;j;ij ftdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mYtyu;fSf;F $Ljyhf> rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. Ie;J my;yhj cj;jpNahfG+u;t cWg;gpdu;fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk; mwptpj;jJ.
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1919> If;fpa uh[;aj;jpd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
xU rl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; kf;fs; gq;FngWkhW
mJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ru; vl;tpd; khz;NlF kw;Wk; yhu;l;
N[k;];Nghu;l; MfpNahupd; $l;L mwpf;ifapy; gupe;Jiu
nra;ag;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fis ,e;j rl;lk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; gpd;tpisT> Kjy; cyfg; Nghupy;
,e;jpahtpd; cw;rhfkhd gq;fspg;gpd; tpisthf ,Ue;jJ.
19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ ••khfhzq;fspy; Ml;rpkhw;wj;jpd; fPo;> epu;thfj;jpd; Fbkf;fs;
mikg;G ,uz;L gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khfhzrig. kj;jpa muRfs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; itj;jpUe;jd. kWGwk;> khfhz rigfSk; ',lkhw;wk;' kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; 'xJf;fg;gl;lit' fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;ld.
••1927 Mk; Mz;by; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; rl;lj;jpd; nray;ghl;by;
xU tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> MSikj; jd;ik ,e;jpa
murpay; tsu;r;rpfspd; Fwpf;NfhshFk; vd;W mwptpg;gjw;Fk; 1919
Mk; Mz;bd; murpayhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gb> xU epajpr;rl;lf;
FOit epakpj;jJ.

••1878 ,d; ,e;jpa MAjr; rl;lk;: gpuG ypl;ld; fhyj;jpy; ,r;rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;gb> ,e;jpau;fs; ahUk; cw;gj;jp
nra;a> tpw;f> itj;J nfhs;s Jg;ghf;fp nfhz;L nry;y KbahJ.
vdpDk;, Mq;fpy kf;fshy; mt;thW nra;a Kbe;jJ.
••tl;lhu Ngr;R nkhop mr;rfr; rl;lk;: gpupl;b\; nfhs;iffis
tpku;rpg;gijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf cs;Su; gj;jpupiffisj;
jLf;f ,e;jpahtpd; ,uh[g;gpujpepjpahf yhu;l; iyl;lhd;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lhu;.
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1935: ,e;j rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpd;
rl;lk; 1919 mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; gpupj;jhdpa
,e;jpahtpd; khfhzq;fshYk;> rpy my;yJ midj;J
murhl;rp khepyq;fsplkpUe;Jk; ,e;jpahtpd; xU $l;likg;ig
cUthf;Ftjw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fhyg;gFjpapy;
,aw;wg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ePz;l rl;lkhf ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk;> 1858 I epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba mtrpak;

vd;d?
2. ,e;jpa MNyhrid rig rl;lk; 1861 vt;thW tpupthf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ?
3. 1861 ,e;jpa MNyhrid rig rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ehl;by;
rpy rl;lrig rPu;jpUj;jq;fis RUf;fkhf tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. ,e;jpa rig rl;lk;> 1892 gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. kpz;Nlh Nkhu;yp rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;fTk;.
6. ,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919 ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp xU FWfpa Fwpg;G
tiuf.
7. 1919 Mk; Mz;bd; jpirjpUg;gy; rl;lj;jpd; Kiwiag; gw;wp 19 tJ kw;Wk; 20 tJ
tpthjpf;fTk;. mikg;G
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk; 1858 d; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
2. ,e;jpa MNyhrid rl;l rig> 1861 ,d; mD$yq;fis Ma;T
nra;f.
3. ,e;jpa MNyhrid rl;l rig> 1861 ,e;jpahtpy; gpujpepjpj;Jt
muir vt;thW ep&gpf;f jtwpaJ?
4. ,e;jpa MNyhrid rl;l rig> 1892 Gjpa tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
xOq;FKiwfis nfhz;L tUtjpy; vt;thW gq;F tfpf;fpwJ?
5. 1909 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp
tptupf;fTk;.
6. 1919 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk; %yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gy;NtW
khw;wq;fSf;fhd tpupthd Fwpg;G vOJf.
4.8 NkYk; gbf;f

M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.
,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;
njhFjp II ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
Nkk;ghLfs;
myF 5 ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;

Fwpg;Gfs;
fPo; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
Nkk;ghLfs;
mikg;G
5.0 mwpKfk;
5.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
5.2 ,e;jpa murq;fj;jpd; rl;lk; 1935
tpilfs;
5.4 RUf;fk;
5.7 NkYk; gbf;f
5.0 mwpKfk;
gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; kw;nwhU murpay; rhrd rPu;jpUj;j
eltbf;iff;F Kd;du;> gpupl;b\; fhydpj;Jt murhq;fk; ,e;jpa
Njrpathjpfspd; czu;it mlf;f jPtpu xLf;FKiw eltbf;iffis
vLj;jJ. ve;j tprhuizAk; ,d;wp> UPapy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd
tptrhapfSk;> Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fSk;> gy fhq;fpu];
cWg;gpdu;fSk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;. gy Gjpa
tpjpKiwfis> mjhtJ mtru mjpfhuf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 1932
[dtup 4 Mk; Njjp murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mizfs;
,e;jpa kf;fis ,uf;fkpd;wp xLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
,Ug;gpDk; murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffshy; cs;ehl;L
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij jLf;f Kbatpy;iy. Mapuf;fzf;fhd
kf;fs; $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;jdu;.
,jw;fpilNa> yz;ldpy; eilngw;w %d;whtJ tl;l Nki[
khehl;by;> xU kNrhjhtpy; ,izf;fg;gl;l Nahridfs; mlq;fpa
nts;is mwpf;if xd;W> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J 1935 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk; vd mwpag;gl;L gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; 1935
tJ rl;lk; murpayikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ jtiz
Kiwia epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk; xU $l;lhl;rp
murpayikg;ig Kd;itj;jJ. ,it mjd; Kd;NdhbfspypUe;J xU
jPtpukhd Gwf;fzpg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd; 1935 rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> epu;thf Nehf;fj;jpy; Ma;Tf;F cl;gl;litfs;
Nkk;ghLfs; %d;W gl;bay;fshf gl;bayplg;gl;lJ, mit $l;lhl;rp gl;bay;>
khfhz gl;bay;> kw;Wk; xj;jpizg;G gl;bay; ,Ug;gpDk; rl;lj;jpy;
ve;jnthU ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wNkh jw;fhypfkhd kj;jpa murpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; eltbf;iffis jpUj;jpf;nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpw;F kl;LNk khw;wq;fisr; nra;a mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk;> 1935> gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wk; ,e;jpa
tptfhuq;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;W murpayikg;G kw;Wk; epu;thfr;
rPu;jpUj;jf; $Wfis myrp Muha;e;J tUfpwJ.
5.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1935 ia Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpw;F toptFj;j gy;NtW
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; mwpf;iffis tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;.
••rl;lj;jpy; cs;s rl;lkd;w nfhs;ifia Muha KbAk;.
5.2 ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lk; 1935

,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> Mf];l; 1935 gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; gpd;tUkhW:
••irkd; Mizf;FO mwpf;if
••%d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL
••NeU FO mwpf;if
••nts;is mwpf;if (khu;r; 1933)
••$l;L Nju;Tf; FO mwpf;if
••Nyhjpad; mwpf;if (,J rl;lj;jpd; Nju;jy; tpjpfis
cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ)
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; ntF[d ,af;fq;fSf;F
vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. Njrpa ,af;fj;ij mlf;fp itj;j gpd;du;> ,J
gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;if %yk; ehl;il tYtpof;fr; nra;a tpUk;GfpwJ.

,r;rl;lk; xU iky;fy; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ ,J xU KO nghWg;Gs;s
murhq;fj;ij cUthf;fj;jpw;F toptif nra;jJ. ,jpy; 321 gpupTfs;
kw;Wk; 10 fhy ml;ltizfs; ,Ue;jd. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
tUkhW:
(i) mfpy ,e;jpa $l;likg;G: ,r;rl;lk; mfpy ,e;jpa
$l;likg;ig epWTtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis nra;jJ. ,e;j
$l;likg;gpy; xU mq;fkhf ,Uf;f tpUk;gpa gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;
khfhzq;fs; me;j ,e;jpa muRfis ,e;j $l;likg;G Nkk;ghLfs;
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j rl;lk; xU mfpy ,e;jpa
$l;likg;gpd; ];jhgdj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ mJ
kj;jpa kw;Wk; myFfs; (khfhzq;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Fwpg;Gfs;
muRfSf;F) %d;W gl;bayha; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mjhtJ
$l;lhl;rpg; gl;bay;> khfhz gl;bay; kw;Wk; cldpfo;
gl;bay;. vQ;rpa ghlq;fSf;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa murpd; ,e;j gl;baypy; ntspehl;L tptfhuq;fs;>
gzk;> ehzak; kw;Wk; flw;gil> ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; tpkhdg;
gilfs; Mfpatw;wpy; Ik;gj;J xd;gJ nghUl;fSk;
,Ue;jd. khfhzg; gl;bay; fhty;> khfhz murhq;f
Nritfs; kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;w ghlq;fis cs;slf;fpa
54 nghUl;fis khfhz gl;bay; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,e;j gl;baypy;> Fw;wtpay; rl;lk; kw;Wk; eilKiw>
cupikapay; tof;F eilKiw> jpUkzk; kw;Wk;
tpthfuj;J> fUf;fiyg;G Nghd;w ghlq;fis ifahSk; 36
cUg;gbfs; cs;sd.
kWtho;T mjpfhuq;fis nghJ MSeu; toq;fpdhu;. ve;j xU
tptfhuj;jpw;F rl;lthf;f gl;bay;fspy; gl;bayplg;gltpy;iy
vd;why; xU rl;lj;ij mq;fPfupf;fNtz;ba mjpfhuk;
mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fSf;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLeu;fspd; kupahijAld; khfhzq;fSf;F
Rahl;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
(ii) ikaj;jpy; cs;s jpirfhl;b: ,r;rl;lk; ,ul;il
Ml;rpKiwia mfw;wpaJ. gpupl;b\; khfhzq;fs; mij
ikakhf itj;J mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j mikg;gpd;
gb> ghJfhg;G> ntspAwTj; Jiw> jpUr;rig tptfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdu; gFjp njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fis
'MNyhrfu;fs;' cjtpAld; nghJ MSeu; jPu;TfhZthu;.
,e;j MNyhrfu;fs; rl;lrigf;F nghWg;gy;y. NkNy
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs; jtpu NtW tplaq;fisg;
nghWj;jtiuapy;> rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Ngw;Ws;s
mikr;ru;fspd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; epu;thfj;ij
nray;gLj;Jjy;. vdpDk;> nghJ MSeu; 'rpwg;G nghWg;Gfs;'
vd;w Kiwapy;> mikr;ru;fs; mspj;j MNyhridapd;
Ngupy;> mtu; Kuzhf nray;gl KbAk;.
(iii) khfhz Rahl;rp: ,e;jr; rl;lk; khfhz Rahl;rpapd;
njhlf;fj;ij mwptpj;jJ. ,J khfhzq;fSf;Fk; kj;jpa
rl;lkd;wq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fis
tFj;jJ. khfhzq;fs; jw;NghJ epu;thfj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp
gpupTfshf ,Ue;jd. MSeu; rhu;gpy; xU khfhzj;jpy;
Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij MSeuhfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;>
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j mikr;ru;fspd;
,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd; MNyhridAld; mtu; nray;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
Nkk;ghLfs; ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %yk; khfhzq;fs; Rahl;rp ngw;W
nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> my;yJ MSeu; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb
nray;gLtjw;F jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; xU jPu;g;ig mspf;f
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;ba tptfhuq;fspy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; khfhzq;fspy;
fl;Lg;ghl;il jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb
khfhzq;fs; jd;dhl;rp ngw;w NghjpYk;> MSeu; jdJ
tpUg;gg;gb nray;gl Ntz;ba tptfhuq;fspy; kj;jpa
muR jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;il jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,J
Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; MSeu; jdJ mikr;ru;fspd;
MNyhridapd; Ngupy; my;yhky; MSeu;-nghJ kw;Wk;
ntspAwTj;Jiw nrayhsupd; topfhl;Ljypd; gb nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
(iv) $l;lhz;ik rl;lkd;wk;: $l;lhz;ik rl;lkd;wk;
,uz;L rigfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ: khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
rl;l kd;wf; FO. rl;lkd;wk; my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; fPo;
rig 375 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ> mjpy; 250
Ngu; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa khfhzq;fspy; ,Ue;jdu; kw;Wk;
125 ,e;jpa khepyq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdu;. Kd;du;
fiyf;fg;gl;bUe;j tiu> rl;lkd;wj;jpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk;
Ie;J Mz;Lfs; MFk;. khfhz rig my;yJ Nkyitr;
rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; 260 cWg;gpdu;fs; nfhz;ldu;>
,jpy; 156 cWg;gpdu;fs; gpupl;b\; khfhzq;fis
khepyq;fs; rigapy;> 6 cWg;gpdu;fs;> nghJ MSeu;
MfpNahu; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L> VidNahu; Neubahf
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. kPjKs;s 104 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;jpa
muRfis epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. $l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;wk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> mjd;
,U mitfSk; mtw;wpd; kj;jpapy; rk mjpfhuq;fis
gfpu;e;J nfhz;ld. ,U rigfSf;Fk; ,ilNa fUj;J
NtWghL ,Ue;jhy;> gpur;idf;F jPu;T fhz> xU $l;L
mku;T elj;j KbAk;.
(v) khfhz Nju;jy;fs; khfhz rl;lg; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fs;
kf;fshy; Neubahf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. rl;lj;jpd;
,e;j nraYf;F gpwF gk;gha;> tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gPfhu;>
m];]hk; kw;Wk; If;fpa khfhzq;fspd; ,U mitfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld mjhtJ ,U mitfspYk; kw;w Ie;J
khepyq;fspy; Nju;jy;fs; ele;jd. khfhzq;fs; xU
mitfshf ,Ue;jd..
khfhz rig Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpw;F Nju;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gy;NtW rl;l kd;wq;fs; rhu;gpy; ,Uf;iffs; toq;Fk; ,lq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
(i) tq;fhsk;: 250
(ii) If;fpa khfhzq;fs;: 228
(iii) nrd;id: 215 ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;
(iv) Kk;ig: 175 Nkk;ghLfs;
(v) gQ;rhg;: 175

(vi) gPfhu;: 192 Fwpg;Gfs;
(vii) kj;jpa khfhzq;fs;: 112
(viii) xuprh: 60
(ix) rpe;J: 60
(x) tl-Nkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzk; (NWFP): 50
xU jdp thf;fhsupd; nfhs;if njhlu;fpwJ. 1932 Mk;
Mz;L G+dh rl;lj;jpd; NghJ ifnaOj;jpl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb> rpy
njhFjpfspy; nghJj; njhFjpapy; cs;s jho;e;j tu;f;fj;jpw;F
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpw rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:
(i) rl;l kNrhjhit ,aw;w kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F
mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mJ rl;lkhf tUtjw;F
Kd;G ftu;du; n[duyUf;F mDkjp Njitg;gl;lJ.
(ii) ,e;jpa MNyhrid rig mfw;wg;gl;L> ,e;jpa
khepyr; nrayu; mtu;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhf xU rpy
MNyhrfu;fs; kl;Lk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
(iii) ,e;jpa mikr;ru;fs; murhq;f tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapl
muR nrayu; mDkjpf;ftpy;iy.
(iv) rpe;JTk; xuprhTk; ,uz;L Gjpa khfhzq;fspy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
(v) %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
,];yhkpa r%fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;a KbAk;.
(vi) ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp epWtg;gl;lJ.

khfhz Nju;jy;fs; 1936–1937-y; kj;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935
y; $wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nju;jypd; NghJ> ,e;jpahtpy; fhq;fpuR,
K];yPk; yPf;. vd;w ,uz;L ngupa fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jd: ,U fl;rpfSNk
jq;fs; mwpf;ifia Kd;itj;J kf;fis thf;fspf;f itf;f jq;fs;
rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis nra;jd. ,U fl;rpfspd; mwpf;iffSk; Vwf;Fiwa
xNu khjpupahf ,Ue;jd. vdpDk; mtw;wpd; mwpf;iffspy; ,uz;L
Kf;fpa NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jd.
(i) $l;L thf;fhsu;fis fhq;fpu]; tpUk;gpaJ. Mdhy;
K];yPk; yPf; jdpthf;fhsu;fis tpUk;gpaJ.
(ii) ,e;jp jq;fs; cj;jpNahfG+u;t nkhopahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fhq;fpu]; tpUk;gpaJ. Mdhy; K];yPk; yPf; cUJ
jq;fs; ehl;bd; mjpfhuG+u;t nkhopahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd; vd;W tpUk;GfpwJ.
Nkk;ghLfs; fhq;fpu]; gykhd fl;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk; $l 40 rjtPj ,lq;fis
$l ghJfhf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,jpy; 11 khfhzq;fspy; 1771 ,lq;fs;
,Ue;jJ ,jpy; 750 kl;LNk ntw;wp ngw KbAk;. NkYk; ,e;J
Fwpg;Gfs; njhFjpfspy; fhq;fpu]; ngUk;ghyhd njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp ngw KbAk;.
K];ypk; yPf; 491 K];ypk; ,lq;fspy;jhd; 106 ,lq;fis kl;LNk
nty;y Kbe;jJ. fhq;fpu]; 26 K];ypk; ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ
K];yPk; ngUk;ghd;ik gQ;rhg; khfhzj;jpypUe;J K];ypk; yPf;
Vuhskhd ek;gpf;iffs; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; ,e;j khfhzj;jpypUe;J 2
Mrdq;fis kl;LNk nty;y Kbe;jJ.
UP> kj;jpa khfhz> gPfhu;> xuprh kw;Wk; nrd;id Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; ngUk;ghd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J jtpu>
mJ NWCP kw;Wk; ghk;Ng Mfpatw;wpy; $l;lzp murhq;fj;ij
mikj;jJ. m];]hk; kw;Wk; rpe;J Mfpa ,lq;fspy; MSk; $l;lzpapy;
,ize;jJ> ,jdhy;> ,e;j ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk; ,J kiwKfkhf
mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
ru; ghrpy;-I-`{ird; njhopw;rq;fthjp fl;rp> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
g;u[h f;up\f; fl;rp> nksy;tp ghrpy;-I-`f; Mfpa ,U ngupa
fl;rpfspd; jiyaPL ,y;yhky; mij tq;fhsj;jpy; cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
K];yPk; yPf; ve;j khfhzj;jpYk; Ml;rp mikf;f Kbatpy;iy, vd;whYk;
Fitj;-I-`hrpk; fhq;fpu]; K];ypk; yPf; cld; $l;lzp Ml;rp
mikf;f ,e;j tha;g;ig Vw;ftpy;iy.
ntw;wp ngw;w ,lq;fspy;> rl;lrig tptfhuq;fspy; MSeu;
mjpfhuq;fis tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;gjhy;> fhq;fpu]; jdJ murhq;fj;ij
ehd;F khjq;fSf;F mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia
gpupl;b\hUf;F Kd;itj;jJ. Mdhy; mtu;fs; ,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia
Vw;ftpy;iy. ePz;l fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du;> ,e;j Nfhupf;iff;F
Mq;fpNyau;fshy; tha;nkhop xg;Gjiy mspf;fg;gl;lJ> Mdhy;
1935 ,d; rl;lj;jpy; fPo; ,tw;iw khw;wq;fis nra;a mtu;fs;
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. ,Wjpahf> 1937 [_iyapy; fhq;fpu]; jdJ muir
mikj;jJ.
1. kj;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1935d; fPo; nfhz;L te;j gy;NtW

mwpf;iffis gl;baypLf.
2. ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935 xU iky; fy;yhf fUjg;gLtJ
Vd;?
3. 1936-37-k; Mz;L eilngw;w khfhz Nju;jypy; ntw;wp
ngw;w ,lq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; Vd; ehd;F khjq;fshf
rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;atpy;iy?

5.3 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs; Nkk;ghLfs;
1. ,e;j rl;lk; gpd;tUk; tpisit Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ:

•• irkd; Mizf;FO mwpf;if Fwpg;Gfs;
•• %d;whk; tl;l Nki[ khehLfs;
•• NeU FO mwpf;if
•• nts;is fhfpjk; (khu;r; 1933)
•• $l;L Nju;Tf; FO mwpf;if
•• Nyhjpad; mwpf;if (rl;lj;jpd; Nju;jy; tpjpfis ,J
cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ)
2. 1935 ,d; rl;lk; xU iky;fy; MFk;. ,J xU KO nghWg;Gs;s
murhq;fk; cUthFtjw;F toptif nra;jJ. ,jpy; 321 gpupTfs;
kw;Wk; 10 fhy ml;ltizfs; ,Ue;jd.
3. rl;lrig tptfhuq;fspy; MSeUf;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vd
$wpajhy;> fhq;fpu]; ehd;F Mz;Lfshf jdJ murhq;fj;ij
mikf;ftpy;iy. fhq;fpu]; gpupl;b\hUf;F ,e;j Nfhupf;ifia
Kd;itj;jJ. Mdhy; mtu;fs; ,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia Vw;ftpy;iy.
xU ePz;l tpthjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;> ,e;j Nfhupf;iff;F
Mq;fpNyau;fs; tha;nkhop xg;Gjiy mspj;jdu;> Mdhy; 1935
,d; rl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fis nra;a kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,Wjpahf>
1937 [_iyapy; fhq;fpu]; jdJ muir mikj;jJ.
5.4 RUf;fk;
••Mf];l; 1935 ,y; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,e;jpa muR
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; ntF[d
,af;fq;fSf;F vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. Njrpathj ,af;fj;ij
mlf;Ftjd; gpd;du;> gpsT kw;Wk; Ml;rp nfhs;if %yk; ehl;il
gytPdg;gLj;j tpUk;gpaJ.
••ntspehl;L tptfhuq;fs;> ehzak; kw;Wk; flw;gil> ,uhZtk;
kw;Wk; tpkhdg; gilfs; Mfpatw;wpy; Ik;gj;J xd;gJ nghUl;fSk;
,Ue;jd. khfhzg; gl;baypy; fhty; khfhz nghJ mwptpg;G
kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;w ghlq;fSld; Ik;gj;J ehd;F nghUl;fs;
cs;slq;fpapUe;jJ.
••,e;jr; rl;lk; gpupl;b\; khfhzq;fspy; Ml;rpkhw;w Kiwia xopf;Fk;
epiyia ikaj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j mikg;gpd; gb>
ghJfhg;G> ntspAwTj; Jiw> Njthyak; njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fs;>
kiytho; kf;fs; njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; epu;thfjpy;
nghJ [dhjpgjpfs; ,ize;J 'MNyhrfu;fs;' cjtpAld;
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd; ••rl;lj;jpd; %yk; khepyq;fs; jd;dhl;rp ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk;>
Nkk;ghLfs; khfhzq;fSf;F kj;jpa muR fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ vd;whYk;>
ftu;du; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jdpg;gl;l
jPu;g;ig epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ••$l;luR rl;lkd;wk; ,uz;L rigfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ:
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l kd;wf; FO. rl;lkd;wk; my;yJ fPo;
rig 375 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ> mjpy; 250 Ngu;
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa khfhzq;fspy; ,Ue;jdu; kw;Wk; 125 ,e;jpa
khepyq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdu;.
••khfhz rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; Neubahf kf;fshy;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. rl;lj;jpd; ,e;j nraYf;F gpwF
gk;gha;> tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gPfhu;> m];]hk; kw;Wk; If;fpa
khfhzq;fspd; ,U mitfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. mjhtJ ,U
mitfspYk; kw;w Ie;J khfhzq;fspd; xU mit ,Ue;jJ.
••jdp thf;fhsu;fspd; nfhs;if njhlu;e;jJ. 1932 G+dh rl;lj;jpd;
NghJ ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb> nghJ njhFjpapy;
jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;j rpy ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;ld.
••khfhz Nju;jy;fs; 1936 – 1937-y; kj;jpa muR rl;lk;
1935 y; $wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nju;jypd; NghJ> ,e;jpahtpy; fhq;fpu];>
K];yPk; yPf; vd;w ,uz;L ngupa fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jd: ,U fl;rpfSNk
jq;fs; mwpf;ifia Kd;itj;J kf;fis thf;fspf;f itf;f
jq;fs; rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis nra;jd.
••fhq;fpu]; gykhd fl;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk; $l 40 rjtPj
,lq;fis $l ghJfhf;f Kbatpy;iy. mJ 11
khfhzq;fspy; 1771 ,lq;fspy; 750 ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk
ntw;wp ngw;wJ. NkYk;> fhq;fpu]; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;J
njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. 491 K];ypk; ,lq;fspy; K];ypk;
yPf; ntWk; 106 ,lq;fis kl;LNk nty;y Kbe;jJ. fhq;fpu];
26 K];ypk; ,lq;fis ifg;gw;wpaJ..
••ru; ghrpy;-I-`{ird; njhopw;rq;fthjp fl;rp> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; g;u[h
f;up\f; fl;rp> nksy;tp ghrpy;--`f; Mfpa ,U ngupa fl;rpfspd;
jiyaPL ,y;yhky; mij tq;fhsj;jpy; cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
K];yPk; yPf; ve;j khfhzj;jpYk; Ml;rp mikf;f Kbatpy;iy.
K];ypk; yPf; cld; $l;lzp Ml;rp mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Fitj;-I-mrhk; fhq;fpu]; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhYk;> ,e;j rYifia
Vw;ftpy;iy.
••ntw;wp ngw;w ,lq;fspy;> rl;lrig tptfhuq;fspy; MSeu;
mjpfhuq;fis tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;gjhy;> fhq;fpu]; jdJ
murhq;fj;ij ehd;F khjq;fSf;F mikf;ftpy;iy. fhq;fpu];
gpupl;b\hUf;F ,e;j Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;jJ. Mdhy; mtu;fs;
,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia Vw;ftpy;iy. ePz;l fye;Jiuahlypd;
gpd;du;> ,e;j Nfhupf;iff;F Mq;fpNyau;fs; tha;nkhop xg;Gjiy
mspj;jdu;> Mdhy; 1935 ,d; rl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fis nra;a
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,Wjpahf> 1937 [_iyapy; fhq;fpu]; jdJ ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;
muir mikj;jJ. Nkk;ghLfs;

Fwpg;Gfs;
••G+dh xg;ge;jk;: ,J lhf;lu; mk;Ngj;fu; kw;Wk; kfhj;kh
fhe;jpf;F ,ilapyhd cld;ghl;il Fwpf;fpwJ. mtu;fs;
,jw;fhd xg;gj;jpy; 1932 nrg;lk;gu; 24 md;W GNdapy; cs;s
vuthlh kj;jpa rpiwapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhu;. lhf;lu; mk;Ngj;fu;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jdp thf;fhsu; ngw;W jUtjw;F MjuT
mspj;jhu; Mjuthf ,Ue;jhu;. jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fis ,e;Jkjj;jpd;
Njhw;wq;fSf;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J ghu;f;f tpUk;ghjjhy; fhe;jp
,f;fUj;jpw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jhu;.
••fpU\;z gpu[h fl;rp: ,J 1930 fspd; gpw;gFjpapYk; 40 fspd;
gpw;gFjpapYk; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F fzprkhd nry;thf;F nfhz;l
xU murpay; fl;rpahFk;.
••njhopw;rq;f fl;rp: gpupl;b\; uh[; kw;Wk; gQ;rhigr; Nru;e;j
njhopw;rq;fthj fl;rpapd; xU epWtd cWg;gpduhd
ghrpy;-I-`_ird;> gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nry;thf;Fs;s
gQ;rhgp murpay;thjp Mthu;.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,ul;il Ml;rp mikg;gpd; kPJ ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fj;ij tpsf;Ff.
2. khfhz nghUshjhu rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp xU
RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJf.
3. 1936-1937y; eilngw;w khfhzrig Nju;jy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1935-I

epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Kd; epyTk; R+o;epiy gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
2. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1935 ,d; gpujhd mk;rq;fis Ma;T
nra;f.
3. 1936-1937y; khfhz Nju;jypy; fhq;fpu]pd; epiyg;ghl;il gw;wp
tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpa rl;lk; 1935-apd;
5.7 NkYk; gbf;f
Nkk;ghLfs;
mNuhuh> uNk\; K. kw;Wk; u[pdp Nfhay;. 1997. ,e;jpa nghJ epu;thfk;:
Fwpg;Gfs; mNuhuh> uNk\; K kw;Wk; rq;fPjh ru;kh (gjp). 1992. xg;gPl;L kw;Wk;
M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
jh];> v];.Nf. 1998. cs;ehl;L Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;G
`hy;bG+u;> R.N. 1997. nghJ epu;thfk;: gpujpgypg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
n[apd;> L.C. (gjp.). 2005. mjpfhuj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cs;Shu; Ml;rp. GJ
n[apd;> R.B. 2001. nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah> 21 tJ E}w;whz;L
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
myF 6 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;w Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs;
eltbf;iffs;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
6.0 mwpKfk;
6.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
tpilfs;
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f
6.0 mwpKfk;
gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> nghJey
ehLfspd; jiyikapd; fPo;> ,e;jpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;FtNj
MFk;. ,J gpupl;ldpd; gpujk ke;jpup fpsnkz;l; upr;ru;l; ml;yPapd;
Kd;Kaw;rpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1945 y; eilngw;w ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
nghJj; Nju;jypy;> ml;yPapd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; cs;s njhopw; fl;rp>
tpd;];ld; ru;r;rpy; jiyikapd; fPo; ele;jJ. ,e;jpahit tpl;L
ntspNaw gpupl;ld; KbT nra;jpUe;jJ.,e;j ,af;fk;> gpupl;b\;
murplkpUe;J ,e;jpa jiyikf;F> Rje;jpuj;ij toq;f> mjpfhuj;ij
khw;wj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf te;jhFk;. ,e;j ,af;fk; gy;NtW Vw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa
gpujpepjpfSld; Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfis ,J tpthjpj;jJ.
gpupl;b\; ke;jpuprig ,af;fj;jpd; tUif kw;Wk; kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
jpl;lk; Nghd;w gy;NtW epu;thf eltbf;iffis Vw;gLj;JtJ
,e;j gpuptpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,Wjpapy; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa iffSf;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf gpuptpid kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpuk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
6.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F toptFj;j gy;NtW epfo;Tfis
Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitapd; Nehf;fk; Fwpj;J tpsf;f KbAk;.
••,q;fpyhe;jpy; epfo;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; murpay; epytuk; gw;wp
tptupf;f KbAk;.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; ••mikr;ruitf; FOkj;jpd; Kf;fpa tpjpfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f
Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs;
KbAk;
••kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;jpd; gq;if tpsf;f KbAk;.
••1947-y; ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;a KbAk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1946 gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; gpupl;b\; uh[;
Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyikf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtJ gw;wp tpthjpj;J
jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspd; Ml;rpapy;> ,e;jpah
Rje;jpuk; ngw;W toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
gpupl;ldpd; gpujk ke;jpup fpsnkz;l; upr;ru;L ml;ypapd; Kaw;rpahy;
,e;j ,af;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; khepy nrayhsu;
ru; ];lhg;Nghu;l;L fpupg;]; tu;j;jf rig jiytu; kw;Wk; A.V.
mnyf;]hz;lu; flw;gilj; jiyik MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpaJ.
MapDk;> ,e;jpahtpd; uh[g;gpujpepjp ntty; gpuG gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.
gpd;dzp
1945 y; eilngw;w ,q;fpyhe;jpd; nghJj; Nju;jypd;NghJ> ml;yPapd;
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j njhopw; fl;rp> gpupl;b\; goikthj murpay;thjp
kw;Wk; murpay; ty;Yduhd tpd;];ld; ru;r;rpy; fPo; goikthjpfs;
topelj;jg;gl;ld. gpd;du;> ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw gpupl;ld; KbT
nra;Js;sjhf jfty; njuptpj;jdu; vdNt yz;ld; Ntty; gpuG
tutiof;fg;gl;lhu;.
,jd; gpd;du;> ,e;jpahtpy; khfhz rigfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa rl;l
rigapy; 1945-46 ,y; nghJj; Nju;jy;fs; eilngw;wd. ,e;j Nju;jy;fspy;
fhq;fpu]; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Ik;gj;jp VO ,lq;fis ntd;wJ K];ypk; yPf;
K];yPk;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l Kg;gJ ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. 1937
Mk; Mz;by;> khfhzq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; 714 ,lq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ>
mNj Neuj;jpy; mJ 1946 y; 923 ,lq;fis ntd;wJ. kWGwj;jpy;>
1937 y; K];yPk; yPf; 492 K];ypk; xJf;fPl;by; 109 ,lq;fis kl;LNk
ifg;gw;w Kbe;jJ 1946 ,y; 425 ,lq;fis ntd;wJ.
ehL Rje;jpuk; ngw Kbe;jtiu tpiuthfr; nray;gl gpupl;b\;
mikr;ruit khu;r; 24> 1946 md;W> ,e;jpa mikr;ruitapd; rpwg;Gg;
Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;L te;jJ. ,e;jpa kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; fzprkhd
gpujpepjpfSld; Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp fye;Jiuahl Rkhu;
Ie;J thuq;fSf;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ. xU khehL 5 Nk 1946
md;W rpk;yhtpy; eilngw;wJ> mjpy; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk; yPf;
jiytu;fs; fye;J nfhz;L tpthjpj;jdu;:
••khfhzq;fspd; FOkk;
••$l;lhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; jd;ik
••xU murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij mikj;jy;

,Ug;gpDk;> fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk; yPf;fpw;F ,ilNa cs;s ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
nghUj;jkw;w jd;ik fhuzkhf ,e;j khehL %lg;gl;lJ. gpugykhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if mikr;ruitapd; jpl;lj;NjhL Nk 16> 1946
md;W Fwpf;Nfhs; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd
tpjpfs; gpd;tUkhW: Fwpg;Gfs;
1. muR kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah Mfpa ,U khepyq;fSk;
,ize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J ghJfhg;G> ntspAwT
tptfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;Gfis ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
2. $l;likg;G xU nraw;FO kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; khfhzq;fs;> njhopw;rq;f ghlq;fis
jtpu midj;J Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J
ghlq;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. $l;likg;gpy; ,ide;jtHfis jtpu midj;Jg; gzpfSk;
RNjr muRfspd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;.
5. khfhzq;fs; FOf;fs; mikg;gjw;F ($l;lhl;rp) cupik
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. gj;J Mz;Lfspd; Muk;g fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> murpayikg;gpd;
tpjpKiwfis kWguprPyid nra;a Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij>
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;nfLg;G %yk; ve;j
khfhzj;ijAk; mDkjpf;Fk; xd;wpaj;jpd; murpayikg;gpy;
xU tpjpKiw cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
7. mz;ikapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khfhz rl;l kd;w
Nju;jy;fs; mbg;gilapy; xU murpayikg;Gr; rig
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk;> mjd;
kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhrhu mstpy; xJf;fPL nra;tjd; %yk;
Nguit mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xNu khw;wj;jf;f thf;F %yk;
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia nfhz;L Nju;jy; elj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
8. ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy;
ehl;bd; epu;thfk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpujhd
murpay; fl;rpfspd; Mjuitf; nfhz;l ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Neub eltbf;if jpdk;
16 Mf];l; 1946 jdp ,];yhkpau; khepyj;ij ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf
ehnlq;fpYk; 'Neub eltbf;if jpdkhf' fUjg;gLnkd yPf; KbT
nra;jJ. ,e;j gjl;lkhd R+o;epiyapy;> ikaj;jpy; ,ilf;fhy
murhq;fj;ij mikf;f fhq;fpuRf;F miog;G tpLf;fpd;w> itrpNuh];
Kbit vupnghUshf vupj;jdu;. 16 Mf];l; 1946 md;W fy;fj;jhtpy;
yPf; nghJkf;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; NtiyepWj;jq;fs; Vw;ghL
nra;jd. ,jdhy; efuk; KOtJk; Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; fytuq;fs;
ele;jd. Fk;gypd; rPw;wk; njhlu;r;rpahf ehd;F ehl;fSf;F njhlu;e;jJ.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gpd;du; ,ay;Gepiy gbg;gbahf kPl;fg;gl;lJ. yPf; jiytuhd H.S.
R`;uhtu;j;jp> jiyikapyhd tq;fhs muR Mf];l; 16y; xU nghJ
tpLKiwia mwptpj;jpUe;jJ. NkYk; epiyik Kw;wpYk; fl;Lg;ghl;il
kPwp tUk;tiu ,uhZtj;ij miof;ftpy;iy.
Fwpg;Gfs; ml;ypapd; mwptpg;G
,e;j Kl;Lf;fl;il cile;J VNjh fLikahd fhupak; elf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ njspthfj; njupe;jJ. 1947 gpg;utup 20 y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; 'jpl;ltl;lkhd Nehf;fk;' [_d; 1948
f;Fg; gpd;du; my;yhky; mjpfhuj;ij nghWg;ghd ,e;jpa iffspy;
xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ml;yp typAWj;jpdhu;. ,e;j tuyhw;W
mwptpg;G midtiuAk; Mr;rupaj;jpy; Mo;j;jpaJ. gpupl;b\; xU
tUlj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthf ehLfspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF ,e;jpa kf;fs; jq;fs; Kuz;ghLfis
jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpg;utup 20> 1947 md;W gpupl;Brhu; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J> 30 [_d; 1948
md;W jpUk;gg;Nghtjhf mwptpj;j ml;yPapd;> kTl;lNgl;ld; gpuG miy
khw;wpLthu;. gpupl;b\; muRfs; kw;Wk; RNjr muRfspd; eyd;fisg;
nghWj;jtiuapy;> mjpfhuj;ij khw;Wtjpy; FiwTgLk;> Mdhy; ,it
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khw;wg;glhJ. xU
fhyf;nfLit epu;zapg;gJ ,U jug;gpdiuAk; xU cld;ghl;Lf;F tUk;
vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. gQ;rhgpy; K];yPk; yPf; rptpy; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ijg; njhlq;fpaJ. ,J gQ;rhg; Kjy; ke;jpup khypf; fpjhu;
àj; fhdpd; mikr;rufj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.
[pd;dh ntw;wp ghu;itia fz;lJld;> K];ypk;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikAld;
khfhzq;fisf; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd xU ngUk;
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. fy;fj;jh> mrhk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; tlNkw;F
vy;iyg;Gw khfhzj;jpy; fytuk; ntbj;jJ. Gjpa it];uhau; khu;r;
1947 ,y; ,e;jpahit mile;jhu;. xU If;fpag;gl;l ,e;jpahTf;F Ntiy
nra;tjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fSld; mtu; te;jpUe;jhu;> Mdhy; gy;NtW
fl;rpfspd; jiytu;fSlDk; kw;Wk; r%fq;fSlDk; $l;lq;fs;
cldbahf mtuhy; gpupf;f Kbe;jJ vd;W cWjpahf ek;gpdhu;. rpyu;
ehL Jz;bf;fg;gLtij tpUk;gpdu;."vdJ capuw;w clk;gpd; kPJ"
,e;jpah gpsTgLk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; mwptpj;jhu;. mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj;
ghfp];jhd; cUthf;fj;ij fLikahf vjpu;j;jhu;. Mdhy;> [pd;dh
gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jJ K];ypk;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j khepy Ntz;Lk;.
K];ypk; yPf; gQ;rhgpy; cs;ehl;L xj;Jioahikfis Muk;gpj;jJ>
,J gQ;rhg; Kjyikr;ru; khypf; fp]hu; àj; fhd; murpd; tPo;r;rpf;F
toptFj;jJ.
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; ,g;NghJ gpuptpidf;F mtrpak; vd;gij gw;wp fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fsplk; $Wfpwhu;. ,uz;L tpjkhd epahaq;fis mtu;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. xUGwk;> 'Kd;$l;bNa ghf;fp];jhd;> ,g;NghJ xg;Gf;
nfhz;lhy;> gpd;dhy; tu Ntz;Lk;' vd;W mtu; mwptpj;jhu;; kWGwk;>
mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L tpUg;gkpy;yhj ,wf;fq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;lhy;> ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
xU tYthd kw;Wk; xd;Wgl;l ikak; tpisthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mtu;
cWjpaspj;jhu;. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ thjk; Vw;fdNt cs;Jiw ke;jpup
ru;jhu; gl;NlYld; Kiwapl;lJ> mtu; Vw;fdNt ehl;bd; cs;ehl;L
ghJfhg;G fUj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;shu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
gz;bl; [tù;yhy; NeUtpd; Ml;rpia vjpu;j;J kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
mtuJ [dehaf cs;Szu;Tf;F miog;G tpLj;jhu;. it];uhaplk;
ve;j xU r%fKk; jdJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU ehl;by; Nru
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,y;iy. ,g;NghJ> fhe;jp[p Ngr Neuk; fpilj;jJ.
filrpahf xU ngUk; Kaw;rpapy;> [pd;dh xU gpupf;f Kbahj ,e;jpahtpd;
jiytuhdhu;. ,];yhkpau; jiytu; KO CopaiuAk; Nju;e;njLf;f
KbAk;. Mdhy; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; mtu;fspd; Nrhf
mDgtq;fspd; gpd;du;> gl;NlYk; NeUTk; [pd;dhtpd; cWjpapd;ik
ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;gtpy;iy.
,Wjpahf> fhe;jp[p $l jsu;e;J ,Ue;jhu;. [_d; 3k; Njjp
jpl;lk; ' vd;W miof;fg;gl;l> 1947 [_d; 3 md;W kf;fs; kd;wj;jpy;
,e;jj; jpl;lj;ij ml;yP mwptpj;jhu;.
murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; my;yJ kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; gpupl;ldpy;
,Ue;J ,e;jpa iffSf;F ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwia> Fwpg;ghf
K];yPk; ngUk;ghd;ik khfhzq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUg;gJ
my;yJ ghfp];jhid 'Gjpa epWtdk;' vd;W Nju;T nra;tJ. rpe;J
kw;Wk; gYrp];jhdpy;> khfhz rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; Neubahd
KbT vLf;fg;gLk;. tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; gQ;rhgpd; rl;lkd;wq;fs; ,uz;L
njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;; Kjypy;> ghfp];jhdpy; Nru
ngUk;ghd;ik ,Ue;jjhYk;> NkYk; khfhzq;fs; K];yPk;fshfTk;
K];yPk; my;yhj gFjpfshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tlNkw;F
vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspYk;> m];]hk; khepyj;jpy; ry;n`l;bd;
K];yPk; ngUk;ghd;ik khtl;lj;jpYk; kf;fs; tpUg;gj;ij jPu;khdpf;f
rpwg;G Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. gfpu;T Njitg;gl;lhy; vy;iyf;
nraw;ghLfs; mikf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lrig njhlu;e;J nray;gLk;>
Mdhy; ghfp];jhdpd; gFjpahf khWk; gFjpfSf;F jdp rig $l;l
Ntz;Lk;. khfhz Nju;Tfs; vjpu;ghu;j;jgb ele;jd. gYrp];jhd;> rpe;J
kw;Wk; tlNkw;F vy;iyg;gFjp ghfp];jhdpd; Nju;T MFk;. gQ;rhGk;
tq;fhsKk; ,ul;ilg; gpuptpidf;F KbT nra;jd. gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
tq;fhsk; ,U gpuptpidf;F KbT nra;jdu;.khfhzq;fs; ,e;jpahit
tpl;L ntspNaWkh> Mdhy; mtu;fspd; K];ypk;-rpWghd;ik
gFjpfs; jha; ehl;bd; gFjpfshfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtu;fspd;
K];ypk;-rpWghd;ik gFjpfs; jha; ehl;bd; gFjpfshf ,Uf;Fk;.
rpy;n`l; ghfp];jhdpd; fpof;Fg; gpuptpy; NrUk;. K];yPk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
tq;fhsk; my;yhj K];yPk; gFjpfSf;F ,ilapy; vy;iyg; gpuNahfk;
vy;iyf;Fl;gl;lJ. ,uz;L ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Mq;fpy jiytu;> ru; rpupy;
uhl;f;spg; ,Wjpapy; jdJ nrhe;j tpUij cUthf;f NfhupapUe;jhu;.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; 1947 ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; [_d; 3 tJ jpl;lj;jpw;F rl;lG+u;tkhd
tpisit mspj;jJ. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; [_iy 4> 1947
md;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J tpiuthfTk;> jpUj;jk; ,y;yhky;
epiwNtwpaJ. [_iy 18> 1947 md;W muRf;Fupa rl;lj;ij
Fwpg;Gfs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,e;jpah jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;wJ. tpiy gfpu;T
,Ue;jJ. fuhr;rpapy; 1947 Mf];l; 14 k; Njjp ghfp];jhdpd; murhl;rp
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
14 Mf];l; 1947 es;sputpy;> 12 kzpastpy; ,e;jpah Rje;jpukhfpaJ.
NeU ehl;il jdJ Gfo;ngw;w 'tpjp cld; re;jpf;Fk; Neuk;' ciuAld;
mwptpj;jhu;. 1947 Mf];l; 15 md;W> kTz;l;Ngl;ld;> nghJ
MSeuhf gjtpNaw;whu;. [tù;yhy; NeU Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
gpujkuhf gjtpNaw;whu;. Mf];l; 15> 1947 Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
gpuptpid vd;w ,ul;il ajhu;j;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
mfjpfspy; yl;rf;fzf;fhNdhu;> jq;fs; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; epyq;fis
tpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy;;> ,uz;L Gjpa khepyq;fSf;Fs;
CLUtp te;jd. Njrpa ntw;wpapd; jUzj;jpy; cs;s ,e;j Jauj;jpd;
rpd;dk; fhe;jp[papd; ehw;ngUk; cUtkhf ,Ue;jJ-td;Kiw my;yhj>
cz;ik> md;G kw;Wk; ijupak; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F kdkhdJ.
Njrpa kfpo;r;rpapd; kj;jpapy;> mtu; tq;fhsj;jpd; ntWg;Gzu;r;rpAs;s
epyj;ij Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jhu;> mijnahl;b khakw;w tFg;Gthj
gLnfhiy %yk; Rje;jpuj;jpd; tpiyia nrYj;jpa kf;fSf;F
MWjyspf;f Kad;whu;.
1. 1946 y; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit ,af;fj;jpd;
Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; gw;wp cq;fSf;F vd;d GupfpwJ?

,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk;> 1947 y; gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wk; ,aw;wg;gl;l
rl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpid Mfpatw;iw
mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mwptpj;jJ. ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lj;jpd; rl;lk;
fpsnkz;l; ml;ypahy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. (ml;yp 1935 Kjy; 1955
tiu njhopyhsu; fl;rpapd; jiytuhfTk; kw;Wk; 1945 Kjy; 1951 tiu
gpupl;ldpd; gpujkuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;). ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfs;>
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];> K];yPk; yPf; kw;Wk; rPf;fpa r%fk;> gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpu ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd;
gpuptpdUf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd xU cld;gbf;iff;F
te;jJ. cld;gbf;if yhu;L kTz;l;Ngl;ld; cld; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J
3 tJ [_d; jpl;lk; my;yJ kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhf mwpag;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; rl;lk;> 1947 d; gb ghfp];jhd; kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpid gpur;rhuj;ij
If;fpa uh[;ak; ghuhSkd;wk; %yk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; epfo;Tfs; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
(a) 3 [_d; jpl;lk;

1947 Mk; Mz;L [_d; 3 Mk; Njjp> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfs;
jpl;lq;fis Kd; itj;jJ:
(i) ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpid vd;w Nfhl;ghL gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
(ii) njhlu;e;J te;j murhq;fq;fs; Ml;rp murpayikg;ig
xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
(b) ml;ypapd; mwptpg;G

1947 gpg;utup 20 md;W ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhd fpsnkz;l; ml;yP
gpd;tUk; mwptpg;Gfis Kd;itj;jhu;:
(i) 1948 Mk; Mz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahTf;F KOikahd Raepu;za cupik
mspg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(ii) ,Wjp gupkhw;w Njjpia jPu;khdpj;j gpwF> RNjr
muRfspd; vjpu;fhyk; KbT nra;ag;gLk;.
,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk;> 1947 Mk; Mz;L [_d; 3 Mk; NjjpapypUe;J
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lj;jpd; mikg;G
rl;lj;jpd; fl;likg;G ,jpy; cs;slq;fpaJ:
(i) ,UgJ gpupTfs;
(ii) %d;W ml;ltizfs;
,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;l kNrhjh> gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; [_iy
4> 1947 md;W Kiwg;gb mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. [_iy 18 md;W
muR xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl;lJ. mJ nghWg;ghd murhq;fj;jpd; (my;yJ
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;wk;) kPjhd midj;J tuk;Gfis ePf;fpaJ.
mtu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; tiuapy;> me;je;j
ftu;du; n[duy;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz MSeu;fs; fhkd;nty;j;jpd;
kw;w Mjpf;fq;fspy; jq;fs; rf mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mJ $wpaJ. 1947 Mf];l; 15 Kjy; ,e;jpahTk; ghfp];jhDk;
Rje;jpuk; ngw;W tpLk; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;.
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpw;fhd gpupl;b\; kuG

1947 y; ehL Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd;ghfNt ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig
cUthf;Fk; gzp eilngw;W te;jJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
epge;jidfspd; gadhf 19-k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa Njrk; gpwe;jJ.
fhydpa Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; murpayikg;G Vw;ghl;by; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
,e;jpa Njrpathj jiytu;fs; Nfhupdu;. mtu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffis
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; epiwNtw;w> ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1858;, ,e;jpa MNyhrid rl;lk;> 1861;
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1892; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1909; kj;jpa
murpd; rl;lk;> 1919; kw;Wk; kj;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1935 Nghd;w rpy
rl;lq;fis Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,aw;wpaJ;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; tpisTfis
fhl;LfpwJ. fy;tp Kiw> nghJ Nritfs;> murpay; mikg;G> gapw;rp>
Nju;T, cj;jpNahfG+u;t eilKiw> fhty; mikg;G> khtl;l epu;thfk;>
tUtha; epu;thfk;> tuT nryT kw;Wk; jzpf;if Nghd;wit cl;gl
gy nray;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; gpupl;b\; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk;> 1947d; mu;j;jk; vd;d?

4. 1947 ,d; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; vj;jid gpupTfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ?

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs
1. 1946 gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; gpupl;b\;
uh[;aj;jpd; Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyikf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtJ
gw;wp tpthjpj;J jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. nghJey ehLfspd;
Ml;rpapy;> ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;W toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj
,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujku; fpsnkz;l; upr;ru;l;
ml;yp Kaw;rpapy; ,e;j ,af;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. kTy;l;ngd; jpl;lk;> gpupl;b\huplkpUe;J ,e;jpa iffSf;F
mjpfhuk; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwia> Fwpg;ghf K];yPk;-
ngUk;ghd;ik khfhzq;fs;> mit ePbf;Fkh vd;gij
Nju;e;njLf;Fk; topKiwiaf; ifahz;lJ> ghfp];jhd; my;yJ
'Gjpa epWtdk;'ij ,e;jpah Nju;T nra;fpwJ. rpe;J kw;Wk;
gYfp];jhdpy;> khfhz rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; Neubahd
KbT vLf;fg;gLk;.
3. ,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; rl;lk;> 1947 ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpidia mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mwptpj;j gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk;
fpsnkz;l; ml;yp tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. (ml;yp 1935 Kjy;
1955 tiu njhopyhsu; fl;rpapd; jiytu; Mthu; kw;Wk; 1945
Kjy; 1951 tiu gpupl;ldpd; gpujkuhf gzpahw;wpdhu;). ,e;jpa
murpay;thjpfs;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];> K];yPk; yPf; kw;Wk;
rPf;fpa r%fk;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpu ,e;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpdUf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij
khw;Wtjw;fhd xU cld;gbf;iff;F te;jJ.
4. ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; ,UgJ gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

6.5 RUf;fk; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
••1946 Mk; Mz;bd; gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitapd; Nehf;fk; gpupl;b\;

uh[;[paj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpa jiyikf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;WtJk;
jpl;lkpLtJk; MFk;. nghJTupikauR ehLfspd; jiyikapd; Fwpg;Gfs;
fPo;> ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ,e;jpah toq;FtjhFk;. gpupl;ld;
gpujk ke;jpup fpsnkz;l; upr;ru;l; ml;yp Kd;Kaw;rpAld; ,e;j
J}Jf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
••,e;jpa mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fspd; rpwg;Gj; jpl;lkhf gpupl;b\;
ke;jpuprig FOkk;> 24 khu;r; 1946 md;W ,e;jpah te;J>
ehL Rje;jpuk; ngw toptif nra;jJ. ,e;jpa khepyq;fs;
kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa gpujpepjpfSld; Kf;fpa
gpur;rpidfis tpthjpf;f ,e;j ,af;fk; fpl;lj;jl;l Ie;J
thuq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ.
••gpg;utup 20> 1947 md;W gpupl;Brhu; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J> 30 [_d; 1948
md;W jpUk;gg;Nghtjhf mwptpj;j ml;yPapd;> kTl;lNgl;ld; gpuG
miy khw;wpLthu;. NkYk; nttYf;F gjpyhf kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
,Ug;ghu; vd;Wk; mwptpj;jhu;. gpupl;b\; muRfs; kw;Wk; RNjr muRf
spd; eyd;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mjpfhuj;ij khw;Wtjpy;
FiwTgLk;> Mdhy; ,it gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jnthU
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khw;wg;glhJ.
••kTz;l;Ngl;ld; ,g;NghJ gpuptpidf;F mtrpak; vd;gij fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fSf;F cWjpaspf;fpwhu;. ,uz;L tpjkhd epahaq;fis
mtu; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. xUGwk;> 'Kd;$l;bNa ghf;fp];jhd;>
,g;NghJ xg;Gf; nfhz;lhy;> gpd;dhy; tu Ntz;Lk;' vd;W mtu;
mwptpj;jhu;; kWGwk;> mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L tpUg;gkpy;yhj
,wf;fq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;lhy;> xU tYthd kw;Wk; xd;Wgl;l
ikak; tpisthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W mtu; cWjpaspj;jhu;
••murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; my;yJ kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; gpupl;ldpy;
,Ue;J ,e;jpa iffSf;F ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwia>
Fwpg;ghf K];yPk; ngUk;ghd;ik khfhzq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy;
jq;fpapUg;gJ my;yJ ghfp];jhid ‘Gjpa epWtdk;’ vd;W Nju;T
nra;tJ.
••14 Mf];l; 1947 es;sputpy;> 12 kzpastpy; ,e;jpah
Rje;jpukhfpaJ. NeU ehl;il jdJ Gfo;ngw;w ‘tpjp cld;
re;jpf;Fk; Neuk;’ ciuAld; mwptpj;jhu;. 1947 Mf];l; 15 md;W>
kTz;l;Ngl;ld;> nghJ MSeuhf gjtpNaw;whu;. [tù;yhy; NeU
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhf gjtpNaw;whu;.
••,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; rl;lk;> 1947 d; gb ghfp];jhd; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpd; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpid gpur;rhuj;ij If;fpa
uh[;ak; ghuhSkd;wk; %yk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
••1947 [_iy 4 ,y; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpug; gw;whf;Fiw Kiwahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; kw;Wk; [_iy 18> 1947 ,y; murpayikg;igg; ngw;wJ. mJ
nghWg;Gs;s murhq;fj;jpd; (my;yJ Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
rl;lkd;wk;) kPJ midj;J tuk;GfisAk; ePf;fpaJ. mtu;fs;
jq;fs; nrhe;j murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; tiuapy;>
Fwpg;Gfs; me;je;j nghJ MSeu;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz MSeu;fs;
nghJTupikauR khehl;bd; kw;w Mjpf;fq;fspy; jq;fs; rf
rf;jpfis mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ $wpaJ. 1947 Mf];l;
15 Kjy; ,e;jpahTk; ghfp];jhDk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;W tpLk; vd;gJ
,jd; nghUs;.
••,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd;
tpisTfis fhl;LfpwJ. fy;tp Kiw> nghJ Nritfs;>
murpay; mikg;G> gapw;rp> Nju;T, cj;jpNahfG+u;t eilKiw>
fhty; mikg;G> khtl;l epu;thfk;> tUtha; epu;thfk;> tuT nryT
kw;Wk; jzpf;if Nghd;wit cl;gl gy nray;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
gpupl;b\; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

••njhopw; fl;rp: If;fpa uh[;aj;jpd; kj;jpa-,lJrhup murpay; fl;rp.
••NWFP: tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzkhdJ gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd;
khfhzkhFk;. ,J 1901 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ kw;Wk;
2010 tiu ,e;j ngauhy; mwpag;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjp mg;Nghija
ghfp];jhd; murhy; gjpndl;lhk; jpUj;jj;ij epiwNtw;wpa
gpd;du; ,g;gFjp ifgu; Ngf;jd;f;th khfhzkhf khwpaJ.
••g`;Njhdp];jhd;: etPdfhy Mg;fhdp];jhd; kw;Wk; ghfp];jhdpd;
goq;Fb g\;^d; kf;fs; trpj;Js;s Gtpapay; tuyhw;Wg; gFjp.
1893 Mk; Mz;by; ,iltupir Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rkaj;jpy;
g`;Njhdp];jhdpy; rpf;fy; vOe;jJ.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F toptFj;j gy;NtW epfo;Tfis gw;wp

tptupf;fTk;.
2. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F rw;W Kd;du; gpupl;ldpy; epyTk; epiyik gw;wp
3. gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
4. 1947 ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; gw;wp RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G tiuf.

neL tpil tpdhf;fs; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd;
1. 1945-46 y; ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w nghJ Nju;jy;fspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpf;f.
2. mikr;ruit FOkj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfis Muha;f. Fwpg;Gfs;
3. kTy;l;Ngd; jpl;lk; Mw;wpa gq;if Ma;f.
4. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lj;jpw;F toptFj;j gy;NtW epfo;Tfs; gw;wp
tpupthd Fwpg;G tiuf.
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f

M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.
1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
myF 7 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa epu;thf epu;thf Kiw
Kiw
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
7.0 mwpKfk;
7.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
7.3 kj;jpa> khepy epu;thf njhlu;Gfs;
7.3.1 epu;thf njhlu;Gfs;
7.3.2 cs;-khepy njhlu;GfSf;fhd gzpGupAk; FOf;fs;.
7.3.3 epjp njhlu;Gfs;;
7.3.4 cs;khepy rig
tpilfs;
7.5 RUf;fk;
7.8 NkYk; gbf;f
7.0 mwpKfk;
gpupj;jhdpau;fsplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF> ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ekJ murpayikg;G
ekJ ehl;bd; MSk;Kiwapd; mbg;gilia ekJ murpayikg;G
ekJ ehl;bd; MSk;Kiwapd; mbg;gilia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l
mbg;gil rl;lq;fspd; njhFg;G kl;Lky;y> mJ ekJ ];jhgd
gpjhf;fSf;F kpfTk; gpupakhd rpy mbg;gil kjpg;Gfs;> jj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j kjpg;Gfspy; gy
fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; ekJ murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. RUf;fkhf nrhd;dhy;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; xU kjpg;G Vw;wg;gl;l MtzkhFk;.
,e;j myF ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpd; Kd;khjpup gw;wpa Mokhd
Ma;it ,e;j myF toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; Fbaurpd; ghJfhg;ghsuhf
murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;fpwJ. mjhtJ
,e;jpah> kf;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLtijAk; kf;fis [dehafuPjpahf
topelj;JtijAk; cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. mj;Jld;> khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
kj;jpa murpd; cwit gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ.
7.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa ••murpayikg;gpd; kjpg;Gfs;> jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fisf;
epu;thf Kiw
fzf;fpl KbAk;
••murpayikg;gpy; typAWj;jg;gl;l mbg;gil flikfis tptupf;f
KbAk;
Fwpg;Gfs; ••kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;F ,ilapyhd epu;thf
cwTfis kjpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;
••kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; tuptpjpg;G mjpfhuq;fis tpsf;f
KbAk;
mwpKfTiu
1946 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 13 md;W NeUthy; vLf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

jPu;khdj;jpd; ntspr;rj;jpy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1947 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 22 md;W xUkdjhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. NkYk;> murpayikg;G rl;lkd;wj;jpd; tiuT
FO> epiwa tpthjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> 'Kd;Diu' murpayikg;gpd; xU
"gFjp" vd;W jPu;khdpj;jJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; Fwpj;j Kd;Diu gpd;tUkhW:
ehk;> ,e;jpa kf;fs;> ,e;jpah ,iwahz;ik r%f kjr;rhu;gw;w
[dehaf FbaurhFk; NkYk; mjd; Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; ghJfhg;G
mspg;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
••ePjp> r%fk;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; murpay;
••rpe;jidapd; cupik> ntspg;ghL> ek;gpf;if> tpRthrk; kw;Wk;
topghL
••jFjp kw;Wk; tha;g;gpd; rkepiy kw;Wk; midtiuAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ;.
••rNfhjuj;Jtk;>jdp egupd; nfsutk; kw;Wk; Njrj;jpd; xw;Wik
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;; ;
••1949 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; khjj;jpd; ,e;j ,Ugj;jp MwhtJ
ehsd;W ekJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> ,e;j murpayikg;ig
ekf;fhf nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
,e;jpa khepy murpayikg;ghsu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilg;
gzpfshdJ ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltJjhd; vd;W Kfg;Giuapd; thu;j;ijfs;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fs; ek; rkfhy Njitfs; kw;Wk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd Kd;Ndhf;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ek;
murpayikg;gpd; topfhl;Ljy;fs;> kw;Wk; fl;lisfis khw;wpaikf;f
ekf;F cjTfpd;wd.
A. Kfg;Giu jpUj;jk;
murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 2-tJ gpuptpd;gb (ehw;gJ-,uz;lhk; jpUj;jr; 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
rl;lk;> 1976)> Kfg;Giuapy; ,uz;L jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld.
•• ',iwahz;ik [dehaf FbauR' vd;gjw;F gjpyhf ,e;jpah
",iwahz;ik r%f kjr;rhu;gw;w [dehaf FbauR' vd;W
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
•• 'Njrj;jpd; xw;Wik' vd;w nrhw;fSf;F gjpyhf 'Njrj;jpd;
xw;Wik kw;Wk; Neu;ik' vd;w nrhw;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
B Kfg;Giu gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
Kfg;Giu gw;wpa Ma;T gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ:
1. murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuk;: "ehq;fs;> ,e;jpa kf;fs;" ",e;j
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Vw;W>" murpayikg;Gr; rl;ljpd; Kjy;
kw;Wk; filrp thu;j;ijfs;> mjhtJ ,e;jpa kf;fspd; Mjhuk;"
vd;W $wp> ,e;j murpay; rhrdj;ij filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtu;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; murpayikg;Gr; rigapy;
Clhf kf;fSf;F jkJ murpayikg;ig tFj;Js;sJ.
2. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; ,ay;G: ,e;j Kfg;Giu ,e;jpa
murpay; Kiwapd; jd;ikiaAk; ,e;jpa> ,iwahz;ik>
r%f> kjr;rhu;gw;w> [dehaf kw;Wk; Fbaurpd; jd;ikiaAk;
tpthjpf;fpwJ.
(i) ,iwahz;ik 1950 [dtup 26 md;W murikg;Gr; rl;lk;
mky;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;du;> ,e;jpah ,iwahz;ik
nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,iwahz;ik vd;gJ
ntspg;Gwkpd;ik kw;Wk; khepyj;jpd; cs; tuk;Gfs;
,y;yhjJ vd;W nghUs;gLk; mjd; Kbit vLg;gjw;F
,e;jpah kpf cau;e;j mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
(ii) r%fk;: ehw;gj;jp-,uz;lhk; murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpw;Fg;
gpwF ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G jd;id xU r%f
murhf mwptpf;fpwJ.murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IV ,y;
cs;s gy tpjpfs;> mur nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;L
newpKiwfis nray;gLj;JfpwJ r%fj;jpd; xOq;iff;
nfhz;L tUtNj ,tw;wpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.
(iii) kjr;rhu;gw;w: ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; kw;nwhU mk;rk;
kjr;rhu;gpd;ik MFk;> ,J ehw;gj;jp ,uz;lhtJ
murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; %yk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
nghUs; kf;fs; jq;fs; kjj;ij gpd;gw;Wk; cupik
cz;L vd;gjhFk;.
(iv) [dehafk;: ,e;j Kfg;Giu ,e;jpahit [dehaf
ehL vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ. '[dehaf' vd;w nrhy;
KOikahdJ. mjd; gue;j mu;j;jj;jpy;> mJ murpay;>
r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu [dehafj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.
'[dehaf' vd;w thu;j;ij gpufldjpy; ,e;j mu;j;jj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> epiy kw;Wk; tha;g;gpd; rkj;Jtk;
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W miog;G tpLfpwJ.
epu;thf Kiw
xU FWfpa murpay; mu;j;jj;jpy;> murpd; tptfhuq;fis
epu;tfpf;Fk;> xU gpujpepjp kw;Wk; nghWg;ghd mikg;G vd;w
Kiwapy;> khepy muRfis thf;fhsu;fs; Nju;e;njLj;J>
Fwpg;Gfs; mtu;fSf;F nghWg;Gfis $w Ntz;Lk;.
(v) FbauR: ,Wjpahf Kfg;Giu > ,e;jpahit FbauR vd;W
mwptpj;jJ ,e;j epiyapy; khepyj;jpd; guk;giu my;yhj
jiytu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. khepyj;jpd;
jiytuhf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytu;> kj;jpa
kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; cWg;gpdu;fs; mlq;fpa xU
Nju;jy; fy;Y}upapy; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;shu;.
3. murpay; Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fs;: ,e;j Kfg;Giu ,e;jpa
murpay; Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fis ,d;Dk; $Ljyhf
ngWfpwJ. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fs;: ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtk; MFk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;s jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfs;
ekJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ekJ ehl;bd; MSif mbg;gilapy;

ntWk; mbg;gil tpjpfis kl;LNk nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; mJ
ekJ ];jhgf je;ijfs; kpfTk; md;ghf ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpy
mbg;gil kjpg;Gfs;> jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
,e;j kjpg;Gfs; ekJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW fl;Liufs;
kw;Wk; tpjpfs;> ngUk;ghYk;> ekJ murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu
mbg;gil kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G mbg;gilapy; cs;s
jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Kfg;Giu ekJ murpayikg;gpd; vOr;rpia jpwg;gjw;fhf
kw;Wk; Muha xU tpiria toq;FfpwJ. mJ ,y;yhky;>
ekJ murpayikg;gpy; ,lk; NjLk; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
kjpg;Gfis Kiwahf ghuhl;l xU njhiyJ}u tha;g;G
njupfpwJ. vdNt> ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; gw;wpa rpwe;j GupjYk;>
tpsf;fKk;> Kfg;Giu cs;s gy;NtW ntspg;ghl;il jpUg;g Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;. mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mq;fPfupj;J> ,e;j Kfg;Giu
1976 y; 42 tJ murikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpugykhd murpayikg;G epGzu; Rgh\; rp. fh\;ag; gb> Kfg;Giu
vd;w E}y; mbg;gil murpayikg;G kjpg;Gfs;> mit epWtg;gl;l
gpjhkfu;fis ek;gpapUe;jdu;> mtu;fs; Fbaurpd; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
Cf;fkspf;f tpUk;gpdu;> NkYk; ,J mtu;fs; topfhl;Lk; jiyKiw
Kjy; jiyKiwahf Ntiy nra;Ak; midtUf;Fk; miog;G
tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; kjpg;Gfs; Kfg;Giu vd;gJ ,iwahz;ik>
Nrhryprk;> kjr;rhu;gpd;ik> [dehafk;> FbauRf; gz;Gfs;> ePjp>
tpLjiy> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> kdpj fz;zpak;> xw;Wik
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL Njrk; (,e;j Gs;spfs; midj;Jk; tpupthf NkNy
tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ).
mtu;fSf;F $Ljyhf> ekJ murpayikg;G NtWghL kw;Wk; 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfis kjpf;fpd;wJ> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; murpay;
typAWj;jy;fSf;F ,zq;FfpwJ> $l;lhl;rp %yk; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr
mikjp kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;ig tsu;f;fpd;wd.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ,iwahz;ik
xU ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l mikg;ghf vq;fisg; gpufldk;

nra;tjd; %yk;> ,e;j Kd;Diu KOikahd murpay; Rje;jpuj;ij
typAWj;jp tUfpwJ. mJ ve;j ntspg;Gw FWf;fPL ,y;yhky;> jd;id
jPu;khdpf;f> cs;ehl;by; rf;jptha;e;j kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ,ytr
cs;sJ vd;W Fwpf;fpwJ.jdJ mjpfhuj;ij rthy; nra;tjw;F
khepyj;jpw;Fs; vtUk; ,y;iy. ,e;j ,iwik vd;w gz;G kl;LNk
ehLfspd; kupahij xU ehl;il cWg;gpdu; Mf;fp cs;sJ.
,iwahz;ik ,y;yhtpl;lhy; khepyj;jpw;F ve;j rhuKk; fpilahJ.
xU muR Rje;jpukhf mij tpUk;Gtij jPu;khdpf;f Kbahky;> mJ
epahaj;ij ,oe;J tpLfpwJ. NkYk;> ,iwik vd;gJ muRf;F cs;s
kupahijia mspf;fpwJ. mJ ,iwahz;ik me;j];J ,y;yhky;
,Ue;jhy; ntspapypUe;J ,Ue;J kupahij ngw KbahJ. ,J murpd;
kpf Kf;fpakhd kjpg;Gfspy; xd;whd ,iwahz;ik vd;gij ,J
Fwpf;fpwJ. vdNt murhq;fk; flik MFk;. Mifahy;> ve;jnthU
epWtdk; kw;Wk; jpirapy; ,Ue;J tUk; ve;jnthU mr;RWj;jiyAk;
jLg;gjd; %yk; murhq;fk; mjd; ,iwahz;ikia ghJfhf;f
flikg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
ekJ murpayikg;gpd; ,iwahz;ik mjpfhuk; vq;Fs;sJ
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vd;whYk;> ekJ murpayikg;gpd; Mjhukhf
',e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;' vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk;> mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fNshL ,Wjp ,iwahz;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W
cyfpw;F mwptpf;fpwJ. murpay; ,iwahz;ik vd;gJ ekJ murpaypd;
mbg;gil nfhs;ifahFk;;. mjd;gb> murpayikg;G mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpd; cWg;Gf;fs; kf;fs; jkJ rf;jpia kf;fsplkpUe;Jjhd;
ngWfpd;wd vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt> ekJ murpay; mikg;G
kf;fSf;F MjuT kw;Wk; xg;Gjy;fis cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liu 51A (c) ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ik xw;Wik kw;Wk;
xUikg;ghl;il epiyehl;lTk; ghJfhf;fTk; xt;nthU Fbkfdpd;
flikahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. rk cilik
1976 Mk; Mz;bd; 42 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Kfg;Giu

vd;w thu;j;ijAld; 'rkju;kthjp' vd;w thu;j;ij Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
vkJ murpayikg;gpd; gy fl;Liufs; Vw;fdNt ek;gfj;jd;ikia
toq;fpAs;sd. ekJ murpaikg;gpd; je;ijau;fs; r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd
xU gue;j ghu;it nfhz;bUe;jdu;. midj;J r%f nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; murpay; rkj;Jtkpd;ikAk; ,e;jpa kuGtop rKjhaj;jpy;
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa cs;shu;e;jpUe;jhYk;> ekJ murpayikg;G me;j xOq;Ff;F vjpuhf xU
epu;thf Kiw
mwg;Nghiu njhlq;fpaJ. rKjhaj;jpd; nghJTlikthjp tbtj;jpd;
xU Kd;khjpupahf ekJ Njitfs; kw;Wk; Fzhk;rj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpa
khjpupahd Nrhrypr khjpupapd; Nehf;fk; Mfpatw;iw murpayikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Rkj;jpaJ. mJ ek; ,Ug;G midj;J JiwfspYk;
cs;s Ruz;ly; tbtq;fis KbTf;F nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ekJ
murpayikg;G midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; jpl;lkpl;l kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j khepyj;ij topelj;JfpwJ.
3. kjr;rhu;gpd;ik
,e;jpah cyfpy; cs;s midj;J gpujhd kjq;fSf;Fk;
nrhe;jkhf cs;sJ. ,e;j kjq;fs; midj;ijAk; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F
kjr;rhu;gpd;ik xU trjpahd R+j;jpukhf cs;sJ. ,e;jpa R+oypy;
kjr;rhu;gpd;ikf;fhd ,yl;rpakhdJ vkJ ehl;by; ve;j kjj;ijNah
kj rk;ge;jkhd fUj;Jf;fisNah topelj;jtpy;iy vd;gijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. vJthf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ekJ murpay; kjq;fSf;F
vjpuhf ,y;iy. mjd; Fbkf;fs; midtUk; jq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb ve;j
kjj;ijAk; gpurq;fpf;fTk; gofTk; mDkjpf;fpwhu;fs;. 25 Kjy; 28
tiuahd fl;Liufs; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; kj Rje;jpuj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. murpayikg;G kjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ve;j
ghFghl;ilAk; fz;bg;ghf jil nra;fpwJ. rpWghd;ik r%fq;fs;
jq;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; fy;tp epWtdq;fis
epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd fhg;ghw;Wk; cupikia toq;fpAs;sd. S.R. nghk;ik
,y; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;gpd;
kjr;rhu;gpd;ik vd;gJ xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahFk; vd;W ,e;jpa
xd;wpa mikg;G njuptpj;jJ. kjr;rhu;gpd;ik vd;gJ ekJ gd;ik
r%fj;jpw;F Mjutspf;Fk; xU fUj;jhFk;. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; thOk;
gy;NtW r%fq;fspilNa xw;Wikia Cf;Ftpg;gij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;G tpjpKiwfSf;F ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; ehk; ,d;Dk; NghJkhd kjr;rhu;gw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
kjr;rhu;gpd;ik rthyhd Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
4. [dehafk;
,e;jpah xU [dehafk;. nghWg;ghd> epiyahd murhq;fj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;j ehlhSkd;w [dehafj;ij ehk; filg;gpbj;J tUf-
pNwhk;.murhq;fj;jpd; xU tbtkhf> kf;fSila tpUg;gj;jpypUe;J
mjd; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ. kf;fs; ehl;bd; Ml;rpahsu;fisj;
Nju;e;njLg;ghu;fs;> gpe;ijatu;fs; kf;fSf;F fzf;Ff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa kf;fs; midj;J epiyfspYk; (kj;jpa> khepy
kw;Wk; cs;Shu;) jq;fs; murhq;fj;ij Nju;e;njLf;Fk;> xU kdpjd;
xU thf;F vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW epiyfspy;
cs;s kf;fSf;F kf;fspd; xg;Gjiy cWjp nra;a mt;tg;NghJ
Nju;jy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh Fbkf;fSk; ,y;yhj rhjp> kjk;>
epwk;> ghypdk;> my;yJ fy;tp Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ghF-
ghL NgRtJ> Ngr;Rupik> fUj;J Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; $l;likg;G
Mfpait mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.[dehafk; rKjhaj;jpy; ];jpuj;jd;ikia 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
gq;fspf;fpwJ> mJ Ml;rpahsu;fs; mikjpahd khw;wj;ij mJ
ghJfhf;Fk;.,J vjpu;g;Gfis mDkjpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikia
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.,J tw;GWj;Jtjd; %yk; tpjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,J xU murpayikg;G murhq;fk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> Fbkf;fspd; jdp- Fwpg;Gfs;
kdpj cupikfs;> ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk;> Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd
Nju;jy;fs; kw;Wk; gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk; Nghd;wit MFk;. vdNt> xU
[dehaf murpay; fyhr;rhuj;ij tsu;f;f xU Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
5. FbauR
xU kd;duhl;rpia vjpu;f;Fk; tifapy;> ekJ murpayikg;G
xU Fbaurhf ,Uf;f tpUk;GfpwJ. muR jiytupd; mYtyfk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j Nahrid> xU Fwpg;gpl;l taij
mile;j gpwF (murpayikg;G uPjpapy; jFjpaw;wtu;fisj; jtpu;j;J)
xt;nthU ,e;jpa FbkfDk;> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy;> khepyj;
jiytuhf khw jFjpAilatu; vd;W [dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
murpay; rkj;Jtk; mjd; gpujhd nra;jpahFk;. guk;giu Ml;rp ve;j
tifapYk; ,e;jpahtpy; xU Fiwghlhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
6. ePjp
ePjp vd;gJ nkhj;j kjpg;G vdg;gLfpwJ. Mokhd Nt&d;wpAs;s r%f-
nghUshjhu rpf;fy;fis murpay; Rje;jpuk; jhdhfNt jPu;f;fhJ vd;W
ekJ murpayikg;gpd; je;ijfs; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. vdNt> Neu;kiwahd
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd mk;rj;ij mtu;fs; typAWj;jpdu; r%f-nghUsh-
jhu ePjp vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; xU Gjpa r%f xOq;if
cUthf;Ftjpy;> murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpd; fUtpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.r%f
nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa nra;jp vkJ murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu njhlu;gpy;
ePjpauru; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpl;lhu; murpayikg;gpd; gFjp-iii kw;Wk; gFjp-
IV nghjpe;jpUg;gij gy fl;Liufspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhbf;fzf;fhd mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; mjpf rhjfkhd r%f epiyik-
fis cUthf;f gy;NtW eilKiwr; eltbf;iffs; gy Mz;Lfshf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.,jpy; gy rpWghd;ikapdu;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l>
jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fb kf;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd tsu;r;rpf;
nfhs;iffs; MFk;. vq;fs; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; jPz;lhik ePf;Fjy;
; ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; eype;j kw;Wk; tof;FiuQu;fspd; kPJ
kf;fs; juj;ij cau;j;Jk; tifapy; ,lxJf;fPl;il jil nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ekJ muR ve;j tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L te;jhYk;
mJ vg;NghJk; xU kdpj Kfj;ijf; $l;LfpwJ. vdNt> xU epahakhd>
rkj;Jt rKjhaj;jpd; ,e;j yl;rpak; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fq;fspy;
xd;whf cs;sJ.
7. Rje;jpuk;
Rje;jpuj;jpd; MrPu;thjk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L> mbg;gil cupikfs;
nfhz;l xU mikg;gpd; %yk; ekJ Fbkf;fSf;F cWJizahf
cs;sJ. Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ehfuPf ,Ug;Gf;F mtrpakhd rpy
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa Fiwe;jgl;r cupikfs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; [dehafj;jpd;
epu;thf Kiw
,yl;rpakhdJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd ekJ murpayikg;gpd; je;ijahy;
ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mifahy;> murpayikg;gpd; %d;wpy; xU
gFjpapdupd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf r%fj;jpd; xt;nthU
Fwpg;Gfs; cWg;gpdUf;Fk; cWjpaspf;Fk; rpe;jid> ntspg;ghL> ek;gpf;if> kw;Wk;
tzPfj;jpd; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w mj;jpahtrpa jdpg;gl;l cupikfs;
gw;wp Kfg;Giuapy; cs;sJ. vdpDk; ntw;wp fijfs; Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;sd. midj;J vjpu;f;Fk; Fuy;fSk; Nfl;fg;gl;L
rfpj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhky; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; ciuahw;Wk;
Rje;jpuk; xU njhiy J}u fdthf ,Uf;Fk;.
8. rkj;Jtk;
,e;jpahtpd; xt;nthU FbkfDk; rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;gpw;F cupikAz;L. xU kdpjdhf
vy;NyhUf;Fk; fz;zpakhd xU Raeyk; cz;L. mjd; KO
kfpo;r;rpia cWjp nra;tjw;F> ekJ r%f fl;likg;gpy; cs;s
midj;J tbtq;fspYk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ekJ
murpayikg;G> mtupd; rpwe;j tsu;r;rpf;fhd xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk;
rkepiy kw;Wk; tha;g;ig rkkhdjhf cWjp nra;fpwJ. thf;Fupik
vd;w tifapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l murpay; rkj;Jtk;> murpay; kw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; Nghd;wit vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. jpwk;gl
nray;gLtjw;F rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; cs;s rkj;Jtk; rpy nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; fy;tp mbg;gil Njitg;gLfpwJ. rkj;Jtk; [dehafj;ijAk;
ePjpiaAk; Mjupf;fpwJ. vdNt ,J xU Kf;fpakhd kjpg;ghff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
9. rNfhjuj;Jtk;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; nghJ rNfhjuj;Jt czu;NthL epw;fpwJ mg;gb ,y;yhj
epiyapy; xU ,e;jpah Nghd;w gd;Kf r%fk; gpupe;J epw;fpwJ. MfNt>
ePjp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Nghd;w midj;J ,yl;rpaq;fSf;Fk;
mu;j;jk; nfhLf;Fk;gb> ekJ murpayikg;G> rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ
mjpf mOj;jj;ij jUfpwJ. [dj;njhif midj;J kf;fspilNaAk;
rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; cw;rhfj;ij cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;ig
[dehafj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy ,d> kjq;fs;> nkhopfs; kw;Wk;
gz;ghLfs; nfhz;l xU ehl;by; miltjw;fhd Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
,J. fl;Liu - 51A(e) MfNt> ,e;jpahtpd; xt;nthU FbkfDk;
kj> nkhop> gpuhe;jpa my;yJ gFjpasT NtWghLfisf; fle;J
,e;jpahtpd; midj;J kf;fsplKk; xw;Wikia tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;stJ
xt;nthU ,e;jpa Fbkfdpd; flik vdf; $WfpwJ. cWg;Gupik 51A
(f) xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; ekJ $l;L fyhr;rhuk; epiwe;j nry;tj;ij
kjpg;gjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; NkYk; Nfl;fpwJ. Mdhy;> ePjpgjp D.D.
ghR> ' rNfhjuj;Jtk; %yk;jhd; rhjpf;f KbAk; ' vd;W ek;Gfpwhu;
mNj r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfs; kj;jpapy; jPz;lhik xopf;Fk;>
Mdhy; midj;J ,dthj >thl;L >cs;Shu; >khfhz r%f vjpu;g;G
czu;Tfis xopf;Fk; %yk; ,J ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wikf;F ,ilA+whf 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
epw;Fk;. "vd fUJfpwhu;.
10. jdpegu; fz;zpak;
rNfhjuj;Jtk;> jdp egu;fspd; fz;zpak; Mfpait neUq;fpa
njhlu;G nfhz;lit.rNfhjuj;Jtk; kl;LNk milaf;$ba Fwpg;Gfs;
jdpkdpjdpd; fz;zpak; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L> gjtp cau;T ngWk;NghJfpwJ.
vdNt> ];jhgf ekJ murpayikg;gpd; je;ijfs; mjw;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.vdNt> ekJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;>
midj;J jug;G kf;fSf;Fk; jukhd tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j
ekJ murpayikg;gpd; gFjp-4 ,y; nghjpe;jpUg;gjd; %yk; muir
,af;FfpwJ. midj;J Fbkf;fs;> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs;
rkkhf> NghJkhd tho;thjhuk; (fiy.-39 a) kw;Wk; Ntiy kw;Wk;
kdpjhgpkhd epiyikfs; (fiy.-42) cs;s cupik cs;sJ vd;W
ekJ murpayikg;G xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwJ. fl;Liu-17 jPz;lhik vDk;
eilKiwia uj;J nra;jJ ,J jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhFk; vd;W
mwptpj;jhu;. ekJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; tWikia
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu eltbf;if vLf;FkhW muir ,af;FfpwJ.
11. Njrj;jpd; Neu;ikAk; xw;WikAk;
ehl;by; Rje;jpuk; epiyehl;lTk;> ePbj;J epiyj;jpUf;fTk;> Njrj;jpd;
xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. vdNt> kf;fspilNa
xw;Wikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; ,yl;rpaj;jpy;
kd mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd;
cw;rhfk; ,y;yhky;> xw;Wik kw;Wk; Njrj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;G
rhj;jpakw;wJ vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ekJ murpayikg;G ,e;jpahtpd;
midj;J Fbkf;fsplkpUe;Jk; xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il
epiyehl;lTk; fhg;ghw;wTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ.
12. ru;tNjr rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr xOq;F

ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; ehLfSf;fpilapyhd ey;y
kw;Wk; nfsutkhd cwTfis guhkupf;fTk; ru;tNjr xOq;fpw;fhfTk;>
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l kf;fis xd;wpize;j cld;gbf;iffspy;
<LgLtjw;Fk;> ru;tNjr Nkhjy;fspd; jPu;g;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig muR topelj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;jpahTk;
ekJ Njrpa vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; cyfshtpa rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd;
,yl;rpaj;ij Nerpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 51-tJ gpuptpy;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j tpjpfs;> tutpUf;Fk; mZthAj kw;Wk;
Rw;Wr;R+oy; NguopTfspypUe;J cyif fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhd ek;gpf;ifia
toq;Ftjw;fhd xU xsptPRk; xspahFk;. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;w ,e;jpa fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpd;NghJk;> gdpg;Nghupd; NghJk;
jiyikia toq;fpaJ. NguopT MAjq;fs;> fhyepiy khw;wk; kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr gaq;futhjk; Mfpatw;wpd; G+Nfhskakhf;fy; ngUf;fk;
nfhz;l xU khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l cyfshtpa R+oypy;> ,e;j cyf
gpur;rpidfSf;F jpir jpUg;g If;fpa ehLfspd; ghJfhg;Gf; FOtpy;
epue;ju ,lj;jpw;F ,e;jpah xU epiyahd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpwJ.
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa 13. mbg;gil flikfs;
epu;thf Kiw
ekJ murpayikg;G Fbkf;fs; nra;a Ntz;ba rpy flikfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j flikfis ,aw;ifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;j
,ayhJ> Mdhy; rpy mbg;gil kjpg;GfisAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; Njrgf;jp> Njrpathjk;> kdpjNeak;> Rw;Wr;R+oy;thjk;> xOf;fk;>
,zf;fkhd tho;f;if> ngz;zpak;> tpQ;Qhdk;> kw;Wk; tprhuiz
kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; $l;L rpwg;G MFk;. midj;J Fbkf;fSk;
(tptupg;gpy; myFf;F Kd;dhy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;ldu;) filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba
flikfspd; ePz;l gl;baiy fl;Liu 51 A toq;FfpwJ.
NkNy cs;s fzf;F> ekJ murpayikg;G vt;thW xU kjpg;ig
Vw;wg;gl;l Mtzkhf fhl;LfpwJ.
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gpufldj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
2. KfTiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; kjpg;Gkpf;f
nrhw;fis gl;baypLf.
3. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; epiy vd;d?
7.3 kj;jpa> khepy epu;thf cwTfs;

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; kj;jpa-khepy cwTfs; gw;wp xU Ma;T
$WfpwJ murpayikg;gpd; jahupg;ghsu;fs; khepyj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
ikaq;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuk; mspj;jpUg;gjhff; fhl;LfpwJ.
,jw;Fg; gpd;dhy; ju;f;fk; vd;gJ xU typikahd $l;lhl;rpthjk;
(mjhtJ> kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j muRfs;) Njrpa xw;Wik czu;Tfis
gytPdg;gLj;jpapUf;Fk;. RNjr muRfspd; xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk;
gpd;jq;fpa tWik kw;Wk; czT gw;whf;Fiwia mfw;Wtjw;fhd
jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Njitiag; gfpu;tjw;fhd
mjpu;r;rp> murpayikg;ghsu;fs; xU tYthd ikaj;ij mikf;fj;
J}z;baJ.
murpayikg;gpd; KiwapYk;> nrhw;nghopTfspYk; Muk;g
epiyapypUe;J kj;jpa-khepy cwTfspd; jd;ik cUthfpwJ.
,e;jpah jd;id xU $l;lhl;rp muR vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpy;iy> khwhf
'xd;wpize;j ehLfs;' vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fhuzk; ,e;jpa $l;likg;G
xU cld;ghl;bd; tpisthf ,y;iy> vdNt> ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j
khepyKk; gpupf;f Kbahj epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G>
epu;thf trjpf;fhf ehl;bDila khepyq;fis gpsTgLj;jpaJ. ,J
xd;wpaj;jpd; ,uz;L epiyfSf;F ,ilapy; xU R%fkhd gzp cwit
miltjw;F Kad;wJ> kw;Wk; khepyq;fs; rl;lg;G+u;t epu;thfj;jpd;
midj;J JiwfspYk; njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;F Mjuthf ngUkstpy;
rha;e;J> kw;Wk; epjp cwTfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
245 Kjy; 254 tiuahd fl;Liufs;> $l;luR kw;Wk;
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd rl;luPjpahd mjpfhuq;fis tpepNahfpf;fpd;wd.
245 ,ypUe;J 246 tiu> $l;luR ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;> ,e;jpag; gFjp
KOtjpYk; cs;s ve;jnthU gFjpNah my;yJ rl;lg;gpupTfNsh> 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
rl;lg;gpupTfspy; cs;s midj;J tp\aq;fSf;Fk; rl;l
tpjpfis tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa gl;baypy; cs;s Fbkf;fs; Njrpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jtu;fshf cs;sdu;. mjdpy; njhz;Z}w;W VO
nghUl;fs;> ntspAwT tptfhu ehzaq;fSk;> ,tw;wpy; mlq;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
khepy gl;baypy; cs;s midj;J tp\aq;fspYk; rl;lq;fis
cUthf;f khepyq;fs; mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. mjd; mWgj;jp
MW cs;sPLfspy; khepy gl;bay; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F> cs;Su;
muR> nghJ Rfhjhu> fy;tp kw;Wk; tptrhak;> kw;Wk; gytw;iw
cs;slf;fpaJ.
xU %d;whtJ gl;baypy;> mjhtJ> xU xUq;fpize;j gl;bay;
murpayikg;gpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;l mikg;G> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk;
njhopy;>nghUshjhu> r%f jpl;lkply; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. kj;jpa
muRk;> khepy murhq;fq;fSk; xNu khjpupahd gl;baypd; ghlq;fis
rl;lkhf;fyhk;. Mdhy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;F ,ilapy;
Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lhy;> kj;jpa rl;lkhdJ mq;F epyTk;.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xU tp\aj;jpy;
rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjw;F kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
rpy epge;jidfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;j epge;jidfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••cWg;Giu 249 d; fPo;> uh[;a rig xU jPu;khdj;ij> Fiwe;jgl;rk;
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; MjuT nfhLj;J> jw;Nghija
kw;Wk; thf;fspg;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs; 'Njrpa eyd;fs;'
vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ> ghuhSkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l khepy tp\aj;jpy;
rl;lj;ij mky;gLj;j jFjp ngWfpwJ. xU fhyj;jpy; xU
Mz;bw;F Nky; ,y;yhj fhyfl;lk; MFk;.
••fl;Liu 250-d; fPo;> 'mtruepiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ' ,e;jpahtpd;
vy;iyapy; my;yJ xU gFjpapdUf;F khepy rl;lq;fis
,aw;Wtjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mDkjp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••251 tJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk;
249 kw;Wk; 250 Mfpatw;wpd; rl;lg;G+u;t rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mjd;
Kuz;ghL my;yJ jpUg;jpf;F cl;gl;ljhf cs;sJ.
••252 tJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs;
ve;jnthU khepy tp\aj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;l ghuhSkd;wq;fSf;F
rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk;gb Nfhupf;if tpLf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
mj;jifa rl;lk; (fs;) kpfTk; tpUk;Gk; me;j khepyq;fSf;F
kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;. mjd; gpw;gFjpapy;> kw;w khepyq;fSk;
jq;fs; rl;lkd;wq;fspy; jPu;khdq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk;
me;j rl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; khepyr;
rl;lkd;wj;jhy; kl;LNk> mj;jifa rl;lk; jpUj;jpa my;yJ
jpUj;jg;gl KbAk;.
Me;jpuh> kfhuh\;buh> xbrh kw;Wk; cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; Mfpa
khepyq;fspd; %yk; kw;w khepyq;fSf;F jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fisr;
ruzilar; nra;a ,e;j fl;Liuapd; tpjpfis ,k;khepyq;fs;
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. ghuhSkd;wk; tpiy epu;zaq;fSf;fhd
epu;thf Kiw
fl;Lg;ghL rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wtij mq;fPfupj;jJ.
••253 tJ jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ghuhSkd;wk; ,e;jpahtpd; gug;gstpy; >
ve;jnthU ehLfSld; ,e;jpahtpd; ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs; my;yJ
Fwpg;Gfs; khehLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjw;F
jFjpAilajhFk;. ghuhSkd;wk; khepy Nehf;fq;fs; cl;gl>
ve;jnthU tp\aj;jpYk; ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf rl;lkhf;Ftjw;F
jFjpAilaJ MFk;.
••khepy rl;lkd;wk; epiwNtw;wpa ve;j xU kNrhjhit>
[dhjpgjpapd; xg;GjYf;F me;j khepy MSeu; %yk; xJf;f
KbAk;. [dhjpgjp ve;j fhuzKk; $whky; mj;jifa xU
rl;lj;ijf; jilAupik nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,t;thW ,e;j tp\
aj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; jilAupik mjpfhuk; vd;gJ KOikahdJ.
mJ kl;Lky;yhky;> khepyg; gl;bay; kw;Wk; khepy muRf-
spd; gl;baypy; rpy tplaq;fs; cs;sd. mjpy;> muRfs;
jq;fsJ rl;lq;fis vLg;gjw;F Kd;G [dhjpgjpapd; Ke;ija
mDkjpia vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••,e;jpa xd;wpaj;ij cs;slf;fpa khepyq;fs;> Kjy;
ml;ltizapy; ngauplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j murpayikg;G
Gjpa khepyq;fis xd;wpizf;f my;yJ xU Gjpa muir
epWt ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ. ghuhSkd;wk; xU
khepy khw;wj;jpd; gFjpfis mjpfupf;fNth my;yJ Fiwf;fNth
KbAk; mjd; vy;iyfis khw;wpaikf;f my;yJ mUfpYs;s
khepyq;fSldhd xd;wpizg;G my;yJ xUq;fpizg;G %yk;
Kw;wpYk; kiwe;JtpLk; xU khepyj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
7.3.1 epu;thf cwTfs;

epu;thf Jiwapy;> ika rl;lj;ij tpl mjpf mjpfhuq;fis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. tof;fkhf kj;jpa murpd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lj;ij ,af;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;Ls;sd. ,J 73 kw;Wk; 162 d;
fPo; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. kj;jpa muR fPo;f;fz;l topfspy; khepyq;fis
epu;tfpf;f KbAk;:
••256 Mk; gpuptpd; gb> xt;nthU khepyj;jpd; epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuKk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l rl;lq;fSld;
,zq;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••257-d; fPo;> kj;jpa nraw;FO ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fj; Njhd;Wk; khepyj;jpw;F mj;jifa
topfis toq;Ftjw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ. khepy muRfSf;F
topfhl;Ljy; mspf;f rq;fj;jpd; nghJ mjpfhuk; jpUg;jpfukhf
,y;iy> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; NkYk; xUgb NkNy nrd;W>
khepyj;jpd; epu;thf mjpfhuj;ij tpku;rpj;jpUe;jdu; my;yJ
ghugl;rk; fhl;l $lhJ vd;W xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; miog;G
tpLj;jdu;. jpirfis toq;Ftjw;fhd kj;jpa mjpfhuq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW: (a) Njrpa my;yJ ,uhZt Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
jfty;njhlu;G topKiwfis epu;tfpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkupg;G
nra;jy; kw;Wk; (b) khepyq;fSf;F ,uapy;Nt ghJfhg;G
toq;Fjy; .
••khepy muRf;F xg;gilf;f kj;jpa muR 258 tJ mjpfhuj;ij Fwpg;Gfs;
toq;FfpwJ> epge;jidapd;wp;> ve;jnthU tp\aj;jpYk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ve;jnthU $Ljy; nray;ghLk; ,J $l;LwT
epu;thfj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij ePl;bf;fpwJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy;
$Wtjhdhy;> xd;wpaj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F khepyq;fis Nfl;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
mj;jifa xU tof;fpy;> kj;jpa mjpfhupfs; ,e;j $Ljy;
nray;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; $Ljy; nrytpdq;fisf;
nfhLg;ghu;fs;.
••,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit> ,e;jpa fhty; Nrit> kw;Wk; kw;w midj;J
,e;jpa NritfSk; kj;jpa khepy murhq;fj;jpd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
mjpfhuk; nra;fpwJ. kj;jpa nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO elj;jpa
Nghl;bj; Nju;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J ,e;jpa
Nrit cWg;gpdu;fSk; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. ,e;j Nritfs; kj;jpa
kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F Nrit nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j Nritfspd;
cUthf;fk; fz;bg;ghf $l;lhl;rp my;y> Vnddpy; khepyq;fspy;
,e;j tp\akhdJ $wg;gltpy;iy.
••352 Kjy; 360 tiuahd murpayikg;ig jw;fhypfkhf
epWTtjw;Fk;> ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;F mr;RWj;jy; ,Ug;gjhf jpUg;jp
mile;jhy; ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd; khepy my;yJ khepyq;fspd;
epu;thfj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fpd;w mtrufhyr; rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. khepy
murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuj;jpy; xU KwpT my;yJ epjp neUf;fb
,Uf;Fk;.
••kj;jpa murpd; gupe;Jiufspd; gb midj;J khepyq;fSf;Fk;
MSeu;fs; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
••fl;Liu 339 (2) gb khepyj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;Fbapdu;
eyDf;fhf mj;jpahtrpakhd jpirapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
jpl;lq;fis tiujy; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghf
xU khepyj;jpw;fhd topKiwfis toq;f kj;jpa epu;thf
mjpfhuj;ij ntspg;gilahf tpupTgLj;JfpwJ.
7.3.2 cs;khepy cwTfSf;fhd ,ae;jpuq;fs;

murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; epu;thf xj;Jiog;Gld;> mjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
1. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 262> khepy MWfs; kw;Wk; Mw;Wg;
gFjpfspy; cs;s ePu; epiy njhlu;ghd murpayikg;gpd;
Kf;fpa mk;rkhf cs;sJ. ,t;thwhf> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
fPo;> kj;jpa fpof;F my;yJ gs;sj;jhf;Ffspd; ePiug;
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa gad;gLj;Jjy;>fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf
epu;thf Kiw
ru;r;irfs; kw;Wk; Gfhu;fis jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU khepy muR
epWtdj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; cUthf;fyhk;. epue;ju mbg;gilapy;
[dhjpgjpahy; xU khepyrig epWtg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 2. fl;Liu 263 kw;nwhU khepyf; FOthdJ> kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
muRfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Kuz;ghLfs; Fwpj;J MNyhrid
toq;FfpwJ.
3. kj;jpa muRf;Fk;> khepyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;glf;$ba
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf jd;dhu;t xj;Jiog;G vd;w
xU epu;thff; fl;likg;G cs;sJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
nray;ghl;Lf;F cl;gl;l ehLfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
toq;FfpwJ. xU murhq;fj;jpw;F mjd; epu;thfr; nray;ghLfis
Kd;ndLg;gjw;F ,J fbdkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> Neubahf NtW
khepy murhq;fq;fs; %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; nray;ghLfis
nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
4. 1956 Mk; Mz;L khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk; khepyq;fis Ie;J
kz;ly kd;wq;fshf khw;wpaJ. mtu;fs; kj;jpa muRf;Fk;>
MNyhridf; FOf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd murhq;fj;jpd; xU mLf;F
mikg;igf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. kz;lyf; FOtpy; kj;jpa
cs;Jiw mikr;ruhf cs;shu;. khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd
jfuhWfis khepyq;fs; tpthjpj;J jPu;j;J itf;Fk; xU
kd;wj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj NahridahFk;.
7.3.3 epjp cwTfs;

murpayikg;gpd; ghfk; XII tpjpfspd; gb> ikaq;fSf;Fk;
khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s epjp cwTfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy gl;bay; ikak; kw;Wk; khepyj;jpd; epjp
mjpfhuj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; epjp
cwTfs; xNu rkaj;jpy; tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;lit my;y.
A. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; tuptpjpg;G mjpfhuq;fs;
ngUkstpy;> xU ,ilepiy mbg;gilapyhd tupfs; kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khepyq;fspd; muRfshy; tR+ypf;fg;gLk;.
kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; ngupa khepy muRfs; 269 Kjy; 272
tiuahd fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa gl;bay; 83 Kjy; 88 tiuahd
EioTf; FOf;fs; tupr; rYifia kd;wq;fspd; %yk; Nrfupj;J
tUfpd;wdu;. ,e;j tupfs; Ie;J tifahf cs;sd:
••xd;wpaj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tupfs; khepy muRfshy;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;L ifafg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> kUj;Jt
kw;Wk; fopg;giw jahupg;Gfspy; tupr;rYiffis Kd;$l;bNa
nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;.
••kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tupfs; kj;jpa
kw;Wk; khepyj;jpw;F ,ilNa fl;lhakhf tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.

••kj;jpa murhy; tR+ypf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tupfs;> 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
uapy;Nt fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; ruf;F> mirah nrhj;jpd; flikfs;
kw;wtu;fSf;fhd tupfis khepyj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gl;lhy;> kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; tupf;Fl;gl;l kw;Wk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
tupfs; $l;LwT Rq;ftup flikfSf;F toq;fg;glyhk;.
••cjhuzkhf> tof;fkhf tup tR+ypf;fg;gl;L> Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk;
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> Rq;f tup> $l;L tup> tUkhd tup
kPjhd $Ljy; fl;lzk;> kw;Wk; gy cs;sJ.
••khepy gl;baypy; gj;njhd;gJ nghUl;fs; cs;sd>
cjhuzkhf epytup> kJghdk; kw;Wk; fsQ;rk;fshy;> ,e;j
tupfis Nrfupj;J cupa Kiwapy; toq;f xt;nthU khepyjpw;Fk;
cupik cs;sJ.
B. cjtp khdpak;
murpayikg;gpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rk;> khepyq;fSf;F kj;jpa murpd;
%d;W tif khdpa cjtpfis toq;Fjy; MFk;.
••khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; khdpa cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F
275tJ tpjpKiwapd; gb mtw;wpd; tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis
mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd cjtpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
••ve;jnthU nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; fl;Liu 282,d; fPo; cjtp
ngWk; khdpaq;fs; nra;ag;glyhk;.
••rzy; jahupg;Gfspd; Vw;Wkjpf;F gjpyhf m];]hk; gPfhu; xbrh
kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fSf;F 273tJ gpuptpd;
fPo; khdpaq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
C xUq;fpize;j epjpak;
266tJ gpuptpd; fPo; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;fhd xU xUq;fpize;j epjp
kw;Wk; xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU jdpahd xUq;fpize;j epjp
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j epjpfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Nehf;fk; rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhuk;
,d;wp ,e;j epjpapy; ,Ue;J xJf;fPL nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gjhy;>
[dhjpgjp> kj;jpa mikr;ru;fs;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
cau; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; gpw Cf;f njhif
tuTnryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; xU cWjpahd nghUisj; jtpu;j;J> njhlu;e;J
gzk; nrYj;j KbfpwJ.
D mtru epjpak;
fl;Liu 267 ,e;jpa xU mtru epjp epjpak; (CFI)> kw;Wk; xt;nthU
khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,NjNghd;w mtru epjpia epWt toptif nra;fpwJ.
vdNt> ,e;j Kd;gzk;> kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs;> vjpu;ghuh
nryit G+u;j;jp nra;a> rl;lrig mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;f KbAk;.
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa ,e;jpa epjp Mizf;FO
epu;thf Kiw
fl;Liu 264 ,e;jpahtpd; epjp Mizaj;ij cUthf;fTk; kw;Wk; mjd;

mikg;G> rf;jpfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;l fl;Liufs; 280
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; 281 Mfpatw;iw toq;FfpwJ. epjp Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;F
,ilapy; gfpu;T kw;Wk; gfpuf;$ba tupfs; kw;Wk; gpw epakq;fspd;
tpepNahfk; gw;wpa gupe;Jiufis Mizak; toq;FfpwJ.
jpl;lkply; Mizak; / epjp MNahf;

ehl;bDila jpl;lkply; Mizak; 1949 Mk; Mz;by; mikr;ruit
jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; epWtg;gl;lJ> ehl;bd; tsq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis gupe;Jiu nra;tjw;fhd xU Nehf;fj;Jld;> ehl;bd;
Kd;Dupikfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; ,ae;jpuq;fis epu;zapf;fpd;wd. ,J
xU $Ljy; murpayikg;G epWtdkhFk;> ,J jpl;lkply; Jiwapy; xU
mwpTrhu; njhopy;El;gf; FOtpd; ghj;jpuj;ij epiwNtw;WfpwJ. Njrpa
tsu;r;rpf;fhd Ie;J Mz;L jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; nghWg;GilaJ.
jpl;lq;fis epiwT nra;J Mizak; Njrpa tsu;r;rp FOthy;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;L filrpahf xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
Njrpa epWtdkhf khw;Wk; jpl;lk; epjp MNahf; vd;gJ jpl;lkply;
Mizaj;jpw;F gjpyhf ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l xU
rpe;jidahFk;.
epjp MNahf; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;> ,e;jpahtpd; khepy
muRfspd; nghUshjhu nfhs;if eilKiwr; nray;ghl;by; <LghL
kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjhFk;. 2014 y; nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;J
Rje;jpu jpd ciuapy; gpujku; Nkhb jpl;lkpl;l Mizaj;ij mwptpj;jhu;.
Mizf;FOg; NghyNt epjp MNahf;fpd; jiytu; gpujku; Mthu;. epjp
MNahf;fpd; MSk; kd;wq;fspd; midj;J khepyq;fspYk;> $l;LwT
gpuNjrq;fspYk; cs;s midj;J khepyq;fspYk; rl;lkd;wq;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw $l;LwT gpuNjrq;fspd; Jizj; jiytu;fSld; midj;J
Kjy; mikr;ru;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mtu;fSldhd muq;fk;
mwpTld; ty;Yeu;fs; $l rpe;jidahsu;fspd; xU gFjpahf gpujku;
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
epjp MNahf;fpd; nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
a. xU Njrpa Nehf;fq;fspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; khepyq;fspd;
nraY}f;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L
Kd;Dupik Jiwfs; kw;Wk; cj;jpfisg; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sk; xU ghu;itahf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ.
b. xU njhlu;r;rpahd mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l
MjuT Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; khepyq;fs; %yk; $l;LwT
$l;lhl;rp tsu;f;fTk;> typikahd ehLfs; tYthd
Njrj;ij cUthf;Fk; vd;Wk; milahsk; fhl;baJ.
c. ,e;j fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpf;f
jpl;lq;fis tFf;f kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j muR cau;
kl;lj;jpy; gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rp ngw topKiwfis 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
cUthf;fg;gLj;jy;.
d. Njrpa ghJfhg;G eyd;fis nghUshjhu A+fpj;jypYk;
nfhs;iffspYk; ,izj;Js;sd vd;gij
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gFjpfspy; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
e. nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J NghJkhd tsu;r;rp
ngwhj mghaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ekJ rKjhaj;jpd;
gpupTfspy; jdpf; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
f. %Nyhgha kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
epuy; fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Kd;Kaw;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw
tbtikj;J> mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; mtw;wpd;
nray;jpwid fz;fhzpf;fTk;. fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;
gpd;D}l;lq;fspd; %yk; fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; gbg;Gfs;
GJikahd Kd;Ndw;wq;fis nra;tjw;F Njitahd
,ilepiy jpUj;jq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
g. mwpTiu toq;fTk;> Kf;fpa gq;Fjhuu;fSf;Fk;> Njrpa
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kdg;ghd;ikAila rpe;jidf; FOtpw;Fk;
fy;tp kw;Wk; nfhs;if Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd $l;Lwit Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
h Njrpa , ru;tNjr ty;Yeu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw $l;lhsu;fspd;
xj;Jiog;Gld; $ba xU mwpT> fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk;
njhopy;KidNthu; MjuT mikg;G cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
i tsu;r;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;j KLf;fptpLk;gb
,ilepiy kw;Wk; ,ilf;fzpg;Gg; gpur;rpidfisj;
jPu;f;f xU jsj;ij toq;fpdu;.
j. fiy ts ikaj;jpd; epiyia guhkupf;f ey;y Ml;rp
kw;Wk; rpwe;j eilKiwfis Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd
xU fsQ;rpakhfTk;> gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F gug;Giuf;F
cjTk;gb nra;fpwJ.
k. ntw;wpfukhf kw;Wk; epfo;jfTf;fhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfis
tYg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Njitg;gLk; tsq;fis
milahsg;gLj;Jjy; cs;spl;l nray;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
Kd;Kaw;rpfs; nrayhf;fj;ij fz;fhzpf;fTk; kjpg;gPL
nra;fpwJ.
l. njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghL jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;Kaw;rpfs;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwid tsu;g;gjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
m. Njrpa tsu;r;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
NkYk; Njitahd Vida eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa Njrpa tsu;r;rp khfhzk; (NDC)
epu;thf Kiw
Mf];l; 1952 ,y; Njrpa tsu;r;rp khfhzk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
jpl;lkply; Jiwapy; kpf cau;e;j kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; MNyhrid
mikg;G MFk;. rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; midj;J khepyq;fspd; gpujk
Fwpg;Gfs; ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lf; Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; , 1967 Kjy;
kj;jpa mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fs; Mtu;. kj;jpa muR khepy muRf-
Sld; njhlu;G nfhz;l xU kd;wk;jhd; NDC. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> kj;jpa>
khepy kw;Wk; cs;Shu; murhq;fq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd xj;Jiog;ig
Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;. Ie;J Mz;L jpl;lq;fSf;F mtu;fs; xg;Gjy;
mspj;j gpd;dNu nray;ghl;Lf;F tUfpwhu;fs;.
kj;jpa-khepy Nkhjy; Fwpj;j gFjpfs;

ikak; kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fisg; gpsTgLj;JtJ
cz;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> khepyq;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;Js;sjhy;>
kpd;rhuk; rkepiy ikaj;jpw;F rhjfkhdjhf ,Ug;gjhf mtu;fs;
czu;fpwhu;fs;.khepy gl;baypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tp\aq;fspy;
$l> jd;dhl;rp cupikia gad;gLj;jhjjhy;> kj;jpa muR jdJ
mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjhf mtu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
7.3.4 cs;khepy rig

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; 263 vd;w rl;lg;gpupT> xU khepyf;
FOf;fis epWTtjw;F toptif nra;fpwJ. ,J kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khfhzq;fSf;fpilapy; murpayikg;G cwTfspd; ghfk; XI ,d;
ghlk; ,uz;lhk; epu;thf cwTfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Jiz gFg;G
$l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; xNu fl;Liu. ciu gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ:
fl;Liu 263: xU ,ilepiyf; fTd;rpYf;F cl;gl;lJ - vg;NghJ
Ntz;LkhdhYk; [dhjpgjpaplk; nghJ eyd; flikg;gl;l xU
fTd;rpypd; ];jhgdj;jhy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why; -
(a) khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa vOe;jpUf;Fk; Nkhjy;fspy;
tprhupf;fTk; MNyhrid nra;aTk;; ;
(b) rpy my;yJ midj;J khepyq;fspYk;> xd;wpak; my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; cs;s ghlq;fis tprhuiz
nra;J tpthjpj;J> nghJthd Mu;tj;ij nfhz;Ls;sd.
(c) mj;jifa tplaj;jpy; rpghupRfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
gupe;Jiug;Gfis nfhs;if kw;Wk; nray;ghl;bd; rpwe;j
xUq;fpizg;Gf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;.,J> mjd; mikg;G
kw;Wk; nray;Kiw Mfpatw;why; nra;ag;gLk; flikfspd;
jd;ikia tiuaWf;f> mj;jifa xU rigia epWTk;
nghUl;L [dhjpgjpaplk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. .
,e;j fl;Liuapd; Njhw;wk; murhq;fj;jpd; gpupT 135 I
Neubahf fhzyhk;. ,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1935 khepy muR rigapd;
xj;Jiog;Gld; cs;s ,ilepiy khfhz rig epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
1935 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 135 I 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
cUthf;fpaNghJ> tptrhak;> tdtpay;> ePu;g;ghrd kw;Wk; nghJ
Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; xUq;fpizg;G , Muha;r;rp Jiwfs; kw;Wk;
ikaq;fis guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> mj;jifa epWtdq;fs;
murhq;f gzpahsu;fis mtu;fsJ Ntiyfisr; Rke;J nry;tjw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
NghJkhd epjp xJf;fPLfisr; nra;tjd; %yk; mtu;fs; khfhz
murhq;fq;fspd; $l;L Mu;tj;ij cl;gl;bUf;f KbAk;> ,ilg;gl;l
murhq;f MNyhridfspy; rpy tof;fkhd kw;Wk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
,ae;jpuq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
murpd; khfhz Rahl;rp tpjpKiwfis cldbahf njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; mJ jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.
1949 Mk; Mz;L [_d; 13 k; Njjp eilngw;w murpayikg;G rl;l
tpthjj;jpy;> ve;jnthU tpthjKk; ,d;wp> ,ilepiyf; rig gw;wpa
fl;Liu Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
cUthf;fk;
kj;jpa khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd ,ilepiyf;
rig xU epue;ju murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; my;y. mj;jifa xU rigia
];jhgpg;gjd; %yk; nghJ eyd;fisg; ngWk; vd;W [dhjpgjpf;F
Njhd;wpdhy; mJ ve;j Neuj;jpYk; epWtg;gLk;.
murpayikg;gpd; 263-tJ gpupT 1952 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 9 Mk;
Njjp [dhjpgjpf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;lNghJ> kj;jpa Rfhjhu mikr;rfj;jpd;
jiyikapy;> midj;J mk;rq;fspYk; Rfhjhu njhlu;ghd
tp\aq;fisg; gw;wp gue;j Nfhl;ghLfisg; guprPypf;fTk; gupe;Jiuf;fTk;
FLk;g jpl;lkply; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,NjNghd;w mwptpg;Gfshy; [dhjpgjp cs;Shu; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd
kj;jpa muR epWtg;gl;lJ. efu tsu;r;rp 6 nrg;lk;gu; 1954 kw;Wk;> 1
gpg;utup 1968 md;W tpw;gid tup kw;Wk; khepyq;fshy; tupfSf;fhd
ehd;F kz;ly rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa-khepy cwTfspd; ,ay;G vd;d?
5. murpayikg;gpy; toq;fg;gl;l 'xUq;fpay; gl;bay;' ,d; Nehf;fk;
vd;d?

tpilfs;
1. ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;ghsu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilg;

gzpfshdJ ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;if mila Ntz;Lnkd mwpKfTiu
thu;j;ijfis njspTgLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fs; ek; rkfhy
Njitfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd Kd;Ndhf;Ffs; mbg;gilapy;
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa ekJ murpayikg;gpd; nra;jpfisAk;> MizAk; khw;wpaikf;f
epu;thf Kiw
cjTfpd;wd.
2. murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kfg;Giu: ehk; ,e;jpahit xU kpfr;
rpwe;j r%f [dehaf rPu;jpUj;j gpuhe;jpakhf khw;Wtjw;Fk;>
Fwpg;Gfs; mjd; Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpahit
cWjpg;gLj;JfpNwhk;:
••ePjp> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;;
••rpe;jidapd; cupik > ntspg;ghL> ek;gpf;if>cz;ik kw;Wk;
njhOjy;
•• rk me;j];J kw;Wk; tha;g;G; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; gjtp cau;T
nra;jy;
••rNfhjuj;Jtk;> jdpkdpjdpd; elj;ij> xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL
Mfpatw;iw cWjpaspj;J
3. ekJ murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ekJ ehl;bd; MSif mbg;gilapy;
ntWk; mbg;gil tpjpfis kl;LNk nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy; mJ ekJ ];jhgf je;ijfs; kpfTk; md;ghf
ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpy mbg;gil kjpg;Gfs;> jj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,e;j kjpg;Gfs; ekJ
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;>
ngUk;ghYk;> ekJ murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu mbg;gil
kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G mbg;gilapy; cs;s jj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4. kj;jpa khepy cwTfspd; ,ay;G> mjpfhuG+u;tkhf> murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah jd;id xU $l;lhl;rp
khepykhf> "khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak;" vd;W nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
fhuzk; ,e;jpa $l;likg;G xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisT my;y.
vdNt> ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j khepyj;jpYk; gpupe;J nry;Yk; cupik
,y;iy. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> epu;thf trjpf;fhf
ehL vd;w gpuptpidia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,J njhopw;rq;f
kw;Wk; khepyq;fs;> midj;J rl;lkd;w epu;thf kw;Wk; epjpa
cwTfspy; njhopw;rq;f ftpo;e;Jtplhky;> xU R%fkhd Ntiy
cwit mila Kad;wJ.
5. NkYk;> mikg;Gr; rl;lk;> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lg;gb
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.,jpy; cs;s 47 cs;sPLfs;> rl;l Kiw>
tu;j;jfk;> njhopy;Jiw> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; jpl;lkply;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; rl;lkpaw;W
gl;baypy; njhopw;rq;fk; kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNa
Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lhy;> xd;wpajpd; rl;lk; NkNyhq;Fk; vd;gij
Fwpf;fpwJ.

7.5 RUf;fk; 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
••,e;jpa khepy murpayikg;ghsu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilg;

gzpfshdJ ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;if mila Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kd;Diu nrhw;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ekJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ek;
murpayikg;gpd; nra;jpiaAk;> fl;lisfisAk; Njitfs;
kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy Kd;Ndhf;FfSf;fhf ehk; jpirjpUg;g
cjTfpNwhk;.
••,e;j Kfg;Giu ,e;jpa murpay; Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fis ,d;Dk;
$Ljyhf ngWfpwJ.,e;j Nehf;fq;fs;: ePjp Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpait.
••Kd;Diu ekJ murpayikg;gpd; vOr;rpia jpwg;gjw;fhf
kw;Wk; Muha xU tpiria toq;FfpwJ. mJ ,y;yhky;>
Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfis Kiwahf ghuhl;l Ntz;Lk;>
ekJ murpayikg;gpy; ,lk; ngWtJ xU njhiyJ}u rhj;jpak;
Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
••kj;jpa khepy cwTfspd; ,ay;G> mjpfhuG+u;tkhf> murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah jd;id xU $l;lhl;rp
khepykhf> "khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak;" vd;W nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
fhuzk; ,e;jpa $l;likg;G xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisT my;y.
vdNt> ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j khepyj;jpYk; gpupe;J nry;Yk; cupik
,y;iy.,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> epu;thf trjpf;fhf ehL
vd;w gpuptpidia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
••epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s Jiwapy;> kj;jpa muR ,d;Dk;
mjpf mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. rhjhuzkhf> kj;jpa
murpd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs; xg;ghdtu;fs;> mJ njhlu;ghd
tp\aq;fSf;F> rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. ,J
73 kw;Wk; 162 d; fPo; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
••murpayikg;gpd; ghfk; XIId; tpjpfspd; gb> kj;jpaq;fSf;Fk;
khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s epjp cwTfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyg; gl;bay; ikak;
kw;Wk; khepyj;jpd; epjp mjpfhuj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
,Ug;gpDk;> epjp cwTfs;> xNu rkaj;jpy; tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;ljhf
,y;iy.
••ehl;bDila jpl;lkply; Mizak; 1949 Mk; Mz;by;
mikr;ruit jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ehl;bd; tsq;fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis gupe;Jiu nra;tjw;fhd
Nehf;fj;Jld;> ehl;bd; Kd;Dupikfis Kd;Ndw;Wk; kw;Wk;
jpl;lkply; ,ae;jpuq;fis epu;zapj;jy; Nghd;w jPu;khdq;fs;
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa epWtdkhf khw;Wk; jpl;lk;
MNahf; vd;gJ jpl;lkply; Mizaj;jpw;F gjpyhf ,e;jpa
murhq;fj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l xU rpe;jidahFk;.
1947 f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa ••kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mjpfhuq;fisf;
epu;thf Kiw
nfhz;bUg;gJ cz;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> khepyq;fs; tsu;r;rp
mile;Js;sjhy;> mjpfhuj;jpd; rkepiy kj;jpaj;jpw;F
rhjfkhdjhf ,Ug;gjhf mtu;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs;. khepy
Fwpg;Gfs; gl;baypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tp\aq;fspy; $l mtu;fSf;F ve;j
Raepu;zaKk; ,y;iy vd;W kj;jpa muR jdJ mjpfhuj;ij
gad;gLj;JtjhfTk; mtu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
••fl;Liu 263d; Njhw;wk; murpd; gpupT 135I Neubahf fhzyhk;.
,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1935 ,UNtWgl;l khfhz rigapd; xj;Jiog;Gld;
cs;s ,ilepiy khfhz rig epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 1935
Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 135-I
cUthf;fpa Neuj;jpy;> kj;jpaq;fspy; xUq;fpizg;G , Muha;r;rp
Jiwfs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfis guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••fl;Liu 263 mJ njspthf cs;sJ> khepy muRfs;
njhopw;rq;f khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa xUq;fpizg;G xU epue;ju
murpayikg;G mikg;ghf ,y;iy. ,J Nghd;w rigia epWtp
nghJ eyd;fs; gupkhwg;gLk; vd [dhjpgjpf;F Njhd;wpdhy;>
mJ "ve;j Neuj;jpYk;" epWtg;gl KbAk;.

••xUq;fpay; gl;bay;: murpayikg;gpy; cs;s gl;bay;> kj;jpa
kw;Wk; khepy muRfshy; guprPypf;fg;gLk; mjpfhuj;ij
cs;slf;fpaJ.
••khepy gl;bay;: rl;l kNrhjhTf;Fk; khepy muRf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
cs;s gFjpfspy; gl;baypLk; murpayikg;gpd; gl;bay;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kfg;Giufspd; Nehf;fq;fis

gl;baypLf.
2. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; jd;ik Fwpj;J fw;gidapd; %yk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOf.
3. ekJ murpayikg;ig Mjupf;Fk; kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fisg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
4. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpy; murpayikg;gpd;
Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJf.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa-khepy cwT gw;wpa RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig
vOJf.
6. NDC,d; gq;F vd;d?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs; 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa
epu;thf Kiw
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giuapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp

tpthjpf;f.
2. mwpKfTiu ntspg;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Gs;spfis Muha;f. Fwpg;Gfs;
3. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;slq;fpa jj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f.
4. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;f.
5. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd epu;thf cwtpidg;
gw;wp xU tpupthd Fwpg;G vOJf.
6. khepy gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l xU tp\aj;jpy; rl;lq;fis
,aw;Wtjw;F kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w
epge;jidfis Ma;T nra;f.
7. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd epjp cwTfisg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
7.8 NkYk; gbf;f

mNuhuh> uNk\; K kw;Wk; rq;fPjh ru;kh (gjp). 1992. xg;gPl;L kw;Wk;
ghu;j;thy;> C.P. (gjp.) 1993. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;. GJ jpy;yp:
M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
jh];> S.K. 1998. rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;G
`hy;bG+u;> R.N. 1997. nghJ epu;thfk;: gpujpgypg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpfs;.
GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
n[apd;> R.B 2001. nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah> 21 tJ E}w;whz;L
ey;y Ml;rpf;F rthy;fs;. GJ jpy;yp: Mokhd kw;Wk; Mokhd
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
myF 8 ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs;
mbg;gil cupikfs;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
8.0 mwpKfk;
8.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
8.2.1 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;likT
8.3 If;fpa gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfk;
8.4 mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; mkyhf;fk;
tpilfs;
8.6 RUf;fk;
8.9 NkYk; gbf;f
8.0 mwpKfk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tbtikg;ghsu;fs; gpupj;jhdpa ehlhSkd;w
murhq;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.vdpDk;> mtu;fs; Mq;fpNyau;fisg;
Nghy; xU ,iwahz;ik rl;l epWtdk; xd;iw cUthf;ftpy;iy.
mtu;fs; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij itj;jpUe;jjhy;>
gpupj;jhdpahitg; Nghyd;wp> ePz;l fhykhf vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ig
,e;jpah nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpah mjpfhuq;fis xU $l;lhl;rp gfpu;T
kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs; gl;baiy nfhz;Ls;sJ.
khepyj;jpd; mjpfhug;G+u;t epu;thf jiytu; [dhjpgjp Mthu;>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ,U
mikg;Gfs; KiwNa khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit MFk;.
khepyq;fsit cau;e;j muq;fpYk; kf;fsit Fiwe;j muq;fpYk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fsitapy; rghehafu; kpf Kf;fpakhd
jiytu;. mitapy; mtuJ mjpfhuk; cr;rkhdJ.
,e;j myF ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis
tpthjpf;fpwJ NkYk; murpayikg;gpy; nghjpe;Js;s mbg;gil
cupikfspd; Kd;Dupik epiyia cau;j;jpf; fhl;LfpwJ.
8.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;J gpd;G cq;fshy;;,
••,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp mwpa KbAk;
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfis gw;wp fye;Jiuahl KbAk;
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lk;-cUthf;Fk; eilKiwia tpsf;f
KbAk;
••gy;NtW mbg;gil cupikia tptupf;f KbAk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; kf;fspd; cau; gpujpepjpj;Jt mjpfhukhFk;.
nghJkf;fs; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpf cau;e;j rl;lkd;w
cWg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa kd;wk; MFk;. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; ekJ
murpay; mikg;gpd; ikakhf cs;sJ. ,e;jpatpd; xd;wpa $l;lhl;rp
rl;lkd;wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 99 njhopw;rq;f tptfhuq;fspy; ghuhSkd;wk; xU
gpuj;jpNaf mjpfhu vy;iy xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ik;gj;jpuz;L (,J
Ke;ija ehw;gj;jp-VO) tp\aq;fspy; xU xg;gPl;lsthd> ,d;Dk;
cau;e;j mjpfhu tuk;G xj;jpirthd gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mWgj;J MW (,g;NghJ mWgj;J-xd;W) khepy tptfhuq;fspy;
mt;tg;NghJ kw;Wk; mjpfkhf fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhu tuk;G; NkYk;
Kjy; kw;Wk; ,Wjpahf vy;yh tptfhuq;fSk; VII ml;ltizapy;
cs;s gl;bay;fspy; gl;bayplg;gltpy;iy. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; jhahf
mwpag;gLk; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu vy;iy Kw;wpYk;
fl;Lg;ghlw;wJ. midj;J egu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; gpupl;ldpd; vy;iyapYkhd
midj;J tp\aq;fSf;Fk; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fTk;> nra;aTk; KbAk;.
ekJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tuk;gw;wJ my;y. vdNt> fle;j
VO kw;Wk; miu E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; $wpa mNj
tuk;gw;w ,iwahz;ik Fwpj;j mNj gz;Gfis mJ Nfhu KbahJ.
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;w epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; mikg;G xU ,U
mit rl;lkd;wk; MFk;. xU ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf
ghuhSkd;wk;> [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ,uz;L mitfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;>
KiwNa khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd mwpag;gLfpwJ.
gpugykhf Nju;en; jLf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;j miw> kf;fsitapy; khepyq;fsit
$l;lhl;rp Nky; miw cs;sJ. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
[dhjpgjp kl;Lky;yJ Jiz [dhjpgjp uh[;arig mYtyf
mjpfhupahfTk;> mjd; jiyik epu;thf mjpfhupahfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;.
gpujk ke;jpup jiyikapyhd mikr;ru;fs; xU rpy jw;fhypf
tpjptpyf;Ffisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ kw;Wk; kf;fsitf;F NeubahfTk; $l;lhfTk; nghWg;G
tfpf;fpd;whu;fs;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpiaAk;> cz;ikahd
nrayhsiuAk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
cUthf;fp> mjw;F nghWg;Gf; $Wk; tifapy;>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nfsutj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;
ngUkstpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8.2.1 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
fl;Liu 79 d; fPo;> kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; [dhjpgjp> khepy rigfs;

(uh[;a rgh)> kf;fs; rig (Nyhf; rgh) Mfpait cs;sd.
khepyq;fsit mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdu;fs; 250 vd Fwpg;Gfs;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,jpy; 12 cWg;gpdu;fs; fiy> ,yf;fpak;>
mwptpay;> kw;Wk; r%f Nrit Nghd;w tp\aq;fspy; cs;stu;fis
[dhjpgjp gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
IV ml;ltizfspy; ,lq;fis xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F
,zq;f> khepy kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshy; 238 f;Fk;
mjpfkhd cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl khl;lhu;fs;. ,e;j ml;ltiz
khepyq;fSf;F 229 ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F ehd;F
xJf;fPL nra;fpwJ. kPjKs;s Ie;J ,lq;fs; ,d;Dk; xJf;fg;glhjit.
Vg;uy; 3> 1952 ,y; Kjy; jlitahf khepyq;fsit Kiwahf
mikf;fg;gl;L Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; 204 kw;Wk; 12
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ. mg;NghjpypUe;J> IV
ml;ltiz ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gy;NtW rl;lq;fspd;gb gd;dpuz;L
Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ> khepyq;fspd; kWrPuikg;G> Gjpa khepyq;fs;
kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fis cUthf;Fjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F Vw;g> ,l
xJf;fPl;il mt;tg;NghJ NtWgLj;jpAs;sJ.
xt;nthU khepy kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd; gpujpepjpfs; khepy
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fshYk;>
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd Nju;jy; fy;Y}upfs; rpwe;j cWg;gpdu;fshf
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. Nju;jy; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; gb
Nju;jy;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. vdNt> fle;j kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy;
jq;fs; kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhr;rhu mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. thf;Ffs; xw;iw
khw;wjf;f thf;nfLg;G mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. thf;fhsu;fs;
jq;fs; tpUg;gq;fis %d;W ntt;NtW egu;fSf;F (I> II kw;Wk; III)
Nghl;bapLtjw;F Mjuthf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Njitahd ngUk;ghd;ik
thf;Ffisg; ngWk; Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jj;
Nju;jypy; thf;nfLg;G ,ufrpakhf cs;sJ> NkYk; thf;fhsu;fs; jq;fs;
milahsj;ij ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. khepyq;fsit
fiyg;Gf;F cl;gl;lJ my;y> mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; %d;wpy; xU
gFjpapdu; xt;nthU ,uz;lhtJ tUlKk; Xa;T ngWfpwhu;fs;.
kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;r xg;GjYf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fs; 552>
,jpy; 530 khepyq;fs; 20 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; NkYk; Mq;fpNyh-
,e;jpa r%fj;jpdu; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J 2 cWg;gpdu;fs; [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;. ,e;j Nju;jypy; rhjhuz rhdy;fs; %yk; ,e;j
rigf;F NghJkhd msT gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy vd;W jpUg;jp
mile;jhy; kl;LNk [dhjpgjp epakpf;fg;gLtu;. ,e;j 2 cWg;gpdu;fs;
epakdk; rl;lg;gb 331 My; kl;LNk 10 Mz;LfSf;F kl;LNk
mDkjpf;fg;gLthu;fs;. (8 tJ> 23 tJ> 45 tJ> 62 tJ> 79 tJ
jpUj;jk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ,e;j tpjp 2010 tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ).
jw;NghJ kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; 545 MFk;.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; fle;j kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy;> khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,lq;fs; xJf;fPL> mtu;fspd; kf;fs;njhif tpfpjj;jpy;
cs;sJ. kf;fsit rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;fspy; gy;NtW khepyq;fspYk;>
Mjp jpuhtplu;fs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdu;fSf;fhd A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspYk;
Fwpg;Gfs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fsitj; Nju;jy;fs; Neub kw;Wk; cyfshtpa
taJte;Njhu; cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;jy;
Mizaj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Njjpf;F 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midj;J
Fbkf;fSk; thf;fhsu;fshf jFjpAilatu;fs; Mtu;fs;. ,e;j
cyfstpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,Jtiu 14
nghJj; Nju;jy;fs; kf;fsitapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
xU nghJj; Nju;jy; tUk;NghJ> Nju;jy; Mizaj;jhy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mj;jifa Njjpfspy; kf;fsit cWg;gpdu;fis
Nju;e;njLf;f midj;J ghuhSkd;w njhFjpfspYk; [dhjpgjp miog;G
tpLf;fpwhu;. kf;fs; rl;lk; 1951 gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> ,d;Wtiu jpUj;jk;
nra;tJ> mjd; fPo; nra;ag;gl;l tpjpKiwfs; my;yJ Mizfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; gpufhuk; Nju;jy;fs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;jy; mwptpg;G
tpiutpy; ntspaplg;gLk; vd Nju;jy; Mizak; mwptpg;Gfis
mwptpg;gjw;fhd Njjp kw;Wk; mwptpg;Gfisj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhd
Njjp kw;Wk; thf;Fg;gjptpd; cz;ikahd Njjp Nghd;wtw;iw
mwptpf;fpwJ. Nju;jYf;fhd Ntl;ghsu; xUtu; jdJ Ntl;G kD
nry;YgbahFk; nghUl;L `10>000 ghJfhg;G itg;gPL Njitg;gLfpwJ.
jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fb ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fSf;F>
ghJfhg;G itg;Gj; njhif `5>000 kl;LNk. jpUk;gg;ngWk; Njjp
fyhtjpahfptpl;lhy;> kWjypg;G mYtyu; jFjptha;e;j epakpf;fg;gl;l
Ntl;ghsu;fspd; gl;baiy jahu; nra;J ntspapLfpwhu;. xt;nthU
njhFjpapYk; NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd thf;Fg;gjpT epiyaq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;L kpy;ypaDf;Fk; Nkyhd thf;Ffs;> jq;fs;
thf;Ffis gjpg;gpf;fpw thf;fhsu;fs; gazpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
thf;fhsu;fs; ve;j xU gpdhkpfSk; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjhy;
thf;Fr;rhtbapy; Neupy; M[uhf Ntz;Lk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;
thf;Ffis ngWk; Ntl;ghsu;> Nju;jy; rhd;wpjo; ngWtjw;F> jpUk;gp
tUk; mjpfhupahy; mwptpf;fg;gLk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.; Gjpjhf
Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdu;> kf;fsitapy; nrayhsUf;F Nju;jypd;
rhd;wpjio toq;Ftjd; %yk;> mtUf;F gjtp cau;T toq;fg;gLk;
my;yJ mtUf;F gjtp gpukhzk; toq;fg;gLk;.
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; gjtpf;fhd jFjpfs;

fl;Liufs; 84 kw;Wk; 102 Mfpatw;Wf;F fPo;fz;l jFjpfs; cs;sd:
mit ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fshf Mtjw;F tpUk;Gk; egu;fs;:
(a) mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; mtu;
,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpw;F cz;ikahfTk; kw;Wk;
tpRthrkhf ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;> mtu;
,e;jpahtpd; Rje;juk; kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il epiyehl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
(b) khepyq;fsitapy; mtu; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 taJf;F ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
cl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> kf;fsitapy; mtu;
Fiwe;jgl;rkhf 25 taJf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(c) kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khepyq;fs;> kw;Wk; kf;fsit
rghehafu; MfpNahiuj; jtpu> mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; fPo; Fwpg;Gfs;
ve;jnthU yhgj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij itj;jpUf;ff; $lhJ.
(d) jtwhd eguhf jpwikahd ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpj;jpUf;ff;
$lhJ.
(e) xU kWf;f Kbahj jpthyhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
(f) ve;jnthU ntspehl;L murhq;fj;JlDk; tpRthrk;
itf;fNth my;yJ filg;gpbf;fNth $lhJ.
(g) khepy rig tof;fpy; mtu; khepy my;yJ A+dpad;
gpuNjr Nju;jypy; gq;Nfw;f $ba xU thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; khu;r; 2003 y; ,e;j epge;jid kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jhy; js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; mitfspd; fhyk;

khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; xU tUlk; 6 Mz;LfSf;F
xU Kiw Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. khepyq;fsit xU njhlu;r;rpahd
kw;Wk; epue;jukhd miw xU NghJk; fiyf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fspd; kw;w mitahd kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; 5 tUl
fhyj;jpw;F xU Kiw Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.nghJthf> xt;nthU
cWg;gpdu; mYtyfj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; kw;Wk; kf;fsitapy; MAs;
5 Mz;Lfs; MFk;. kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;lhy;. mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
jhdhfNt epWj;jg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd; gpufhuk;> 352
Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; ghuhSkd;wk;> xU tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw> Nyhf;
rghtpd; tho;f;ifia ePl;bf;ff;$Lk;> Mdhy; mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd;
gpufhuk; nraw;glhj MW khj fhyj;jpw;F mg;ghy; my;y. kf;fsit
ePl;bg;G tof;fpy;> mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; fhytiuaiw jhdhfNt
ePl;bf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jiyik epu;thfpfspd; ,uz;L mitfs;

rPuhd> jpwikahd kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w Kiwapy;> mjd; eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xU jiyik kw;Wk; xU
Jiz jiyik mjpfhup Ntz;Lk;. kf;fsitj; jiyikahf
rghehafu; mwpag;gLfpwhu; kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit jiytu; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. rghehafu; mtu;fSf;F cjtpahf Jiz rghehafu;;
mNjNtisapy; jiytu;> Jizj; jiytu; cjtpahf ,Ug;ghu;. xt;nthU
mitapYk; jiyikr; rig mjpfhupfs; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> mitiaj;
jiyik jhq;Ftjw;F xU jiytu; ,Uf;fpwhu;.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; kf;fsit rghehafu;
kf;fsit rghehafu; kpf Kf;fpakhd jiytu;. mitapy; mtuJ
mjpfhuk; cr;rkhdJ. mtuJ mYtyfj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd
mk;rk; mtUila my;yJ mtuJ ghugl;rkw;w jd;ik MFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; Fspu;e;j eLepiyikAld; mtupd; mjpfhuj;ij tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s
mtu; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwhu;. mtuJ ghugl;rkw;w jd;ik> mtu;
fl;rpapd; fUg;nghUs;fSf;F Nky; ,Ug;ghu; vd;gijAk;> mtu; xU
rkepiy Nghl;bapd;NghJ kl;LNk thf;fspf;f ,Ug;ghu; vd;gijAk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
rghehafupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l kf;fsitj; jiytu; gjtpf;F
rghehafu; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;shu;. murpayikg;G kw;Wk; murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mtu; gy mjpfhuq;fis xg;gilj;jhu;. mtu; my;yJ
mts; mitapd; nra;jpj; njhlu;ghsu; Mthu;. rghehafu; mit
kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; rYiffs; kw;Wk; ghJfhtyu;. mtu;
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wf; FOtpd; jiytuhfTk;> kf;fsit nrayfj;jpd;
jiytuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;.
kf;fsit rghehafupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLk; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) rghehafupd; mbg;gilr; nray;ghL mitapy; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ mtu; rigapd; mku;Tfspy; jiyik jhq;FtjhFk;.
rigapd; jiyik mjpfhup vd;w Kiwapy;> xU mku;tpd;
Muk;gkhfNth my;yJ epWj;jg;gl;Nlh kzp Neuj;ij
epu;zapj;Jf; nfhz;L> rig mku;e;jpUf;Fk; ehl;fis
jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;.
(ii) midj;J ghuhSkd;w tptfhuq;fspYk; mtuJ Kbit
,Wjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kWguprPyid nra;a xU Nfhupf;if
mtUf;F toq;fg;glyhk;> Mdhy; mtUila Kbit
rthy; nra;aNth> tpku;rpf;fNth my;yJ tprhupf;fNth
KbahJ.
(iii) rghehafu; mDkjp ,y;yhky; ve;j cWg;gpdUk;
kf;fsitapy; Ngr KbahJ. mtu; ve;j tp\aj;jpy;
cWg;gpdu;fs; NgRthu; kw;Wk; xU cWg;gpdu; njhlu;e;J
vt;tsT Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mtu; jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;.
mtuJ Ngr;R Kbf;f xU cWg;gpdu; Nfl;fyhk; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdu; Nfl;ftpy;iy tof;fpy;> mtu; my;yJ mts;
cWg;gpdu;fs; Ngr;R gjpT nra;a $lhJ vd;W cj;jutpl
KbAk;. Ngr;rhsu; rkhjhdkw;w thu;j;ijfis jpUk;gg;
ngw xU cWg;gpdiuf; Nfl;fyhk;.
(iv) rghehafu; Mq;fpyk; my;yJ `pe;jp njupahtpl;lhy; xU
cWg;gpdiu jdJ jha; nkhopapy; Ngr mDkjpf;fpwhu;.
(v) rig cWg;gpdu;fs; rghehafuplk; kl;LNk Ngr KbAk;.
(vi) midj;J kNrhjhf;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
jPu;khdq;fs; rghehafu; mDkjpAld; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(vii) rghehafu; thf;F%yj;ij kf;fsitapy; thf;fspf;fpwhu;. ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
xU rkepiy mq;F ,Ue;jhy;> mtd; my;yJ mts;
thf;F mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mtu; my;yJ mtuJ
ghugl;rkw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ij jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf mtu; my;yJ mtuJ thf;Ffs; rhjpf;fg;gl Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(viii)
mtuJ nraw;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ
cj;jpNahfG+u;t mwpf;ifiaj; jtpu> rghehafu; rhjhuz-
khf fye;Jiuahlypy; fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhu;. mtu;
my;yJ mts; vg;NghjhtJ jdJ nrhe;j cld;gbf;if
,y;iynad;whYk; cWg;gpdu;fs; Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLf;fhtpl;lhy;> mtu; my;yJ mtupd; jdpg;gl;l
fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;ghu;.
(ix) mtu; my;yJ mts; kNrhjhthd gz kNrhjhit
epu;zapf;fpwhu; kw;Wk; mtuJ KbNt ,WjpahdJ.
rghehafu; NkYk; gz kNrhjhit cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
rghehafu; NkYk; mikr;ru;fspd; FOtpy; ek;gpf;ifapy;yh
jPu;khdj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jfpwhuh vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
mtu; my;yJ mtu; fl;lzk; my;yJ ,af;fq;fs;
njhlu;ghf jpUj;jk; Nju;e;njLf;f mjpfhuk; cs;sJ>
mtu; my;yJ mJ Njitaw;w my;yJ Njitaw;wJ
vd;W epidj;jhy; xU cWg;gpdu; xU jpUj;jj;ij efu;j;j
mDkjpf;f kWf;f KbahJ. ,Wjpahf> mtuJ fUj;J
kw;Wk; xg;Gjy;> xj;jpitj;jy;> xU ,af;fk;> nghJ kf;fs;
eyd; my;yJ mtrukhd nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f> mjd; tof;fkhd tzpfj;ij xj;jpitf;f
Ntz;Lkh vd;gij epu;zapg;gjpy; ,Wjpahf mikfpwJ.
(x) rghehafu; rig $l;lq;fis xU xOq;fhd Kiwapy;
elj;j Ntz;Lk;. rigapy; Gjpu; my;yJ xOf;fnewpiaf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;> mj;jifa R+o;epiyia
rkhspf;f mtu; NghJkhd xOq;FKiw rf;jpfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. mtu; my;yJ mts; jdJ
xOq;FKiw mjpfhuq;fis rigapd; eilKiw
tpjpfspypUe;J ngWfpwhu; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw tp\aj;jpy;
mtUila KbTfis rhjhuzkhf rthy; nra;a KbahJ.
xUNtis> fLikahd NfhshW Vw;gl;lhy;> rghehafu;
rigia xj;jpitf;fyhk;.
(xi) rghehafu; rig jiyikr; nra;jpj; njhlu;ghsu; Mthu;.
mtu; my;yJ mts; ntsp cyfpy; mjd; $l;L Fuy;
gpujpgypf;fpwJ. Kjyhtjhf> rigj; jiytupd; midj;J
jfty;fSk; rghehafu; %yk; xU Kiwahd Kftupapd;
%yk; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kWGwk;> [dhjpgjpapypUe;J
rigf;F midj;J jfty;fSk; rghehafu; %yk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,NjNghy;> kf;fsitapy; ,Ue;J uh[;a
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; rghtpy; ciuahw;wpa midj;J jfty;fSk; rghehafu;
%yk; mDg;gg;gLk;. NkYk;> rghehafu;> kf;fsitf;F
uh[;a rghtpy; ciuahw;Wk; vy;yh jftiyAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; (xii) kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd xU kNrhjh
kPJ fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lhy;> [dhjpgjp ,UtUk;
$l;Lr; rig kw;Wk; rghehafu; MfpNahu; $l;Lr; rigf;F
jiyik jhq;Ffpwhu;. ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> $l;L mku;Tf;F
Kd;du; tptfhuq;fspy; mtupd; KbTfs;> jPu;g;Gfs; kw;Wk;
tpsf;fq;fs; ,Wjpahdit.
(xiii) rghehafu; rigapd; tpthjq;fisAk;> nray;fisAk;
xOq;FgLj;Jfpwhu;. mit jiytupd; Ntz;LNfhspd;
Ngupy; eilngWk; ,ufrpa mku;Tfspy; $l rghehafu;
NgRk; jd;ik> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw Mfpait
mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(xiv) Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gjw;Fk; gjpyspg;gjw;Fk; cs;s tpjpfs;
rghehafupd; tpsf;fj;ij rhu;e;Js;sJ. ,e;j tp\aj;jpy;
mtu; kpFe;j tpUg;gk; cilatu;. mtuhy; 'Nfs;tp Neuj;ij'
Fiwf;f my;yJ mjpfupf;f KbAk;. Nfs;tpf;F mtu;
mwptpg;Gf; fhyj;jpd; epiyia mtu; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L>
xU rpwpa mwptpg;gpy; Nfs;tpia Nfl;f mDkjpf;fyhk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpujhd nray;ghL rl;lj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. rl;l
Kd;nkhopT ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xU kNrhjh tbtpy; cUthfpwJ.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F Kd; tuTs;s tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jtpu;j;J>
%d;W tifahd kNrhjhf;fs; cs;sd. mit gpd;tUkhW:
1. rhjhuz my;yJ gzkpy;yhj kNrhjh
2. gz kNrhjh
3. murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh
4. tuT nryT jpl;l kNrhjh
,e;j kNrhjhf;fs; mlq;fpa rl;l nray;Kiw tptuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. rhjhuz kNrhjh: ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; xU
rhjhuz kNrhjhit mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupik cs;sJ>
,uz;L tifahd rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; cs;sd: (i) muR
kNrhjh> kw;Wk; (ii) jdpahu; cWg;gpdu; kNrhjh.
xU murhq;f kNrhjh vd;gJ xU mikr;ru; %yk; mspf;fg;gl;l
kNrhjh kw;Wk; xU mikr;ru; %yk; mspf;fg;glhj kNrhjh
xU jdpahu; cWg;gpdu; kNrhjh MFk;. mjhtJ xU jdpahu;
cWg;gpduhy; ,e;j kNrhjh efu;fpwJ. ghuhSkd;w Neuk; xU Kf;fpa
gFjpahf murhq;fj;jpd; kNrhjh %yk; cl;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ>
jdpahu; cWg;gpdu; kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F rpwpJ tha;g;G
cs;sJ. nts;spf;fpoikfspy;> ghuhSkd;wk; jdpahu; cWg;gpdu; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
kNrhjhf;fSf;F Neuj;ij xJf;FfpwJ.
2. gzk; kNrhjh: 'gzk; kNrhjh' vd;d vd;gij 110 tJ gpupT
njspthf tiuaWf;fpwJ. xU kNrhjh xU 'gzk; kNrhjh’
my;yJ xU gzkpy;yh kNrhjhth vd;gij kf;fsitapd; rghe- Fwpg;Gfs;
hafu; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
%d;W klq;fpd; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fs; %yk; gz kNrhjh
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU rhjhuz
kNrhjh njhlu;ghf rl;lkpaw;wypy; fzprkhd NtWghLfs;
cs;sd. mitfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) FbauRj; jiytupd; Kd;> gupe;JiuAld; gzk; kNrhjh
kf;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glyhk;> khepyq;fsitapy;
my;y.
(b) kf;fsitahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpwF> me;j kNrhjh mjd;
gupe;Jiuf;fhf khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
kNrhjhg; ngWtjw;F 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; gz kNrhjh
Muha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
(c) khepyq;fsitapy; gz kNrhjhit epuhfupf;f KbahJ.
,J gupe;Jiufis kl;LNk nra;a KbAk;.
(d) khepyq;fsitapy; gupe;Jiufs; nra;Ak; NghJ>
kf;fsitapy;; me;j gupe;Jiufis Vw;fNth my;yJ
epuhfupf;fNth $Lk;. mjd; gpd;du;> rl;ltiuT Neubahf
[dhjpgjpf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;.
(e) 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; khepyq;fsitapy; gzk; gw;whf;Fiwia
jpUk;gg; ngwtpy;iy vd;why;> ,e;j kNrhjh 14 ehl;fSf;Fg;
gpwF rigfis ,uz;lhff; fle;J nry;YgbahFk; vdf;
fUjg;gLk; kw;Wk; mtuJ xg;GjYf;fhf [dhjpgjpf;F
mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;. gz kNrhjh kPJ xt;nthU
rigapYk; $l;L mku;T eilngWk;.
(f) ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gz kNrhjhtpw;F
[dhjpgjpahy; jdJ mDkjpia jLf;f KbahJ.
3. murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs;: murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jj;ij
nghWj;jtiuapy;> khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit ,U mitapYk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;ig khw;Wtjw;fhd ngUk;ghd;ik
rl;lq;fs; kf;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;
vd;whYk;> jpUj;jq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf> ,Urigfs; rkkhd
mjpfhuq;fis ngw;Ws;sd. murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;fhf>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk; xU kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;> murpayikg;gpd; (,Ugj;jp
ehd;fhtJ jpUj;jk;) kNrhjh gb> 1970> ,J ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fshy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ> xU rig thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; kl;LNk khepyq;fsit
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ> mjd; tpisthf eltbf;if vLj;jJ mf;Nlhgu;
13> 1989 md;W> uh[Pt; fhe;jp muR> khepyq;fsitapy; Kd;ndg;NghJk;
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; ,y;yhj Njhy;tpia re;jpj;jJ. khepyq;fsit ,uz;L ngupa
murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;w kWj;Jtpl;lJ.
,e;j kNrhjhf;fs; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; neLQ;rhiy> efuhl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
ngUepWtdq;fs; kWrPuikg;gjw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 4. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tuT nryTj; jpl;lk;: xt;nthU Mz;Lk;>
tuTnryTj; jpl;lk; kf;fsitf;F Kd; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. epjp
mikr;rfk; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij jahupf;fpwJ. tuT nryT jpl;lk;
,uz;L gFjpfspYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ: (a) uapy;Nt tuT-nryT kw;Wk;
(b) nghJ tuT nryT jpl;lk; uapy;Nt tuT nryT jpl;lk; uapy;Nt
mikr;ru; tuT nryT jpl;l jhf;fy; nra;thu;. tuT-nryTj; jpl;lk;
gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy;> gpd;tUkhW:
(i) tuT nryT tpsf;fq;fs;: gpg;utup %d;whtJ thuj;jpy;
uapy;Nt tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; nghJthf gpg;utup filrp
Ntiy ehspy; nghJ tuT nryT toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghJ tuT nryT epjp mikr;rupd; tuT nryTj; jpl;l
ciuAld; toq;fg;gLfpwJ> ,J ,uz;L gFjpfshf
A kw;Wk; B gpuptpy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gFjp A ,y;
'nghJ nghUshjhu Ma;T' kw;Wk; gFjp B 'tup tpjpg;G
jpl;lk;' Mfpait epjp Mz;L MFk;. tuT-nryTj; jpl;lk;
mjd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; tiu xU ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
,ufrpakhf cs;sJ. tuTnryTj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;>
epjp ke;jpup epjp kNrhjhit mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;> ,J
murhq;fj;jhy; tupf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Kd;nkhopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tuT nryTj; jpl;l tpsf;fj;jpd; ehspy; cWg;gpdu;fsplk;
ve;j tpthjKk; ,y;iy.
(ii) tuT nryT kPjhd fye;Jiuahly;: tuT nryT kPjhd
tpthjk; ,uz;L fl;lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ: (A) nghJ
tpthjk; kw;Wk; (B) xt;nthU mikr;rfj;jpw;F khdpaq;fs;
NfhUfpd;wd.
(iii) epjp xJf;fPl;Lr; rl;l tiuT mLj;j fl;lkhf xJf;fPL
kNrhjh, ,J kf;fsit thf;fspj;j khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; xUq;fpize;j epjpaj;jpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk;
nryTfs; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
xUq;fpize;j epjpapypUe;J> mjw;Nfw;w nrytpdq;fSf;fhf
muRf;F toq;fg;gLk; rl;l mjpfhuj;ij ,e;j kNrhjh
vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ.
,e;j xJf;fPl;L kNrhjh> NtW ve;j kNrhjh Nghd;Nw
,Ue;jhYk;> guprPypf;fg;gl;L> epiwNtw;wg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> tpthjq;fspy; tpthjpf;fg;glhj
tp\aq;fs; kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
vd;W tpthjk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fsit rl;l
kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpwF> rghehafu; mij xU
kNrhjhthff; fUjp> khepyq;fsitf;F mDg;Gfpwhu;.
khepyq;fsit murpayikg;gpd; eilKiwapd; gb>
rl;l kNrhjhTf;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jgpd;> me;j kNrhjh ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
[dhjpgjpf;F mtuJ Ntz;LNfhSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;.
(iv) epjp kNrhjh: tUtha;fis cau;j;Jtjw;fhd murhq;f
Kd;nkhopTfis ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ. epjp kNrhjhit
mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; eltbf;iff;F vjpu;g;gpy;yhky;> Fwpg;Gfs;
cldbahf thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j kNrhjh
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; guprPypf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;L
75 ehl;fSf;Fs; [dhjpgjpahy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
epjp kNrhjhit epiwNtw;WtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epjp
eilKiwfspd; ,Wjp nray; MFk;.
(v) thf;F fzf;F: rpy Neuq;fspy;> kf;fsit fzf;fpy;
thf;fspf;Fk; tuT nryT fzf;F gw;whf;Fiw
fhuzq;fshy; jhkjkhFk;NghJ> fzf;fpy; thf;F 2
khjq;fSf;F rhjhuzkhf ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ. xU Nju;jy;
Mz;by;> mJ 3-4 khjq;fSf;F fle;J Nghfyhk;. xU
khehL vd;w Kiwapy;> fzf;fpy; thf;nfLg;G Kiwahd
tp\akhf elj;jg;gl;L> kf;fsitapy; tpthjk; elj;jhky;
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> me;j mitapd;> trjpahd
Neuj;jpy;> tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij guprPypf;f KbfpwJ.
1. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; kf;fspd; cau; gpujpepjp mjpfhuj;ij
vg;gbf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
2. uh[;a rghtpd; mjpfgl;r typik vd;d?
3. khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F kf;fsitf;fhd
,lq;fs; vg;gb xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ?
4. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fshfj; Njitg;gLk; jFjpfis
gl;baypLf.
5. ve;jf; fl;Liuapy; gz kNrhjh mspf;fg;gLfpwJ?
8.3 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfk;

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l epu;thfp %yk;
,j;jifa mstpw;F epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghu;
jPTfs;> nly;yp kw;Wk; GJr;Nrup Mfpatw;wpd; epu;thfpfs; Jizepiy
MSeu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. gQ;rhgpd; MSeu; xNu Neuj;jpy;
rz;bfupd; epu;thfpahfTk; cs;shh;. jj;uh kw;Wk; efu; `Ntypapd;
epu;thfp lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+tpd; epu;thfp Mthu;. ,yl;rj;jPtpy; xU
jdp epu;thfp cs;shu;.
Njrpa jiyefuhd nly;yp kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrkhd GJr;Nrupapy;
rl;lkd;w Nguit FO kw;Wk; mikr;ruit cs;sJ. GJr;Nrup
A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd; rl;lkd;w rl;lq;fs;> murpayikg;gpd; VohtJ
ml;ltizapy;> gl;bay; II my;yJ gl;bay; III ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
tp\aq;fs;> ,e;j A+dpad; gpuNjrj;Jld; njhlu;GilaitahFk;.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; Njrpa jiyefu; nly;ypapYs;s rl;lkd;wk; ,e;j mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. jtpu> gl;bay; II ,d; 1> 2 kw;Wk; 18 gjpTfs; rl;lkd;wj;
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; rl;lg;G+u;t jFjpf;Fs;shdit my;y. MapDk; rpy
rl;lj; jpUj;jq;fs;> rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F kj;jpa
Fwpg;Gfs; murpd; Kd; xg;Gjy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. GJr;Nrup kw;Wk; Njrpa
jiyefu; nly;yp Mfpatw;wpd; rl;lkd;w rl;lj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
rpy kNrhjhf;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F guprPypf;fg;gl;L> xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
8.4 mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; eilKiwfs;

,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpy; VO mbg;gil cupikfs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;
[df Ml;rpapd; NghJ ehw;gj;jp ehd;fhtJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk;
kNrhjh %yk; 1978 k; Mz;L nrhj;Jf;fhd cupik mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;j mbg;gil cupikfs; murpayikg;gpd; Mj;khthf ,Uf;fpd;wd>
mjdhNyNa mJ epue;jukhd xU gupkhzj;ij mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j
cupikfs; murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjp tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L
midj;J rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa xU kjpf;fj;jf;f epiyg;ghl;il
mDgtpf;fpd;wd. ,J kl;Lky;y> kdpj cupikfs; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
kdpj tsu;r;rpf;fhd kdpj Gj;jp $u;ik nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd midj;J
cupikfisAk; ,e;j cupikfs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; MW gpupTfshf mbg;gil cupikfis
tifg;gLj;JfpwJ:
1. rkj;Jt cupik (fl;Liufs; 14-18)
2. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupik (fl;Liufs; 19-22)
3. Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd cupik (fl;Liufs; 23-24)
4. kj Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupik (fl;Liufs; 25-28)
5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp cupikfs; (fl;Liufs; 29-30)
6. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fSf;fhd cupikfs; (fl;Liufs; 32)
mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpg;Nghk;.
14 tJ tpjp rkj;Jtk; my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s

rl;lq;fspd; rkkhd ghJfhg;ig ve;jnthU egUk; kWf;f KbahJ
vd;W $WfpwJ. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tpsf;fk; Nghy;> rl;lk; my;yJ
rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;gpw;F ve;jnthU egupd; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
muR kWf;f KbahJ vd;Wk;> Fbkf;fs;> mj;jifa xU tifg;ghL
gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; nghUisf; nfhz;lJ
vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

(i) rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; rkj;Jtk; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ xU ,ay;ghd ,ayhikiaf;

nfhz;l Mz;fspd; KOikahd rkj;Jtj;ij Fwpf;ftpy;iy.gpwg;G>
Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ve;j xU jdpegupd; Mjutpd; mbg;gilapy; rpwg;G
rYiffs; ,y;yhik vd;gjhFk;. ,J jdpegu;fs; rkkhf epyj;jpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
rhjhuz rl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
(ii) rl;lq;fspd; rkkhd ghJfhg;G

,e;j gjpdhd;fhk; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpypUe;J
thu;j;ij khwhky; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkr;rPuw;w ghJfhg;G vd;gJ
rl;luPjpahd rYiffs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf ,NjNghd;w
R+o;epiyfspy; rkkhd elj;Jk; Kiw cupikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> xU egu; xUtUf;nfhUtu; ,ilNa NtW
ve;j ghFghLfSk; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ> mtw;wpd; epiyg;ghL> rl;lj;jpd;
nghUs; rk;ge;jkhf xNu khjpupahf ,Ue;jhy;> rkr;rPuw;w ghJfhg;G
nfhs;if> xt;nthU rl;lKk; ,aw;ifahd R+o;epiy my;yJ
milTfs; (mwpT eyk; my;yJ gzk;) kw;wtu;fspd; mNj
epiyapy; ,y;yhj midtUf;Fk; xU cyfshtpa gad;ghL
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mu;j;jkpy;iy. ntt;NtW tFg;Gfs; my;yJ egu;fspd;
khWgl;l Njitfs; jdp rpfpr;irf;fhf Njitg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk;
,e;j nghUisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU rl;lk; rkkhd ghJfhg;ig
kPWtjhf fUjg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> murpayikg;G KOikahd
rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhf epw;ftpy;iy. rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf khepyj;ij
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; ,e;j tifg;ghL epahakhdjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. rkkhd ghJfhg;G> mNj ,ay;G> milTfs;> jFjpfs;
my;yJ R+o;epiyfs; Nghd;w egu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. rpwg;G
ghJfhg;Gg; nghWg;Gfis nghWj;jtiu> mNj tFg;gpdUf;F ,ilNa
cs;stu;fsplkpUe;Njh my;yJ mjw;F ,ilNaahd ghFghLfspypUe;J
muR jilnra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. vdNt> xt;nthU rl;lKk;
jOtpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa kw;Wk;
cyfshtpa uPjpapy; nghUe;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rkkhd
ghJfhg;G Njitapy;iy.
(iii) ghugl;rk; jil nra;jy; (fl;Liu 15)
fl;Liu 15 (1) rpy mbg;gilfs; kPJ ghFghl;ilj; jLf;fpwJ. kjk;>
[hjp> rhjp> ghypdk;> gpwg;G my;yJ vijahtJ Rw;wpAs;s ve;jnthU
Fbkf;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf muR ve;j tifapYk; ghFghby;iy. ,e;j
ghFghL njhlu;ghf jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ (a) filfs;> nghJ
czT tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; nghJ nghOJNghf;Ffspd; ,lq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mZfy; (b) fpzWfs; Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; rhiyfs; kw;Wk;
nghJ epthuzg; gFjpfs; nghJ epjpia KOikahfNth my;yJ
nghJkf;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;fhfNth guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fl;Liu 15
mjd; gad;ghl;by; ,uz;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpjptpyf;Ffs; cs;sd.
,tw;wpy; Kjd;ikahdJ ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; ed;ikf;fhf
rpwg;ghd Vw;ghLfs; nra;a khepyj;ij mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhf>
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; ve;jnthU r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp uPjpahf gpd;jq;fpa tFg;G Fbkf;fs;
my;yJ jpl;lkplg;gl;l rhjpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;Fbapdupd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd xU rpwg;G Vw;ghl;il khepy muR mDkjpf;fpwJ.
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;F tpNr\khd rpfpr;ir vd;gJ
Fwpg;Gfs; r%fj;jpd; ngupa kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy mspg;Gf;Fs;shFk;. ,uz;lhtJ
tpjptpyf;F mry; murpayikg;gpy; ,y;iy. Mdhy; 1951 Mk; Mz;by;
murpayikg;gpd; Kjy; jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthf gpd;du; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
fl;Liu 14 y; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;
vd;Wk; mNj Neuj;jpy;> fl;Liu 15 y; Fbkf;fSf;F kl;LNk fpilf;Fk;>
Mifahy; Fbkf;fs; my;yhjtu;fshy; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
fl;Liu 15 (2) gb ve;j FbkfDk; kjk;> ,dk;> tk;rhtsp>
ghypdk; kw;Wk; gpwe;j ,lk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ve;jnthU
,ayhik> nghWg;G> fl;Lg;ghL epge;jidia kl;LNk fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;:
••filfs;> nghJ cztfq;fs;> tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; nghJ
nghOJNghf;F ,lq;fSf;F mZfy;.
••fpzWfs; Fsq;fs;, Fspay; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fs;
nry;Ykplk;, Nghd;wit KOikahf my;yJ XusT muR
epjpapy; ,Ue;J guhkupf;fg;gl;L nghJkf;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;F
mu;g;gzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j gpuptpy; jil vd;gJ muRf;F vjpuhfTk;> jdpahu; egu;fSf;F
vjpuhfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fl;Liu 15(3) ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;F ve;jnthU rpwg;ghd
Vw;ghl;ilAk; nra;a muR Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Foe;ijfSf;F Mjuthf ,e;j tpjpKiwfs; tpjptpyf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,t;thW xU Fwpg;gpl;l tajpw;F my;yJ Foe;ij njhopyhsu;fSf;F
rpwg;G kfg;NgW tpLg;G toq;Ftjw;fhd ,ytr fy;tpapd; Vw;ghL
ghFghL my;y. murpay; cupikfs; njhlu;ghf ngz;fSf;F Mjuthf
ghugl;rk; ,Ug;gjhy;> ngz;fSf;F rpwg;G murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F
xg;gpLifapy; ngz;fs; gpd;jq;fpa tu;f;fkhf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy
fl;Liu 15(4) jpl;lkplg;gl;l rhjpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l
goq;Fbapdu; cs;spl;l ve;jnthU r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp uPjpahf
gpd;jq;fpa tFg;G Fbkf;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd rpwg;ghd Vw;ghLfs;
nra;a khepyj;ij mDkjpf;fpwJ. khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpYk;>
NritfspYk; mtu;fSf;F ,lq;fis xJf;fp itg;gJ Rje;jpukhf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j fl;Liu ,e;j tFg;GfSf;F rpwg;ghd Vw;ghLfs;
nra;a khepyj;ij mDkjpf;fpwJ. ve;j r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp uPjpahf
gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf my;yJ ve;jnthU rpwg;ghd
tpjpfs; njhlu;ghf jpl;lkplg;gl;l rhjpfSf;Nfh my;yJ jpl;lkplg;gl;l
goq;Fbapdu;fSf;Nfh Kd;ndLf;f rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ve;jnthU rpwg;ghd
Vw;ghl;ilAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy;
93 tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpWghd;ik fy;tp epWtdq;fis jtpu gpw khepyq;fshYk;

cjtpAk; cs;s jdpahu; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; cl;gl fy;tp ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
epWtdq;fSf;F mtu;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
(iv) tha;g;G rkj;Jtk; (fl;Liu 16)

fl;Liu 16 (1): 'khepyj;jpd; ve;j mYtyfj;jpw;Fk; Ntiytha;g;G Fwpg;Gfs;
njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fspy; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;G rkj;Jtk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;'. ,J xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; rkkhd nghUsh-
jhu tha;g;gpid toq;FtJld;> ve;jnthU FbkfDk; kj rk;ge;jkhd
rhjp kuGtop gpwg;G my;yJ mtu;fspy; VNjDk; xU fhuzj;jpw;fhf
ve;jnthU FbkfDk; ghFghL fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;W njuptpf;fpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk; xU tha;g;G rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ xNu Ntiytha;g;igf;
NfhUk; my;yJ xNu Ntiytha;g;ig ngw;Ws;s egu;fspilNa
,Uf;Fk;. NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> rkj;Jtk; vd;why;> tFg;G
my;yJ Copau;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;> ntt;NtW tFg;Gfspd;
cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilNaahd rkj;Jtk; cs;sJ.
fl;Liu 16 (2): 've;j xU FbkfDk; kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghypdk;>
jFjpaw;wtu;fs;> ,lk; my;yJ gpwg;G> trpg;gplk; my;yJ VNjDk; xU
Ntiy my;yJ khepyj;jpd; fPo; mYtyfk; my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy;
VNjDk; xU Ntiytha;g;G my;yJ gjtp njhlu;ghf ghugl;rk;
fhz;gpf;fNth $lhJ.'
fl;Liu 16 (3) Ntiy jpwid cWjp nra;tjw;fhf rpy
Nritfspy; khepyq;fSf;F Njitahd jFjptha;e;j ,lkhf
khepyq;fis mDkjpf;f jFjpAilatu; vd;W [dhjpgjp $Wfpwhu;.
fl;Liu 16 (4) murpd; fPo; gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpdUf;F rhjfkhf
epakdq;fs; xJf;fPL nra;a mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,J khepyj;jpd; fPo;
Nritfspy; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. mj;jifa ,l xJf;fPL
nghJthf xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nritfspy; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; 50
rjtpfpjk; Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ.
Fiwe;jgl;rk; Nky; kw;Wk; mjw;F Nky; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if> gpd;jq;fpa tFg;Gfspd; cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;wtu;fSld;
Nghl;bapl Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;F
epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;> ,y;iynadpy;> jFjpf;F jFjpAilatu;fs;.
,Ug;gpDk; xU tha;g;G rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ xNu Ntiytha;g;igf; NfhUk;
my;yJ xNu Ntiytha;g;ig ngw;Ws;s egu;fspilNa ,Uf;Fk;
rkkhdjy;y. NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> rkj;Jtk; vd;why;> tFg;G
my;yJ Copau;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;> ntt;NtW tFg;Gfspd;
cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilNaahd rkj;Jtk;.
fl;Liu 16 (5) kj epWtdq;fspy; kj mYtyfq;fs; my;yJ
mYtyfq;fSf;F epakdk; nra;tjw;F muR mDkjpf;fpwJ.
Ntl;ghsu;fs; mj;jifa $Ljy; jFjpfs; my;yJ me;j kj
epWtdq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fbkf;fSf;F
rkkhd nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfis toq;Ftjpy; kjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
muR ghugl;rk; fhl;lhj nghJ tpjpf;F xU tpjptpyf;F cs;sJ.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; nghJ Ntiytha;g;G tp\aq;fspy;
fl;Liu 16 cWjpg;ghL rkkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> rhjp gw;wpa
fUj;jhf;fq;fSf;fhd xU jilia toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
r%fk; kw;Wk; kjk; ,Jtiu jpUg;jpfukhf ,y;iy.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(v) jPz;lhik xopg;G %yk; r%f rkj;Jtk; (fl;Liu 17)
r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; jpl;lj;jpy; jPz;lhik
Kw;wpYkhf mfw;wg;gl;lJ. ,d;iwa jpdk;> jPz;lhik xopg;G kw;Wk;
mjd; eilKiwfis jLf;f ve;j jFjpAk; ,y;yhky; fhe;jpa
,yl;rpaj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. jPz;lhikapypUe;J vOk; ve;jnthU
,ayhikiaAk; mky;gLj;JtJ> rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f jz;lidf;FupaJ
vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ.
jPz;lhik eilKiw fLikahd tbtj;jpy; kdpj
rkj;Jtkpd;ikia kWf;fpd;wJ. fl;Liu 17> ehlhSkd;wk; 1955 Mk;
Mz;by; jpUj;jg;gl;l jPz;lhik gpur;rid rl;lk; 1955 Mk; Mz;by;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ve;jnthU tbtj;jpYk;> 500 tiu mguhjk; my;yJ
MW khj rpiwj;jz;lid my;yJ ,uz;LNkFw;wj;jpd; jPtpuj;ij
nghWj;J ,J jPz;lhik eilKiwf;F jz;lidia toq;FfpwJ..
(vi) jiyg;Gfs; mfw;Wtjd; %yk; r%f rkj;Jtk; (fl;Liu 18)
fl;Liu 18 r%fj;jpd; Njitaw;w tu;f;fg; gpsTfis cUthf;Ftjd;

%yk; nghJ tho;tpy; rpijf;fg;gLtjw;F jtwhd my;yJ J\;gpuNahfk;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba jiyg;Gfs; toq;Ftjw;F murpd; mjpfhuj;ij
jLf;f Kw;gLk; rkj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; jPtpukhd gad;ghL
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; gpuGf;fspd; tsu;r;rpia jLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj
MFk;. rYif ngw;w tFg;Gfis cUthf;FtJ> murpayikg;gpd;
Kd;Diuapy; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; cWjpaspj;jpUf;Fk; rkj;Jt
rkepiyf;F Kuzhf cs;sJ.
fl;Liu 18 (1) mwptpg;gJ: ',uhZtk; my;yJ fy;tpf;F NtWghL
vJTkpy;iy vd;w jiyg;gpy; murhy; toq;fg;glhJ'. ,e;jpahtpy;
ve;jnthU mjpfhuKk; fy;tpj; jiyg;G, Nk[u; my;yJ Nfg;ld;,
nghJ ,uhZt jiyg;Gfs; jtpu ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; ve;jnthU
jiyg;igAk; toq;f jFjpaw;wjhf cs;sJ. ve;jnthU ntspehl;L
ehl;bypUe;Jk; ve;jnthU gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ,e;jpa
Fbkf;fSf;F tpjp 18 (2) jil nra;fpwJ. ,J xU KOikahd
gFjpahFk;. kWGwk;> fl;Liu 18 (3) Fbkf;fs; ,e;jpa murpd; xg;Gjy;
,y;yhky; ve;jnthU ntspehl;L khepyj;jpypUe;Jk; ve;jg; gl;lj;ijAk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tij jilnra;fpwhu;fs;> khepyj;jpd; fPo; ve;jnthU
yhgNkh my;yJ ek;gpf;ifNah ve;j mYtyfKk; itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
NkYk;> 18 (4) cWg;Gupik kw;Wk; ntspehl;bdu; MfpNahu; ve;jnthU
ntspehl;bduplkpUe;Jk; my;yJ ve;jnthU tifapYk; ve;jnthU
jw;Nghija> gjtp my;yJ mYtyfj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjd;
%yk; murpd; fPo; ve;jnthU yhgj;ijAk; my;yJ ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fl;Liu 18 ,Ug;gpDk;> mtu;fspd; jiytu;fSf;Nfh my;yJ ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
jFjpAs;stu;fSf;Nfh nfsutpg;gjd; %yk;> nfsutg; gl;lq;fis
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; muirj; jtpu NtW epWtdq;fisj; jil
nra;a KbahJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j gpuptpy; fl;Liufs; 19> 20> 21 kw;Wk; 22 Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp

tpthjpg;Nghk;.
1. fl;Liu 19
murpayikg;gpd; 19 tJ gpupT Fbkf;fSf;F mtu;fspd;
cupikapid Fw;wtpay; Rje;jpuk; toq;FfpwJ. fl;Liu 19 d; 1 tJ
gpuptpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,e;j Rje;jpuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
i. Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghl;bd; Rje;jpuk;
ii. rkhjhdkhfTk; MAjkpy;yhkYk; xd;W Nru;f;Fk; cupik
iii. rq;fq;fs; my;yJ njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd
cupik
iv. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;gstpy; Rje;jpukhf nry;Yk; cupik
v. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jnthU gFjpapypUe;Jk; trpf;fTk;
FbapUf;fTk; cupik
vi. ve;jnthU njhopiyr; nra;tjw;Fk;> my;yJ ve;j Mf;fpukpg;G
tu;j;jfk; my;yJ tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cupik
,e;j Rje;jpuq;fs; gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpd;fPo; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
(i) Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;

Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghL Rje;jpuk; ghJfhj;jy; Mz;fs; mtu;fSf;F
Kf;fpa tp\aq;fis gw;wp epidj;J> kw;Wk; ngha;ia mk;gyg;gLj;j
$l Ngr mDkjpf;f mtrpak;. murpay; tpthjkpd;wp> ve;j
murpay; fy;tpAk; rhj;jpakpy;yhky;> midj;J [dehaf mikg;Gfspd;
mbj;jsj;jpYk; Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghLfspd; Rje;jpuk; ngha;ahFk;.
,e;j tpjpKiw ntspg;ghl;bd; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ> fUj;Jf;fzpg;G
kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gilahf ciu mr;rpLk; glk; my;yJ
fz;fs; my;yJ fhJfSf;Fj; njuptpf;fg;gLk; NtW topfspy;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; cupik. vdNt> ,J gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk; kl;Lky;y>
NtW xU tbtj;jpy; xU fUj;Jf;fspd; ntspg;ghLfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ. Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghl;bd; Rje;jpuk; NgRtjpy;
Rje;jpuk; mlq;Fk;. ,t;thW> mikjpahf ,Uf;f Rje;jpuk; ,e;j
Rje;jpuj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> murpayikg;G kw;Wk;
rl;lG+u;tkhd tpjpKiwfSf;F cl;gl;L ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffspy;
Mjhuq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd xU flik ,Ue;J xU jdpegu; my;y.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
Ngr;R Rje;jpuk; kPjhd 'epahakhd' fl;Lg;ghLfs;
Kjy; kw;Wk; gjpdhwhtJ jpUj;jk; rl;lq;fs; jpUj;jg;gl;lgb> fl;Liu
19 (1) (a) d; 2 Mk; cl;gpupT fPo;f;fz;l fhuzq;fspy; xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ciuapy; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa epahakhd 'fl;Lg;ghLfs;':
Fwpg;Gfs; a. ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL
b. khepyj;jpd; ghJfhg;G
c. ntspehl;L khepyq;fSld; el;ghd cwTfs;
d. nghJ xOq;F
e. kdeyk; my;yJ xOf;fk;
f. ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G
g. mtJ}W
h. xU Fw;wj;jpw;fhd J}z;Ljy;
Ngr;R Rje;jpuk; ,e;j epahakhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
,Ue;J kpfTk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJ. 'nghJ xOq;F'> 'ed;ndwp'
my;yJ 'xOf;fnewp' Nghd;w nrhw;fs; murpayikg;gpw;F khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;L Ntz;Lnkd;Nw njsptw;wjhf khwpAs;sd. kWGwj;jpy;>
kf;fs; czu;Tfs; cau;e;j epiyapy; ,aq;Fk; ,e;jpahthf khWgl;l
xU khepyj;jpy; thjplyhk;. nghJ xOq;if guhkupf;f mj;jifa
fl;Lg;ghLfs; mtrpak;. nghJ xOq;iff; Fwpj;j epahakhd
fl;Lg;ghLfspd; ed;ikfis tpthjpf;f KbAkhdhy;> ntspAwT
ehLfSld; cwTfisj; J}z;Lk; Ngr;R Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
epahakw;w jd;ikapy; ve;jtpjkhd thjKk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.
,j;jifa fl;Lg;ghL Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd; [dehaf
cupikapd; ,e;jpa murpd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifia tpku;rpg;gjpy;
,Ue;J ehl;bd; Fbkf;fs; kPJ jilfis itf;fpwJ.
(ii) mikjpahfTk; MAjkpy;yhkYk; ciof;Fk; cupik

xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; rkhjhdkhfTk; MAjkpy;yhkYk;
xUq;fpizf;f cupik 19 (1) (b) cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j
cupik gpd;tUk; tuk;GfSf;F cl;gl;lJ:
1. rl;lkd;wk; mikjpahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. rl;lkd;wk; epuhAjghzpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. nghJ xOq;if kPwf;$lhJ
(iii) rq;fk; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd cupik

[fl;Liufs; 19 (1) kw;Wk; (4)]
fl;Liu 19 (1) (c) midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; rq;fk; kw;Wk;
njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd cj;juthjq;fs;> ,jd;
cUthf;fk; [dehafj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. [dehaf
tpthjj;jpw;F ,ytr tpthjk; Njit vd;why;> nghJkf;fs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Nfs;tpfis tpthjpf;f murpay; fl;rpfis
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; mtrpak; ,y;iy. mtu;fs; murpay; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
gpur;rpidfis murhq;f khw;W jPu;Tfis toq;FtJ mtrpak;.
murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf kl;Lky;yhky;> rq;fj;jpd; Rje;jpuk; mtrpak;
MFk;. guhkupg;G kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpw;fhf murpayikg;gpd; %yk; kw;w
cupikfs; toq;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
RUf;fkhf> ve;jnthU rl;lG+u;tkhd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU
rq;fj;ij cUthf;f cupikAz;L. Copau;fSf;fhd Nritapd;
rpwe;j epiyikfis Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F cl;gLj;Jk; njhopw;rq;fj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd cupikiaAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
rl;lj;jpd; 19 tJ gpupT 4> ,e;j cupik mbg;gilapy; epah-
akhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; nra;a khepyj;ij tYT+l;LfpwJ:
1. ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL
2. nghJ cj;juT
3. xOf;fk;
(iv) ,e;jpahtpd; gug;gstpy; Rje;jpukhf nry;Yk; cupik

fl;Liu 19 (1) (d) kw;Wk; (e) midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd;
vy;iyNahuq;fspypUe;Jk; Rje;jpukhfr; nry;y kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd;
ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;Jk; trpf;fTk; FbNawTk; cWjpaspf;fpwJ.
,e;j Rje;jpuk; ,e;j cupikfis mDgtpf;Fk; midj;J
jilfisAk; mfw;Wtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Fbkfdpd; ,af;f Rje;jpuk; %d;W mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
a. jdJ ehl;bd; ve;jg; gFjpapypUe;Jk; ve;jnthU gFjpf;Fk;
nry;tjw;F Rje;jpuk;
b. jdJ ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaw Rje;jpuk;
c. ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J jdJ ehl;bw;F jpUk;Gtjw;F Rje;jpuk;
,e;j ,uz;lhtJ tpjp> ekJ murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil
cupikahf cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;glhJ> ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,af;fk; kw;Wk; FbapUg;Gfspd; Rje;jpuk;
fPo;fz;l fhuzq;fspy; kl;LNk fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ:
i. jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;Fbapdupd; eyd;fs;
ii. nghJ kf;fspd; Mu;tj;jpy;> mjhtJ nghJ xOq;F Kiw
ed;dlj;ij kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak;
(v) tho;f;if kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpu cupik (fl;Liu 21)

fl;Liu 21 y; rl;lj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l eilKiwg;gb ve;jnthU egUk;
jdJ tho;T my;yJ jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;ff;$lhJ vd;W
$WfpwJ> ,e;j fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ xU fl;Lg;ghlhf
nray;gLtjhFk;> vdNt mJ rpy rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;
mjDs; mlq;fpa eilKiwf;F ,zq;f jdpg;gl;l my;yJ RahjPd
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F vjpuhf njhluf;$lhJ. xU egu; khepy mjpfhuj;jpd;
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; fPo; my;yJ xU jLj;J itf;fg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk ,e;j fl;Liuia
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
NkYk;> cr;rePjpkd;wk; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tpjp 21 Mk;
mj;jpahaj;jpd; 'tho;f;if' ntWkNd cly; my;yJ tpyq;F ,Ug;igf;
Fwpg;Gfs; Fwpf;ftpy;iy vd;W jPu;g;gspj;jJ> Mdhy; kdpj fz;zpak; kw;Wk;
mjDld; nry;fpw midj;ijAk;> tho;tpd; mj;jpahtrpa NjitfSk;
tho cupik cz;L vd;gNj MFk;.
(vi) ifJ kw;Wk; jLg;Gf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G (fl;Liu 22)

fl;Liu 22 y; ,uz;L ghfq;fs; cs;sd: gFjp 1> 1 kw;Wk; 2
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ kw;Wk; rhjhuz Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;l egu;fspd; cupikfs; gw;wpaJ. ghfk; II ghFghL
3-7 kw;Wk; egu;fspd; cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jLg;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
jLj;J rpiw itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rhjhuz Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l egu;fspd;
gpd;tUk; cupikfis ,e;j fl;Liuapy; 1 kw;Wk; 2 Mfpait
milahsk; fhzyhk;:
(a) ifJ nra;ag;gl;l egu; tpiuthf ifJ nra;ag;gLthu;
vd;w jftiy njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ifJnra;ag;gl;l
egu; gpizahf nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gk;
nra;tjw;F my;yJ cau; ePjpkd;wk;>Ml;nfhzu;T Miz
vd;w vOj;Jg;gzpia toq;Ftjw;fhd xU epiyapy;
,Ug;ghu;.
(b) gpupT 1 My; toq;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhtJ ghJfhg;G> ifJ
nra;ag;gl;l egUf;F MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;fhd
tha;g;ig toq;FtNjhL> jdJ tpUg;gg;gb rl;l ty;Yeuhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j tpthjk; xU
tof;FiuQu; <LgLtjw;F kl;LNk cupik cz;L. xU
tof;FiuQu; ,ytrkhf toq;Ftjw;fhd cupikia
cj;juthjk; nra;ahJ> rl;lj;jpd; fPo; eilKiwg;gLj;j
jFjpaw;w xU tof;fwpQiu <LgLj;j cupik ,y;iy.
(c) 2 Mk; gpupT mwptpf;ifg;gb ifJ nra;ag;gl;l egiu ifJ
nra;ag;gl;l ,Ugj;jp ehd;F kzpNeuj;jpw;Fs;> ePjpaurupd;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl Ntz;ba Neuj;ij
jtpu;j;J> mUfpy; cs;s ePjpgjpf;F Kd; mDkjpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
(vii) jLg;Gf; fhty;

fl;Liu 22 d; %d;whk; tpjp 1 kw;Wk; 2 Mfpa gpupTfSf;F xU
tpjptpyf;F mspf;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf vjpup-ntspehl;bdu; (mjhtJ>
murpd; vjpupfisr; Nru;e;j ntspehl;ltu;fs;) kw;Wk; jLg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l gpw egu;fs; jLg;Gf;fhtypy; rl;lg;G+u;t

gapw;rpahsuhy; epakpf;fg;glNth my;yJ ghJfhf;fNth cupik ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
,y;iy.
fl;Liu 4 %d;W khjq;fSf;F xU egu; jw;nfhiy jLg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jLj;J itf;fg;glyhk;. xU egu; %d;W khjq;fSf;Fk;
Nkyhf jLj;J itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> mJ gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfs;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nra;ag;glyhk;:
i. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l MNyhridf; FOtpd; fUj;J>
fhtypy; ,Ue;J 10 thuq;fSf;Fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk;
ii. ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jLj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xUtu;> ,uz;L tp\aq;fisf; fUJfpwhu;:
(a) jLg;Gf;fhtyu; ifjpfspd; cj;jutpd; mbg;gilapy;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;; kw;Wk;
(b) mtu; nra;Ak; tha;g;ig toq;f Ntz;Lk; jLj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mizf;F me;j xOq;Ff;F vjpuhd
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij MNyhrid thupak; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liu 6 mwptpf;fpwJ midj;J cz;ikfisAk; toq;Ftjw;F
fhtypy; itf;f KbahJ vdTk;> ,jd; nghUs; Mjhuk; kw;Wk;
murhq;fk; nghJ eydpy; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j
R+oypy;> cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU xOq;FKiw
kypthdJ vd;Wk;>rl;lkd;wj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lijj; jtpu NtW
xU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mJ nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,e;j fl;Liuapd; 7 tJ gpupT> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l
mjpfhuj;ij mspf;fpwJ:
i. xU MNyhridf; FOtpd; fUj;ij ngwhky; %d;W
khjq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf xU egiu ifJ nra;af;$ba
R+o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs;.
ii. mj;jifa jLg;Gf;fhyk; (,J 12 khjq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf
,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;W jPu;khdpj;jpUf;fpwJ); kw;Wk;
iii. xU MNyhridf; FOthy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba nray;Kiw.
jLg;Gf; fhty;> 1950 ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ>
Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; jLg;Gf; fhty; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lk; VO
Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ> xt;nthd;Wk; %d;W Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. muh[fthj rf;jpfspd; kWkyu;r;rp 1971 y; cs;ehl;L
ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; guhkupg;G (MISA) vd;w ngaupy; xU Gjpa
rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wtjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;ij fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. 1950 d;
jLg;Gf; fhtypd; gue;jstpy; xj;jjhf ,Ue;jJ. 1974 Mk; Mz;by;
ghuhSkd;wk; ntspehl;L ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
kpA+rpahtpd; xU nghUshjhu ,izg;ghf> flj;jy; eltbf;if rl;lk;>
1974 (COFEPSA) guptu;j;jid kw;Wk; jLg;G MFk;. 1978 ,y; MISA
mfw;wg;gl;lJ> Mdhy; COFEPOSA ,d;Dk; mkypy; cs;sJ. NkYk;>
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
1980 y;> Njrpa ghJfhg;G rl;lk; (NSA) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. NSA ,d; gb>
xU egiu fhtypy; itj;jpUf;Fk; mjpfgl;r fhyk; fhtypy; ,Ue;J 6
khjq;fs; MFk;. njhlupd; mLj;j mj;jpahtrpa Nritfs; guhkupg;G
rl;lk; (ESMA)> 1980> kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fspd; rg;isau;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; fs;sr;re;ij kw;Wk; guhkupg;G Mfpatw;iwAk; jLf;Fk; rl;lk; MFk;>
1980> NtiyepWj;jq;fs;> jsthlq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfis jil
nra;a murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jJ kw;Wk; NtiyepWj;jk;
nra;gtu;fs; kw;Wk; epahakw;w Copau;fis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;AkhW
mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpaJ> cj;juthjkpd;wp mtu;fis ifJ nra;J>
rpiwapy; milj;jdu;. gaq;futhj eltbf;iffspy; xU vOr;rp>
NkYk; gaq;futhj kw;Wk; rPu;Fiyg;G eltbf;iffs; (jLg;G) rl;lk;
(TADA)> 1985 I epiwNtw;Wtjw;F murhq;fj;ij fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ>
cz;ikapy; mJ midj;J tifahd vjpu;g;igAk; xLf;Ftjw;fhf
epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ> ehl;bd; gy gFjpfsp
Yk; cf;fpukhd gaq;futhj eltbf;iffis mLj;J> th[;gha;
murhq;fk; gaq;futhj jilr; rl;lk; (POTA) vd ngauplg;gl;l
kw;nwhU eltbf;ifAld; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> ,J mjd; jtwhd
gad;ghl;bw;F tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd cupik (fl;Liufs; 23-24)

rl;lj;jpd; 23 tJ gpupT 1> kdpju;fs;> gpr;irf;fhuu;fs; kw;Wk; fl;lha
ciog;gpd; kw;w tbtq;fis tzpf eltbf;iff;F jilnra;fpwJ>
NkYk; ,e;j jilf;F KuzhdJ rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f jz;bf;fg;gLk;
Fw;wkhFk;. ,e;j R+oypy;> 'kdpj ,lj;jpy; tzpf njhlu;G', >mbikj;jdk;>
tpgr;rhu epWtdq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. 'gpr;irf;fhud;' vd;gJ nghUj;jkw;w
my;yJ nghUs; gzk; ,y;yhky; Ntiy fl;lhag;gLj;JtJ MFk;.
cjhuzkhf> Fj;jifjhuu;fs; jq;fs; epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F rpy ,ytr
Nritfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j fl;Liuapd; 2 Mk; gpuptpd; fPo;> muR nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
fl;lha Nrit Njitg;gLfpwJ> mjhtJ Njrpa kPwy;> fy;tpawpT
ePf;fk; my;yJ jz;zPu;> kpd;rhuk;> mQ;ry;> uapy; kw;Wk; tpkhd Nrit
Nghd;w nghJ gad;ghl;L Nritfspd; nkd;ikahd ,af;fk;. ,J
Nghd;w tp\aq;fspy;> r%fj;jpd; eyd;fs; NeubahfTk; ,d;wpaikahj
mf;fiwAlDk; cs;sJ; murhq;fj;jpw;F ,e;j mjpfhuKkpy;iy
vd;why; KO tho;Tk; epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
ve;jnthU NritAk; fl;lhakhf;fg;gLtjpy;> khepykhdJ kjk;> ,dk;>
rhjp> tFg;G my;yJ mtw;wpy; ve;jnthU mbg;gilapYk; ghFghL
fhz;gpg;gjpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fl;Liu 24 gjpdhd;F tajpw;Ff; fPohd ve;j Foe;ijf;Fk;
njhopw;rhiy my;yJ Ruq;fj;jpy; Ntiy nra;aNth> NtW ve;j mgha-
fukhd Ntiytha;g;gpYk; <LglNth $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ. mnkupf;f
murpayikg;G Kd;$l;bNa ekJ murpayikg;gpd;> njhopw;rhiyfs;>
Ruq;fq;fs; my;yJ fbdkhd Ntiyfs; Mfpatw;wpy; gjpdhd;F
tajpw;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; Ntiyf;F vjpuhf murpayikg;G
jilfis KLf;fp tpl;lJ > cjhuzkhf> uapy;Nt my;yJ Nghf;Ftuj;J ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
Nritfs;. vq;fs; ghuhSkd;wk; Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpaJ
kw;Wk; mJ jz;bf;fg;glf;$ba Fw;wkhFk;.
4. kj Rje;jpuj;jpw;F cupik (fl;Liu 25-28) Fwpg;Gfs;

ek;gpf;if Rje;jpuj;jpd; ,yf;if mila> ,e;jpa murpd; kjr;rhu;gw;w
mk;rq;fis mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; $Wtjhdhy;> 25-28 tJ gpupTfspy;
murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kd;Diuapy; ek;gpf;if itf;fg;gl;L> topghL
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
fl;Liu 25 (1) gb vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; kdrhl;rpapd; Rje;jpuk;> kj
Rje;jpuk;> eilKiw kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd cupik mspf;fpwJ.
,e;j fl;Liu xt;nthU egUf;Fk; ghJfhg;gspf;fpwJ> mtUila
tpUg;gg;gb kjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk; kl;Lky;y> mtu;
rupahdJ vd;W epidf;Fk;NghJ ntspg;gilahd nray;fspy; jdJ
ek;gpf;ifia epiwNtw;wTk; nra;fpwJ. mtu; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis
kw;wtu;fsplk; gug;Gtjw;F Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fpwhu;.
,e;j fl;Liuapd; 2 Mk; gpupT> kj epWtdq;fspd; nghUshjhu>
epjp my;yJ gpw eltbf;iffis xOq;FgLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
rl;lj;ij ,aw;w mDkjpf;fpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; rPf;fpau;fs;> n[apd;];
kw;Wk; ngsj;ju;fs; cl;gl midj;J tFg;GfSf;Fk; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;
xU nghJg; ghj;jpuj;jpd; ,e;J kj epWtdq;fisj; jpwe;J tpLtjd;
%yk; r%f eyj; jpl;lq;fis khepy muR toq;Ftjw;Fk;> mij
nray;gLj;jTk; mDkjpf;fpwJ.
xt;nthU kjf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk; cWjpahd 26 cj;juthj
cupikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
i. kj kw;Wk; njhz;L nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf epWtdq;fis
epWTjy; kw;Wk; guhkupg;gJ
ii. kj tp\aq;fspy; jdJ nrhe;j tptfhuq;fis epu;tfpf;fTk;.
iii. mirAk; kw;Wk; mirah nrhj;Jf;fis nrhe;jkhf
thq;Ftjw;Fk;; kw;Wk;
iv. rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fis epu;tfpf;fTk;.
25 tJ gpuptpd;gb cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l cupikfs;
jdpegu;fSf;F kl;LNk fpilf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; mtu;fspd;
FOf;fSf;Ff; fpilahJ. 26 tJ gpuptpy; cs;stu;fs; kj
epWtdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fsplk; ,y;iy.
,e;j fl;Liuapy; kjf; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;gJ xU kj ek;gpf;if my;yJ
mikg;G> xU nghJthd tpRthrk; kw;Wk; mikg;igf; nfhz;lJ> xU
jdpj;Jtkhd ngauhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,J cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiuaiw MFk;. ,e;j fl;Liuapy; xU rka
kjFUkhUf;F KO Rje;jpuKk; cz;L. xU kjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F
Vw;g rlq;Ffs; mtrpakhdit. mj;jifa tp\aq;fspy; mjd;
KbTfspy; jiyapl ve;jnthU mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; 27 tJ gpuptpd;gb> ve;jnthU egUk; ve;jnthU tupiaAk;
nrYj;j epu;ge;jpf;fg;glf; $lhJ vd;W cWjpaspf;;fg;gLfpwJ. ve;j
Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpd; my;yJ kj mbg;gilapyhd gjtp cau;T my;yJ
guhkupg;gpw;fhf nrytopf;fg;gl;l gzj;njhifiag; nghWg;Ngw;f
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lk;.
tupfis cau;j;jpa nghJ epjpfs; ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpd;
my;yJ kjg; gpuptpd; eyDf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;glhJ vd;gij ,e;j
fl;Liu cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> mjd; mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs;
trpf;fpd;w midj;J r%fq;fsplkpUe;Jk; tupfis cau;j;Jk; mjpfhuk;
ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpw;Fk; mtw;wpd; topKiwfis toq;Fk; fy;tp
epWtdq;fSf;F cjTtjw;Fk; cupik ,y;iy. NtW thu;j;ijfspy;
$Wtjhdhy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;Jld; njhlu;Gila fl;lha
mwpTiufis toq;Fk; xU fy;tp epWtdk;> khepyj;jpypUe;J ve;jnthU
epjp cjtpAk; ngw KbahJ.
fl;Liu 28 d; gb> fy;tp epWtdq;fs; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ
my;yJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fl;Liuapd; 1-tJ gpupT mur
epjpapy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; guhkupf;fg;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fSld;
njhlu;GilaJ. mj;jifa epWtdq;fspy; kj topKiwfis mJ
Kw;wpYk; jil nra;fpwJ. gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;w rpy
mwf;fl;lis my;yJ mwf;fl;lisapd; fPo; murhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;
fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;fhd gpupT 2 cs;sJ. mj;jifa epWtdq;fspy;
kj topKiwfis toq;fyhk;.

kjg;gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; nkhopapay; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ghJfhg;G
toq;Fjiy rl;lk; 29 $WfpwJ. ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd; ve;jnthU
gFjpAk;> jdpj;jdp nkhop> vOj;J my;yJ fyhr;rhuk; nfhz;l>
ve;jnthU gFjpiaAk; ghJfhf;Fk; cupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf 29
tJ gpupT 1 $WfpwJ. xU nkhopiag; ghJfhf;f my;yJ ghJfhf;Fk;
cupikia cs;slf;fpaJ me;j nkhopapd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf ciof;Fk;
cupik> xt;nthU rpWghd;ikapdUf;Fk; mtu;fspd; nrhe;j nkhopapy;
cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F jq;fs; nrhe;j nkhopfspy; mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;Ftjw;fhd cupikiaAk; ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
6. murpayikg;G uPjpahd cupikfSf;fhd toptif (fl;Liufs;

32-35)
mtu;fspd; mkyhf;fj;jpw;fhd gaDs;s ePjp guptu;j;jidfs;
,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mbg;gil cupikfspd; mwptpg;G mu;j;jkw;wjhFk;.
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; fl;Liu 32 khepy murpd; fPo; cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU gutyhd mjpfhu tuk;ig
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fPo; 226 rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil
cupikfis kPWtjhf Gfhu; nra;j xU egu; cr;rePjpkd;wk; my;yJ
khepy cau; ePjpkd;wk; jdJ mbg;gil cupikfis kPl;nlLf;f
KbAk;. murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjp cs;spl;l mbg;gil
cupikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupa eltbf;iffs; %yk; cr;r ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
ePjpkd;wj;ij ehLtjw;fhd cupik cj;juT 32 (1) y; njuptpf;fpwJ.
vdNt> tpjp 1> mbg;gil cupikfis mkyhf;f cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij
efu;j;Jk; cupikia cWjp nra;fpwJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
mbg;gil cupikfis kPWk; tifapy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij efu;j;Jk; Fwpg;Gfs;
cupik vd;gJ> mbg;gilahd cupikahFk;.
fl;Liu 32 (2) mbg;gil cupikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;F jFjpAi-
laJ vJthf ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapyhd cj;juTfs;>
cj;juT my;yJ fbjq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Ftjw;F cr;r
ePjpkd;wk; cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ.
6. mbg;gil cupikfspd; gl;baiy gl;baypLf.
7. 26Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; xt;nthU kjf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk;
cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;l gl;bay; cupikfis $Wf.

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;:
1. ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; kf;fspd; cau; gpujpepjp mjpfhukhFk;.
nghJkf;fs; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpf cau;e;j
rl;lkd;w cWg;G my;yJ Njrpa kd;wk; MFk;. ,J ,e;jpa
xd;wpa $l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. murpayikg;gpd; khepyq;fsit mjpfgl;r typik 250
cWg;gpdu;fspy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; 12 f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; fiy> ,yf;fpak;> tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; r%f Nrit
Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; [dhjpgjp %yk; epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpwhu;fs;.
3. fle;j kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy;> khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,l xJf;fPL> mtu;fspd; kf;fs;njhif
tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sJ. kf;fsitr; rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jy;fspy; gy;NtW
khepyq;fspYk;> Mjpjpuhtplu; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdu;fSf;fhd
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspYk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fsitj;
Nju;jy;fs; Neub kw;Wk; cyfshtpa taJte;Njhu;
cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;jy; Mizaj;jhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l Njjpf;F 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midj;J Fbkf;fSk;
thf;fhsu;fshf jFjpAilatu;fs; Mtu;. ,e;j cyfshtpa
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;> gjpdhwhtJ
nghJj; Nju;jy; ,Jtiu kf;fsitf;F elj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. fl;Liu 84 kw;Wk; 102 Mfpatw;Wf;F fPo;fz;l jFjpfs; cs;sd:
mit ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fshf Mtjw;F tpUk;Gk;
egu;fs;:
(a) mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mtu;
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpw;F cz;ikahd ,Ug;gij
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ik
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il epiyehl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(b) khepyq;fsit mtu; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 taJf;F
Fwpg;Gfs; cl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> kf;fsitapy; mtu;
Fiwe;jgl;rkhf 25 taJf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(c) kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khepyq;fs;> kw;Wk; kf;fsit
rghehafu; MfpNahiuj; jtpu> mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; fPo;
ve;jnthU yhgj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij itj;jpUf;ff; $lhJ.
(d) jtwhd eguhf jpwikahd ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpj;jpUf;ff;
$lhJ.
(e) xU kWf;f Kbahj jpthyhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
(f) ve;jnthU ntspehl;L murhq;fj;JlDk; tpRthrk;
itf;fNth my;yJ filg;gpbf;fNth $lhJ.
(g) khepy rig tof;fpy; mtu; khepy my;yJ A+dpad;
gpuNjr Nju;jypy; gq;Nfw;f $ba xU thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; khu;r; 2003 y; ,e;j epge;jid A+dpad;
murhq;fj;jhy; js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;lJ.
5. gzr; rl;l%yk; vd;d vd;gij 110 tJ tpjp njspthf
tiuaWf;fpwJ. xU kNrhjh gzk; kNrhjh my;yJ gzky;yhj
kNrhjh vd;gij kf;fsitapd; rghehafu; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
6. murpayikg;G mbg;gil cupikfs; tifg;gLj;jp MW
tiffshf gpupf;fyhk;. mit>
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd cupik (fl;Liufs; 23-24)
4. kj Rje;jpuj;jpw;F cupik (fl;Liufs; 25-28)
6. murpayikg;G jPu;Tfs; cupik (fl;Liufs; 32)
7. xt;nthU kjg; gpuptpdUf;Fk; 26 cWg;Gupikfspd; cj;juthjk;
gpd;tUkhW:
i. kj kw;Wk; njhz;L Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf epWtdq;fis epWTjy;
kw;Wk; guhkupg;gjy;.
ii. kj tp\aq;fspy; jdJ nrhe;j tptfhuq;fis epu;tfpj;jy;.
iii.
mirahj kw;Wk; mirah nrhj;Jf;fis nrhe;jkhf
thq;Ftjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk;
iv. rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f mj;jifa nrhj;Jf;fis epu;tfpf;fTk;.

8.6 RUf;fk; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
••,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; kf;fspd; cau; gpujpepjp mjpfhukhFk;.

nghJkf;fs; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpf cau;e;j
rl;lkd;w cWg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa kd;wk; MFk;. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; Fwpg;Gfs;
ekJ murpay; mikg;G ikakhfTk; cs;sJ. ,J ,e;jpa
xd;wpa $l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rf;jp tuk;gw;wJ my;y> vdNt> gpupl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wk; fle;j VO kw;Wk; miu E}w;whz;Lfspy; $wpaJ
kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpa tuk;gw;w ,iwahz;ikapd; mNj
gz;Gfis mJ Nfhu KbahJ.
••fle;j kf;fl;njhifapy; fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;lgb khepyq;fs;
kw;Wk; xd;wpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,l xJf;fPl;il mtu;fsJ
kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;wthW xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
kf;fsit Nju;jypy;> ,lq;fs; gy;NtW khepyq;fspy;
cs;s rpq;fstu;fSf;Fk;> goq;FbapdUf;Fk; ,l xJf;fPL
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.kf;fsitj; Nju;jy;fs; Neub kw;Wk;
cyfshtpa taJte;Njhu; cupikapd; mbg;gilapy;
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
••khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdu;fs; 6 Mz;LfSf;F
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;fs;> mtu;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gFjpapdu; Xa;T
ngWfpd;wdu;.,J khepyq;fsitia xU njhlu;r;rpahd kw;Wk;
epue;ju rhk;uh[;aj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. kWGwj;jpy;> kf;fsit
cWg;gpdu;fs; 5 Mz;LfSf;F Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
nghJthf> xt;nthU cWg;gpdupd; mYtyfj;jpw;Fk;> kf;fsit
5 Mz;Lfs; MFk;. kf;fsit Kd;du; fiyf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;>
mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; jhdhfNt epWj;jg;gLthu;fs;.
••kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fSf;Fs;NsNa rgheha-
fuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;. rghehafu; Nju;T> kf;fsit
xt;nthU nghJj; Nju;jypYk;> mtuJ mYtyfj;jpy; xU
fhypaplk; NjitgLk;NghJ eilngWk;. murpayikg;G>
kf;fsitcWg;gpdu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy;> mtu; my;yJ
mts; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nray;Kiwf;F rig tpjpfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••,e;jpa murpayikg;G Kjypy; VO mbg;gil cupikfis
nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; fl;rpapd; [dehaf Ml;rpapd; NghJ
ehw;gj;jp ehd;fhtJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; urPJ %yk; 1978k;
Mz;L nrhj;Jf;fhd cupikia mfw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mbg;gil
cupikfs; murpayikg;gpd; Mj;khitf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd>
mjdhNyNa mJ epue;jukhd xU gupkhzj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
midj;J rl;lq;fSk; murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjpapd;
tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,e;j cupikfs;
kjpg;gpw;Fupajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
••rl;lk; 14 d; gb rkj;Jtk; my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyf;Fs;
cs;s rl;lq;fspd; rkkhd ghJfhg;ig ve;jnthU egUk; kWf;f
KbahJ vd;W $WfpwJ. ePjpkd;wq;fshy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lgb>
rl;lk; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; rkkhd ghJfhg;gpw;F ve;jnthU
Fwpg;Gfs; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; muR kWf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk;> mj;jifa xU
tifg;ghL gFj;jwpTs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy;> Fbkf;fis
tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupikia mJ ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
••murpayikg;gpd; 19 tJ gpupT Fbkf;fSf;fhd cupikfis
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. fl;Liu 19 d; 1 tJ gpuptpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
,e;j Rje;jpuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
i Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghL Rje;jpuk; cupik
ii. rkhjhdkhfTk; MAjkpy;yhkYk; xd;W Nru;f;Fk; cupik
iii. rq;fq;fs; my;yJ njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd
cupik
iv. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;gstpy; Rje;jpukhf nry;y cupik cz;L
v. ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jnthU gFjpapypUe;Jk; trpf;fTk;
FbapUf;fTk; cupik
vi. ve;jnthU njhopiyr; nra;a cupik> my;yJ ve;j
Mf;fpukpg;G> tu;j;jfu; tzpfk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw cupik
••Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;gJ> mtw;Wf;F
Kf;fpa fhupaq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L NgrTk;> ngha;ia
mk;gyg;gLj;jTk; Mz;fis mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. midj;J
[dehaf mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; NgRk; Ngr;R kw;Wk; ntspg;ghL
Rje;jpuk; mbj;jskhFk;. murpay; tpthjkpd;wp ve;j murpay;
fy;tpAk; rhj;jpakpy;iy.
••vd;gj;J MwhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2002> gb fy;tp
cupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> gFjp III ,y; xU
Gjpa fl;Liu Nru;f;fg;gl;L gFjp IV ,y; ,uz;L fl;Liufs;
jpUj;jg;gl;ld.
••Gjpjhf Nru;f;fg;gl;l fl;Liuahd 21 (a)> 'rl;lkhdJ > rl;lg;gb>
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l> 6-14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
muR ,ytr fl;lha fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;' vd;W mwptpj;jJ.
••murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diuapy; ek;gpf;if itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; topghL Mfpatw;wpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;L> 25-28 fl;Liufs; ,e;jpa khepyj;jpd; kjr;rhu;gw;w
mk;rq;fis mbf;NfhbLfpd;wd.
••kjg;gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; nkhopapay; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F
ghJfhg;G toq;Ftjw;fhd nghUis 29 tJ gpupT $WfpwJ
,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd; ve;jnthU gFjpAk;> jdpj;jdp nkhop>
vOj;J Kiw my;yJ fyhr;rhuk; nfhz;l> ve;jnthU
gFjpiaAk; ghJfhf;Fk; cupikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf 29
tJ gpupT 1 ,d; $WfpwJ. xU nkhopiag; ghJfhf;f my;yJ ghuhSkd;w [dehafk;
ghJfhf;Fk; cupikia cs;slf;fpaJ me;j nkhopapd; cupik
MFk;. xt;nthU rpWghd;ikapdUf;Fk; mtu;fspd; nrhe;j
nkhopapy; cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F jq;fs; nrhe;j nkhopfspy;
mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd cupikiaAk; ,J Fwpf;fpwJ Fwpg;Gfs;

••jdpahu; cWg;gpdu; kNrhjh: xU ghuhSkd;w Kiwapyhd
murhq;fj;jpy;> rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lurPjpd; rhu;ghf
nray;glhj xU rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ.
••jLg;Gf; fhty;> 1950: Kjy; jLg;Gf; fhty; rl;lk; 1950 ,y;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; Nfhghyd;
v/s khepykhd nrd;id ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
rthy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. rpy tpjpfs; jtpu murpayikg;gpd; ,e;j
rl;lj;ij cr;rePjpkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
••jPz;lhik (Fw;wq;fs;) rl;lk; (1955): gyu; kj> njhopy; kw;Wk;
r%f cupikfis mDgtpg;gjpy; ,Ue;J ahiuAk; jLf;Fk;
mghaj;ij ,J toq;FfpwJ. mtu; xU jypj; my;yJ
goq;FbapduplkpUe;J te;jtu; vdg;gLfpwJ.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; jahupg;gpy; xU RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJf.

2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fsit mikg;G gw;wp tpthjpf;f
3. kf;fsitapd; mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l typikiaf; fzf;fpLf.
4. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rghehafupd; mjpfhuq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s mitfspd; mbg;gilfis RUf;fkhd
Fwpg;ig vOJf.
6. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;L mku;Tf;F RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJf.
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 19 tJ gpupT gw;wpa RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig
vOJf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpy; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.

2. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; xt;nthU rigapdJk; cWg;gpduhf
,Ug;gjw;fhd jFjpfis Ma;T nra;f.
3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rghehafupd; nray;ghLfis gw;wp tpthjpf;f
4. UT fis epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfis Muha;e;J ghu;f;f.
ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; 5. mbg;gil cupikfs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,d;wpaikahj
gFjpahFk;. nghUj;jkhd gFg;gha;Tld; ,e;j mwpf;ifiag;
gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
6. murpayikg;gpd; 26 tJ gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;e;J
Fwpg;Gfs; ghu;f;f.
8.9 NkYk; gbf;f

M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
njhFjp – III kj;jpa epu;thfk; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
myF 9 Neub Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,e;jpa

epu;thfKk; Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
9.0 mwpKfk;
9.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
9.2.1 gy;NtW tiffspy; ,e;j Nfhl;ghLfis tifg;gLj;jy;
9.2.2 rkj;Jt rpe;jidia kW cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
9.2.3 mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghJf;fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; ,ilNa
cs;s njhlu;Gfs;
9.3 ,e;jpa epu;thfk; kw;Wk; Njrpa neUf;fb epiy
9.5 RUf;fk;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
9.0 mwpKfk;
,e;j myfhdJ khepyf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; mtrufhy tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis

gw;wp tptupf;Fk;. khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; 36 Kjy; 51 tiuahd
gjpdhW fl;Liufisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rhrdk;> r%f
ghJfhg;G rhrdk;> rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rKjhaj;jpy; gytPdkhd
gpupTfs;> ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;witahFk;.
,U topKiw nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs; Mfpait
xUtUf;nfhUtu; ghuhl;Lf;Fupait kw;Wk; ehl;bd; MSikf;F mbg;gilahdit
MFk;. ,e;j myF> khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;L newpKiwfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; Nehf;FepiyiaAk; gFg;gha;T nra;tNjhL kf;fspilNa
,Uf;Fk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; mbg;gilahdit
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
9.1 Nehf;fq;fs;

•• murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;l muR nfhs;ifapd; cj;juT Nfhl;ghLfis
Muha KbAk;.
•• khepy nfhs;if njhlu;ghd cj;juT Nfhl;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW
fl;Liufis Muha KbAk;.
•• mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; cj;juT nfhs;iffSf;F ,ilNaahd
njhlu;ig Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
•• murpayikg;gpy; $wg;gl;l epiyapy; gy;NtW mtrufhy tpjpfis tpthjpf;f
KbAk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; gFjp 4> murpd; nfhs;iffs;> kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;F
mspj;j Nfhl;ghLfs;> rKjhaj;ij epWTtjw;fhd jpirfspy; mike;Js;sd.
Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu murpay; ePjp> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rkj;Jtkpd;ikia vjpu;j;J
,e;jpa epu;thfk; NghuhLtjd; %yk; kf;fSila eyid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtu;fs; muRf;F
cWjpaspf;fpd;wdu;.
1971 Mk; Mz;bd; Ie;jhtJ jpUj;j rl;lj;jhy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l fl;Liu
31C> mbg;gil cupikfs; kPJ tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Fwpg;Gfs; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpapUe;jhy;> mit rupahf ,Uf;Fk;. mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk;
xOq;F nfhs;iffSf;F ,ilNa Kuz;ghL ,Ue;jhy;> rKjhaj;jpd; ngupa eyid
Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpy;> ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,e;j tof;if> nfhs;iffSf;F rhjfkhf
epiyepWj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpupT 37 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb, cj;juT Nfhl;ghLfspy;
cs;s tpjpfs; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$baJ ,y;iy> Mdhy; mjpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;iffs; mbg;gilapy; ehl;bd; MSif> rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;
tifapy; ,e;j nfhs;iffis gad;gLj;j Ntz;baJ murpd; flikahFk;.
9.2.1 gy;NtW tiffspy; ,e;j Nfhl;ghLfis tifg;gLj;jy;
(I) nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%ff; nfhs;iffs;

nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; Jiw njhlu;ghd fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. gpupT 39 $WtjhtJ: Fwpg;ghf muR> mjd; ghJfhg;ig Nehf;fp nfhs;ifia
,af;Fk;:
(a) Fbkf;fs;> Mz;> ngz; rk mstpy; ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhd tho;thjhuk;
ngw cupik cz;L.
(b) r%fj;jpd; ts Mjhuq;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
nghJthd eyd;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; toq;fpAs;sd.
(c) nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; nry;tj;ijAk;> cw;gj;jp rhjdq;fspd;
nrwpitAk; nghJ jPq;fpw;F tpistpg;gjpy;iy.
(d) Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F rkkhd Ntiyf;F rkkhd Cjpak;
cs;sJ.
(e) njhopyhsu;fspd; cly;eyk; kw;Wk; typik> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs;>
Foe;ijfspd; ,sik taJ jtwhf gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. kw;Wk;
Fbkf;fs; jq;fs; taJ my;yJ typik ,y;yhky; epWtdq;fspy;
Eioa nghUshjhu Njit fl;lhak; ,y;iy.
(f) Foe;ijfs; MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy; kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd R+o;epiyapy;
tsUk; tha;g;GfSf;F trjpfSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. fz;zpak; kw;Wk;
Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; ,isQu;fs; Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhfTk;> jhu;kPf
kw;Wk; nghUs; iftplg;gLjYf;F vjpuhfTk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
2. gpupT 39A $WtjhtJ: ,e;j rl;l Kiwapd; nray;ghL
ePjpia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ> rk tha;g;G mbg;gilapy;> Fwpg;ghf ,ytr rl;l
cjtpfis toq;fTk;> nghUj;jkhd rl;lk; my;yJ jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ
NtW topapy;> ePjpia ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
nghUshjhu my;yJ gpw FiwghLfs; fhuzkhf ve;j FbkfDk; kWf;ftpy;iy.
3. gpupT 41 $WtjhtJ: muR> jdJ nghUshjhu jpwd; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpapd;
tuk;gpw;Fs;> cupikia ngWtjw;F jpwk;gl toptif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Ntiyapd;ik> KJik> RftPdk; kw;Wk; ,ayhik Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;>
fy;tp kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fSf;F cjtp nra;a Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;
4. gpupT 42 $WtjhtJ: muR Ntiy, kdpjhgpkhd epiyikfs; kw;Wk; kfg;NgW
epthuzk; ngw toptif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
5. gpupT 43 $WtjhtJ: muR> jFe;j rl;lk;, nghUshjhu mikg;G my;yJ
VjhtJ xU tifapy;> midj;J njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;> ghJfhg;ghf
,Uf;f Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tptrhak;> njhopy;Jiw> Cjpak;> Ntiy
epiyikfSf;fhd tho;f;if> Xa;T kw;Wk; r%f,d;gk; Nghd;witfSf;F
> gz;ghl;L tha;g;GfSk;> Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw njhopy;fs;> jdpegu; my;yJ Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
$l;LwT mbg;gilapy; Fbirj; njhopiy Cf;Ftpf;f muR Kaw;rp nra;Ak;. ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
6. gpupT 43A $WtjhtJ: khepyq;fs;> njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; my;yJ

gpw epWtdq;fspd; epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F ngWk; nghUl;L nghUj;jkhd rl;lk;
my;yJ NtW tpjj;jpYk; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. gpupT 44 $WtjhtJ: ,e;jpah KOtJk; kf;fs; xU rPuhd cs;ehl;L FwpaPl;il
Fwpg;Gfs;
ngw muR Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
8. gpupT 45 $WtjhtJ: murhq;fk;> gjpdhd;F taij epiwT nra;Ak; tiu>
midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytrf; fl;lhaf; fy;tp mspf;Fk; tifapy;> ,e;j
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gj;J Mz;LfSf;Fs;
toq;f Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j epiyg;ghL murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; khw;whf ,Ue;jJ — 2002 Mk;
Mz;L >86tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Muk;g Foe;ijg;
guhkupg;G kw;Wk; fy;tpia toq;f muR Kaw;rp nra;Ak; vd;Wk; $wpAs;sJ.
9. gpupT 46 $WtjhtJ: khepyj;jpd; gytPdkhd gpuptpdupd; jpl;lkplg;gl;l rhjpfs;
kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdupd; eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Fwpg;ghf fy;tp kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu eyd;fis r%f mePjp kw;Wk; midj;J tifahd Ruz;ly;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk;.
(II) fhe;jpa nfhs;iffs;

fhe;jpapd; nfhs;if njhlu;ghd fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. gpupT 40 $WtjhtJ: muR> fpuhk Cuhl;rpfis xUq;fpizj;J mtw;iw
Ra-murpd; myFfs; nray;gl VJthf> mtu;fSf;F Njitahd mjpfhuq;fs;
toq;f eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. gpupT 47 $WtjhtJ: Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk;
Mfpatw;iw cau;j;JtJ kw;Wk; mjd; Kjd;ikahd flikfs; kj;jpapy;
nghJ Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;j muR fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> Fwpg;ghf> kUj;Jt
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf jtpu Fbg;gof;fj;ij kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F jPq;F
tpistpf;Fk; kUe;Jfis jil nra;tij khepy muR Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
3. gpupT 48 $WtjhtJ: etPd kw;Wk; mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; tptrhak; kw;Wk;
fhy;eil guhkupg;G Vw;ghL nra;a muR Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Fwpg;ghf>
,dk; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;> gR khLfs;>
fwit khLfs; kw;Wk; gpw fhy;eilfs; gLnfhiy nra;tij jilnra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpupT 48A $WtjhtJ: Rw;Wr;R+oiy ghJfhf;fTk;> Nkk;gLj;jTk;> ehl;bd;
fhLfs; kw;Wk; td tho;f;ifia ghJfhf;f muR Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
(III) fyhr;rhu Nfhl;ghLfs;
fyhr;rhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:

gpupT 49 $WtjhtJ: fiy my;yJ tuyhw;W fUj;jhdJ epidTr;rpd;dk;, ,lk;
my;yJ nghUs;fis ghJfhf;f khepyj;jpd; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,it
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;lk; %yk; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd;
fPo;> nfhs;is> tpfhukhf;Fjy;> mopT> mfw;Wjy;> my;yJ Vw;Wkjp> tof;Ffshf
,Uf;fyhk;.
Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; (IV) ntspehl;L tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
gpupT 51 $WtjhtJ: muR Kaw;rp nra;Ak;:
(a) ru;tNjr mikjpiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;
(b) ehLfs; kj;jpapy; kjpg;Gf;Fupa cwTfis guhkupj;jy;
Fwpg;Gfs;
(c)> ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpw;F kupahij nrYj;JtJ. xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l kf;fis
xUtNuhL xUtu; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; cld;gbf;if kw;Wk; flikfis
nra;jy;.
(d) eLtu; %yk; ru;tNjr jPu;Tf;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G nfhs;iffspd; jj;njLg;Gfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
lhf;lu; mk;Ngj;fu; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;:
tiuT murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil cupikfs; 'topfhl;L
Nfhl;ghLfs;' vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ghuhSkd;w
[dehafj;jpw;fhf fl;likf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;gpy; ,J xU Gjpa
mk;rkhFk;. mj;jifa nfhs;iffis cs;slf;fpa ehlhSkd;w
[dehafj;jpw;fhf fl;likf;fg;gl;l xNu murpayikg;G Iup\; Rje;jpu
muRjhd;. ,e;j fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; tpku;rdj;jpw;F tUfpd;wd.
mtu;fs; kl;LNk gf;jpkhd mwptpg;Gfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
mtu;fs; fl;Lf;flq;fhky; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j tpku;rdk; epr;rakhf
kpjkpQ;rpajhf cs;sJ. murpayikg;G gy thu;j;ijfspy; $WfpwJ.
cj;juthj Nfhl;ghL mtu;fSf;F gpd;dhy; ve;j rl;lG+u;tkhd
rf;jpiaAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vdpy;> mij xg;Gf;nfhs;s ehd;
jahuhf ,Uf;fpNwd;.Mdhy; mtu;fSf;F ve;jtpjkhd fl;Lg;ghLk;
,y;iy vd;gij xg;Gf;nfhs;s ehd; jahuhf ,y;iy. mtu;fs;
rl;lj;jpy; fl;Lf;flq;fhky; ,Ug;gjhy;> mtu;fs; gadw;wtu;fshf
,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij xg;Gf;nfhs;s ehd; jahuhf ,Uf;fpNwd;.
9.2.2 rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; rpe;jidia kW cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kd;Diu kw;Wk; khepyf; nfhs;ifapd;

tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; rpj;jhe;jk; MFk;> mjhtJ
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jq;fis murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
r%f rkj;Jtj;ij nfhz;LtUtjw;F jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j
nfhs;iffis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpw;F muR (ikak;
kw;Wk; khepyq;fspy; cs;s murhq;fq;fs;) Njitg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> mbg;gil
cupikfis cr;r ePjp kd;wk; kw;Wk; cau; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; mky;gLj;j KbAk;
vd topKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; nray;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
murpayikg;gpd; fl;likg;ghsu;fs; Neu;ikahdtu;fshfTk;> rkj;Jtkpd;ikiag;
gw;wp Mu;tkhf ,Ue;jpUe;jhYk;> ehl;bd; vjpu;fhy Ml;rpahsu;fspd; tuk;Gfs;
Fwpj;J Fwpg;ghf KOikahd epjp Mjhuq;fspd; tuk;Gfs;> gue;j fy;tpawpT kw;Wk;
Ntfkhf mjpfupj;JtUk; kf;fs;njhif Mfpatw;wpd; tuk;Gfis KOikahf
czu;e;jpUe;jdu;. ePjpkd;wq;fshy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfis
mtu;fs; nra;jpUe;jhy;> Kbtpy;yh tof;Ffspy; muR <LgLj;jg;gLk;. rkj;Jtk;
rhu;e;j ek;gpf;iff;F gf;jp ,Ue;jJ> ,Ug;gpDk;> tsu;r;rpf;F ,yf;Ffis cUthf;fpa
mLj;j Ie;J Mz;L jpl;lq;fspy; Neuj;ij kWgbAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. rkj;Jt
rpe;jid ,e;jpahtpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mtb ([dtup 21-23) md;W
1955 Mk; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; fl;rp nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapy; xU jPu;khdj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ> kw;Wk; 'r%fj;jpd; tbtkhf' mwpag;gl;lij czu;e;J nfhz;lJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;Kaw;rp 1956 y; kf;fsitahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ > 'r%f
tUkhdj;jpy; cs;s NtWghl;ilf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffs; Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;' vd;W gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; xU jPu;khdkhFk;. nghUshjhu ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
nfhs;if gw;wpa mthjp jPu;khdj;ij kPz;Lk; [dtup 1964 y; GgNd\;tu; mku;tpy;
typAWj;jpdhu;.
24 [dtup 1966 md;W jpUkjp. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp gpujk ke;jpup gjtpf;F te;j
gpwF> r%f-nghUshjhu ePjp kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; vd;w fUj;jhf;fkhdJ ,g;NghJ Fwpg;Gfs;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. kf;fsit ,ilf;fhy thf;nfLg;Gf;F
Kd;djhf> khu;r; 1971> jpUkjp fhe;jp xU Gjpa Kof;fkhd fupgp `hl;Nlht;>
kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fSf;F Ie;jhtJ nghJj; Nju;jypy;> khu;r; 1972 y;> mtu;
kw;nwhU 'md;aha `hl;Nlht;' (mePjpia mfw;w) Kof;fj;Jld; ntspNa te;jhu;.
rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; jiytu;fSk; rkfhyj;jtupd; ew;nra;jpf;F
jq;fs; cWjpg;ghl;il kWgbAk; typAWj;jpdu;> NkYk; rkepiyg;gLj;jypd; rpwe;j
topKiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;> mtu;fSf;F ek;gpf;if mspg;gjw;fhd xU
fUtpahfTk; khwpaJ.
,e;jpa Fbaurpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd njhlf;f epfo;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J fpl;lj;jl;l>
(1950 [dtup 26 Mk; Njjp)> ,e;j cj;juT Nfhl;ghLfis mky;gLj;j rpy
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. gpg;utup 28Mk; Njjp mg;Nghija kj;jpa epjp
mikr;ru; lhf;lu; N[hd; kj;ij> ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpia jpl;lkpl;l tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;s
KbAk; vd;gjhy;> jpl;lf; Mizf;FO mikf;f muR KbT nra;Js;sjhf
mwptpj;jhu;. jpl;lj;jpd; ika Nehf;fk; tho;f;if juj;ij cau;j;jTk; kf;fspd;
gzf;fhu kw;Wk; NtWgl;l Gjpa tha;g;Gfis jpwf;f cjTk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> kdpj kw;Wk; nghUs; tsq;fis ,d;Dk;
jpwk;gl gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;> vdNt mtu;fs; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; ntspaPL
kw;Wk; nry;tk;> tUkhdk; kw;Wk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwf;f ,j;jpl;lk;> kpd;rf;jp>
mbg;gil njhopw;rhiyfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; ,ju tsq;fis tpupthf;fk;
nra;tjd; %yk; Ntiytha;g;G msT fzprkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mLj;jLj;j
jpl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; fpl;lj;jl;l mNj topfspy;> mjhtJ r%f-nghUshjhu
ePjp kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; vd;w jpirapy; Nghlg;gl;lJ.
rl;lg;gpupT 39-I nray;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L> mt;tg;NghJ gy;NtW rl;lq;fs;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,jpy;> rpyu;: njhopyhsu; muR <l;LWjp rl;lk;> Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpar;
rl;lk;> Ntiyahl;fs; ,og;gPl;Lj; rl;lk;> nrhj;J tup rl;lk;> gupR tuprl;lk;> Njhl;l
flik rl;lk;. tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; FiwAk; tifapy; nrhj;jpd; mbg;gil
cupik gy Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F ,d;wpaikahj gy;NtW
njhopy; nghUl;fSk;> rpwg;G NritfSk; nghJj; Jiwapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.1969
Mk; Mz;by;> ehl;bd; gjpdhd;F cau; tu;j;jf tq;fpfs; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lJ.1956
y; MAs; fhg;gPL> 1971 y; nghJ fhg;gPL epWtdq;fs; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l
epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. mNj Mz;L kiwe;Js;s gzg;igfs;> gpuGf;fSk; rpwg;G
rYiffisAk; mfw;wg;gl;ld.
epyr; rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nrayhf;fk; Fwpj;j murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk;> khepyq;fspd; nghWg;G> kw;Wk; ,ij ntspNaw;Wk; nghWg;G> midj;J
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; Nju;jy;fis [kPd;jhu;fs;>
[hjpapdu; > ,dhk;fs; Nghd;w jufu;fs; xopg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
rl;lq;fs; epy ifapUg;G Fwpj;j cr;rtuk;ig epu;zak; nra;tjw;Fk;> cgup epyq;fs;
ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epykw;w fhzpfspy; cupikahsu;fs; kj;jpapy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
%d;W Nfhbf;Fk; mjpfkhd tptrhapfs; epyj;jpd; cupikahsu;fshf Mdhu;fs;.
jupR rhFgbahdJ epykw;w ngUk; gFjpahd $ypj; njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapy;
tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. muRfs;> Fj;jifjhuu;fs; jhq;fs; gapuplg;gl;l epyq;fis
ghJfhg;ghf itj;J> mtu;fshy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng ntspNaw;wg;gLk;.
epyq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L cj;jug; gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;> kj;jpag;
gpuNjrk; k`huh\;buh> uh[];jhd;> nly;yp> ikR+u; kw;Wk; ,khr;ry; gpuNjrk;
Nghd;w gy khepyq;fspy; Kbtile;jJ. Njrpa $l;LwT Ntshz;ik thupak;
gy jpl;lq;fis jahu; nra;J r%f> gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mk;rq;fis
cs;slf;fpa fpuhkg;Gw ,e;jpahtpd; rKjha Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; 1952 md;W
Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; mf;Nlhgu; 2> 195 Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l 55 jpl;lg;gzpfs; xt;nthU jpl;lj;ijAk; Rkhu;
,e;jpa epu;thfk; 1>300 rJu fp.kP. vd 300 fpuhkq;fspYk;> Rkhu; 2 yl;rk; kf;fs; cs;sdu;. 1969
thf;fpy; ehL KOtJk; 5>265 rKjha Nkk;ghl;L tl;lhuq;fs; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpj;j
MNyhridf; FO rq;fj;jpd; jiyikapy; rKjha tsu;r;rp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L rKjha
tsu;r;rpf;F nghWg;Ngw;W muR kw;Wk; khepy mikr;ru;fs;. kj;jpa czTj; Jiw >
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntshz;ikj; Jiw mikr;ru; ,ilNa xUq;fpizg;G Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
[dtup 1985 md;W> Njrpa tsu;r;rp kd;wk; > fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspd; tsu;r;rpia
nfhz;L tUtjw;F VJthf> kpd; mjpfhug; gfpu;T kw;Wk; mjpfhug;guty;> rf;jpia
Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mj;jifa ,ae;jpuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; gupe;Jiuj;J>
cs;Su; gFjpapd; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfis ,af;fpaJ. fpuhkq;fs; > njhFjp kw;Wk;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cs;Shu; Raepu;za mikg;Gfspd; %d;W mLf;F fl;likg;Gld;
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; gQ;rhaj;J muR epWtg;gl;lJ. mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; cs;Su;
epu;thfj; Jiwapy; ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fpl;lj;jl;l KO ehLk; gQ;rhaj;J murhy; %lg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpd; 48-tJ gpuptpy; fl;lisaplg;gl;lgb> etPd kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhd Nfhl;ghLfspy; tptrhaj;ij Vw;ghL nra;a> ePu;g;ghrdk;, kpd;rhuk;
kw;Wk; nts;sf; fl;Lg;ghL Mfpatw;wpw;fhf ejp ePiu rpwe;j Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gy jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpy; rpy
ehfu;[{dhrhfu; jpl;lk; (Me;jpu gpuNjrk;)> Jq;fgj;uh jpl;lk; (Me;jpu gpuNjrk; kw;Wk;
ikR+u;)> fe;jf; jpl;lk; (gPfhu; kw;Wk; cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;)> Nfhrp jpl;lk; (gPfhu;)>
rg;eghy; jpl;lk; (kj;jpa gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; uh[];jhd;)> `puhFl; miz jpl;lk;
(xup]h) > gf;uh eq;fy; jpl;lk; (gQ;rhg;> ùpahdh kw;Wk; uh[];jhd;)> guhf;fh
jpl;lk; (Nkw;F tq;fk;) kw;Wk; jhNkhju; gs;sj;jhf;F fofk; (Nkw;F tq;fk; kw;Wk;
gPfhu;) Mfpait cs;sd. urhad cuq;fis jahupg;gjw;F gy njhopw;rhiyfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1969 Mk; Mz;by;> tpijr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> kw;Wk;
Njrpa tpijfs; fofk; ntt;NtW tpjkhd gy;NtW tpijfs; toq;fpaJ. gapu;fs;>
fha;fwpfs; cl;gl> ehL KOtJk; tptrhapfSf;F toq;fpaJ. gapu; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ntl;L fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Ntshz; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gy
tptrha gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> tptrha kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsu;g;gpy; Gjpa Kiwfspy;
Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspg;gjw;fhf ehl;by; mikf;fg;gl;ld. re;ijg;gLj;jy;
kw;Wk; Ma;T ,af;Feufj;jpd; re;ij Muha;r;rp> tptrhak;> Njhl;lf;fiy kw;Wk;
fhy;eil nghUl;fSf;fhd gpupTfshy; Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;lJ. jPtpukhd fhy;eil
mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhop tsu;g;G Mfpait tzpf uPjpahf cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
nrk;kwpahL kw;Wk; kPd;gpb mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Rfhjhu jpl;lq;fs; gpujhdkhd khepyq;fspd; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j NghjpDk;>
kj;jpa muR> 47 tJ gpuptpy; cs;s nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf>
Njrpa MNuhf;fpaj;jpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpujhd jpl;lq;fis
epjpAjtp mspj;J Mjupj;jJ. ehd;F Ie;jhz;L jpl;l fhyj;jpy;> 1>050 Nfhb nrytpy;
kUj;Jt fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Cf;Ftpg;G> Kjd;ik Rfhjhu ikaq;fis epWTjy;>
njhw;W Neha;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> RNjr kUj;Jt Kiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;>
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; kUe;jfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
kNyupah> EiuaPuy;> fhrNeha;> njhONeha;> ntdpupay; Neha;fs;> rpd;dk;ik kw;Wk;
Gw;WNeha;; Mfpatw;iw mopf;f rpwg;G jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.
1960 y; ghuhSkd;wk;> Foe;ijfs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,isQu; ePjpkd;wq;fs;>
Foe;ijfs; ey thupaq;fs;> fhty; $u;Nehf;F ,y;yq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;Gg; gs;spfs;
Mfpait Fw;wKs;s Foe;ijfisg; ghu;f;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
1929 Mk; Mz;bd; Foe;ij jpUkz jil rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> 18 tajpw;Fl;gl;l
Mz; my;yJ 12 tajpw;Fl;gl;l ngz;kzpahf cs;stu;fs; jpUkzk; nra;a jil
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1954 Mk; Mz;bd; jpUkz rl;lk; gy;NtW rka ek;gpf;iffspypUe;J
kjq;fis khw;wpaikg;gij mDkjpj;jJld;>ngz;fSf;F Fiwe;jgl;r taJ 18
vdTk; Mz;fSf;F 21 taJ vdTk; mwptpj;jJ.

,e;j fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F> r%f mePjp kw;Wk; Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
midj;J tifahd Ruz;ly; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J jypj;Jfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdiu ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
ghJfhf;f khepyq;fs; eltbf;if vLj;jd. ghuhSkd;w jPz;lhik (Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs;)
rl;lk; Nk 1955. Mk; Mz;L jPz;lhikapd; nghUl;L nghJ topghl;Lj; jyq;fspy;
EioAk;NghJ my;yJ Gdpj njhl;b> fpzW my;yJ Rid Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J
jz;zPu; vLj;J nry;tij jLg;gjw;fhd jz;lidfis toq;fpaJ. vy;yhtpjkhd Fwpg;Gfs;
r%f FiwghLfisAk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F mguhjq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. cztfk;>
nghJ kUj;Jtkid> fy;tp epWtdk;> rhiy gad;ghL> ejp> ePu; jl;L> Fl;il>
jfdk; my;yJ ju;krhyh my;yJ cztfq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fs;>
kw;Wk; cztfq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. njhopy; rl;lj;jpd;gb njhopy;
my;yJ tu;j;jf FiwghLfs; my;yJ r%f my;yJ kj mDkjpAlDk; FbapUg;G
tshfj;jpy; fl;Lkhd my;yJ Mf;fpukpg;G gad;ghL my;yJ tpohf;fs; Mfptw;wpYk;
,e;j rl;lk; nghUe;Jk;. NkYk; nghUl;fis tpw;f ùp[dUf;F Nritfis toq;f
kWj;jjw;fhf mguhjq;fis tpjpj;jJ. 1976 Mk; Mz;by;> ghuhSkd;wk; cupik
rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;ig epiwNtw;wpaJ> NkYk; fLikahd jz;lidia toq;fpaJ.
murpayikg;gpd; 51-tJ gpuptpy; fl;lisaplg;gl;lgb> ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> A+dpad; muR xOq;fw;w kw;Wk; gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifia
gpd;gw;wpaJ.
9.2.3 mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghJf;fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; ,ilNa cs;s

njhlu;Gfs;
rl;lq;fspd; murpayikg;G nry;Ygbia epiyehl;l> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;F
mbg;gil cupikfSld; R+o;epiyfis rkhspf;f topfhl;L Nfhl;ghLfs;
Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 25 tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;Jld; 1971 ,y; gpupT 31C I Nru;j;jJ>
,J tpjp 39 (B) kw;Wk; (C) ,y; cs;s tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F
mspf;fg;gl;l tpjp 14> 19 kw;Wk; 31 d; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; mbg;gil
cupikfis mlf;Ftjw;fhd mbg;gilapy; jtwhdjhf fUjg;glhJ. 1976 Mk;
Mz;by; 42 MtJ jpUj;jk; midj;J topKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; ePl;baJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;ig kPwpajd; fhuzkhf>
cr;rePjpkd;wk; ePl;bf;fg;gl Ntz;bajhapw;W. mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lis
Nfhl;ghLfs; r%f eyj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
1973 Nfush khepyk; Nf\te;jd ghujpf;F vjpuhf> ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU
r%fg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; eyd;Gup muir ];jhgpg;gjw;fhd ,yf;fpy; kw;nwhd;iwg;
gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;tjw;F xUtiunahUtu; ,izf;Fk; mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk;
fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfis fUJfpwJ. ,NjNghd;W> cr;r ePjpkd;wk; mbg;gil
flikfspy; cs;s Nehf;fq;fis Cf;Ftpf;f Kw;gLfpwJ rl;lq;fspd; murpayikg;G
nry;Ygbahf;fj;ij epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd mbg;gil flikfis gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j flikfs; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; fl;lhakhf cs;sd> xU rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; khepyj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J nghUe;Jk;. Fbkf;fs; jq;fs;
flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk;> rupahd Kiwapy; nray;gLtjw;Fk; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
,e;j khepyj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd jpirfis ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd

cwtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
•• gy;NtW tof;Ffspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpAs;sJ. xU

KOikahd rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F ,J ,yf;fzkspf;fpwJ.
•• mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; %yk; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
JizGupfpd;wd> NkYk; xUq;fpize;j jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
•• mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; cj;juT Nfhl;ghLfs;> mbg;gil cupikfis
tpl xd;wpize;J nray;gl KbahJ vd;why;> mJ cj;juT nfhs;iffs;
kPJ NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; •• jw;NghJ> tpjp 39 (B) kw;Wk; 39 (C) tpjp 14> 19 kw;Wk; 31 Mfpatw;wpw;F
,e;jpa epu;thfk; Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLk;.
9.3 ,e;jpa epu;thf kw;Wk; Njrpa neUf;fb epiy
Fwpg;Gfs;
murpayikg;gpd; ghfk; XVIII 'mtrufhyr; rl;lq;fs;' vd;w jiyg;gpy; cs;sJ. ,J

[dhjpgjpf;F mwptpf;fg;glf;$ba R+o;epiyfisNah my;yJ mtu; rkhspf;f vLf;Fk;
eltbf;iffisNah vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. Muk;gfhy re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd;
rhjhuz nraw;ghLfis kPl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. murpayikg;gpd;
tbtikg;ghsu;fs; %d;W tifahd mtruepiyfis toq;fpAs;sdu;:
(a) Nghu;> ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;G my;yJ cs;sf fpsu;r;rp Mfpatw;why;
Vw;gLk; mtruk;;
(b) khepyq;fspy; murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuq;fspd; KwpT fhuzkhf mtruepiy
Vw;gl;lJ kw;Wk;
(c) mtrufhyr; rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; epjpa cWjpg;ghl;bw;fhf my;yJ mjd;
kw;w gFjpapd; mr;RWj;jy;fshy; Vw;gl;lJ.
1. khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mu;j;jk; vd;d?
2. gpupT 39 gw;wp tiuaWf;fTk;?
3. fhe;jpa nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;L newpKiwfis gl;baypLf.
4. jpl;lkply; Mizaj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; vd;d?
5. mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisf; nfhs;iffSf;F ,ilapyhd
cwtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis gl;baypL;f.
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; mtrufhy tpjpfis gl;baypL;f.
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; gFjp 4> khepy muRfs;> xU rKjhaj;ij

epWTtjw;F kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;F mspj;j nfhs;iffs;. r%f>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; ePjp> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rkj;Jtkpd;ikia
vjpu;j;J NghuhLtjd; %yk; kf;fSila eyid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtu;fs;
muRf;F cWjpaspf;fpd;wdu;.
2. fl;Liu 39 $WtjhtJ: Fwpg;ghf> mjd; ghJfhg;ig Nehf;fp mjd;
nfhs;ifahdJ
(a) Fbkf;fs;> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F rkkhf> tho;thjhuj;jpw;F
NghJkhd topfhl;Lk; cupik cz;L.
(b) r%fj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpd; cupikAk; fl;Lg;ghLk; kpfTk; nghJthd
ed;ikfis toq;Ftjw;F kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(c) nghUshjhu nray;ghl;bd; tpisthf nghJthd nry;thf;fpw;F
nry;tj;ijAk;> nghUl;fspd; nrwpitAk; nrwpT+l;LfpwJ.
(d) Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F rkkhd Ntiyf;F rkkhd Cjpak; cs;sJ.
(e) njhopyhsu;fs;> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; >MNuhf;fpakhdtu;> typik
tha;e;j Foe;ijfs; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy> Fbkf;fs;
jq;fs; tajpy; my;yJ typikf;F nghUe;jhj rKjhaj;jpy;
nghUshjhu Njitfis fl;lhag;gLj;jtpy;iy.
(f) Foe;ijfs; xU MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuk;, fz;zpak; Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
,,isQu;fs; Ruz;ly;,mwnewp kw;Wk; iftplg;gLjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
vjpuhf ghJfhj;J nfhs;s tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; trjpfs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ
3. fhe;jpa nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW cs;sd:
(i) 40-tJ gpupT $WtjhtJ: fpuhkg;Gw gQ;rhaj;Jfis
xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis khepy muR elj;jp
Fwpg;Gfs;
tUfpwJ. mtu;fSf;F Raepu;zaj; Jiwahf nray;gLtjw;F
mtw;wpw;F Njitahd rf;jpfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) fl;Liu 47 $WtjhtJ: khepyj;jpd; Cl;lr;rj;J epiy kw;Wk; mjd;
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;JtJ kw;Wk; mjd; Kjd;ik
flikfspy; xd;whf nghJ Rfhjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;WtJ Mfpatw;iw
khepy muR fUJfpwJ> Fwpg;ghf> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; cly; eyj;jpw;F
jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Nghijg;nghUl;fshd kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt
Njitfis jtpu;j;J Efu;it jil nra;tij khepy muR
Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.
(iii) rl;lk; 48 $WtjhtJ: etPd kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghLfspy;
tptrhak; kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsu;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F khepy muR
Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,dq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk;>
gRf;fs;> fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; fwit khLfs; kw;Wk; gpw fhy;eilfis
jilnra;ag;gLfpwJ.
(iv) fl;Liu 48A: Rw;Wr;R+oiy ghJfhf;fTk;> Nkk;gLj;jTk;> ehl;bd; fhLfs;
kw;Wk; td tho;f;ifiaAk; ghJfhf;f muR Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
4. jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;Fk;>
gzf;fhuu;fSf;Fk;> khWgl;l tho;Tf;Fk; Gjpa tha;g;Gfis kf;fSf;Fj;
jpwf;Fk;gb mwptpj;jJ. KjyhtJ Ie;J Mz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,d;Dk;
fpilf;ff;$ba kdpj kw;Wk; nghUs; rhu;e;j tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;>
vdNt mit xU ngupa jahupg;G kw;Wk; Nritfspd; cw;gj;jpiag; ngwTk;>
nry;tk;> tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tha;g;G Mfpatw;wpd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ePu;g;ghrdk;> kpd;rhuk;> mbg;gilj; njhopy;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;
gpw Mjhuq;fspd; tpupthf;fk; %yk; Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; msT fzprkhf
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
5. mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd
cwtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
•• gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> cr;r ePjpkd;wk; xU KOikahd rl;lj;ij
cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;> xUKfg;gLj;Jjy; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
•• mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
JizGupfpd;wd> NkYk; xd;whf xUq;fpize;j jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
•• mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisj; Nfhl;ghLfs; xd;whf ,ize;J
nray;gl Kbahtpl;lhy; mbg;gil cupikfis tpl Nkd;KiwaPl;L
nfhs;iffs; kPJ ntw;wpngWk;
•• jw;NghJ> tpjp 39 (B) kw;Wk; 39 (C) Mfpatw;wpd; tpjp 14> 19 kw;Wk; 31
Mfpatw;wpw;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLk;.
6. murpayikg;gpd; tbtikg;ghsu;fs; %d;W tifahd
mtruepiyfis toq;fpAs;sdu;:
(a) Nghu; ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;G my;yJ cs; fpsu;r;rp fhuzkhf mtruepiy
Vw;gl;lJ;
(b) khepyq;fspy; murpayikg;G ve;jpuq;fspd; KwpT fhuzkhf mtruepiy
Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; Vw;gl;lJ; kw;Wk;
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
(c) mtrufhyr; rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; epjpa cWjpg;ghl;bw;fhd my;yJ mjd;
mr;RWj;jy;fshy; Vw;gl;lJ.
9.5 RUf;fk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
•• 1971 Mk; Mz;bd; ,Ugj;jp Ie;jhtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l gpupT 31C, NkYk; mbg;gil topKiwfis Nkk;gLj;jp>
mbg;gil cupikfs; kPJ tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F
rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpapUe;jhy; mit nry;YgbahFk;.
•• muR> mjd; nghUshjhu jpwd; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf;Fs;NsNa> Ntiy> cupik>
kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik> tNahjpgu;> Neha; kw;Wk; Klf;fk; Mfpatw;wpy;
nghJ cjtp ngWk; cupikf;F jFe;j Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; gpw
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,J mtrpakhf fUjg;glyhk;.
•• fpuhkg;Gw gQ;rhaj;Jfis Vw;ghL nra;a muR eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W gpupT 40 $WfpwJ. mj;jifa mjpfhuq;fis mtu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;F
Njitahd eltbf;iffis muR jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.
•• murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kd;Diu kw;Wk; khepyf; nfhs;ifapd;
tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; rpj;jhe;jk;>
mjhtJ Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jq;fis murpay;>
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtj;ij nfhz;LtUtjw;F jq;fis <LgLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;.
•• 24 [dtup 1966 md;W jpUkjp. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp gpujk ke;jpup gjtpf;F te;j
gpwF> r%f nghUshjhu ePjp kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; gw;wpa fUj;J xt;nthU
Mz;Lk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. kf;fsitapd; ,ilf;fhy thf;nfLg;Gf;F
Kd;djhf 1971 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; eilngw;w rl;lkd;wj; Nju;jypy;>
jpUkjp fhe;jp xU Gjpa Kof;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;> kw;Wk; 1972 khu;r;
khjk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fSf;F Ie;jhtJ nghJj; Nju;jypd; NghJ> mtu;
'md;ahah `lh' (mePjpfis mfw;w) cld; te;jhu;.
•• jpl;lkplypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;Fk;>
gzf;fhuu;fSf;Fk;> khWgl;l tho;Tf;Fk; Gjpa tha;g;Gfis kf;fSf;Fj;
jpwf;Fk;gb mwptpj;jJ. Kjyhk; Ie;J Mz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
fpilf;ff;$ba kdpj kw;Wk; nghUs; rhu;e;j tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;>
vdNt mit jahupg;G kw;Wk; Nritfspd; cw;gj;jpiag; ngwTk;> nry;tk;>
tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tha;g;G Mfpatw;wpd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwf;fTk; top
nra;Ak;.
•• rl;lq;fspd; murpayikg;G nry;Ygbia epiyehl;l> ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpw;F mbg;gil cupikfSld; Nkhjy; R+o;epiyfis rkhspf;f
topfhl;L Nfhl;ghLfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 25 MtJ jpUj;jk; 1971 Mk;
Mz;L> fl;Liu 39 (B) kw;Wk; (C) ,y; cs;s tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ve;j rl;lKk; mbg;gilapy; jtwhf fUjg;glhJ>
mtu;fs; 14> 19 kw;Wk; 31 Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; mbg;gil cupikfs;
Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
•• gQ;rrPyk;: rkhjhd tho;Tf;fhd Ie;J Nfhl;ghLfs;> gQ;rrPy xg;ge;jk; vd

miof;fg;gLtJ kw;wtu;fspd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhky;> xUtupd;
gpuhe;jpa xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ikf;F kupahij fhl;LtJ Mfpait>
khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd cwTfis epu;tfpf;Fk; nfhs;iffspd;
njhFg;ghFk;.
•• 42 tJ jpUj;jk;: 1976 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
,e;jpuh fhe;jpapd; jiyikapyhd ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; mtrufhyr; ,e;jpa epu;thfk;
rl;lj;jpy; ,J ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
•• 25 tJ jpUj;jk;: 1971 Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G rl;lk; vd
mjpfhuG+u;tkhf mwpag;gl;lJ> nrhj;Jupikf;fhd cupikiaf;
Fiwj;J> ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPl;Lj; Fwpg;Gfs;
njhifia nghJkf;fs; gad;ghl;bw;fhf murhq;fj;jhy; jdpahu; nrhj;Jf;fis
ifafg;gLj;j mDkjpj;jJ.
9.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfSld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW
rl;lq;fis gl;baypLf
3. ntspAwT tptfhuq;fSf;fhd fl;lis tpjpfspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; vd;d?
4. rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.
5. epy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nray;ghl;by; khepyq;fis gw;wp
tptupf;fTk;.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; khepy nfhs;ifapd; tpjpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd

Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. gy;NtW gpupTfspy; fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfspd; tifg;gLj;jiy tpku;rd hPjpahf
gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wd.
3. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; khepy nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;L newpKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wtjpy; lhf;lu; mk;Ngj;fupd; fUj;J gw;wp tpthjp.
4. mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd
cwit tpupTgLj;jTk;.
5. murpayikg;gpy; 'mtrufhy Vw;ghLfs;' vd;gijf; ftdpAq;fs;.
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f

M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
Neub Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; `hy;bG+u;> R.N. 1997. nghJ epu;thfk;: gpujpgypg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpfs;.
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
Fwpg;Gfs; n[apd;> R.B 2001. nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah> 21 tJ E}w;whz;L
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
myF 10 kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G

mikg;G
10.0 mwpKfk; Fwpg;Gfs;
10.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
10.3 ,e;jpahtpd; gpujk ke;jpup
10.3.1 gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
10.4 mikr;ru;fs; FO
10.4.3 mikr;ruit
10.4.4 mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
10.5 mikr;ruit FOf;fs;
tpilfs;
10.7 RUf;fk;
10.10 NkYk; gbf;f
10.0 mwpKfk;
,e;j myF [dhjpgjp> gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fs; FOitg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ. ghuhSkd;w epu;thfpapd; Mizf;F ,zq;f>
,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G> FbauRf; fl;rpapd; mYtyfk;-gpupl;b\;
kd;du; Nghd;w khepyj;jiytupd; epiyia epiyehl;bAs;sJ.
epiwNtw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; [dhjpgjpapd; ngaupy;
vLf;fg;gl;ld. [dhjpgjp MSeu;fisAk; cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; cau; ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhu;.
gpujk ke;jpup Kjd; Kjyhf ,ilkwpe;jtu; (Kjd;ikahdtu;)
vd yhu;l; Nkhu;yp tptupj;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; ke;jpu rig murhq;fj;jpd;
nt];l;kpd;];lu; khjpupapd; murpayikg;G tpjpfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;$l>
gpujk ke;jpup epiwNtw;W mjpfhupapd; jiyfPo; jiytuhf
cUthdhu;. gpujk ke;jpup ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; gy
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nray;ghLfis nra;fpwhu; kw;Wk; gue;j mjpfhuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> [dhjpgjp>
gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk; kj;jpa murpd; mikr;ruitg; gzpfspd; tptuq;fs;
kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fspd; tptuq;fis ,e;j myF tpthjpf;fpwJ..
10.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;:
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G ••,e;jpa njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; jiyik epu;thfpahf [dhjpgjp
,Uf;fpwhu; vd;gij Ma;T nra;a KbAk;.
••,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf gpujk ke;jpup ,Uf;fpwhu;
vd;gij gw;wp tptupf;f KbAk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ••gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; nray;ghLfisAk; tpsf;f KbAk;.
••mikr;ru; FOtpd; gq;if Muha;e;J ghu;f;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpahtpy; mikr;ruit mikg;gpd; mbj;jsj;ij tpsf;f
KbAk;.
••mikr;ruit mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;.
••mikr;ruitf; FOf;fspd; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fis
gl;baypl KbAk;.

,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpd; fPo;> ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpapd; mYtyfk;
ghuhSkd;w epu;thfpapd; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Nl gpupl;b\; Kbaurpd;
epiyf;F ,zq;Fk;. khepyj;jpd; nray;Kiw jiytuhf ,Ug;gjhy;>
[dhjpgjpapd; mYtyfk; kfj;jhd nfsutj;Jld;> mjpfhuk;>
fUiz> fz;zpak;> kupahij kw;Wk; Muhjid nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
Mdhy; kpfTk; Fiwthd nray;Kiw. kj;jpa murpd; epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuk;> murhq;fj;jpd; Kj;jpiuia mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhfTk;>
R+o;epiyfshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l xU rpy tof;Ffis jtpu;j;J>
mikr;ruitahy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
[dhjpgjp kw;Wk; Jizj; jiytu; MfpNahu; xd;wpa cj;jpNahfG+u;t
epu;thf jiytu;fs; Mtu;> mNj Neuj;jpy; gpujk ke;jpupahf> jiytu;
gjtpNaw;wTld;> kj;jpa epu;thf mikr;ruhfTk; nray;gl;L tUfpwhu;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G [dhjpgjp mYtyfj;jpy; gy;NtW
epiyikfis toq;FfpwJ. Kg;gj;jp Ie;J tajpw;Fl;gl;l
,e;jpau;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fsitf;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> kw;Wk;
jFjpAilatu;fSf;F> [dhjpgjp gjtpf;F Nghl;bapl cupik cz;L.;
cz;ikapy;> rpwg;G tha;e;j gz;GfSld; $ba egu;fs;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpapd; jiytupd; MrPu;thjk; nfhz;ltu;fs;
kl;LNk [dhjpgjpapd; mYtyfj;jpw;F Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
[dhjpgjp gjtpf;fhd Nju;jy;fs;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mit-
fspYk; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l xU Nju;jy;
fy;Y}up %yk; kiwKfkhf> kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. [dhjpgjp
Nju;jypy; 5 Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F gpwF kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;.
vdpDk;> lhf;lu; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; jtpu> ve;j [dhjpgjpAk; gjtpf;F
kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy. murpayikg;gpd; kPwy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs;
vd;gJ xU rpf;fyhd nray;KiwahFk;> ,e;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lfspd;
nray;Kiwapd; %yk; [dhjpgjp mYtyfj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;glyhk;.
[dhjpgjpapd; mYtyfj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; mtuJ
ngaiuAk;> epiyg;ghl;ilAk; gq;fspj;jpUe;jhYk;>murpayikg;G kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
mtUf;F xU epiyahd gjtpf;fhyj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ> vdNt>

mtu; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fl;rpf;F tpUk;gj;jfhj xU epiyg;ghl;il
vLf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tpjptpyf;fhd
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gak; my;yJ Mjuthf nray;gl KbAk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd; jiyik epu;thfpahf ,Ug;gjhy;> kj;jpa murpd;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd> mtuhy;
my;yJ NeubahfNth my;yJ mtUf;F fPo;g;gl;l mjpfhupfshy;
murpayikg;gpw;F (gpupT 53) Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
Kf;fpa epWtdKk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth mtUld;
,ize;J nray;gLtNj mtuJ epiyg;ghL MFk;.
A. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs;
(i) [dhjpgjpaplk; gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd

mjpfhurig epakdq;fs; cs;sd. Kjypy;> mtu;
gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu; kw;Wk; mtuJ MNyhridia
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf> mtiu my;yJ mtUf;F MNyhrid
toq;Ftjw;fhf mikr;ruitapd; kw;w cWg;gpdu;fs;
gpw;Nghf;F MNyhridf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLthu;fs;.
[dhjpgjpaplk; uh[pdhkh nra;Ajy; kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F kl;LNk mq;fPfhuk; toq;FtNjhL
kl;Lky;yhky;> mtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd;NghJ mtu;fs;
midtUNk gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj jdpj;jdpahfNth
my;yJ $l;lhfNth gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) ,e;jpahtpd; nghJ tof;fwpQu; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl jFjpAs;s nghJ
tof;fwpQuhf mtu; ve;jnthU egiuAk; epakpf;fyhk;.
(iii) cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l egUf;F ,e;jpa
Ma;thsu; kw;Wk; fzf;fha;thsu; jiytiu epakdk;
nra;fpwhu;.
(iv) [dhjpgjp> khepy MSeu;fis epakpf;fpwhu;. ,e;j
epakdq;fs; gpujkUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
(v) [dhjpgjpapd; tpUg;gj;jpd;NghJ MSeu; gjtpia uh[pdhkh
nra;jhy; kl;LNk [dhjpgjpia MSeu; uh[pdhkh
nra;ayhk; my;yJ mtiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
(vi) [dhjpgjp $l;L gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfpfis epakpf;fpwhu;
kw;Wk; mtu;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; gjtpfis epu;zapf;fpwhu;.
mit nyg;bdd; MSeu;fs;> jiyik-Mizau; my;yJ
epu;thfpfs; vd;W gy;NtW tpjkhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
(vii) fPo;f;fz;l nray;ghLfisr; nra;tjw;F xU khepy muR
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G rig epakdk; nra;aj; jFjpAilatu;: (a) khepyq;fSf;F
,ilapy; cs;s rr;ruTfSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;; (b)
$l;luR kw;Wk; muRf;F ,ilNaahd nghJthd Mu;tj;ij
tprhupj;J tpthjpf;fTk; my;yJ khepyq;fspy; jq;fisr;
Fwpg;Gfs; Nru;e;jtu;fs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy; MFk;.
(viii) $l;luR> nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO kw;Wk; nghJf;$l;l
Nrit Mizf;FOf;fspd; jiytu;fs; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdu;fis [dhjpgjp epakpf;fpwhu;.
(ix) jiyik Nju;jy; Mizau; kw;Wk; Jizj; Nju;jy;
Mizaiu [dhjpgjp epakpf;fpwhu;.
(x) jpl;lkplg;gl;l gFjpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;Fbapdupd;
eyd;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW [dhjpgjp
Mizaiu epakpg;ghu;. khepyq;fspy; gpd;jq;fpa tFg;Gfspd;
epiyikfis Ma;T nra;a kw;nwhU Mizahsiu mtu;
epakpf;fpwhu;.
(xi) xd;wpaj;jpd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd Mq;fpy
nkhopf;F ,pe;jpg; gbg;gbahf gad;gLj;jg;glf;$ba
topfis mtuhy; my;yJ mtUf;F gupe;Jiu
nra;a xU mjpfhug;G+u;t nkhop Mizf;FOit
[dhjpgjp epakdk; nra;fpwhu;. murpayikg;gpd; fPo;
nkhopapay; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F toq;fg;gLk;
ghJfhg;gpw;fhd midj;J tp\aq;fSf;Fk; mtu; xU
rpwg;G mjpfhupia epakpf;fpwhu;.
(xii) khepy my;yJ mjpfhupfSf;F mt;thW xg;Gjy; toq;fpajd;
%yk;> khepyq;fSf;F my;yJ mjd; mjpfhupaplk; $l;LwT
epu;thf mjpfhuj;ij xg;gilf;f [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(xiii) $l;LwT gpuNjrq;fis NeubahfNth my;yJ mtUila
Nju;tpd; mjpfhupfshNyh my;yJ epu;thfpfshNyh epu;tfpf;f
[dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. $l;LwT gpuNjrq;fis
nghWj;jtiuapy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; my;yJ xd;wpak;
midj;Jj; JiwfSf;Fk; ePl;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(xiv) ,e;jpa Ma;thsu; kw;Wk; fzf;fha;thsu;-
Mizf;FO> $l;LwT nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO>
Nju;jy; Mizau;> mjpfhug;G+u;t nkhop Mizak;>
kw;Wk; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjpfs; kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapdu;fSf;fhd rpwg;G mYtyu;fs;> kw;Wk; nkhop
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F mspf;f [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L.
B. rl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
••[dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpahf cs;shu;.

kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ,U
mitfisAk; cs;slf;fpapUg;gJ> KiwNa khepyq;fsit kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mtu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

xU gFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy;> xU rl;lk; mky;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;ghf>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rigfshy; kl;LNk mq;fPfupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> Mdhy; mJ [dhjpgjpahy; Vw;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••fiy> mwptpay;> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; r%f Nrit Jiwfspy;
jpwik my;yJ eilKiw mDgtk; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;>
khepyq;fsitf;F 12 cWg;gpdu;fisj; jtpu Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy
vd;W $w [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. ,e;jpa
rKjhaj;ijr; Nru;e;j 2 NgUf;F> kf;fsitf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
2 Ngiu epakpg;gjw;fhf> mtUf;F 331 tJ gpupT
mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ. rghehafu; kw;Wk; gpujp rghehafu;
,UtUk; fpilf;fhj epiyapy;> kf;fsit ebfu; rghehafuhf
[dhjpgjp epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. mNjNghy;> jiytu; my;yJ
Jizj; jiytu; ,UtUk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mtu; khepyq;fsit
ebg;Gj; jiytu; gjtpapy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
••[dhjpgjpapd; gjtpg; gpukhzk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfspd; cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; ve;j xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhYk;
vk;.gp. gjtpia tfpf;f jFjpaw;wtuhf cs;shuh vd;gJ Nju;jy;
Mizaj;jpd; MNyhridapd; gpd;du; [dhjpgjpapd; ,Wjp
mjpfhuj;Jld; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F xU cWg;gpduhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU egu;>
xU khepy rl;lrigf;F jdJ my;yJ mtuJ ,Uf;iffspy;
xUtuhf gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; mjpfhuk;
[dhjpgjpf;F cs;sJ.
••ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU rigf;Fk; mt;tg;NghJ
tutpUf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F 6 khjq;fs; mku;Tfs;
,ilNa jiyapLtjpy;iy vdf; $WfpwJ. mtu; my;yJ
mts; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspd; $l;L;> xU rigapy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gzk; my;yhj rigfs; kPJ Klf;fk;> my;yJ
kw;w rig%yk; 6 khjq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf epuhfupf;fg;gl;l my;yJ
jhkjkhFk; vd;Wk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
••ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU nghJj; Nju;jypYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
Kjy; $l;lj;ij [dhjpgjp jpwe;J itj;jhu;> kw;Wk; ,U
$l;lq;fSlDk; $l;L $l;lj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;J NgRtjw;fhd jdJ
Muk;g ciuiaj; jUfpwhu;.
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,ilNtisapd; NghJ xOq;Ftpjpfis
gpufldg;gLj;j [dhjpgjp 123 mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;shu;.
••ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l midj;J fl;lzq;fSk;
mtUila my;yJ mtupd; fUj;jpw;fhf mtuplk; mDg;gg;gLk;.
mtu; my;yJ mts; rigf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk;.
mtUila Ntz;LNfhSf;F kl;LNk xU rl;l%ykhdJ
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G rl;lkhFk;. MapDk;> ghuhSkd;wk; rig jpUj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mtu; tpUk;gpdhy;> mtNuh my;yJ mtupd; gupe;JiuAlNdh
my;yJ mtw;wpd; kWguprPyidf;fhfNth mij jpUk;gg; ngw
KbAk;.rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gupe;Jiu
Fwpg;Gfs; nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk; mtUf;F cs;sJ.
••Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;f rl;lk;, vy;iyfs;> Vw;fdNt cs;s
khepyq;fspd; ngau;fis khw;wpaikf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
gupe;Jiuf;fpd;w mjpfhuk; mtuplk; cs;sJ.
••[k;K fh\;kPu; khepyq;fSf;F murpayikg;gpd; gy;NtW
tpjpfs; tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf 370 MtJ mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
••,e;j murpayikg;gpd; gy;NtW Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; mur rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; epakq;fisg; guprPypf;fTk; mq;fPfupf;fTk; [dhjpgjp
mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. ,Wjpahf> rz;bfu; kw;Wk; nly;yp jtpu
midj;J kj;jpa gFjpfs; mikjp> Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; ey;y
murhq;fj;jpw;fhd tpjpKiwfis cUthf;f mtUf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L.
C. ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;:
••jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk;

epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy cau;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfs; mtw;iw fUj;jpy; nfhs;syhk;.
••khepy cau; ePjp kd;wq;fspd; jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; gpw
ePjpgjpfs; epakpf;fg;gLtu;> ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpAld;>
rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy MSeUila jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; khepy
cau; ePjp kd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfSf;F Njitahd MNyhridiaj;
jq;fSf;Fj; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mtu; epakpf;fpwhu;.
••FbauRj; jiytu; ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpAld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J
xU cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;f;F
ePjpgjpfis khw;wyhk;.
••gpupT 143 cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij fye;J MNyhrpf;f [dhjpgjpf;F
mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
••[dhjpgjpAk; kd;dpg;Gf;fhd mjpfhuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
mtu; my;yJ mts; kd;dpg;G toq;fyhk;> ve;jnthU egupd;
jz;lidiaAk; ,ilepWj;jp my;yJ fl;lhakhf;fyhk;.
••[dhjpgjpaplk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhd cupikAk; mtUf;F
vjpuhf Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;JtJk;>
ghuhSkd;w rigahf gjtp cau;T toq;Ftjd; %yk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. [dhjpgjp> mjpfhuj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis
kw;Wk; nray;fspd; nray;jpwd; my;yJ mtuJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t
flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; mtuhy; nra;ag;gLk; ve;j
nraYf;Fk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYNk gjpy; nrhy;y KbahJ.
ve;jnthU Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifiaAk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
[dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf mikf;f KbahJ> NkYk; mtUila

ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh mtuJ fhytiuapNyh mtUila ifJ my;yJ
rpiwj;jz;lid ve;jnthU ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; cj;jutpl KbahJ.
r%fj;jpdupd; jdp cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd tof;Ffs; mtUf;F Fwpg;Gfs;
vjpuhfNth my;yJ mtUf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 2 khjq;fSf;F
vOjg;gl;l mwptpg;G nfhLf;Fk;gb epWtg;glyhk;.
D. epjp rf;jpfs;
••Njrj;jpd; ghJfhg;ig [dhjpgjp fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;Js;shu;.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU rigf;Fk; Kd;du; Njrpa tuT
nryT jpl;lj;ij elj;j Ntz;baJ [dhjpgjp MFk;.
••[dhjpgjpf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> gpupT 280> xU
jiytu; kw;Wk; ,ju cWg;gpdu;fs; nfhz;l epjpf; FO xd;iw
xt;nthU Ie;jhk; Mz;Lk;> my;yJ mjw;F Kd;Gk; Njitg;gl;lhy;
epakpf;fyhk;.
••,e;jpahtpd; mtru epjpapy; [dhjpgjpf;F fl;Lg;ghL
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vjpu;ghuhj nryTfis re;jpf;Fk; ,e;j
epjpapy; ,Ue;J mtu; gzk; vLf;fyhk;.
••rpy gzg; gl;bay;fs;> (gpupT 110) kw;Wk; tup tpjpg;G ghjpf;fg;gl;l
khepyq;fs; Mu;tKs;s (gpupT 274) khepy Mizau;fs; FbauRj;
jiytupd; xg;GjYf;F xJf;f Ntz;Lk;.
E. ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;
••gpupT 53 njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gg; gilfspd; jiyik

jsgjpahf cs;sJ. mtu; my;yJ mtuJ %yk; ,uhZt
mjpfhuj;jpd; clw;gapw;rp vd;gJ tpUg;Gupik my;y.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; gb ,J
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l xd;W. mtuJ my;yJ mtuJ ,uhZt
rf;jpfspd; clw;gapw;rpapy;> [dhjpgjp> ,uhZtk;> flw;gil
kw;Wk; tpkhdg; gilapd; jiyik; epakpf;fpwJ. mtu; my;yJ
gpujk ke;jpup> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw mikr;ru; kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fspd;
%d;W jiytu;fs; MfpNahiu jtpu> ghJfhg;G fTd;rpypd;
jiytuhf cs;shu;.
••ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; %yk;> [dhjpgjp Aj;jj;ij mwptpj;J> ntsp
khepyq;fSld; mikjpia KbTf;F nfhz;L tu KbAk;.
F. ,uh[je;jpu mjpfhuq;fs;
••ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fspy; [dhjpgjp ,e;jpahit gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

nra;fpwhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; J}ju;fs;> cau; Mizau;fs; kw;Wk;
gpw J}juf J}ju;fNs ntsp khepyq;fSf;Fk;> I. eh. kw;Wk;
mjd; rpwg;G mikg;GfSf;Fk; mtu; epakpf;fpwhu;. mtu;
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G J}ju;fs;> cau; Mizau;fs; kw;Wk; gpw ,uh[je;jpu J}ju;fNs>
I.eh.> kw;Wk; ntsp khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpahTf;F toq;fpa
ek;gpf;ifr;rhd;Wfis ngWfpwhu;.
••,e;jpah xU fl;rpahFk; midj;J ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffSk;
Fwpg;Gfs; xg;ge;jq;fSk; mtupd; rhu;ghf KbTf;F te;J ,Wjpahf mtiu
my;yJ mtuhy; ifnahg;gkplg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb khepyj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;?
2. [dhjpgjp vt;thW Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;?
3. [dhjpgjpapd; ,uz;L epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; ahit?
10.3 ,e;jpa gpujk ke;jpup

gpujkupd; mYtyfk; Kjypy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. nt];l;kpdp];lu;
Kiwf;F gpwF tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,e;j Kiwia ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
fld; thq;fpaJ. ekJ murikg;Gr; rl;lk; 74 (1) gpujku;> mikr;ru;fs;
FOtpd; jiyikapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpl;ltl;lkhf $WfpwJ.
,jdhy; kw;w mikr;ru;fSk; gpujku; ,y;yhky; nray;gl KbahJ.
gpujk ke;jpupia rkepiyf; FOtpy; Kjy;tu; (Kjypy; rkk;) vd;W
gpuG NkhHyp tptupj;jhu;. ru; tpy;ypak; ntu;Ndhd; mtiu my;yJ
mtuJ ,il el;rj;jpuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhdit (el;rj;jpuq;fs; kj;jpapy;
epyT) vd;W mioj;jhu;. kWGwk;> `Nuhy;l; y];fp > mtiu> 'murhq;f
KO mikg;G Kiwapd; Kd;dpiy" vd;W mioj;jhu;.
‘rkkhdtu;fspilNa Kjd;ikahdJ’ vd;w fUj;J ,d;W
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fpwJ. Mz; my;yJ ngz; rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; mtu;
Kjypy; ,Uf;f khl;lhu;. mtu; my;yJ mts; Kjypy; vd;why;> mtu;
my;yJ mts; rkk; ,y;iy vd;W mu;j;jk;. mtu; my;yJ mts; gpujk
ke;jpupahf ,Ug;gJ kpf cz;ik> mtu; my;yJ mts; kw;wtu;fSf;F
cau;e;jtu; vd;W mu;j;jk;. gpujk ke;jpup> mikr;ruit tisT
kl;Lky;yhky;> murpayikg;G fl;likg;gpd; kw;w tisTfisAk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpwhu;. 'gpujku; gjtpia fLikahf kjpg;gpl;L"
gpujk ke;jpup rkepiyf; FOtpy; Kjy;tu; vd;W gPl;lu; G.upr;ru;l;];
$Wfpwhu;. mNjNghy;> gpujk ke;jpup cl;gl midj;J mikr;ru;fSk;
rkkhdtu;fs; vd;gJ njspthfj; njupatpy;iy vd;W J.S. lf;Nly;
$Wfpwhu;. Mdhy;> gpujk ke;jpup jtpu;j;J midj;J mikr;ru;fSk;
rkkhdtu;fs; 'cz;ikf;F neUf;fkhdtu;fs;' vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
gpujk ke;jpup "cz;ikapy; jiyik Nfg;ld;> kdpju; ,UtUNk" vd;W
mnkup typAWj;jpdhu;. gpujk ke;jpup "cz;ikapy; jiyik Nfg;ld;>
kdpju; ,UtUNk" vd;W mnkup typAWj;jpdhu;. uhk;Nr %u; mtuJ
Gj;jfj;jpy;>gpupl;ld; vt;thW Msg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; 'murpd; fg;gypd;
rf;fu thfdk;' vd;W mikr;ruit mioj;jNjhL gpujk ke;jpupahd
Itu; [hdpq;]; mtiu 'R+upaidr; Rw;wpAs;s Nfhs;fs;' vd tptupj;jhu;.

gpyhg;l; mtiu my;yJ mtuJ 'ru;thjpfhup' vd;W `pd;ld; gpujku; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
xU 'Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kd;du;' vd;whu;.

,e;jpahtpy; fhgpndl; murhq;fj;jpd; nt];l;kpd;];lu;
khjpupapd; murpayikg;G tpjpKiwfis kPwp> gpujk ke;jpup epiwNtw;W
mjpfhupapd; jiyfPo; jiytuhf cUthdhu;. gpujkupd; MSik> Fwpg;Gfs;
mtd; my;yJ mts; nra;af;$ba mjpfhuj;jpd; jd;ikia
ifahStij jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. yhy; gfJ}u; rh];jpup> nkhuhu;[p Njrha;>
V.P. rpq;> re;jpuNrfu> H.D. Njtnfslh> I.K. F[;uhy; Nghd;w gpujku;fs;
Kjypy; rkkhf Nrit nra;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;> NeU> ,e;jpuhfhe;jp>
uh[Pt;fhe;jp> Nghd;Nwhu; ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; ,y;iy. ftu;e;jpOf;Fk;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Nghd;w rf;jptha;e;j MSikfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf
,e;jpuh fhe;jp jdJ mjpfhuj;jpy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ikag;gLj;jp>
mikr;ruit rig ,e;jpa epu;thfp xU gpujk ke;jpup murhq;fj;ij
toq;fpAs;shu;.
10.3.1 gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk;

gpujku; (PM) ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; gy Kf;fpa gzpfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu; kw;Wk; mtuJ Mjhaj;Jf;fhf gue;j mjpfhuq;fis
gapw;rp nra;fpwhu;. mtu; my;yJ mtu; ehl;bd; jiyik epu;thfpahf
cs;shu; kw;Wk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf Ntiy nra;fpwhu;.
[tù;yhy; NeUtpd; thu;j;ijfspy;> "gpujku; murhq;fj;jpd;
KJnfYk;G" vd;Wk;> ,t;thW mtuJ my;yJ mtuJ mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu;: gpujku; murpd; jiytuhf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ> khepyj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; cs;shu;. ,e;jpa FbauRj;
jiytUf;F gy epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd
vd;whYk;> cz;ikapy; eilKiwapy; mtu;> gpujku;
kw;Wk; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; kl;LNk
nray;gLfpwhu;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa
epakdq;fs; gpujku; kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit> jpl;lf;
FO kw;Wk; mikr;ruitf; FOf;fs; Nghd;w midj;J
Kf;fpa KbTk;> mtuJ Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; jpirapy;
,aq;Ffpd;wd.
(ii) mikr;ruitj; jiytu;: gpujku;> mikr;ruitapd;
jiytuhf cs;shu;. rl;lg;gpupT 74 (i) vd;w gpuptpd; gb>
'gpujk ke;jpup jiytuhf ,Uf;Fk; mikr;ru;fshf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;'.gpupl;b\; gpujk ke;jpupiag; NghyNt> ,e;jpa
gpujkUk; gpujkUld; kl;Lky;yhky;> Itu; [Pdpq;fpd;
nrhw;nwhlupd; gb 'R+upaidr; Rw;wp kw;w fpufq;fs;
NghyNt RoYk;'. vd;W gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. mikr;ru;fs;
kj;jpapy; mikr;ru;fis tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; gpujku;.
mikr;ruit $l;lq;fis jiyik ,e;j $l;lq;fspy;
vd;d njhopy; guptu;j;jid vd;gij epu;zapf;Fk;
gpujku; Mthu;. ke;jpup gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mtiu
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhup mtu; ve;j
Neuj;jpYk; mikr;ruitapd; gzpahsu;fis khw;w KbAk;.
S.P. Kfu;[p> M.O. khjha;> ePNah[p B.R. mk;Ngj;fu; kw;Wk;
C.D. Nj\;Kf; MfpNahu; NeUTf;F jdpg;gl;l fUj;J NtWghL
Fwpg;Gfs; fhuzkhf uh[pdhkh nra;jdu;. mikr;ruitapd;
jiytuhf gpujku; vd;w Kiwapy;> thf;nfLg;G %yk;
mbf;fb> xUkpj;j fUj;J %yk; nra;ag;gLk; mikr;ruit
jPu;khdq;fis nry;thf;F ngw KbAk;. mjw;F gpujku;>
$l;lj;jpd; czu;it kjpg;gPL nra;J xUkpj;j fUj;J
njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtuJ gjtp tpyfy; midj;J
mikr;ru;fSk; uh[pdhkh nra;tJ MFk;. y];fhtpd;
fUj;Jg;gb> 'gpujk ke;jpup kj;jpa murpayikg;ig
ikakhff; nfhz;lJ kw;Wk; mjd; ,wg;Gf;F ikakhf
mike;Js;sJ'> ,e;jpahtpd; gpujk ke;jpup mtu; my;yJ
mts; gpupl;brpd; vjpu; ,izahf ,Ue;jtu;.
(iii) [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ruit ,ilNa ,izg;G:
murpayikg;gpd; rl;lg;gpupT 78> gpujkupd; flikfis
tiuaWf;fpwJ> me;j flikfis tpl;L ntspNawpa
mtu;> [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ruitapd; xU ,izg;ghf
nray;gLfpwhu;. ,e;jf; gpuptpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l flikfs;:
(a) mikr;ruitapd; midj;J KbTfisAk;
[dhjpgjpaplk; njuptpj;jy;
(b) $l;LwT tptfhuq;fSf;fhd epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
[dhjpgjpaplk; Nfl;Fk; rl;lj;jpw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;
njhlu;ghd mj;jifa jftiy toq;Ftjw;F, kw;Wk;
(c) [dhjpgjp Njitg;gl;lhy;> ke;jpup rigapy; xU Kbit
vLj;jpUe;jhYk;> mJ mikr;ru;fshy; guprPypf;fg;glhj
ve;jnthU tp\aj;jpYk; mikr;ruitapd; guprPyidia
rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(iv) ehlhSkd;w jiytu;: gpujku; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
jiytuhf cs;shu;. mtu; $l;lq;fspd; NjjpiaAk;>
mku;tpd; jpl;lq;fisj; jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;. mtu; kd;wj;jpd;
KbTfis xj;jpitj;jy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jypy; gq;F
tfpf;fpwhu;. gpujk ke;jpup murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd Ngr;rhsuhf
,Uf;fpwhu; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fisg; gw;wp
njuptpf;fpwhu;. gpujku; kd;w jiytu; vd;w rpwg;G jd;ikia
ngw;Ws;shu;. mtu; gpujhd murhq;f nfhs;iffis
mwptpg;ghu; kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd Jiwrhu; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg;
gjpyspf;fpwhu;. mtu; my;yJ mtuJ ke;jpupfs;
khspifapd; jug;gpy; nra;j jtWfis mtuhy; rupnra;a
KbAk;> NkYk; fz;bg;Gld; $l mtu;fis fbe;J
nfhs;syhk;. gpujk ke;jpup> NtW ve;j cWg;gpdiuAk;
Nghypy;yhky;> mikr;ruitia gpujpgypf;fpwhu;.
(v) ntspehl;L cwTfspd; gpujhd Ngr;rhsu;: ru;tNjr
cwTfspy;> ehl;bd; gpujhd Ngr;rhsuhf gpujku; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
fUjg;gLfpwhu;. mtu; ntsp cyfpw;F ehl;bd; nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk; mwpf;iffis njuptpf;fpwhu;. ru;tNjr khehl;by;>
ehl;ilg; gw;wp gpujku; NgRfpwhu;. mtu; epakpf;fg;glhj
ehLfs; kw;Wk; khehLfs; njhlu;gpy; mtu; Kd;dzp Fwpg;Gfs;
tfpf;fpwhu;. gpujku;fs; ntsptptfhuq;fspy; xU
jdptifahd mf;fiw itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;> ,J mtu;fsJ
epiyg;ghl;il rigapYk; tYg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
(vi) fl;rpapd; jiytu;: ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gpujku;fs;
tpUe;Jfspy; Gfo;e;Jiuf;Fk; Kaw;rp nra;Js;sdu;>
Mdhy; mtu;fs; fl;rpia Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;>
czu;TG+u;tkhd ifahSjYf;Fk;> fspg;gpw;Fk;
MshfpAs;sdu;. cjhuzkhf NeU> lhd;lid fhq;fpurpd;
jiytu; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyFk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu;>
mtu; fl;rpapd; fl;lisia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. ru;jhu;
gNly; ,we;j gpwF> fl;rp kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpy; NeU
jiytuhf Mdhu;. fl;rpj; jiytu; kw;Wk; gpujku; vd;w ,U
gjtpfisAk; mtu; ,izj;jhu;. mjd;gpd; fhq;fpu];
jiytu; midj;J eilKiw Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; xU
murpay; kiwKfkhf ,Ue;jhu;. fhq;fpu]; gpupe;j
gpwF (1969)> fl;rp mYtyfj;jpd; rhu;gpy; (jpUkjp
fhe;jp) mjpfhuj;ij ikag;gLj;jp ,Ue;jhu;. fpl;lj;jl;l
midj;J fl;rpj; jiytu;fSk; mtUila Ntl;ghsuhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;ldu;. fhq;fpu]; (I) mikf;fg;gl;l gpwF>
gpujku; fl;rpapd; cau; fl;lisahf khwpdhu;. P.V. eurpk;k
uht; fhq;fpu]; (I) fl;rpapd; gpujkuhfTk; jiytuhfTk;
,Ue;jhu;.
(vii) jpl;lkply; Mizaj;jpd; jiytu;: jpl;lkply; Mizak;
gpujkupd; jiyikapy; xU $Ljy; murpayikg;G
MNyhridf; FO MFk;. mJ ikak; kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd;
eltbf;iffs; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,J
gpujkupd; jiyikapd; fPo; xU ey;y mikr;ruitahf
khwpAs;sJ. gpujku; jiyikapd; fPo; jpl;lkplg;gl;l
Mizak; khepyq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffspd; Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghl;il
tiuaWf;Fk; midj;J Kf;fpa KbTfisAk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fspd; gFg;gha;T> mtu; my;yJ mts; KO
murhq;fj;jpd; ikakhf ,Ug;gij ep&gpf;fpwJ. gpujku; tpjptpyf;fhd
mjpfhuk; tfpf;fpwhu;. xU tpku;rfupd; $w;Wg;gb> gpujk ke;jpup
ru;thjpfhupahf khwf;$Lk;> my;yJ mtu; mt;thW nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;>
gpujkupd; fuq;fspy; murpayikg;G mjpf mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nry;thf;if
nrYj;JfpwJ.
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
4. ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf cs;stu;
ahu;?
Fwpg;Gfs; 5. gpujkupd; ,uz;L mjpfhuq;fisAk; nray;ghl;ilAk;
gl;baypLq;fs;.
10.4 mikr;ru;fs; FO
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; jahupg;ghsu;fs; Kiwahf midj;J
epu;thf mjpfhuq;fisAk; [dhjpgjpaplk; xg;gilj;jpUe;jhYk;> mtu;
kf;fsitf;F nghWg;ghd ke;jpupfspd; MNyhridg;gb nray;gLk;
gpupl;b\; murpaiyg; Nghd;w $l;LwT nraw;FOtpd; murpayikg;G
jiytuhf nray;gLthu;.
gpupl;b\; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> mikr;ruit murhq;fj;jpd; KO
KiwiaAk; khehl;bw;F tpl;L tpLfpwJ. ,e;j fpuPlk; rl;lG+u;tkhf
mjpfhuk; nfhz;l mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ke;jpupfs; nfhs;ifapy;>
kFlk; mbahu;fs; jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy. murpayikg;gpd;
tbtikg;ghsu;fs;> murpayikg;gpd; gFjpapy; mikr;ruit mikg;gpd;
m];jpthuj;ij mikj;Js;sdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> mjd; gzp tptuq;fs;
khehl;bYk; gad;ghLk; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpak;
MFk;. uNk\; jh$u; $Wifapy;> 'ke;jpupfs; FO murpayikg;G jFjp
cilaJ> mikr;ruit murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. mjd;gb>
mjd; rf;jpfs; khehL kw;Wk; gad;ghl;lhy; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;jpah ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpy
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy;> murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w tbtj;jpy; kpfr;
rpwe;j tbtk; nfhz;lJ. gpujkupd; jiyikapd; fPo; ngUk;ghd;ik
gzpahw;Wk; fl;rpahdJ mtuJ my;yJ mtuJ ek;gfkhd rf
Copau;fspd; cjtpapd; xj;Jiog;Gld; nray;gLfpwJ. gpujk ke;jpup
gy;NtW JiwfspYk; gpujhd mikr;ruitfspYk; gpujku; gjtpia
tpl;L ntspNaWfpwhu;. ,e;j kf;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;ij nghWg;Ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> ,Wjpapy; mtu;fspd; cz;ikahd mq;fj;jtu;fs;
Mtu;.
ghuhSkd;w murhq;fj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj nfhs;iffs;
filgpbg;gjpy; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;jhYk;> mikr;ruit kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd cwtpd; xU ngupa khw;wk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 'ghuhSkd;w murhq;fk;' vd;gJ kpfTk; gpugykhd xU
'mikr;ruit murhq;fk;' vd;w ngaupy; gy khw;wq;fs; te;Js;sd.
W.B. Kd;Nuh $wpaJ Nghy; mikr;rufk; khwptpl;lJ> murpayikg;G
fl;likg;gpy; xw;iw kpf Kf;fpakhd mikg;G> my;yJ uhk;Nr Ka;u;
$wpajhtJ> khepyj;jpd; ed;Fwkhf cs;sJ. Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
eilKiwapy; xU ngupa msT NtWghL epyTfpwJ. Nfhl;ghl;by;

mJ ghuhSkd;wj;ij rhu;e;Js;sJ. ,e;j tif epu;thfp gpd;tUk; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
mj;jpahtrpa mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:

(i) ngausT jiy: ,e;j tif murhq;fj;jpd; Kjy;
Kd;epge;jid vd;gJ xU jiytupd; ngau;> mjpfhuG+u;tkhd
mjpfhuk; nfhz;lJ. KO epu;thfKk; mtUila ngaupy; Fwpg;Gfs;
,aq;FfpwJ. vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk; mtuplk; my;yJ
mtsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
nghWg;Gf; $Wk; mikr;ru;fshy; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mjd; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L> gpupj;jhdpa Kbaurpy; my;yJ
,e;jpa [dhjpgjpapd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ug;gjhff; fhzyhk;>
Mdhy; Ml;rp nra;a KbahJ.
(ii) gpujkupd; jiyik: gpujk ke;jpup cz;ikahd epu;thf
mjpfhuj;ij itj;jpUf;fpwhu;> NkYk; mtu; my;yJ
mts; khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd ciof;Fk; jiytuhf
tptupf;fg;glyhk;. mtu; my;yJ mikr;ruit jiytupd;
jiytu; kw;Wk; gpujkupd; jiytu; gpujhd Ngr;rhsu;
Mthu;.
(iii) murpay; xw;Wik: gpujk ke;jpup ehl;bd; Nju;jypy;
njspthd ngUk;ghd;ikia mDgtpf;Fk; fl;rpapd;
jiytu; Mthu;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ve;jnthU fl;rpAk;
KOikahd ngUk;ghd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy;>
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; xU $l;lzp
murhq;fj;ij cUthf;FtJ rhj;jpakhfyhk;.
(iv) $l;L nghWg;G: ,e;j murhq;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd
mk;rk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mikr;ru;fspd; nghWg;Ngw;ghFk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk;
mDgtpf;Fk; tiu mtu;fs; mYtyfj;jpy; tho KbAk;
vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jk;. mtu;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j nray;
nghWg;ghFk;.
(v) xyp kw;Wk; gaDs;s vjpu;g;G: mikr;ruitapd;
filrpj; Njit xU murpayikg;G mikg;gpd; ,Ug;ig
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU ghijia vLj;Jf;nfhs;tij
jLf;Fk; nghUl;L murhq;fj;ij Nrhjpf;Fk; xU xyp
kw;Wk; jpwDs;s vjpu;g;gpd; mbj;jsk; murhq;f mikg;G
Kiw MFk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s mNj
tpjj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s mikr;ruit Kiw rupahf
Ntiy nra;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; [dhjpgjp mikr;ruitapd;
$l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. mikr;ruit
kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit murpay; nghWg;G
cs;sJ. gpujkupd; jiyik nghJthf murpayikg;gpy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l midj;J mikr;ru;fSk; xNu murpay;
fl;rpiar; rhu;e;jtu;fs;> xj;j fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;
kw;Wk; mNj nfhs;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
(vi) mikr;ru;fs; epakdk;: gpujku; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhYk;
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy;
kw;w ke;jpupfs; epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpwhu;fs; [gpupT
75(i)] kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ gpuptpdupd; xJf;fPL gpujk
ke;jpupfshy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.NkYk;> xU jdp mikr;riu
Fwpg;Gfs; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuk;
gpujkupd; iffspy; nka;epfu; mjpfhukhFk;. gpujku; gjtpf;F
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik
kf;fsitj; jiytu; my;yJ me;j kd;wj;jpy; cs;s
ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; ek;gpf;ifia nty;yf;$ba xU
jiytUf;F [dhjpgjpiaj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

murpayikg;G> mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fis
ntt;NtW mzpfshf tifg;gLj;jhJ. ,it Mq;fpy
eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mrhj;jpakhf nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,g;NghJ mJ rl;lg;G+u;t xg;Gjy; ngw;Ws;sJ. 1952 Mk; Mz;bd;
mikr;ruitr; rk;gsKk; mDkjpAk; mikr;ruit cWg;gpduhfTk;>
ve;jnthU ngaupYk;> gpujp mikr;ru; mlq;Fk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> midj;J mikr;ru;fSk; mNj jutupirapy; ,y;iy.
mit %d;W mzpfSf;F fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd: (a) mikr;ruit
ke;jpup my;yJ 'mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fs;' (b) khepy ke;jpup kw;Wk;
(c) gpujp mikr;ru;fs;. Nfhl;ghl;lstpy;> epu;thfpfspd; KOikahd
FO> mikr;ruitf; FOit cs;slf;fpAs;sJ> mikr;ruit
,Ug;gJ> mjd; %d;W $Wfspy; xd;whFk;. cz;ikapy;> mikr;ruit
cWg;gpdu;fisf; fhl;bYk; mikr;ruit kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ>
nry;thf;Fkpf;f kw;Wk; rf;jptha;e;jjhFk;.
mikr;ruitj; ju ke;jpupfs; jq;fs; Jiwapd; jiytu;fs;. khepy
mikr;ru;fs; mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf mikr;ruitj; jFjp cilatu;fs;
kw;Wk; mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fshf mNj Cjpak; toq;fg;gLtNjhL
mtu;fs; jq;fsJ Jiwapd; RahjPdkhd nghWg;igAk; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
mikr;ruit jutupirapy; cs;s mikr;ru;fSf;F jdpg;gl;l fl;lzk;
fpilahJ vd;gij tpl Jiz mikr;ru;fSf;F Fiwe;j rk;gsk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> 91 tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; (2003)> 75 tJ
rl;lg;gpuptpy; 1A mikg;igr; Nru;f;fpwJ> ,J ‘gpujk ke;jpup cl;gl
mikr;ru;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if> ke;jpup rigapy; nkhj;j kf;fs;
njhifapy; gjpide;J rjtPjj;ij tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;fhJ’.
10.4.3 mikr;ruit
mikr;ruit ke;jpuprigfspd; rpwpa FO MFk;> gpujhd mikr;ru;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; mikr;ru;fs;> murhq;f epu;thfj;jpw;Fk; nfhs;iff;Fk;
nghJthf nghWg;G tfpg;gtu;fs; Mtu;.

mikr;ruit 12 Kjy; 18 Ngu; tiuapyhd rpwpa msT ,Uf;f kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
Ntz;Lk;. jpwikahd KbTfis tpl ,J murpay; fUj;jha;Tfspd;

tpisthfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. mikr;ruitfspd; mikg;G gpuhe;jpa
rkepiyapd; msTf;F mf;fiwia gpujpgypf;fpwJ kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
r%fq;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;-,];yhkpau;fs;> rPf;fpau;fs;> SCs> STs Fwpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; OBCs Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
murhq;ff; nfhs;ifia rl;lg;G+u;tkhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
midj;J Kd;nkhopTfisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F mikr;ruitapy;
ehd;F Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; cs;sd. midj;J Kf;fpa epakdq;fs;
gupe;Jiuf;f cs; Jiw jfuhWfs; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s> murhq;fj;jpd;
gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; xUq;fpizf;f kw;Wk; mjd; nfhs;iffis
epiwNtw;Wtij Nkw;ghu;itapl Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ruit thuhe;ju $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s kl;LNk
cWg;gpdu;fs; cs;sdu;> Mdhy;> khepyq;fs;> Kjyikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;g epGzu;fs; MfpNahUf;F rpwg;G mf;fiw nfhz;l
ghlq;fisf; fye;Jiuahl miog;G tpLf;fg;glyhk;. mikr;ruitapy;
thf;Ffs; mupjhfNt guprPypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpa KbTfs; tof;fkhf
tpthjj;jpw;Fg; gpwF mile;jd. gpujk ke;jpup; MNyhridAld;
nghUj;jkhd ke;jpup KbT nra;ag;gLtJld;> tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij
jahupg;gJ Nghd;wit $l> gpujhd mikr;ruitf;F kl;LNk Kf;fpa
gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd.
mikr;ruitapd; gzp ngUk;ghYk; FOf;fshy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
gy;NtW mikr;ru;fspd; nray;ghLfs; xUq;fpizf;f NeUthy;
mikf;fg;gl;l mikr;ruit FOf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; rpy mikr;ru;fshy;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gpujku; NeU jd;id 10 FOf;fspy;
9 ,y; jiytuhfTk;> cs;Jiw ke;jpup midj;J FOf;fspy;
cWg;gpduhfTk; gj;jhtJ FOtpd; jiytuhfTk; mikj;jhu;. 1962 Mk;
Mz;L epWtg;gl;l mikr;ruitapd; mtrufhyf; FOthdJ gpujk
ke;jpup cl;gl MW %j;j mikr;ru;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. NeUtpd;
filrp Mz;Lfspy; cs;Jiw mikr;rufj;jpd; gq;if Vw;W> KO
mikr;ruitapd; KbntLf;Fk; gy nghWg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;
rh];jpupapd; fPo;> mtruf; FOtpd; rhu;gpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwe;jJ.
xt;nthU ke;jpupf;Fk; Kd;Kaw;rp kw;Wk; tpNtfj;Jldhd xU ngupa
ghj;jpuj;ij toq;fpajhy;> cs;ehl;by; tptfhuq;fspy; mikr;ruit
FOthdJ GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jdJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy;
(1971 f;Fg; gpwF) jpUkjp.fhe;jp murpay; tptfhuf; FOnthd;iw
cUthf;fp> jdJ jiyikapd; fPo; %j;j mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fspd;
rpwpa FOit cUthf;fpdhu;. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fspy;
gpujhd mikr;ruitf; nfhs;iffis xUq;fpizf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;
kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; FO xd;iw mikj;J midj;J KbntLf;Fk;
nghWg;Ngwp gpd;du; gpujku; ke;jpupahf nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G 10.4.4 mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
mikr;ruitf; FO xd;wpa murhq;fj;ij mikj;jJ. ,jd; kj;jpa
muR jiytuhf gpujk ke;jpup jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
jiytuhf kj;jpa muR jiytu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; mtNu gpujk ke;jpup
Fwpg;Gfs; jiytu; gjtpNa tfpj;jhu;. ke;jpupfs; rigapd; gzpfs; [dhjpgjpf;F
cjTtjw;Fk; ehl;bd; jiytuhf jdJ gq;ifg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
cjTtjhFk;. mjd; rf;jpfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW
tpthjpf;fg;glyhk;:
(i) rl;lkd;w tpohf;fs;: mikr;ru;fs; kj;jpa murpd; rl;lkd;wj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;, mjhtJ> ghuhSkd;wk;. ke;jpupfs;
FO mjd; nfhs;iffis rku;g;gpf;fpd;wJ kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ug;gjhy;> mjd; nfhs;ifia
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vg;NghJNk cWjpahdJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd rl;lq;fs; mikr;ru;fshy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
(ii) epjpr; rf;jpfs;: $l;LwT nraw;FOtpd; epjpf; nfhs;ifia
mikr;ruit fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij rku;g;gpf;Fk; epjp ke;jpup MFk;.
nrytpdk; kw;Wk; tUtha; nghUl;fis mry; tbtj;jpy;
Jizf;FO ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld; ghuhSkd;wk;
mq;fPfupf;fpwJ.
(iii) epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs;: mikr;ru;fspd; FOkk; xd;wpaj;jpd;
epiwNtw;Wf; fpis MFk;. mikr;ru;fs; murhq;fj;jpd;
gy;NtW Jiwfs; kPJ jiyik tfpg;gNjhL epu;thfj;jpw;F
topfhl;LjiyAk; toq;Ffpwhu;fs;. mikr;ruit gy;NtW
Jiwfs; kj;jpapy; nfhs;iffis xUq;fpizg;gNjhL
mtu;fspd; Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;J itf;Fk;. ntspehl;L
kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G nfhs;iffis tFj;J> Ie;J Mz;L
jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jp mikr;ruit Kd;itf;fpd;wJ
(iv) ntspehl;L kw;Wk; ,uhZt tptfhuq;fspy; mikr;ru;fs;
FO: uh[;arig cWg;gpdu;fs; xU ehl;NlhL Aj;jj;ij
mwptpf;fyhk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij Kbf;fyhk;.
midj;J cld;gbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; %yk; mikr;ru;fs; FO KbtilAk;.
10.5 mikr;ruit FOf;fs;.

murpayikg;G epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;F mikr;ruf nghWg;igr;
Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,ay;ghfNt epu;thfpfs; kf;fSila gpujpepjpfSf;F
jq;fs; nray;fisNah my;yJ jtWfisNah tpsf;fpf; Nfl;fTk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. xU mikr;ruit KbT kw;Wk; tuT nryTj;
jpl;lk; cs;spl;l ghuhSkd;w mkyhf;fk; Mfpait NghJkhd msT
my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikf;F cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ruitf; FOf;fs; Fiwthd Kf;fpa nghJf; nfhs;if kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
tp\aq;fspy; cz;ikahd Kbit vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.

mikr;ruitapy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba kw;w tp\aq;fSk; $l
FOf;fspy; tpWtpWg;ghf cs;sd. ke;jpupfspd; fUj;J NtWghL>
ke;jpupfs; tpj;jpahrkhf ,Ug;gJ > ke;jkhd kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd Gs;spfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
kl;LNk. kj;jpa mikr;ruitf; FOf;fspd; tpupthd tiyj;jskhd
kj;jpa jPu;T ikak; ,Ug;gjhy; mikr;ruit fhg;ghw;wpaJ vd;d
vd;why; ,J xU jPu;T rigahf nray;gl;lJ.
,e;j rhjdk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; Nguk; NgRjy; kw;Wk; rkurk;
nra;a mikr;ru;fSf;F cjTfpwJ> NkYk; ,J ke;jpuprigapd; kPJ
mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf> mikr;ruit NkYk;
Kf;fpakhd tp\aq;fis jd;id mu;g;gzpf;f ,ytrkhf cs;sJ.
FO mikg;G $l;L nghWg;Gfspd; nfhs;ifia ghJfhf;fpwJ> ,J
mikr;ruit mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
vdNt mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fshf ,y;yhj mur kw;Wk; Jiz
ke;jpupfs; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
Mthu;fs;. ,J xU topKiwahFk;> NkYk; mtu;fs; mikr;ruitapd;
gzpf;F neUf;fkhd njhlu;igf; nfhz;L tUfpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy;>
midj;J ke;jpupfSk; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iff;F xU gFjpahf
nghWg;Ngw;fpwhu;fs;. nghJj;Jiw Nritfspd; kPJ murpay; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
jpwid mjpfupf;f mikr;ruit FOf;fs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
6. ,e;jpahtpy; mikr;ruitf;F cl;gl;lJ vd;d?
7. mikr;ru;fspd; MNyhrid rigapd; nray;ghLfis
gl;baypLq;fs;.
8. mikr;ruitf; FOtpd; gq;F vd;d?

1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; fPo;> ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpapd; mYtyfk;
fpl;lj;jl;l ghuhSkd;w epu;thfpapd; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
gpupl;b\; Kbaurpd; epiyf;F xj;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. khepy
nray;Kiw jiytuhf [dhjpgjp gjtp NghJ kfj;jhd
nfsutk;> mjpfhuk;> fUiz> fz;zpak;> kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;G
Mdhy; kpfTk; Fiwthd nray;Kiw MFk;.
2. FbauRj; jiytu; gjtpf;fhd Nju;jy;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L
mitfspYk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lkd;w rigfspy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; mlq;fpa
Nju;jy; fy;Y}up %yk; kiwKfkhf elf;fpwJ. [dhjpgjp
Nju;jy; kPz;Lk; elj;Jtjw;F 5 Mz;Lfs; vd;w fhy mstpy;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. vdpDk;> lhf;lu; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G gjtp Vw;w epiyapy;> ve;j [dhjpgjpAk; kPz;Lk; gjtpf;F Nju;T
nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
3. [dhjpgjpapd; ,uz;L epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs;:
(i) [dhjpgjpaplk; epakdk; nra;tjw;Fk;> epiwNtw;W
Fwpg;Gfs; mjpfhuq;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; cs;sJ. Kjy;
,lj;jpy;> [dhjpgjp gpujkiu epakpf;fpwhu;> gpe;ija
MNyhridiaAk;> kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; kw;w
cWg;gpdu;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhu;.
(ii) ,e;jpahtpd; rl;lj; jiyikg; gzp Kjy;tu;
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
4. gpujkupd; mYtyfk; Kjypy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;j mikg;ig fld; thq;fpAs;sJ>
,J nt];l;kpd;];lu; mikg;Gf;F gpwF tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ekJ murpayikg;gpd; 74 (1) gpupT gpujk ke;jpup, ke;jpupfs;
rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghu; vd;W ntspg;gilahf $WfpwJ.
vdNt> kw;w mikr;ru;fs; gpujk ke;jpup ,y;yhky; nray;gl
KbahJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ke;jpuprig murhq;fj;jpd; nt];l;kpd;];lu;
khjpupapd; murpayikg;G tpjpfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;$l> gpujk
ke;jpup epiwNtw;W mjpfhupapd; jiyfPo; jiytuhf cUthdhu;.
5. gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu;: ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytu; khepy
jiytuhfTk; cs;shu;. mNjNtiy gpujku; murhq;fj;jpd;
jiytuhfTk; ,e;jpahtpd; [dhjpgjp gy epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lhYk;> gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk;
mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridapy;jhd; mtu; nray;gLfpwhu;.
(ii) mikr;ruitj; jiytu;: gpujku; mikr;ruitapd;
jiytuhf cs;shu;. 74 (i) ,d; gb> 'gpujk ke;jpup
jiytuhf ke;jpupfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;'. mikr;ru;fs;
kj;jpapy; mikr;ru;fs; tpepNahfpg;gtu; gpujku; Mthu;.
mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyik tfpf;Fk; gpujku;>
,e;j $l;lq;fspy; vd;d tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;
vd;gij jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;. mtuJ uh[pdhkh midj;J
mikr;ru;fspd; uh[pdhkh mlq;Fk;. yh];fpapd; $w;W
'gpujk ke;jpup kNrhjhit cUthf;Fk; ikakhf cs;shu;>
mjd; tho;f;iff;F ikakhfTk;> mjd; kuzj;jpw;F
ikakhfTk; cs;sJ' vd;gJ mtUila gpujk ke;jpup
,e;jpahtpd; gpujkupd; cz;ikahf cs;sJ.
6. mikr;ruit ke;jpuprigfspd; rpwpa FO MFk;>
gpujhd mikr;ru;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mikr;ru;fs;> murhq;f
epu;thfj;jpw;Fk; nfhs;iff;Fk; nghJthf nghWg;G tfpg;gtu;fs;
Mtu;.
7. gpd;tUkhW mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpAk;
tpthjpf;fg;gLk;:
(i) rl;lkd;w tpohf;fs;: kj;jpa mikr;ruit rl;lkd;wj;ij kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ> mjhtJ ghuhSkd;wk;. mjd; nfhs;ifia

tFf;fpd;wJ> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F xg;GjYf;fhf rku;g;gpf;fTk;
tpsf;FfpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mikr;ruitapdhy;
mjpfgl;r rl;l%yq;fs; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;Gfs;
(ii) xt;nthU nghJ Nju;jypd; NghJk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; Kjy;
mku;tpy; [dhjpgjp njhlq;fpitfs;> kw;Wk; mtuJ Muk;g
ciuia xU $l;Lj; njhlupy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; ,uz;L
rigfSf;Fk toq;Ffpwhu;.
(ii) epjp mjpfhuq;fs;: njhopw;rq;f epiwNtw;W epjp nfhs;ifia
mikr;ruit fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J epjp mikr;ru;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tuT nryT epjpia rku;g;gpj;J cs;shu;.
(iii) epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs;: Nguitapd; mikr;ru;fs; FO>
rq;fj;jpd; epu;thff; fpis. murpd; gy;NtW JiwfSf;F
mikr;ru;fs;> epu;thfk; topfhl;Ljy; mspj;J> epu;thfj;ij
elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(iv) ntspehl;L kw;Wk; ,uhZt tptfhuq;fspy; mikr;ru;fs;
FO: mikr;ru;fs; xU ehl;Lld; Nghu; mwptpj;J
mikjpia epiwT nra;ayhk;. midj;J cld;gbf;iffs;
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp
mikr;ru;fs; rigahy; KbT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
8. FO mikg;G> $l;L nghWg;G vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il> mikr;ruit
Kiwapd; ,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhFk;. Fiwthd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j nghJf; nfhs;if tptfhuq;fspy;> mikr;ruitf;
FOf;fs; cz;ikahd mjpfhuj;jpd; mikg;G MFk;.
10.7 RUf;fk;
••,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> ,e;jpa FbauRj;
jiytupd; mYtyfk;> ghuhSkd;w epiwNtw;W czu;NthL>
gpupl;b\; kd;dupd; xg;Gikahd Kw;wpYk; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;sJ.
murpd; rlq;F jiytuhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> [dhjpgjpapd;
mYtyfk; xU cau;e;j nfsutk;> mjpfhuk;> fUiz> fz;zpak;>
kupahij kw;Wk; topghL rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd; jiyik epu;thfpahf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs;
[dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb (gpupT 53) mtu; NeubahfNth my;yJ
mtUila mYtyu;fspd; %ykhfNth my;yJ mtuJ
jiyikapy; my;yJ mtuJ nghWg;gpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
••[dhjpgjp khepy MSeu;fis epakpf;fpwhu;. ,e;j epakdq;fs;
gpujk mikr;rUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. FbauRj;
jiytu; gjtp tpUg;gk; jUk; fhyj;jpy; MSeu; jdJ gjtpia
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G tfpf;Fk; epiyapy;> MSeu; ,uh[pdhkh my;yJ mtiu gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.
••xt;nthU nghJ Nju;jypd; NghJk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; Kjy;
mku;tpy; [dhjpgjp njhlq;fpitfs;> kw;Wk; mtuJ Muk;g
Fwpg;Gfs; ciuia xU $l;Lj; njhlupy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; ,uz;L
rigfSf;Fk; toq;Ffpwhu;.
••Njrj;jpd; ifg;igia [dhjpgjp fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;Js;shu;.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU tPl;Lf;Fk; Kd;du; Njrpa tuT
nryTj; jpl;lj;ij elj;j Ntz;baJ [dhjpgjp MFk;.
••gpupT 53 njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gg; gilfspd; jiyik jsgjpahf
cs;sJ. mtu; my;yJ mtuJ %yk; ,uhZt mjpfhuj;jpd;
nray;Kiw vd;gJ tpUg;Gupik my;y. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; gb ,J xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l xd;W.
mtuJ my;yJ mtuJ ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fspd; nray;Kiwapy;>
[dhjpgjp Kd;nkhopfpwhu;> ,uhZtk;> flw;gil kw;Wk; tpkhdg;
gilapd; jiyik epakpf;fpwJ.
••gpujku; gjtp Kjypy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. nt];l;kpd;];lu;
Kiwf;F gpwF tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,e;j Kiwia ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G fld; thq;fpaJ. ekJ murikg;Gr; rl;lk; 74 (1)
gpujku;> mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd; jiyikapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jpl;ltl;lkhf $WfpwJ.
••murpayikg;gpd; rl;lg;gpupT 78> gpujkupd; flikfis
tiuaWf;fpwJ> me;j flikfis tpl;L ntspNawpa mtu;>
[dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ruitapd; xU ,izg;ghf nray;gLfpwhu;.
••gpujk ke;jpupapd; mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wpa gFg;gha;T mtu; my;yJ
mtu; murhq;fj;jpd; KO mikg;G Kiwapd; Kd;dpiy vd;gij
ep&gpf;fpwJ. gpujku; xU tpjptpyf;fhd mjpfhuj;jpd; epiyia
nfhz;Ls;shu;. xU tpku;rfu; fUj;Jg;gb> gpujk ke;jpup xU
ru;thjpfhup Mfyhk; vd;W ,yq;fpapDs;Sk;> my;yJ mtu;
mt;thW nra;aj; Nju;e;njLj;jhy;> mJ mlu; vd;w xt;nthU
Mgj;Jk; cs;sJ vd;W gpujku; ifapy; ,Ue;j mstpw;F mjp-
fhuk; kw;Wk; nry;thf;F cs;sJ.
••ekJ murpayikig cUthf;Fgtu;> vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpd;
cWg;gpdu; epiyapy;> mikr;ruit Kiwapd; mbj;jsk;
Nghw;wpg;NgZtjhf> ,Ug;gpDk;> mjd; Ntiy gw;wpa tptuq;fs;
khehl;L kw;Wk; gad;ghL %yk; epug;gg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
••gpujk ke;jpup [dhjpgjpahy; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s epiyapy;>
Vida mikr;ru;fSk;> gpujk ke;jpupapd; MNyhridapd;
Ngupy; [gpupT 75(i)] FbauRj; jiytu; %yk; epakpf;fg;gl;L>
mtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mikr;ru;fis xJf;fPL nra;Ak; gzpAk;
gpujku; mtu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
••mikr;ruit jutupir ke;jpupfs; jq;fs; Jiwfspd; jiytu;fshf
cs;sdu;. ,uh[hq;f mikr;ru;fs; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf
mikr;ruit me;j];J ngw;W> mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fshf kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G
mNj rk;gsj;ij ngWfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; jkJ Jiwapy; RahjPd

Fw;wr;rhl;il tfpf;f Neuplyhk;. mikr;ruit me;j];J ngw;w
mikr;ru;fis tpl> Jiz mikr;ru;fSf;F Fiwe;j rk;gsk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. xU Jiwapy; jdp fl;lzk; ,y;iy. Fwpg;Gfs;
••gy;NtW mikr;ru;fspd; gzpfis xUq;fpizf;f NeU Vw;ghL
nra;jpUe;j mikr;ruitf; FOf;fs;> rpy mikr;ru;fs; kPJ
ngUkstpy; Mjpf;fk; nfhz;Ls;sd. NeU gpujku; vd;w Kiwapy;>
10 FOf;fspy; 9 Ngu; jiytuhfTk;> cs;Jiw mikr;ru;
midj;J FOf;fspd; cWg;gpduhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
••mikr;ru;fs; FO> rq;f Ml;rp mikj;jJ. ,jpy; gpujku;
jiyikapy; kj;jpa murpd; jiytuhfTk; cs;shu;. mikr;ru;fs;
FOtpd; gzpfs;> ehl;bd; jiytuhf jdJ gq;if nray;Kiw
nra;tjpy; [dhjpgjpf;F cjtp nra;J cjt Ntz;Lk;.

••gpupT 53: rq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjp nghWg;gpy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,e;j murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb
mtUf;F Neubahf my;yJ mjpfhupfs; %yk; mtiu gzpapy;
Nru Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.
••rkepiyf; $l;Lf;FOkj;jpd; Nguhsu;: ,J xU yj;jPd;
nrhw;nwhlupd; rkd;ghL MFk;. ,J kw;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;F
Kiwahf rkkhf cs;stu;fSf;F nfsutkpf;f jiyg;ghf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ jq;fs; FOtpy; mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf
kupahij nrYj;Jfpwhu;fs;> ghuk;gupakhf jq;fs; gjtpapy; gjtp
tfpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; gpupl;b\; gpujku; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
gpujkupd; gpd;dzpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
••murpayikg;gpd; 91 tJ jpUj;jk;: ,J kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
muRfspd; mikr;ruitapd; msit fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ Nyhf;
rghtpd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 15 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhf ,y;iy
khepy rl;lkd;wk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. kf;fsitj; Nju;jypy;
543 MPs cs;sdu;. mjhtJ 81 mikr;ru;fs; ,Uf;f KbAk;.
FW-tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. [dhjpgjp gjtpf;F murpayikg;G tpjpfis gl;baypLq;fs;.

2. ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;fj;jpy; mikr;ruit mikg;gpy; RUf;fkhd
Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.
3. kj;jpa mikr;ruitapd; mikg;G nray;ghLfis gl;baypLq;fs;.
4. mikr;ruitf; FOtpd; gq;F gw;wp RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikg;G neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ",e;jpahtpd; [dhjpgjp xU nray;Kiw jiytuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;."

,e;j mwpf;ifia Muha;e;J ghUq;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 2. ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpapd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. ,e;jpa gpujkupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLk; gFg;gha;T
nra;Aq;fs;.
4. ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpy; mikr;ru;fs; fye;jha;tpd; nray;ghl;bd;
kPJ xU tpupthd Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.
10.10 NkYk; gbf;f

M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

kj;jpa nrayfk;
myF 11 kj;jpa nrayfk;

mikg;G
11.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
11.3 nghJ Nritfs;
11.4 mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
11.4.1 xd;wpa nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO
11.4.2 ,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit (IAS)
11.4.4 ,e;jpa fhty;Jiw Nrit (IPS)
11.4.5 mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tpilfs;
11.6 RUf;fk;
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f
11.0 mwpKfk;
mikr;ruit nrayfk; ehl;bd; kpf cau;e;j mjpfhuj;Jt epWtdk;
MFk;. ,J gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk; gy;NtW mikr;ru;fSf;F ,ilNa
xU xUq;fpize;j ghj;jpuj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. ,J ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd;
kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; mikr;ruit kw;Wk; gy;NtW mikr;rfq;fs;
kw;Wk; Jiwfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa xU Kf;fpa njhlu;ghf
nray;gLfpwJ. vdNt> mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; jiytuhf cs;s
mikr;ruit nrayhsu; ,e;jpahtpd; FbKiw Nritapd; jiytu;
Mthu;. mikr;ruitapd; nrayhsu;> cs;Jiw ke;jpup njhopypy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwhu;.
,e;jpa Fbikg;gzp mikg;G cyfpd; goikahd epu;thf mikg;Gfspy;
xd;whFk;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L Nrit ,uz;L
mLf;F Kiwikahf kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa muR> midj;J
,e;jpa NritfisAk; (AIS) fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ> mjhtJ ,e;jpa
epu;thf Nrit (IAS)> ,e;jpa ntspAwT Nrit (IFS) kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
fhty;Jiw Nrit (IPS) kw;Wk; kj;jpa Nritfs; gy;NtW FOf;fspy;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs; kw;Wk; FO A kw;Wk;
B NritfSf;fhd Nju;T xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;
(UPSC) ,e;jpa murpd; mikr;ruit nrayhsupd; gjtp> ,e;jpa
FbKiw Nritapy; kpf cau;e;j> ,e;jpa epu;thf Nritapd;(IAS)
mjpfhupfsplk; kl;LNk rYif ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;jpa xd;wpa epu;thfj;jpd; epu;thfg; gzpapy; mikr;ruit
nrayhsu; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L Nritfs;> Fwpg;ghf mfpy ,e;jpa
kj;jpa nrayfk; Nritfs; Mfpatw;wpd; gq;if gFg;gha;T nra;tJ ,e;j myfpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
11.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;>
••mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; nray;ghl;ilg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f
KbAk;.
••mikr;ruit nrayhsupd; nray;ghL kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij
tpsf;f KbAk;.
••xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; (UPSCp) kj;jpa murpd;
Copau;fspd; nray;ghl;il Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••kj;jpa murhq;f FbKiw Copau;fspd; nray;ghl;il Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;..
••mfpy ,e;jpa Nritf;fhd Ml;Nru;g;G eilKiwia tptupf;f
KbAk;.

mikr;ruit nrayfk; gpujkupd; Neub nghWg;gpy; cs;sJ. kj;jpa
nrayf fl;blj;jpy; ,J mike;Js;sJ. jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd;
epu;thfj; jiytu;> mikr;ruit nrayhsuhfTk;> FbKiw Nrit
thupaj;jpd; Kd;dhs;-gjtp top jiytuhfTk; cs;shu;. ,e;jpa murpd;
(tzpf xJf;fPL) tpjpfs;> 1961 "mikr;ruit nrayfk;" tpjpfSf;F
cl;gl;L Kjy; rl;l ,izg;Gf;F xU ,lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
nrayfj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;l ghlnewpfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••mikr;ruit kw;Wk; mikr;ruitf; FOf;fSf;fhd nrayf
cjtp
••tzpf tpjpfs;
mikr;ruit nrayfk; ,e;jpa murpd; epu;thfj;jpw;fhd
nghWg;ghFk; (tzpf guptu;j;jid) tpjpfs;> 1961 kw;Wk; ,e;jpa muR
(tzpf xJf;fPL) tpjpfs; 1961> ,e;j tpjpfs; filgpbf;fg;gLtjd;
%yk; murhq;fj;jpd; mikr;rfq;fs;/jpizf;fsq;fspy; tzpfj;jpd;
nkd;ikahd guptu;j;jidf;F cjTjy;. kj;jpa mikr;ruit
xUq;fpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpy; KbntLf;Fk;
nrayfk;> nrayhsu;fspd;> jw;fhypf/epw;Fk; FOf;fspd; fUT+yq;fs;
%yk; mikr;ru;fs;/Jiwfs; kw;Wk; gupzhk cld;gL Mfpatw;wpy;
tpj;jpahrq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,e;j topKiw %yk; Gjpa nfhs;if
Kaw;rpfs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mikr;ruitr; nrayfk; midj;Jj; Jiwfspd;/ jpizf;fsq;fspd;
gpujhd eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk;> mtu;fspd; eltbf;iffspd; khjhe;jpu
RUf;fkhfTk;> [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fs;
njuptpf;fg;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. ngupa neUf;fbapd; Nkyhz;ik
ehl;by; cs;s R+o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; mj;jifa R+o;epiyapy; gy;NtW kj;jpa nrayfk;
mikr;ru;fspd; xUq;fpizg;G eltbf;iffs; Mfpait mikr;ruit

nrayfj;jpd; nray;fspy; xd;whFk;.
xt;nthU mikr;rfKk; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;> jpl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; mikg;Gj;jpl;lq;fis Jupjkhd nray;gLj;Jk; nghWg;GghFk; Fwpg;Gfs;
mNjrkak;> kj;jpa-ke;jpup xj;Jiog;G ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mtu;fs; mbf;fb
mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; cjtpia ehLfpd;wdu;. nrayhsu;fspd;
FOf;fspd; (COS) $l;lq;fspy; kj;jpa mikr;ruit gpur;rpidfs;
jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW tptfhuq;fsplkpUe;J murhq;fj;jpw;F
Fwpg;gpl;l tptfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;nkhopTfis tpthjpg;gjw;fhf
FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mikr;ruit nrayhsupd; jiyikapd;
fPo; $l;lq;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,e;j FOf;fs; neUf;fbfis
cilf;f Kbe;jpUf;fpd;wd my;yJ ,ilf;fhy eltbf;iffSf;F
cjTfpd;wd.
COS d; fye;Jiuahly;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpujhd Jiw kw;Wk;
jpizf;fsk; Mfpait xU NtWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld;> VNjDk; xU
Jiz Fwpg;ig toq;Ftjd; %yk; tbtikf;fg;gLk; xU fhfpjj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; eilngWfpwJ. KbTfs; my;yJ gupe;Jiufs; COS I
xj;jjhf cs;sJ. ,e;j eltbf;iffs; jpthyhFk; Jiwfs; njhlu;e;J
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. mJ ntspNaWk; kw;w Kf;fpa nray;ghLfshf
cs;sd. ,it:
••fz;fhzpg;G
••xUq;fpizg;G
••Gjpa nfhs;if Kaw;rpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;
mikr;ruit nrayfk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit nrayhsu;
kw;Wk; FbKiw Nritj; jiytuhf ,Ug;gjhy;> kj;jpa
mikr;ruit xUq;fpizg;Gfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Jiwfs; %yk;
gaDs;sfUtpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. nrayhsu;fs; mt;tg;NghJ
Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; gw;wp mikr;ruit nrayhsu;fsplk; njuptpf;f
Ntz;baJ mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. tzpf tpjpfspd; guptu;j;jidAk;>
fhyg;gFjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; gw;wp> mikr;ruit nrayfk;> ,e;j
tpjpKiwfspypUe;J ve;jnthU Gwf;fzpg;GfSk; ,Ue;jhYk;$l
mtw;iwj; jf;fitf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;l ghlq;fis gl;baypLf.
2. mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; ahit?
kj;jpa nrayfk;
11.3 nghJ Nritfs;
nghJ Nrit vd;gJ xU goikahdJ my;y> rkPgj;jpa Njhw;wk;
nfhz;lJ. ,J kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gad;ghlhf kl;LNk cs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; Ke;ija fhy 'FbKiw Nrit' vd;gJ xU gue;j Nehf;Fld;
kw;Wk; gad;ghl;Lld; cs;sJ. ,J kpfTk; nghJthf ek; ehl;by;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Fbikg;gzp vd;w nrhy; njhopy;El;g Nritfis> ,uhZtk;
kw;Wk; fhty; NritfSf;F milahskhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uhZtk; kw;Wk; fhty;Jiw nghJthf cs; ehl;bYs;s mopT
rf;jpfsplkpUe;Jk;> ntspg;Gw Mgj;JfspypUe;Jk; ekJ ehl;bd;
ghJfhg;igAk; Mgj;jpd;ikiaAk; rhu;e;Nj cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
FbKiw Nrit mbg;gilapy; khepy muR tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J
kl;LNk mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mifahy;> Fbikg;gzp ekJ ehl;by; cs;s midj;J
khepyq;fspd; epu;thf Nritapy; Neubahf <Lglhj xd;whFk;.
FbKiw Nritapd; tiuaiw

gy nghJ epu;thf Gj;jfq;fspd; Mrpupau;> E.N. f;shl;l;Nld;> 'xU
Fbkfd;> xU Fbkfdhf (xU murpay; my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw mYtyfj;jpd;
cupikahsu; my;y) xU Fbik Copauhf tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;>
mtu; xU FbkfdhfTk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l gzj;jpid
KOtJkhf toq;fpAs;sJ. "kj;jpa nrayfk; gpupj;jhdpa
murpay; tpQ;Qhdp nù;kd; igdu; $Wtjd; gb> 'Fbikg;gzp vd;gJ
xU ty;Yeu; njhopy;Kiw> epue;ju> Cjpak; kw;Wk; epGzj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhFk;.
FbKiw Nritapd; gq;F

r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Mfpa Jiwfspy; ek;
ehl;by; cs;s FbKiw Copau;fs; xU ngupa kw;Wk; Kf;fpa gq;iff;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,it ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J murhq;fj;jpw;F cjtp nra;J
mjd; jpwikahd ,af;fj;ij cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ehk; gpd;tUk;
Ie;J jiyfs; fPo; ,e;j ghJfhg;ig Ma;T nra;Nthk;.
1. FbKiw Nrit kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp: murpay;
mikg;G Kiw mt;tg;NghJ kpfTk; cWjpaw;w epiyapy;
,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpy;> mjpfhuj;Jtk; mt;tg;NghJ mjd;
KJnfYk;ghf nray;gLfpwJ. ,d;Dk; jPtpukhd Ntfj;ij
guhkupf;Fk;NghJ Fiwe;jgl;r Njhy;tpfNshL ,yf;Ffis
miltJ mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fhFk;. ,J nghJ kf;fSf;F
NkYk; ek;gpf;ifA+l;Ltjd; %yk;> mtek;gpf;ifAila
czu;Tfis mfw;Wtjd; %yk;> murpay; r%fkakhf;fypd;
%yk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwJ.mgptpUj;jp epu;thfp eltbf;if
ce;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. epiy kw;Wk; gbepiyia tpl mgptpUj;jp
mbg;gilapy; xU rpj;jhe;jk; nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpa Fbkf;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffspy; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa nrayfk;
xU muR ,e;j fUj;jhf;fq;fisr; re;jpf;fhjNghJ> Ml;rpapy;

cs;s gy;NtW xOf;f newpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy;>
khepykhdJ 'nkd;ikahd khepyk;' vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. murpay; tsu;r;rpapd; fUtpahf FbKiw Nrit: murpay; Fwpg;Gfs;
tsu;r;rpapd; mbg;gilfs;> Fbkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G> ve;j ehl;Lf;Fk;>
,e;jpah Nghd;w xU ehl;bw;Fk; kpfTk; mtrpak;. ,J
xt;nthU mk;rj;jpYk; kpfTk; khWgl;lJ, murpay; gq;Nfw;gpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ehl;bw;fhd
nfhs;if Njitfis epu;zapg;gjpy; FbKiw NritfSf;F
nghWg;G cs;sJ. kjpg;gpLjy; kw;Wk; nfhs;if njhlu;ghd
MNyhridfs; Mfpatw;Wld; khw;Wf; fUj;J tsu;r;rpAk; mjd;
Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfs; MFk;.
3. FbKiw Nrit kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp: Fbikg;gzp ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j
ghj;jpuk; Fiwe;j-tUkhdk; nfhz;l nghUshjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;jpahtpy; nghUshjhu jpl;lkply; gpupf;fg;gLk;
,uz;L R+o;epiyfs; cs;sd. ,it gpd;tUkhW:
••Njrpathjj;jpd; rpj;jhe;jk;
••jpl;lkply; eilKiwfs;
4. FbKiw Nrit> etPdkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; r%f khw;wq;fs;: xU
rupahd kw;Wk; gaDs;s epu;thfk; vg;NghJNk tpUk;gj;jf;fjhf
cs;sJ> kw;Wk; ,e;j ghu;itia czu> xU epu;thf newpKiw>
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; R+o;epiyia khw;Wtjw;Fk;> R+o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g
khw;Wtjw;Fk; xU nefpo;Tj;jd;ik NjitahFk;. mjpfhuj;Jtk;>
nghJ kf;fspd; ,e;j ,ul;il gq;if rupahd topapy; topfhl;Lk;
xU Nkyhjpf;f rf;jpahf khw Ntz;bAs;sJ.
mnkupf;f murpay; tpQ;Qhdp thy;Nlhtpd; thu;j;ijfspy;> ',J
fyhr;rhu tshfj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk;> mJ nray;gltpy;iy>
Mdhy; nray;gLfpwJ. jpl;ltl;lkhd r%f khw;wj;ij nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhd Rik mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ cs;sJ> mJ
Njhy;tpAw;why;> gaq;fukhd khw;wPL td;Kiwg; Gul;rp Vw;gLk;.'
5. cs;ehl;L nray;ghL-Kidg;ghf;fpd; nghWg;Gfs;> Nkw;ghu;it
kw;Wk; nraw;ghq;Ffs;: ,e;j ghj;jpuq;fis gpd;tUk; gzpfshf
gpupf;fyhk;:
(i) nfhs;if jahupj;jypd; gq;fspg;G: murpay;thjpfs;
muR Copau;fis Nkw;ghu;itapLtjw;fhd cupikiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;> Mdhy; murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; murpay;
jiytu;fs; mwptpy; FiwTgLfpd;wdu; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;
gzpahsu;fspd; topfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it ,y;yhky;
nray;gl KbahJ. gpupl;b\; rupj;jpuhrpupaUk; Fbikg;gzp
cWg;gpdUkhd uk;Nr Ka;u;> 'mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd;
nghWg;Gzu;r;rpapd; fPo; mjpfhuj;Jtk; tsu;fpwJ.' vd;W
kj;jpa nrayfk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
(ii) epjpa tptfhuq;fSf;fhd gq;F: FbKiw Copau;fs;
tuT nryT gl;bay; Kd;nkhopTfis cUthf;Fk;
nghWg;GilNahuhtu;. tUtha;fs; kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fs;;
Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mtu;fs; cUthf;Fthu;fs;. murhq;f
Copau;fs; ,j;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpdu;. murhq;f
Copau;fspd; cjtpapd;wp ehl;by; epjp tp\aq;fisg;
gw;wpa nfhs;iffis epjp ke;jpup $l mikf;f KbahJ.
(iii) ePjpj;Jiw tp\aq;fspy; gq;F: cs;ehl;L Copau;fs;
Fwpg;ghf Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;Lfspy;> Fwpg;gpl;l mlhtb
ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffspd; nghWg;Gfis toq;fpAs;sdu;.
rpy tp\aq;fspy;> ePjpj;Jiw gw;wpa ,Wjp KbTfspd;
nghWg;Gfs; gw;wpa Jy;ypakhd mjpfhuq;fis
ePjpj;Jiwfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
3. ‘FbKiw Nritfs;’ vd;w thu;j;ijapd; mu;j;jk; vd;d?
4 .FbKiw Nritfspd; gq;if gl;baypLq;fs;.
11.4 midj;J ,e;jpa Nritfs;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;

,e;j Nritfs; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> ikak; my;yJ muR Mfpatw;wpd;
trk; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhupfshy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;Nritapd;
mjpfhupfs; nghJj; jifikfs; kw;Wk; rPUilr; nryhtzpiar;
nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; midj;jpe;jpa mbg;gilapy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ,Ue;j gpuptpdiug; nghWj;jtiuapy;>
xt;nthUtUk; xU nghJthd epiy kw;Wk; xU nghJthd
cupikfs; kw;Wk; Cjpak; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l xU Nrit xd;iw
cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;.
,e;jpahtpd; %d;W midj;J ,e;jpah FbKiw Nritfs;:
,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit (IAS)> ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw (IFS) kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
fhty;Jiw Nrit (IPS). ,e;j NritfSf;fhd Ml;Nru;g;G> xd;wpa
nghJ Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; %yk; tUlhe;j Nghl;bapLk; FbKiw
Nrit Nju;Tfs; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; NkYk;> mfpy ,e;jpa FbKiw
Nritf;fhd jpl;l mikTf;F toptif nra;fpwJ. Kd;djhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l IAS kw;Wk; IPS jpl;l mikTfSf;F Fwpg;ghf
,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ (fl;Liu 312-2). ,J Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;f
xd;wpa ghuhSkd;wj;ij ,J mjpfhuk; nra;fpwJ. Njrpa
eydpy; mtrpakhd my;yJ cfe;jjhf fUjg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk;>
khepyq;fspd; rig (Nky;epiyf; fl;rp/uh[;a rig) cWg;gpdu;fs;
%d;wpy; xU gFjpapdUf;F thf;fspf;Fk; kw;Wk; thf;fspf;fhky;
(tpisT 312-1) Mjuthf xU jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wk;. khepyq;fspd;
ikak; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; gy;NtW khepyq;fspd; epu;thf
gpujpepjpfs;> mjd; MjuT khepyq;fspd; kj;jpa nrayfk; Gjpa
Nritfis cUthf;Ftjw;F xg;Gjy; mspg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. kj;jpa nrayfk;
murpayikg;Gk; mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. ,e;j NritfSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l

egu;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; rl;l tpjpKiwfshy; ghuhSkd;wk;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mfpy ,e;jpa Nrit rl;lk; 1951
mf;Nlhgupy; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;ig Fwpg;Gfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw 1966 Mk; Mz;L [_iy
1y; epWtg;gl;lJ. mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs; rl;lk;> 1951> MNyhrid
gpwF khepy muRfs;> mfpy ,e;jpah Nritf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd;
Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; epge;jidfspd; tpjpKiwfSf;F tpjpfs; cs;sd.
ntt;NtW khepyq;fspd; epu;thf gpujpepjpfspd; MjuT >mjd; xg;Gjy;fs;
khepyq;fspd; kj;jpa nrayfk; Gjpa Nritfis cUthf;Ftjw;F
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. murpayikg;Gk; $l mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. ghuhSkd;wk;
,e;jr; rl;lq;fSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk;
epge;jidfspd; tpjpKiwfis kPsha;T nra;tjw;F> ghuhSkd;wk;
1951 mf;Nlhgupy; midj;J ,e;jpa Nritr; rl;lk;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> ,e;jpa
tdj;Jiw 1966 [_iy 1 ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ. mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs;
rl;lk;> 1951> khepy muRfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J> midj;J ,e;jpa
NritfSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; tpjpKiw-
fis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
1951y;> mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 3 (1)d; fPo; toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>
kj;jpa muR> midj;J ,e;jpa Nritfs; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiw-
fisAk; cUthf;fpaJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; gioa tpjpfs; gzpePf;fk;
nra;ag;gLjy;> mtrpakhdJ. rl;lk; Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; mkypy;
,Ue;j tpjpfSk; njhlu mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mifahy;> mfpy
,e;jpa Nritfs; epiyikfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tpjpfspy; ,uz;L
njhFjpfs; cs;sd. khepy nrayhsu; my;yJ ika nghJ MSeu;
ICS kw;Wk; IP mjpfhupfspd; Nrit epiyikfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp>
kw;Wk; 1951 rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Gjpa tpjpKiwfis ,e;jpa epu;thf fhty;
Nrit mjpfhupfSf;F nghUj;;Jk;.
midj;J ,e;jpa Nritfs; kj;jpa muR fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sd.
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fs; gy;NtW khepy Copau;fSf;F
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;> NkYk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fs; kj;jpa
murhq;f Ntiyf;F gzpGupa Ntz;Lk;. xU mfpy ,e;jpa Nritahf>
,J kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ,Wjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;sJ> Mdhy;
khepy muRfspd; cldb fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOk; xt;nthU khepy
Copau;fshf gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mjpfhupfspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk;
Xa;T+jpak; khepyq;fspdhy; re;jpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; xOq;FKiw
fl;Lg;ghl;L jz;lidia mgfupf;f> A+dpad; nghJ Nrit Mizaj;jpd;
mwpTiu %yk;. kj;jpa muRld; ,ize;J nray;gLfpwJ .
kj;jpa nrayfk; 11.4.1 xd;wpa nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO
cau;e;jFb Kiw Nritapd; ,e;jpakakhf;fy; murpay;

,af;fj;jpd; gpujhd Nfhupf;iffspy; xd;W MdJ> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa
Fwpg;Gfs; murhq;fj;ij Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;fhf xU nghJ Nrit Mizaj;ij
mikg;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. mf;Nlhgu;
1> 1926 md;W Kjy; nghJ Nrit Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> mjd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l MNyhridg; gzpfshdJ
kf;fSila mgpyhi\fis G+u;j;jp nra;aj; jtwptpl;lJ kw;Wk; ekJ
Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; jiytu;fspy; njhlu;r;rpahd kd mOj;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murpd;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF murpayikg;Gr; rl;lkd;wk; nghJ Nrit
Mizf;FOf;fSf;F nghJ kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lq;fspy; ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; Raepu;za cupik toq;Ftjw;fhd mtrpaj;ijf; fz;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa murpayikg;gpy;> xd;wpa nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO
murpayikg;G me;j];j;ij xU jd;dhl;rp epWtdkhfg; ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 315-tJ gpuptpd; fPo; xd;wpa nghJ
Nrit Mizf;FO epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FO xU jiytu;
kw;Wk; 10 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mizaj;jpd; jiytu;
kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nritapd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;> kj;jpa
muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; (cWg;gpdu;) tpjpKiwfspd;gb>1969
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Mizf;FO ,uz;L $Ljy; nrayhsu;fs;>
,iz nrayhsu;fs;> Jiz nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Vida rhu;G
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; MfpNahUld; nrayhsu; jiyikapyhd nrayfk;
%yk; Mizf;FO ,aq;FfpwJ.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> xd;wpa nghJ Nrit
Mizf;FOtpd; flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;: gpd;tUkhW:
(i) Nghl;bapLk; guPl;irfis elj;Jtjd; %yk; xd;wpaj;jpd;
fPo; Nritfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy;.
(ii) Neu;fhzy;fs; %yKk; Nju;T nra;tjd; %ykKk; kj;jpa
murpd; fPo; Nritfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G
nra;jy;.
(iii) gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; gupkhw;w-gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpy;
epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd mYtyu;fspd; jFjp gw;wpa
MNyhrid.
(iv) gy;NtW Nritfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwfs;
njhlu;ghd midj;J tptfhuq;fSf;Fk; murhq;fj;ij
mwpTWj;Jjy;.
(v) gy;NtW FbKiw Nritfs; njhlu;ghd xOq;FKiw
tof;Ffs;.
(vi) mrhjhuz Xa;T+jpak; toq;fy;> rl;lr; nrytpdq;fis
jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd ,ju tplaq;fs;.
11.4.2 ,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit (IAS) kj;jpa nrayfk;
,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit (IAS) vd;gJ gioa ,e;jpa Fbikg;gzpapd; Neub

re;jjpahFk;. epakdj;jpy;> mjpfhupfs; gy;NtW muR Copau;fSf;F
mDg;gg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk; xt;nthU khepy Copau;fspd; gyKk;>
kj;jpa murpd; fPo; Nritia toq;Ftjw;fhf %d;W> ehd;F my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
Ie;J Mz;LfSf;F> khepy muRf;Fj; jpUk;Gtjw;F Kd;du;> Nritia
toq;Ftjw;fhd mYtyu;fspd; ,Ug;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; %yk; kj;jpa muR mjpfhupfspd; Nritia cWjp
nra;fpwJ. mNj rkak; khepy murhq;fq;fs; jq;fs; nfhs;iffs;
kw;Wk; xd;wpa murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lq;fis ed;F mwpe;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,j;jifa Vw;ghL ,uz;L murhq;fq;fspd; gu];gu eyDf;fhfTk;
nray;gLfpwJ. jdp egu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; xU kj;jpa murpd;
fPo; Fiwe;jJ xU Kiw Nritahw;Wk; tha;g;G cs;sJ; gyu;
,j;jifa vOj;Jf;fis tpl mjpfkhf cs;sdu;. %j;j mjpfhup-
fis Row;Wk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWtJk; nrayfk; gjtp
epiyik vd cj;jpNahfG+u;t epiyg;ghl;by; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
IAS mjpfhupfs; murhq;f tptfhuq;fis ed;whf ifahStjw;F
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,J gpujhd nghWg;ghFk;> xt;nthU
Fbkf;fs; gzpahsUk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mYtyfj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gLtu;>
mJ me;j gFjp njhlu;ghd nfhs;if tp\aq;fisf; ifahSk;.
murpayikg;G mYtyupd; Neub Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy;
tpsf;fkspj;j> jpUj;jg;gl;l> nfhs;if uPjpahf rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mikr;ru; MNyhrid toq;Fthu;. NkYk;> me;j
mjpfhupapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; nfhs;iffs; nrayhf;fk;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nrayhsu;> $Ljy; nrayhsu;> $l;Lr; nrayhsu;>
gzpg;ghsu;> fPo;epiy nrayhsu; kw;Wk; ,sepiy mstpyhd
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; MfpNahUld; nfhs;if nrayhf;fj;jpy;
<Lgl;Ls;s murhq;f ,ae;jpuj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itapy; ke;jpup rigapy;
nrayhsu; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,e;j epakdq;fs; Fbik epu;thfj;jpy;
%j;j Fbkf;fspd;gb nghJ Copau;fshy; epug;gg;gl;l Nritfs;.
KbntLf;Fk; nray;Kiwapy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;ridia fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L. gyu; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis kj;jpa nrayfk; tptfhuj;ij
vilaplf;$ba xU mikr;ruitf;F gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wdu;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpfspy; kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fSf;fhd mjpfhupfspd;
Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;gazq;fspd; eilKiwia cs;slf;fpaJ.
Gyk;ngau;e;NjhUf;F ngUk; epjp xJf;fPL kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itf;F miog;G
tpLf;fpd;wJ. rk;ge;jg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
tpdtg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;f Copau; kw;nwhU ehl;by; my;yJ ru;tNjr muq;fpy;
murhq;fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp tUfpwhu;. Jiz nrayhsupd;
kl;lj;jpy;> mtu; murhq;f rhu;gpy; xg;ge;jq;fis ifnahg;gkpl
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,e;j Nritapd; kw;nwhU jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rk; mjd; gy;Nehf;F
jd;ik MFk;. gy;NtW fhy flikfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis
kj;jpa nrayfk; cs;slf;fpa ,Liffis elj;Jtjw;F> mt;tg;NghJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
'nghJ epu;thfpfis' cUthf;Ffpd;wJ; cjhuzkhf> rl;lk; kw;Wk;
xOq;if guhkupj;jy;> tUthia Nrfupj;jy;> tu;j;jfk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk;
njhopy;Jiw fl;Lg;ghL> eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; tpupthf;fk; Ntiy nra;jy; Nghd;wit.,jdhy;> ,e;j Nrit xU
nghJr; Nrit MFk;> mjd; mjpfhupfs; epu;thfj;jpd; fpl;lj;jl;l ve;j
gpuptpYk; ,LifapLtjw;F nghWg;ghf cs;sdu;.
,e;j fhyj;jpy; gapw;rpg; gs;spfs;> jiyikr; nrayfk;>
Jiw mYtyfq;fs; my;yJ khtl;l Fw;wtpay; mYtyfj;jpy;
nrytopf;Fk; Neuk; mlq;Fk;. ed;dlj;ij Kbe;J> ,sepiy msT-
Nfhy; mYtyuhf 2 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpa gpd;> mjpfhup KJepiy
mYtyuhf gzpahw;Wfpwhu;. gpd;du; mtu; xU nghJ epWtdj;jpy;
my;yJ jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,af;Fdupd; epu;thf ,af;Fduhf khtl;l
ePjpgjpahf nray;glyhk;. gpd;du; mtu; xU nghJ epWtdj;jpNyh
my;yJ jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,af;Fdupd; epu;thf ,af;FduhfNth
khtl;l ePjpgjpahfNth nray;glyhk;. %j;j fhy msTNfhy;> njupT
epiy> ,sepiy epu;thf juk; kw;Wk; Nju;T epiy Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 13 tUlq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahd Nritf;Fg; gpwF gjtp
cau;T toq;fg;gl;L> gpd;du; khepy muRfSf;F nrayhsu;fs; /
rpwg;G nrayhsu;fshf epakpf;fg;gLtu;. khepyj;jpw;F mLj;j gjtp
cau;T xU Mizahsu; kw;Wk; nrayhsu; Mthu;. ,e;j gjtp cau;T
mtu;fSf;F rpwe;j Neu msTf;Nfhy; vd;w ngaupy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpd;> 25 Mz;Lfs; njhlu; gzp Kbe;jTld;> xU IAS mjpfhup> rpwe;j
Neu msTf;F Nky; gjtp cau;T ngwyhk;; khepyj;jpd; Kjd;ikr;
nrayhsu;fs;/epjp Mizau;fs; vd epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; gy nrayhsu;fs; / Kjd;ik nrayhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; xU gpujk nrayhsu; kl;LNk cs;sdu;. nrayhsu;fspd; rpy
epakdq;fs; kpfTk; kjpg;Gkpf;fjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd v.fh.> epjpr;
nrayhsu;> mgptpUj;jp Mizahsu;> cs;Jiw nrayhsu;> kw;Wk;
mtu;fs; xU Kjd;ik nrayhsupd; rk;gsj;ij mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;.
khepyj;jpd; jiyikr; nrayhsu; gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; $Ljy; jiyik
nrayhsu;fshy; cjtg;glyhk;. rpy gzpahsu;fs; / khepyq;fspy; v.fh.>
GJ jpy;yp> epjp Mizau; kw;Wk; cau; mjpfhupfs; MfpNahu; jiyikr;
nrayhsupd; Cjpaj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. khepyj;jpd; jiyikr;
nrayhsu; gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; $Ljy; jiyik nrayhsu;fshy;
cjtg;glyhk;. rpy gzpahsu;fs;/khepyq;fspy; v.fh> GJ jpy;yp> epjp
Mizau; kw;Wk; cau; mjpfhupfs; MfpNahu; jiyikr; nrayhsupd;
Cjpaj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
khtl;lj;jpy;> %j;j egu; Ml;rpahsu; my;yJ Jiz cWg;gpdu;
my;yJ khtl;l ePjthd; MFk;. b.vk;. Ml;rpahsu; b.rp. Fwpg;gpl;l
jpl;lq;fs;> ru;r;irf;Fupa jsq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s
midj;J fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfisAk; mtu; Rw;Wfpw ,lk;. gpuNjr
kl;lj;jpy;> gpuNjr Mizahsu; jdJ gpuptpd; nghWg;ghsuhf
cs;shu;. rl;l xOq;F> nghJ epu;thfk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;ghu;itapLtNj mtuJ Ntiy. gpuNjr MizahsUf;F vjpuhd kj;jpa nrayfk;
Nky; KiwaPLfs; tUtha; thupaj;jpd; jiytiu Nfl;Fk;.

etPd ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw 1966 Mk; Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa Nrit Fwpg;Gfs;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;lJ. tdj;Jiw Kjy; Ma;thsu; n[duy;
ùp rpq;> IFS ,d; tsu;r;rpf;F fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
tdf; nfhs;ifahdJ 1894 Mk; Mz;by; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ> 1952
Mk; Mz;by; kWguprPyid nra;ag;gl;lJ> 1988 ,y; kWgbAk;
kWguprPyid nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mz;LNjhWk; xd;wpa ntsPaPl;Lr; Nrit
Mizak; elj;jpa ,e;jpa tdj;Jiwahy; Nju;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
fhy;eil tsu;g;G kw;Wk; fhy;eil mwptpay;> jhtutpay;> Ntjpapay;>
Gtpapay;> fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay;> Gs;sptpguk; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpay;> my;yJ
Ntshz; my;yJ tdtpay; my;yJ Ntshz; nghwpapaypy; ,sq;fiy
gl;lk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F
rkkhd> kw;Wk; [_iy 1 k; Njjpad;W 21 Kjy; 30 tajpw;Fl;gl;ltuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
IAS kw;Wk; IPS Mfpa ,uz;bd; mry; Nritfs;
midj;ijAk; tpl rk;gs msT Fiwthf cs;sJ. vOj;J Nju;T
kw;Wk; Neu;fhzy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa xd;wpak; nghJ Nrit
Mizf;FOthy; elj;jg;gl;l xU gpuj;Naf Ma;T %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J xU mfpy ,e;jpa Nrit vd;whYk;> mjd;
,ay;ghdJ mfepiykakhf;fg;gl;l FbKiw Nritay;y. Mdhy;
rpwg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfshfTk; ,J epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ mfpy ,e;jpa
Nritfs; njhlu;ghf Ml;Nru;g;G> xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nritfspd;
tpjpfis cUthf;Fk; nghWg;ig tfpf;Fk; gzpahsu; kw;Wk;
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jfSk; > Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpwF> kw;w midj;J
,e;jpa kw;Wk; kj;jpa Nritfs; ntw;wp Ntl;ghsu;fSld; Nru;e;J>
epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; %d;W khjq;fs; ePbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L
Mz;L gapw;rp tFg;Gf;fhf nl`;uh^dpy; cs;s ,e;jpa tdtpay;
epWtdk;> fofj;jpw;F tUfpwJ. gapw;rp Kbtpy;> ,Wjpj; jfty;fSf;F
Kd;ghf xU gupNrhjidia mtu;fs; flf;f Ntz;Lk;.,e;jpa
tdj;Jiwapdu; kw;w midj;J ,e;jpa NritfspYk; jpl;l mikT-
mbg;gilapyhdtu;fs;. ,e;j Nritapd; cWg;gpdu; gpujpepjpfspd;
ikaj;jpw;F tuyhk;> Mdhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Kbe;jgpwF mtuJ jpl;l
mikT Copau;fsplk; kPz;Lk; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. cldbahf> jpl;l
mikth ahsu;fsplkpUe;J ve;jnthU mYtyfj;jpYk; gjtpf;F te;j
gpwF> xU tUlj;jpw;fhd Cf;fj;njhifapidg; guprPypg;ghu;fs;; gpd;du;
mtu;fs; mNj gjtp epiyapy; cs;s ntt;NtW mYtyfq;fspy;
njhlu;e;J jghy; %yk; te;J nry;fpd;wdu;. nray;ghl;Lg; gFjpapd;
ntspg;Gw msTU xU khepy my;yJ xd;wpa gpuNjrkhFk;.
11.4.4 ,e;jpa fhty; Nrit (IFS)
,e;jpa fhty; my;yJ IPS vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,e;jpa fhty;
NritahdJ cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;G> nghJ ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rl;lk;
kw;Wk; xOq;fpw;F nghWg;ghFk;. 1948 Mk; Mz;by; gpupl;b\; NguuR
kj;jpa nrayfk; fhty; (IP) ,e;jpa fhty; Nritf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. IPS mjd; nrhe;j
cupikapy; rl;l mkyhf;f Kftu; my;y; khwhf> midj;J %j;j
fhty;Jiw kj;jpa nrayf mjpfhupfs; vq;F Ntiy nra;fpwhu;fNsh
me;j epWtdj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;jpa fhty; Nrit xU midj;jpe;jpa Nrit> ,uz;L
topfspy; IAS NtWgLfpd;wJ: (i) ,e;j Nritapd; ngUk;ghyhd
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kl;LNk gzpGupfpd;wdu;. khepyj;jpy; rpy fhty;
gjpTfs; kl;LNk cs;sd. (ii) mjd; Cjpa msT kw;Wk; epiy
IAS tpl FiwT. UPSC. mYtyu;fs; UPSC %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. IAS, IFS kw;Wk; gpw kj;jpa FbKiw Nrit
cWg;gpdu;fs; midtiuAk; epakpj;jy;.
IPS f;F Gjpjhf Kjd;Kjypy; Ie;jhtJ Kiwahf gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gl;L> gpd;du; i`juhghj; ru;jhu; gNly; Njrpa fhty;
fofj;jpy; rpwg;G gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Ma;T kw;Wk; gapw;rpapd;
ghlnewpfs; Jug;gzk;> MAjq;fis ifahSjy;> Kjypad> ,J
xU fhty; mjpfhupfspd; rhjhuz gzpapy; Neubahd jhf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. gapw;rp ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; Fw;wk; cstpay;> Ma;Tfs;
Fw;wk; fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; tpQ;Qhd cjtpfs;> Coy;> kw;Wk; mtru
epthuz Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. xUKiw gapw;rp
Kbe;jgpwF> UPSC My; elj;jg;gl;l gupNrhjidiag; gupNrhjpj;jJ.
IPS mjpfhup 2 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF Jizg; gpuptpd; Jizg;
nghWg;ghsuhf nghWg;Ngw;fpwhu;. ,e;j gjtp fhyk; nghJthf 2
Mz;Lfs; MFk;. mLj;j re;jpg;G fhty; $Ljy; fz;fhzpg;ghsuhfTk;>
fhty;Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsuhfTk; Jiz fhty; Jiz MizauhfTk;>
gpd;du; Jiz fhty;Jiw Nkyhsu; nghJthd fhty; my;yJ $Ljy;
MizauhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;.
IPS mjpfhupfs; csTj;Jiw gzpafk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;
gFg;gha;T> kj;jpa Gydha;T Ma;thsu; Nghd;w Njrpa murhq;f
epWtdq;fspy; gzpGupfpd;wdu;. IPS mjpfhupfs; kj;jpa nrayfj;jpy;
my;yJ vy;iy ghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; ,af;Feu; nghJthd> kj;jpa
fhty; Mizak; kw;Wk; kj;jpa njhopy;Jiw ghJfhg;Gg; gil> Nghd;w
,ju ghJfhg;Gg; gilfspy; kpf cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
fhty;Jiw ,af;Fdu; my;yJ fhty;Jiw Mizau; khepyj;jpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j fhty;Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;. mtUf;F fPNo
cs;s $Ljy; DGP / rpwg;G fhty; Mizau; Mthu;. nghJ Ma;thsu;
my;yJ fhty; $l;L Mizahsu; Mthu;. Fw;wtpay; Gydha;T
jpizf;fsk;> tPl;Lf; fhtyu;fs; Nghd;w rpy rpwg;G fhty; gilfspd;
jiytu; Mthu;.
xU mfpy ,e;jpa Nritahf> mJ kj;jpa murpd; ,Wjp
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;sJ; Mdhy; muRj; jug;gpdu;> xt;nthU
khepy murhq;fj;jpd; cldb fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; cs;sdu;. cs;Jiw
mikr;rfj;jhy; ,e;jpa fhty; Nrit epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,Ug;gpDk;
mjd; gzpahsu;fSf;fhd nghJf; nfhs;iffs; gzpahsu; kw;Wk;
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
11.4.5 mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kj;jpa nrayfk;
ikak; my;yJ khepyq;fspd; gpuj;jpNaf Copau;fsplkpUe;Jk;> kj;jpa

kw;Wk; khepy epu;thfq;fspy; cs;s Kjd;ik gjpitAk; G+u;j;jp
nra;Ak; mYtyu;fspd; nghJj; njhifia ,e;jpa cUthf;FfpwJ>
$l;L eltbf;if> xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd $l;lhl;rp Fwpg;Gfs;
murpaypy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb ,uz;L epiyfs; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j NritfSf;F xU Njrpa ghu;it kw;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;F
cs;sJ> kw;Wk; gz;G kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa rpe;jidf;F vjpuhd Kf;fpa
muz;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j Nritfs; cWg;gpdu;fs; Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G
fUtpahf nray;gLtij czu;e;Jnfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
mtu;fspd; Njrpa Kd;Ndhf;F kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fSld;
mt;tg;NghJ njhlu;Gnfhs;tJ> khepy kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa gpur;rpidfis
jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU gue;j Kd;Ndhf;fpypUe;J jPu;T fhz;fpwJ.
midj;jpe;jpa Nghl;bfspYk; Nju;Tfs; mbg;gilapy; Nju;T
nra;ag;gLk; epiyapy; mjpfhupfspd; jpwik fzprkhf mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. mtu;fs; gy;NtW fy;tp gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J ey;y fy;tp
gjpTfs; nfhz;LtUfpwhu;fs;> mjdhy; mtu;fs; mjpfhug;G+u;t
tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; gFj;jwpjy; kw;Wk; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis nfhz;L
tu KbAk;.
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy mstpyhd mDgtq;fs; kj;jpa murpd;
,e;j ,uz;L xUq;fpize;j kl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ghyq;fs;
mikf;f ,e;j Nritapd; mYtyu;fis nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
midj;J ,e;jpa NritfSf;Fk; Neubahf Ml;Nru;g;G nra;ag;gl;l
mjpfhupfs; jq;fs; nrhe;j khepyj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;ifapy;>
mtu;fs; jq;fs; gzp Nehf;FepiyiaAk; ghugl;rkpd;ikiaAk;
nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;.
5. ,e;jpahtpd; %d;W mfpy ,e;jpa cupikapay; Nritfs;
ahit?
6 ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;LwT nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO
epWtg;gl;lJ?
7. IAS mjpfhup gjtp cau;T vj;jid Mz;L fhyk;?

1. ke;jpuprig nrayfj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlnewpfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••nrayf kw;Wk; mikr;ruit FOf;fSf;F cjtp
••tzpf tpjpfs;
2. mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; gpujhd njhopw;ghLfs;:
kj;jpa nrayfk; ••fz;fhzpg;G
••xUq;fpizg;G
••Gjpa nfhs;if Kaw;rpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;
Fwpg;Gfs; 3 cupikapay; Nritfs; vd;gJ njhopy; my;yhj El;g
Nritfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; ,uhZt kw;Wk; fhty;
NritfSf;F njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. cupikapay; Nritfs;>
vdpDk;> khepyj;jpd; Fbik tptfhuq;fspy; kl;LNk mf;fiw
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mq;fpNya murpay; tpQ;Qhdp nù;kd; igdu; gb
'cupikapay; Nrit vd;gJ epue;ju> Cjpak; kw;Wk; epGzj;Jtk;
tha;e;j mjpfhupfspd; xU njhopy;Kiw mq;fkhFk;.'
4 cs;ehl;L Nritfspd; gq;F: kj;jpa nrayfk;
(i) epu;thfk; tsu;r;rp
(ii) murpay; tsu;r;rpf;F xU fUtp
(iii) nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp
(iv) etPdkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; r%f khw;wq;fs;
(v) epyj;jpd; rl;lj;ij Mw;wy;> Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;Wtjpy; cs;s gzpfs;
5. ,e;jpahtpd; %d;W mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs;: ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp
(IAS)> ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw (IFS) kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fhty; Nrit
(IPS) Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ,e;j NritfSf;fhd Ml;Nru;g;G>
njhopw;rq;f nghJ Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; %yk; tUlhe;j
Nghl;bapLk; nghJg;gzpj;Jiw Nju;Tfs; mbg;gilapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
6. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 315 tJ gpuptpd; fPo; njhopw;rq;f nghJ
Nrit Mizf;FO epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FO jiytu;
kw;Wk; 10 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FOtpd;
jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nrit tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
epge;jidfs; xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; (cWg;gpdu;)
xOq;FKiw> 1969 My; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. 25 tUlq;fs; tof;fkhd Nritf;Fg; gpwF> xU IAS mjpfhup
rpwe;j Neuk; msTf;F NkNy cau;j;jg;glyhk;;, khepyq;fspy;
jiyikr; nrayu;fs; epjp Mizau;fs; vd epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
11.6 RUf;fk;
••jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; epu;thfj; jiytu;> mikr;ruit
nrayhsuhfTk;> FbKiw Nrit thupaj;jpd; Kd;dhs;-gjtp
top jiytuhfTk; cs;shu;. ,e;jpa murpd; (tzpf xJf;fPL)
tpjpfs;> 1961 "mikr;ruit nrayfk;" tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L
Kjy; rl;l ,izg;Gf;F xU ,lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
••mikr;ruit nrayfk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit nrayhsu; kw;Wk;
cs;ehl;L Nritapd; jiytuhf ,Ug;gjhy;> kj;jpa mikr;ruit
xUq;fpizg;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Jiwfs; %yk; gaDs;s kj;jpa nrayfk;
fUtpahfg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
••Fbikg;gzp vd;w nrhy; njhopy;El;g Nritfis> ,uhZtk;
kw;Wk; fhty; NritfSf;F milahskhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uhZtk; kw;Wk; fhty;Jiw nghJthf cs; ehl;bYs;s mopT Fwpg;Gfs;
rf;jpfsplkpUe;Jk;> ntspg;Gw Mgj;JfspypUe;Jk; ekJ ehl;bd;
ghJfhg;igAk; Mgj;jpd;ikiaAk; rhu;e;Nj cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
FbKiw Nrit mbg;gilapy; khepy muR tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J
kl;LNk mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ..
••r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Mfpa Jiwfspy; ek;
ehl;by; cs;s FbKiw Copau;fs; xU ngupa kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
gq;iff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,it ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J murhq;fj;jpw;F
cjtp nra;J mjd; jpwikahd ,af;fj;ij cWjp nra;fpd;wd..
••mjpfhuj;Jtk;> nghJ kf;fspd; ,e;j ,ul;il gq;if rupahd
topapy; topfhl;Lk; xU Nkyhjpf;f rf;jpahf khw Ntz;Lk;
••murhq;f Copau;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l rpy rl;l tpNuhj flikfs;>
Fwpg;ghf mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; nghWg;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpy tptfhuq;fs;> ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghd ,Wjp KbTfspd;
nghWg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf JiwfSf;F KOikahd mjpfhuq;fs;
cs;sd.
••,e;jpahtpd; %d;W mfpy ,e;jpa Fbikg; gzpfs;: ,e;jpa
Ml;rpg; gzp (IAS)> ,e;jpa tdg; gzp (INS) kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fhty;
gzp (IPS) Mfpait ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j NritfSf;F>
Mz;L Nghl;b nghJg;gzp Nju;tpd; mbg;gilapy;> kj;jpa muR
gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; %yk;> gzp epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
••midj;J ,e;jpa Nritfs; kj;jpa muR fl;Lg;ghl;by;.
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fs; gy;NtW khepy Copau;fSf;F
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;> NkYk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fs; kj;jpa
murhq;f Ntiyf;F gzpGupa Ntz;Lk;
••,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 315-tJ gpuptpd; fPo; xd;wpa nghJ
Nrit Mizf;FO epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FO xU jiytu;
kw;Wk; 10 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mizaj;jpd;
jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nritapd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
epge;jidfs;> kj;jpa muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; (cWg;gpdu;)
tpjpKiwfspd;gb>1969 epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit (IAS) vd;gJ gioa ,e;jpa FbKiw
Nritapd; Neub re;jjp. epakdj;jpy;> mjpfhupfs; gy;NtW muR
Copau;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk; xt;nthU khepy
Copau;fspd; gyKk;> kj;jpa murpd; fPo; Nritia toq;Ftjw;fhf
%d;W my;yJ ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J Mz;LfSf;F> khepy
muRf;Fj; jpUk;Gtjw;F Kd;du;> Nritia toq;Ftjw;fhd
mYtyu;fspd; ,Ug;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
kj;jpa nrayfk; ••murhq;f Copau; kw;nwhU ehl;by; my;yJ ru;tNjr muq;fpy;
murhq;fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp tUfpwhu;. murhq;fj;jpd;
rhu;gpy; xg;ge;jq;fis ifnahg;gkpl mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
••xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; gy nrayhsu;fs;/Kjd;ik nrayhsu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; xU gpujk nrayhsu; kl;LNk cs;sdu;. nrayhsu;fspd;
rpy epakdq;fs; kw;wtu;fisf; fhl;bYk; mjpf kjpg;Gs;sjhf
fUjg;gLfpd;wd> v.fh epjprhu; nrayhsu;> mgptpUj;jp
Mizahsu;> cs;Jiw nrayhsu;> kw;Wk; mtu;fs; xU Kjd;ik
nrayhsupd; rk;gsj;ij mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;.
••kj;jpa muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; %yk; elj;jg;gLk;
,e;jpa td gzpj; Nju;tpd; %yk;> td Nritf;fhd Ml;Nru;g;G
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••,e;jpa tdg; gzp vd;gJ kw;w mfpy ,e;jpa NritfisAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.,e;j Nritapd; cWg;gpdu; xUtu;> J}
J tUk;NghJ> mtu; gjtpf;F nry;y KbAk;.
••,e;jpa fhty; gzp vd;gJ xUmry; mfpy ,e;jpa Nrit> ,J
,uz;L topfspy; IAS ,y; ,Ue;J NtWgLk;: (i) ,e;j Nrit
gzpapy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd mjpfhupfs; khepyj;jpy; xU rpy
fhty; gjtpfs; kl;LNk cs;sd> kw;Wk; (ii) mjd; Cjpa msT
kw;Wk; epiy IAS tpl Fiwthf cs;sd.
••mfpy ,e;jpa Nritahf> kj;jpa jiyik nrayf murpd;
cr;rfl;l fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ; Mdhy; xU khepy murpd;
cldb fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; mur njhz;lu;fSld; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpa fhty; Nrit kj;jpa cs;Jiw mikr;rfj;jhy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gzpahsu; kw;Wk; epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jj;
Jiwahy; mjd; gzpahsu; njhlu;ghd nghJthd nfhs;iffs;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••UPSC Kd;dhs; UGC jiytu; rjP\; re;jpuh jiyikapy; 1988
y; kw;nwhU FOit mikj;J> cau; Fbikg; gzpfSf;F Nju;T
nra;ag;gLk; Kiwia Ma;T nra;J kjpg;gPL nra;J> NkYk;
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

••murpayikg;G rl;lkd;wk;: gpugykhd gpujpepjpfspd; xU
mikg;G my;yJ rl;lkd;wk; murpayikg;gpd; xU Mtzj;ij
jahupg;gJ my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
••mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs; rl;lk;> 1951: ,e;j rl;lk; ,uz;L
mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfis epWtpaJ. khepy muRfSld;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J> mfpy ,e;jpa NritfSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l
egu;fspd; Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; epge;jidfSf;Fupa tpjpKiwfis
tpjpj;j gpwF> ,e;jpa muRf;F ,J mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
••Mf;fq;fs; 315: ,e;j fl;Liu xd;wpak; kw;Wk; xt;nthU kj;jpa nrayfk;
khepyj;jpw;F xU nghJ Nrit Mizaj;ij toq;FfpwJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. mikr;ruit nrayhsupd; epiyg;ghL gw;wpa murpayikg;G

tpjpfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
2. mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; gy;NtW mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
nray;ghLfs; ahit?
3. mfpy ,e;jpa FbKiw gzpfs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. kj;jpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; gzpfisf; tpthjpf;f.
5. ,e;jpa td Nritapd; gy;NtW mzpfs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G
tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nrayhsu; FOf;fspd; (COS) nray;ghl;il tpthjpf;f.

2. tpahghu tpjpfspd; gupkhw;wj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ma;T nra;f.
3. murpd; nray;ghl;by;> FbKiw gzpahsu;fspd; gq;fpid
Fwpg;gpLf.
4. kj;jpa muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; flikfs; kw;Wk;
gq;fpid murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb Ma;T nra;f.
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f

mNuhuh> uNk\; Nf. kw;Wk; u[pdp Nfhay;. 1997. ,e;jpa nghJ
epu;thfk;: epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fy;fs;. epA+ jpy;yp: tp\;th
gg;spNf\d;];.
mNuhuh> uNk\; Nf. kw;Wk; rq;fPjh ru;kh (,b). 1992. xg;gPl;L kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L epu;thfk;. n[a;g;G+u;: mupahd;l; ntspaPL.
ghu;j;thy;> rp.gP. (,b.) 1993. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;. epA+ jpy;yp:
M\p\; gg;spNf\d;];.
jh];> ];. Nf. 1998. cupikiaapy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk;
fl;likg;G rPuikg;G. epA+ jpy;yp: Mf;];/Nghu;l; Adptu;rpl;b gpu];.
nlg;uhap> igngf; (,b). 2004. murhq;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
epfo;r;rpepuy;. epA+ jpy;yp: fy;tp mwf;fl;lis.
`hy;bG+u;> Mu;. ad;. 1997. nghJ epu;thfk;: gpujpgypg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpfs;. epA+ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
kj;jpa nrayfk; n[apd;> vy;. rp. (,b.). 2005. mjpfhuj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cs;Shu; Ml;rp.
epA+ jpy;yp: Xupaz;l; yhq;Nkd;.
rthy;fs; ey;y Ml;rpf;F. epA+ jpy;yp: Bg; kw;Wk; Bg; gg;spNf\d;];.
Fwpg;Gfs; kNf];tup> ];uPuhk;. 1985. ,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL. epA+ jpy;yp:
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

Fbikg; gzpfs;
myF 12 Fbikg; gzpfs;
mikg;G
12.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
12.2 xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;;(UPSC): xU
fz;Nzhl;lk;
12.3 Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rp
12.3.1 gapw;rp
tpilfs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f
12.0 mwpKfk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;G jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> kj;jpa muRg;
gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; (UPSC) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. UPSC murhq;fj;jpd;
xU gFjp my;y> jpwe;j Nghl;bapd; mbg;gilapy; mjpfhupfs; epakdk;
nra;ag;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,J xU jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; nfhz;l
RahjPd mikg;G. [dhjpgjpahy; kl;LNk Nru;f;fNth my;yJ mfw;wNth
KbAk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb UPSC jiytu;fs; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdu;fis [dhjpgjp epakdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb UPSC nghWg;G kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; Mfpatw;wpd; fPo;
epiyahdJ. nghJr;Nrit Ml;Fiwg;G %yk; ,e;j nray;Kiwahf
tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. nghJ Ntl;ghsu;fSf;F epakdk; nra;a jFjpahd
Ntl;ghsu;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;. Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;jpy;
Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ Kjy; gbahFk;. me;j KO jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpAk;>
Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mit epiwNtw;wg;gLk; eilKiwfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;jJ.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> nray;ghLfs;> gapw;rpfs;> kw;Wk; xd;wpa
muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; Ml;Nru;g;G Nghd;witfis ,e;j
myF tptuk; tpupthf Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
12.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••,e;jpahtpy; xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaq;fspd;
tsu;r;rpia Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpw;F murpayikg;G
rl;lq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;. (UPSC)
Fbikg; gzpfs;; ••xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaq;fspd; nray;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis Ma;T nra;a KbAk;.
••muR Copau;fspd; gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G Fwpj;J Ma;T
nra;a KbAk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
12.2 xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;(UPSC): xU
fz;Nzhl;lk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
%d;W gpupTfshf cs;sJ: kj;jpa muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;
(UPSC)> rq;fj;jpd; Nritfspd; NjitfSf;F Nrit nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; khepy muRg;
gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; (SPSC) Mfpa NritfSf;fhd $l;L muRg;
gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; xU khepyj;jpd; NritfSf;F UPSC kw;Wk;
SPSC d; murpay; rhrd mikg;Gfs; MFk;. mNjNtis> xU $l;L
murhq;f Nrit Mizf;FO ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl cs;sJ. ehl;by; gy;NtW nghJ Nrit Nju;Tfis
elj;j mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Ws;s xU ika Kfhk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
$l;likT> epakdk; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; tpjpKiwfs;

UPSC nghJg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; jiytu; kw;Wk; gpw
cWg;gpdu;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. nghJ gdp Miz FO jiytiu
me;j ehl;bd; [dhjpgjp Nju;njLg;ghu;. khepy Miz FO jiytuhd
gl;rj;jpy; me;j khepyj;jpd; MSeu; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;. murpayikg;G
jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;ba Mizf;FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
epu;zapf;fhJ. Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; xU gFjpapdu; ,e;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 Mz;LfSf;Fs; gjtp
tfpj;j egu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. UPSC jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs;
MW Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw gjtp tfpf;f my;yJ mtu;fs; 65
tUl taij milAk; tiu> Kd;du; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> (I) [dhjp-
gjpaplk; jdJ mYtyfj;ij ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhy;> my;yJ (ii)
mtu; [dhjpgjpahy; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;lhy;> xU cWg;gpdu;
mYtyfj;ij Klf;fptplyhk;.
cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nritapd; epiyikfs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l
gpd;du; mtw;wpd; FiwghLfis khw;w KbahJ. mtu;fspd; rk;gsk;>
cjtpj;njhif> Kjypad> ,e;jpahtpd; xUq;fpize;j epjp kPJ Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gLtjhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; thf;Ff;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
jtwhd elj;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; [dhjpgjpahy; Mizaj;jpd;
jiytu; my;yJ cWg;gpdu; gjtpia ePf;f KbAk; vd;gijAk; ,J
toq;fpAs;sJ. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; tprhuizapd; gpd;du; kl;LNk mJ
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J [dhjpgjpahy; toq;fg;gl;l Fwpg;G. ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
tprhuizapd;NghJ> [dhjpgjp rk;ge;jg;gl;l cWg;gpdu; ,ilePf;fk;
nra;ayhk;.

jiytu; cl;gl xU cWg;gpdu; flikfis xU cWg;gpduhf Fbikg; gzpfs;
,Ue;J ntspNaw;w VjhtJ xU jtwhd elj;ijy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;>
mtu; kPJ Fw;wk; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjg;gLk;. Miz FOtpd; jiytu;
my;yJ Mizf;FOtpy; nray;gLk; mjpfhupfis kdk; my;yJ cly;
gytPdk; mw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ mYtyfj;jpypUe;J Fwpg;Gfs;
ntspNa Ntiy nra;jhNyh mtu;fis Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J ePf;Fk; cupik
[dhjpgjp mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. [dhjpgjpahy; toq;fg;gl;l
xU Fwpg;G kPJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l jtwhd elj;ijia Fw;wthsp vd
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; fz;lwpe;jhy; jtpu NtW ve;jj; juj;jpYk; mtu;
gjtpapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl KbahJ. murpayikg;gpy; 'jtwhd
elj;ij' vd;w thu;j;ij tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU cWg;gpdu; gpd;tUk;
jtW nra;jhy; Fw;wthspahf fUjg;gLthu; (i) kj;jpa murpd; my;yJ
xU khepyj;jpd; rhu;gpy; nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jk; my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpy;
mtu; Mu;tk; my;yJ mf;fiw nfhz;ltu;. (ii) mj;jifa xg;ge;jk;
my;yJ xU Fbik gzp epWtdj;jpy; ,ize;j epWtdj;Jld; kw;w
cWg;gpdu;fSld; xj;Jiof;Fk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,yhgk; vjidAk; mtu;
gq;Fgw;wpapUe;jhy;.
murpayikg;G mij Kw;wpYk; mwpTWj;jYld;
Kbj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ> vd;whYk; xU khehl;il cUthf;fpaJ vd;whYk;
mjd; MNyhrid nghJthf murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
mjd; MNyhridAld; mjpf msT Gdpjj;ij ,izf;fg;gl;L> mjd;
nray;ghl;by; xU Mz;L mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak-
hFk;> Vnddpy; mJ ve;j xU Vw;G> murhq;fj;jpd; MNyhridapd;
Ngupy; mJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ftdj;ij <u;f;fpwJ. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kj;jpa murhy; fye;J MNyhrpf;fg;gLfpwJ:
(i) Fbikg; gzpfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; gzpaplq;fSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G
Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd midj;J tp\aq;fspYk;.
(ii) Fbik Nritfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;F epakdk;
nra;tjpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nfhs;iffs;> kw;Wk; xU
NritapypUe;J kw;nwhU Nritf;F Cf;Ftpg;G kw;Wk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; mj;jifa
epakdq;fs;> gjtp cau;Tfs; my;yJ ,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhd
Ntl;ghsu;fspd; jFjp.
(iii) kj;jpa muR my;yJ khepy murpd; fPo; gzpGupAk; xU
egu; kPJ> epidtfq;fs; my;yJ ,JNghd;w tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghd kDf;fs; cl;gl midj;J xOf;fhw;W tp\
aq;fspYk;.
(iv) ,e;jpa murpd; fPo; my;yJ khepy murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ
,e;jpahtpy; my;yJ xU murpd; fPo; xU murpayikg;gpy;
my;yJ Nrit nra;j xU egu; my;yJ Fbik jpwd;>
murpd; xUq;fpize;j epjpapypUe;J gzk; nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mtuJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf
nra;ag;gLk; eltbf;iffs; rk;ge;jkhf mtUf;F vjpuhd
rl;l eltbf;iffis ghJfhg;gjpy; mtuhy; toq;fg;gLk;
Fbikg; gzpfs;; nryTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(v) ,e;jpa murpd; fPo; my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; gzpahw;Wk;
NghJ xUtu; fhakile;jhy; xU Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
ve;jnthU $w;Wf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpy; my;yJ xU ,e;jpa
Fwpg;Gfs; murpd; murpayikg;gpy;> xU Fbik jpwd; kw;Wk;
ve;jnthU tpUJ Nghd;w Nfs;tpAk; ,y;iy.
(vi) Fwpg;ghf NtW tp\aq;fSk;
[dhjpgjpahy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; murhq;f Nritfs; njhlu;G kl;Lky;yhky;
cs;Su; mjpfhupfs;> $l;Lj;jhgq;fs; my;yJ gpw nghJ epWtdq;fspd;
fPo; cs;s Nritfs; njhlu;ghfTk; Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfis
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU Vw;ghL cs;sJ.
Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhu tuk;G rpy vy;iyfis
mjd; fz;fhdpg;gppypUe;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Fiwf;fg;glyhk;.
cjhuzkhf> gpd;tUk; epakdq;fSf;fhd Nju;Tfs; njhlu;ghf
Mizf;FOtpw;F MNyhrid toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
(i) jPu;g;G kd;wk; my;yJ Mizf;FO cWg;gpdu; my;yJ
jiytu;.
(ii) cau; ,uh[je;jpu ,ay;gpd; ,Liffs;.
(iii) kj;jpa muR Copau;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; 90
rjtpfpjj;ijr; Nru;e;j FO C kw;Wk; FO D Copau;fs;.
Miz> fl;lha Xa;T> Xa;T+jpak;> ePf;fk; my;yJ gzpePf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpy;> mNj tFg;G my;yJ gpe;ija my;yJ Fiwe;j
mstpw;fhd Cjpa cau;T my;yJ gjtp cau;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;>
myl;rpak; my;yJ xOq;F fpis %yk; murhq;fj;jpw;F Vw;gl;lJ.
NkYk;> ve;jnthU kDTk; Gupe;Jzu;T my;yJ gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhf
guprPypf;fg;gl;l gpwF Jiz Mizaj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l ve;jnthU
mguhjj; njhifiaAk; vjpu;j;J Nky;KiwaPL nra;a, [dhjpgjpf;F xU
cj;juT njhlu;ghf Mizaq;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mizf;FO Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwfs;> kw;Wk; xU epakdk;> gjtp cau;T
kw;Wk; ,lkhw;wq;fis xU Nritapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
khw;Wtjw;Fk;> mj;jifa epakdq;fs;> gjtp cau;T my;yJ
,lkhw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fspd; jFjpapidg;
gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd nfhs;ifiaAk; murhq;fj;jpw;F toq;FfpwJ.
Mizf;FOtpd; gzpf;fhd xU mwpf;ifia [dhjpgjpf;F
Mz;LNjhWk; rku;g;gpg;gJ Mizf;FOtpd; flik MFk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Kd; Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; njhlu;ghf
murhq;fj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffis tpsf;Fk; Fwpg;igf;
nfhz;L mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> Mizaj;jpd;
gupe;Jiuia Vw;Wf; nfhs;shj fhuzj;jpdhy;> fhuzq;fis
tpsf;Ftjw;F muR nghWg;ghfpwJ.

,J murhq;f Copau;fspd; Nrit tp\aq;fis nghWg;gw;w Fbikg; gzpfs;
Kiwapy; xU RahjPd murpayikg;G mikg;ghFk;. ,J Kf;fpakhd
murpayikg;Gr; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; flikfis nfhz;Ls;sJ>
Mdhy; xU MNyhridf; FO kl;LNk cs;sJ> mNj Neuj;jpy;
,Wjp mjpfhuk; murhq;fj;Jld; cs;sJ. xU [dehaf Kiwikapy;> Fwpg;Gfs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Mizak; xU jpwikahd kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
epu;thfj;jpw;F vjpuhf NghuhLtNjhL> xU [dehaf murhq;fj;jpd;
nfhs;iffis guhkupf;f nghJ Nritia cUthf;FtjhFk;. xU
eyd;Gup murpy;> kf;fSf;F Nritahw;Wk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gzpahsu;fs;
epu;thfj;jpd; gzpia NkYk; rpf;fyhf;FfpwJ. xU mikg;gpd; ntw;wp
my;yJ Njhy;tp Nkw;fz;l Nehf;fq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;a gzpahsu;
epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s mikg;gpd; msT MFk;.
UPSC nray;ghLfs;
murpayikg;gpd; fl;Liu 320 d; fPo; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb UPSC
nray;ghLfs;> ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1935 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb>
$l;lhl;rp nghJg;gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpw;F xj;jpUf;Fk;. ,e;j
nray;ghLfis %d;W gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mit xOq;FKiw>
epu;thf kw;Wk; miu-ePjp.
(i) xOq;FKiw nray;ghLfs;: xOq;FKiw nray;ghLfspd;
kj;jpapy;> UPSC njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fspy; murhq;f
MNyhridfs; gpd;tUkhW: (a) Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwfs;
kw;Wk; (b) epakdk;> gjtp cau;T kw;Wk; xU
NritapypUe;J kw;nwhU Nritia khw;Wtjw;F gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba nfhs;iffs;. ,Ug;gpDk;> mnkupf;fhtpy;
Fbik gzp Nju;thizak; (USCSC) ,y; cs;s
fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuj;ijg; Nghyy;yhky;> ,e;jpahtpy;
Agpv];rp Nghd;w ve;j mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy. USCSCd;
mjpfhu vy;iy Kw;wpYk; mwpTiuf;fhf. fl;Liu 320 (3)
Fbik Nritfs;> gjtp cau;Tfs; kw;Wk; ,lkhw;wq;fs;
njhlu;ghd Ml;Nru;g;G topKiwfs; njhlu;ghd midj;J
tp\aq;fspYk; murhq;fj;ij MNyhrid nra;tjw;fhd
Mizf;FOtpd; flik vd;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
$WfpwJ. vdNt> USCSC Nghy;yhky;> UPSC midj;J
murhq;fj; JiwfspYk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; ,Uf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l
tp\aq;fspy; xOq;FgLj;j KbahJ. UPSCd; rpy
nray;ghLfs; mbf;fb xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;litahf
,Ug;gjhf tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd> cz;ikapy; ,it
Kw;wpYk; mwpTWj;jy; kl;LNk MFk;.
(ii) epu;thf gzpfs;: Mizaq;fSf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l
murpayikg;G flik cs;sJ. xd;wpa NritfSf;F
epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd Nju;Tfs; elj;Jjy;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;bd;
fPo;> UPSC Mz;LNjhWk; gy;NtW gpupT gjtpfSf;fhd
gy vOj;Jg; guPl;irfis elj;JfpwJ> rpwg;G kw;Wk; gpw
Fbikg; gzpfs;; gpupTfspd; gjtpfSf;fhd Nju;T vOJgtu;fis
Nju;T nra;tjw;fhd Neu;Kfj; Nju;Tfs; cs;sd.
Mizaq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;ghdJ murhq;f Copau;fspd;
nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; fzprkhd tpfpjkhf ,Uf;Fk;
Fwpg;Gfs; tu;j;jfuPjpahd mjpfhupfSf;F kl;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gij ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jd; nghUs;> Mizaj;jpd;
mjpfhu tuk;G kj;jpa murpd; nkhj;j Copau;fspy; 1.9
rjtPjj;jpw;F kl;LNk cs;sJ. UPSC kw;nwhU epu;thfr;
nray;jpl;lk; Mz;LNjhWk;, Mz;Lf;F Kd;djhf
Mizf;FOtpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gzpapd;
mwpf;ifia mwpf;ifapl Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
,U mitfSf;F Kd; me;j mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpf;FkhW
[dhjpgjp epu;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhu;> mj;jifa mq;fPfhuk;
,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;> Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridAk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhJ.
(iii) miu ePjp nray;ghLfs;: UPSC miu ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhu tuk;G mstpYk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,J
cz;ikahd KiwaPl;L mjpfhu tuk;G fpilahJ. ,J
Copau;fSf;F vjpuhd xOq;F eltbf;iffis kl;LNk
gupe;Jiuf;f KbAk;. murpayikg;gpd; gb> gpd;tUk;
tp\aq;fs; %yk; murhq;fk; Mizaj;ij fye;jhNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ;
(a) jzpf;if> mjpfupg;G my;yJ Cf;Ftpg;G> Fiwe;j juj;jpw;Fk;
Fiwg;G> fl;lha Xa;T+jpak;> NritapypUe;J ePf;fy; my;yJ
gzpePf;fk; Nghd;w murhq;f Copau;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; midj;J
xOq;F eltbf;iffs;.
(b) jdJ flikia epiwNtw;Wk; nray;fspy; <Lgl;ljw;fhf mtUf;F
vjpuhd rl;l eltbf;iffspy; Copau; xUtu; Nkw;nfhz;l
nrytpdq;fSf;fhf gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Nfhupf;iffs;.
(c) fhaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Xa;T+jpak; toq;Ftjw;fhd cupik
Nfhuy;fs;> xU gzpahsu; kw;Wk; mj;jifa ntFkjp msT
gw;wpa Nfs;tpfs; [,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G> fl;Liu 320(3)
(C)].
UPSC> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fspypUe;J NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;lgb> mjd; nray;ghLfisg; ngw;wJ. (a) ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;l rl;lq;fs;> (b) tpjpfs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; epu;thfpfspd;>
(c) kuGfs; Mfpatw;wpd; cj;juTfs;. murpayikg;gpd; 321 tJ
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghuhSkd;wk;> njhopw;rq;fk; my;yJ khepyq;fspd;
Nrit njhlu;ghd UPSC kPJ $Ljy; nray;ghLfis toq;f KbAk;.
Njitg;gl;lhy;> ghuhSkd;wk; Mizaj;jpd; mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs;
cs;s ve;jnthU cs;Su; mjpfhup> ngUepWtd mikg;G my;yJ
nghJ epWtdq;fspd; Copa mikg;GKiwfis itf;f KbAk;.
murpayikg;gpd; 318 tJ kw;Wk; 320 tJ fl;Liu gb> kj;jpa
muR rpy xOq;FKiwfspYk; cj;juTfspYk; Mizaq;fSf;F rpy
nray;ghLfis xg;gilf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; [dhjpgjp xOq;FKiwapd; Fbikg; gzpfs;
%yk; mt;tg;NghJ tiuaWf;fyhk;. ,J Mizaq;fspy; mtrpakhf;f
Ntz;ba tp\aq;fs; MFk;. Mizak; Ra-mwpTiu nray;ghLfis
ntspNaw;Wk;> ,J kuGfs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> ,it
murpayikg;gpy; tpjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. murpayikg;gpd; fPo;> ghJfhg;Gg; Fwpg;Gfs;
gilapdUf;F Ml;Nru;g;G vd;gJ> Mizaj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ> ghJfhg;G Nrit Fbik Nritapd; xU gFjpahf
,y;iy. Mdhy; 1948 ,ypUe;J kj;jpa muR> tpQ;Qhd epWtdq;fs;>
Njrpa Ma;Tf;$lq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F
nghWg;Ngw;wpUf;Fk;> cau; jFjp tha;e;j tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;g ty;Ydu;fspd; FO kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g ty;Yeu;fis
Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd vOj;JKiw Nrhjidfis Mizaq;fs;
elj;JfpwJ. ,e;j nray;ghLfis UPSC %yk; kuGfspd; mbg;gilapy;
kl;LNk ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
UPSC nray;ghLfspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghL:

UPSCd; nray;ghLfis Nehf;Ftjw;F Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
tp\aq;fs; cs;sd. mit:
(a) 335 tJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> gy;NtW
gjtpfSf;F epakpf;Fk; tp\aq;fspy;> jho;j;jg;gl;l
kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdupd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; $w;Wfis
guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu 320 (4) d; gb> UPSC ,l
xJf;fPL ve;j msTf;F cs;sJ vd;gij MNyhrpf;fg;gl
Ntz;bajpy;iy ,ij nghWj;jtiu jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpapdu;
kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Ntl;ghsu;fSf;fhf
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,e;j epiyikfs;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lTld;> Mizak; xU Ml;Nru;g;G
epWtdkhf Nju;T nra;tjd; %yk; nray;gLfpwJ.
(b) UPSC cld; MNyhrid toq;Ftjpy; ,Ue;J
tptfhuq;fisj; jtpu;j;J xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F [dhjpgjpf;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa fl;Lg;ghLfis
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xt;nthU ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; 14
ehl;fSf;Fs; mDkjpf;ff; $lhJ. Njitg;gl;lhy;
ghuhSkd;wk; mtw;iw khw;wNth my;yJ uj;J
nra;aNth KbAk;. gjtpfs;> Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nrayfk;>
UPSCd; MNyhridia mtrpakpy;yhky;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;>
Mizf;FO> cau;e;j Mw;wy;kpf;f FOf;fs;> cau;
njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; epu;thf ,ay;gpd; gjtpfs;> my;yJ
jw;fhypf gjtpfspy; epug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gq;fpw;F xd;wpa muR gzpahsu;
Nju;thizak; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Ml;Nru;g;G Kftupd; rpwg;G
mk;rkhFk;: xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepy muR Nrit Mizf;FO Mfpa
KiwNa xd;wpak; kw;Wk; khepy NritfSf;F epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd
Nju;Tfs; elj;j Ntz;Lk;. xd;wpa muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;
Fbikg; gzpfs;; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; nghWg;ig Xustpw;F kl;LNk
jhq;fp epw;fpwJ. ,J midj;J ,e;jpa Nritfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa
Nritfs; – tFg;G I kw;Wk; tFg;G -II f;F Ml;Nru;g;G epWtdk;
MFk;> fPo; NritfSf;F gzpaku;j;jy; kw;Wk; gjtpfs; Xa;T nghWg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wpa rk;ke;jg;gl;l Jiw MFk;. cau; Nritfspy; $l ,uz;L
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpjptpyf;Ffs; cs;sd. xd;wpa muR gzpahsu;
Mizf;FO xOq;FKiwapd; fPo;> 1985 d; fPo; mZrf;jpj; Jiw
kw;Wk; mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw mtu;fsJ MNyhrid Muha;r;rp
tFg;G I kw;Wk; tFg;G II gzpahsu;fis Neubahf Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;s
mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1.xd;wpa muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfis
gl;baypLf.
2. UPSCd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; ahit?
3.UPSC ,d; nray;ghl;by; xU rpy fl;Lg;ghLfis gl;baypLf..
12.3 Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rp

etPd murhq;fq;fSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G nra;Kiw xU Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.
,J gzpahsu; epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahFk;. ve;jnthU
epu;thf mikg;GKiwapYk; kdpjtsq;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhd gFjpahf
,Ug;gjhy;> rupahd gzpfSf;fhd rupahd egu;fspd; Nju;T
Kf;fpakhdJ.
N[.b. fpq;];Nyapd; thu;j;ijfspy;> 'nghJg;gzpf;F nghJkf;fs;
epakdk; nra;a jFjp tha;e;j Ntl;ghsu; Nghl;bapLk; tifapy;> me;j
nray;Kiwia nghJ Ml;Nru;g;G nra;ayhk;. vdNt ,J kpfTk;
xUq;fpize;j nray;Kiwapd; gFjpahFk; . ,jpy; gupNrhjid kw;Wk;
rhd;wpjo; nray;Kiw cs;slq;Fk;.'
gpnu];j]pd; thu;j;ijfspy;> ',Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk;
ghjpapy; nghJkf;fs; Ml;Nru;g;G xU mZrf;jp cyfpw;F
cjTtJld;> mjpy; kdpj rpf;fy;fspd; jPu;Tfs; kdpj jpwikf;F
kpFe;j Nfhupf;iffis mspf;Fk;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fz;Lgpbg;gjpy;
kl;Lky;y> Mdhy; fbdkhd gzpfisr; nra;af;$ba Mz;fis
jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ,d;Dk; tsu;e;J tUk; epWtdq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;G
rpf;fyhdJ.'
jpwikahd Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwia cUthf;fpa Kjy;
ehLfspy; xd;W rPdh MFk;. Nghl;bj; Nju;tpd; %yk; rPdh ,ijr;
nra;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; eilKiw 'jFjp Nfhl;ghL'
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 1853 Mk; Mz;bd; gpupl;b\; fhyj;jpypUe;J
,e;j mikg;G nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
Neu;kiw Ml;Nru;g;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; gFjpfs;

Neu;kiwahd Ml;Nru;g;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gil $Wfs;:
(i) nghJ Nritfs; gjtpfSf;fhd Ntiytha;g;G re;ijfspd; Fbikg; gzpfs;
fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;G.
(ii) Nritfspy; rpwe;j Ntl;ghsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ.
(iii) rupahd gzpf;fhf rupahd kdpjid epakpg;gjw;fhd
Ntiy tha;g;G jpl;lq;fs;. Fwpg;Gfs;
(iv) Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiwf;F Ntiyj;jFjp jpl;lk; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjJ.
(v) Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiw vd;gJ ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; tpsk;guk;
gad;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
(vi) Ntl;ghsu;fspd; jpwd;fis mstpLtjw;F tpQ;Qhd
Kiwfs; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Ml;Nru;g;G mikg;G gbtq;fs;

muR Copau;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; cyfk; KOtjpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
%d;W tifahd Ml;Nru;g;G mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. mit:
1. khztu; mikg;G: ,e;j mikg;G Ml;Nru;g;G gFjpf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; ghJfhg;G
Nritfs; kpf tpiutpy; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ nghJthf
mJ taJ 16 Kjy; 20 taJf;Fs; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
2. epGzj;Jtk;: ,e;j Kiwikapd; fPo;> njhopy;El;g epGzj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; rpwg;G jFjpfs; cs;stu;fs; Neubahf murhq;fj;jhy;
epakdk; nra;ag;gLtu;. Ntl;ghsu;fspd; taJ 18-45 taJf;F
,ilapy; khWgLk;. ,e;j tifahd mikg;G mnkupf;fhtpy;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
3. nghJ kdpjj;jpwd;: ,e;j Kiwikapd; fPo;> 21 Kjy; 28
tajpw;Fl;gl;ltu;fs;> jhuhskhd fiy my;yJ mbg;gil
tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwfspy; Nju;T %yk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
,e;j Kiwikapd; fPo; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; mbg;gilj; jpwik
kdj; jpwd; MFk;. ,e;j KiwahdJ ek; ehl;by; kw;Wk; rpy
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwfs;
Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; topKiwfs;:
••gupNrhjid
••jdpg;gl;l jPu;g;G
••Ke;ija gjpTfs;
••vOj;J rhd;wpjo;
••fy;tp jFjpfs; kw;Wk; jpwikfs;
Fbikg; gzpfs;; vOjg;gl;l Nju;T
vOj;Jg; Nju;Tfis epiwNtw;whky; murhq;f Copau;fis
Ml;Nru;g;G nra;a KbahJ. vOjg;gl;l Nju;Tfis gpd;tUk;
gpupTfspy; njhFf;fyhk;:
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. jpwd; Nrhjidfs;
2. jFjpj; Nju;Tfs;
3. rhjid Nrhjidfs;
4. MSik Nrhjidfs;
5. tha;top Neu;fhzy;
,e;jpahtpy; elj;jg;gLk; Nghl;bj; Nju;T> ghypay;> kjk;> rhjp
Mfpatw;iwg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;> jFjp mbg;gilapy; gpd;gw;WfpwJ.
epu;thfk; kw;Wk; epu;thf NritfSf;fhd Neub Ml;Nru;g;G ,e;j
eilKiw %yk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW tifahd ghlq;fisg;
gw;wpa nghJ mwpT kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nray;Kiw %d;W
fl;lq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it:
tifg;ghL
nghJthf> tifg;ghLfisf; ifahs vspjhd fhupaq;fis
xOq;FgLj;Jjy;> epu;tfpj;jy; kw;Wk; gpupj;jy; Mfpatw;iw
tifg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. ,J nghJthd tp\aq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk;
tp\aq;fisNah my;yJ kf;fisNah xd;W Nru;f;ff;$Lk;.
jdpg;gl;l epu;thfk; nry;Yk; tiu> gutyhd tFg;Gfspy;
xd;wpizf;f my;yJ gjpTfs; xd;whf tUtij tifg;gLjiy
Fwpf;fpwJ. FOf;fspd; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; flikfspd; mbg;gilapy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
khu;\y; E. bNkhf;> tifg;ghL vd;gJ xg;gPl;L rpukk; kw;Wk;
nghWg;G Mfpatw;wpd; gb xU gbepiyrhu; tupirapy; xU jpl;lkpl;l
kw;Wk; jutupirapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.'
vy;. b. itl;bd; thu;j;ijfspy;> ",Wjp tbtk;> xU tifg;ghL
jpl;lk;> xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; xt;nthU ,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; xU
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l xU ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;F NghJkhd gy tFg;Gfis
cs;slf;fpaJ> xUtUf;nfhUtu; nghUj;jkhf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L>
mjd; epu;thfk;> tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
tpjpKiwfspd; njhFg;ghy; epug;gg;gl;bUf;fpwJ."
A. epiy tifg;ghL
fdlh kw;Wk; ijthd; cs;spl;l gy ehLfspy; epiyg;ghL
tifKiw gutyhf cs;sJ. ,e;j Kiwia gad;gLj;Jk; Kjy;
ehLfspy; USATk; xd;W. ,jd; Nehf;fk; 'rk Ntiyf;F rk Cjpak;'
vd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.

];j`;y; thu;j;ijfspy;> 'epiy tifg;ghL vd;gJ jq;fs; Fbikg; gzpfs;
flikfs; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jFjp Njitfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; FOf;fs; my;yJ tFg;GfSf;F Ntiyfis Vw;ghL
nra;tJ MFk;.'
tifg;ghL tiffspy; %d;W juTfs; cs;sd. ,it: Fwpg;Gfs;
I. Nrit
II. tu;f;fk;
III. juk;
NritahdJ tifg;ghl;bw;fhd gue;j tifia Fwpf;fpwJ>
mNjrkak; tFg;G Nritapd; Jizg; gpupitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,NjNghy;
Ntiy vd;gJ tu;f;fj;jpd; Jiz gpupT MFk;. ,e;jpahTf;Fs;
Nritf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
I. ,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit
II. nrayf Nrit
III. ,e;jpa ntspAwT Nrit
,e;j Nritapy;> I> II kw;Wk; III my;yJ KJepiy kw;Wk;
,sepiy Nghd;w tFg;Gfspy; ,Uf;fyhk;. mtw;wpd; fPo; ntt;NtW
tpjkhd Cjpa msTfspy; ntt;NtW juq;fshf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
B. gbfs;
epiy tifg;ghL jpl;lj;jpd; tsu;r;rp ehd;F gbfshf gpupf;fg;glyhk;:
1. 'Ntiy tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T' fPo; tifg;gLj;j Ntz;ba
flikfs; kw;Wk; gpw khWgl;l gz;Gfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy;
2. xw;Wikfspd; mbg;gilapy; tFg;Gfis gjtpfshf gpupj;jy;
3. xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; ju epu;za kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs; vOJjy;.
,jd; %yk;:
(a) tu;f;fj;jpd; jd;ikia Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;
(b) mjd; vy;iyfis tpsf;Fjy;
(c) Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; Nju;Tfspy; gjtpfs; xJf;fPL nra;a
cjTjy;
4. jdp epiy epjp xJf;fPl;bd; %yk; epWTjy;.
C. epiy tifg;ghl;bd; ed;ikfs;

epiy tifg;ghl;bd; gy;NtW ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. epWtd uPjpahd njspT ,jd; Kyk; mila KbAk;:
(a) Ntiy rhu;e;j jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;. ,J
xU rPuhd kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd Ntiy tiuaiwia
fl;likf;fpwJ.
Fbikg; gzpfs;; (b) midj;J Ntiyfs;> nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; flikfSf;F xU
jpl;ltl;lkhd tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; tiuaiwia toq;Fjy;.
2. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjd; fhuzkhf> Nghl;b tifg;ghL
Nghl;bj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 3. Ml;Nru;g;G epiyfSf;fhd jpl;ltl;lkhd ,yf;if toq;FfpwJ
4. Gwepiy kjpg;gPLfSf;fhd jsj;ij toq;FfpwJ.
5. 'rkkhd rk;gsj;jpw;fhd rk Cjpak;' mbg;gilapy; nray;gLtjhy;
midtUf;Fk; mtu;fspd; jFjpf;F Vw;g Cjpak; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
6. cupikapay; Nritfspy; ntspg;Gw Eioit mDkjpf;fpwJ.
7. Ntiytha;g;G eilKiwfs; Ntiy Njitfs; mbg;gilapy;
tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
8. xU njhopy;Kiw nrhy;ypaiy toq;Fjy;.
(D). tuk;Gfs;
,e;j mikg;gpd; tuk;Gfs; rpy:
1. flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; njspthf fz;lwpag;gl;L
mstplg;gLfpwJ vd;gjhy;> cyfpd; tsUk; ehLfspy; ,J
Fwpj;J tprhuiz nra;J tpthjpj;J tpl KbAk;.
2. cyfk; KOtJk; tpiuthd khw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; njhlu;r;rpahd
jpUj;jk; Njit
3. mjd; epWtYf;fhf> ,e;j Kiwf;F gy;NtW tifahd
njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; jpwd; cs;stu;fs; Njit.
4. ,J Neuj;ij EfUk; kw;Wk; tpiy cau;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
12.3.1 gapw;rp
ve;jnthU etPd epu;thf mikg;gpw;Fk; gapw;rp vd;gJ xU Kf;fpa

mq;fkhFk;. tsu;e;JtUk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW gapw;rp
jpl;lq;fs; ,e;j cz;ikia Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tpy;ypak; [p. Nlhu;gpapd; nrhw;fspy;> 'jw;NghJs;s murhq;f
gjtpfspy; cs;s gzpahsu;fspd; jpwd; kw;Wk; Fbik Nritfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; gaid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf> gzpahsu;fspilNa
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fis tsu;g;gjw;fhd gapw;rp MFk;.
,J vjpu;fhy murhq;f gjtpfSf;F Copau;fisj; jahu;gLj;JfpwJ.'
Nfhl;ghL fUj;J gy;NtW $Wfspd; fyitahf cs;sJ
vd;gij. v b Nfhu;thyh czu;fpwhu;. mtiu nghWj;jtiu>
xU fUj;jpy;> gapw;rp vd;gJ cz;ikfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
cs;cwTfs; gw;wpa mwpTfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ — rpwg;G my;yJ
njhopy; rhu;e;j jd;ik nfhz;l mwpT .... kw;nwhU mu;j;jj;jpy;
gapw;rpahdJ gapw;rp El;gq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ ,J fUtpfs;
kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; cly; jpwd; Mfpatw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j
ifahSjYf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ .... ,d;ndhU fUj;jpy;> gapw;rp Fbikg; gzpfs;
kd kw;Wk; cly;eyk; gof;ftof;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjhy;> mNj
J}z;Ljy; vg;NghJk; xNu jhdpaq;F gjpy;fisj; jahupf;fpwJ vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ; ,Wjpahf> gapw;rp vd;gJ ey;y Njhl;lf;fhuu;
tsUk; kuf;fd;Wf;F vd;d nra;fpwhu; vd;gij Fwpf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(A) gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;

gapw;rpahdJ xU mbg;gil Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J
"nray;jpwd;" MFk;. NkYk; ,uz;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rq;fs; cs;sd:
••njhopy;El;g nray;jpwd;
••kd cWjpia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
(B) gapw;rp Kiwfs;

gy Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf gy;NtWtpjkhd gapw;rp Kiwfs; cs;sd.
mtw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
••mDgtj;jpd; %yk; gapw;rpaspj;jy;: ,J xU Gjpa
Nju;Tf;Fupatiu epakpg;gNjhL> mDgtj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljd;
%yk; jdJ gzpapy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf; nfhs;tij mDkjpf;Fk;.
••tpupTiu Kiw: ,J fbdkhd tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy;> tpupTiufs;>
tpthjq;fs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk; mlq;Fk;. ,J
midj;J gapw;rp Kiwfspy; goikahdJ.
••Ml;rpf;FO Kiw: ,e;j rkfhy Kiw gy ehLfspy;
gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo; jiyg;Gfs;
Nju;Tf;FupatUf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kiw nghJthf
,uz;L tifahdJ> mjhtJ:
1. rpf;fy; jPu;g;gJ
2. mwpT Nrfupg;gJ
(C). Mizaj;jpd; ghu;itapy; jpl;lkpLjy;

,e;jpa jpl;lkply; Mizaj;jpd;gb 'Ml;Nru;g;Gf;F mLj;J>
gzpahsu;fspd; gapw;rp epu;thf jpwikAld; fzprkhd jhf;fj;ij
nfhz;Ls;sJ. murhq;fj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU tif Ntiyf;Fk;
mjDld; nghUj;jkhd gapw;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf midj;J
epu;thfj;jpd; fpisfs; Nritapd; Jtf;fj;jpy; gzpahsu;fSf;fhd
gapw;rp kw;Wk; mjw;fLj;j Mz;Lfspy; nghUj;jkhd
,ilntspfspy; toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j njhlu;gpy;> tUthapy;
ftdkhf ciof;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehk; typAWj;JfpNwhk;. kw;Wk;
Gjpjhd Nkk;ghl;L epu;thfk;, ,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit kw;Wk; khepy
epu;thf Nritfis Nru;f;fpwJ.
Fbikg; gzpfs;; cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf
4. nghJ Ml;Nru;g;G vd;why; vd;d?
5. xU Neu;kiwahd Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilahd rpy
Fwpg;Gfs; mbg;gilfis gl;baypLf.
6. vOj;Jj; Nju;Tfspy; ve;nje;j gpupTfs; cs;sd?
7. epiy tifg;ghL vd;gjd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;d?
8. gy Mz;Lfshf cUthfp tUk; gy;NtW gapw;rp Kiwfis
gl;baypLf.

1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;> muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
%d;W gpupTfshf cs;sJ: xd;wpa muRg; gzpahsu;
Nju;thizak;(UPSC) ,J xd;wpaj;jpd; NjitfSf;F Nrit
nra;a Ntz;Lk;> ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspd;
Nrit kw;Wk; khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;(SPSC)
Mfpatw;wpd; Nritf;fhf $l;L muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;
nray;gLfpwJ.
2. UPSC ,d; tpjpfspd; fl;Liu 320 ,d; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
gb> murpayikg;G $l;L mur gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;ij
xj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1935y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb>
,e;j nray;ghLfis gutyhf %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;>
mjhtJ xOq;FKiw; epu;thf kw;Wk; miu-ePjp.
3. UPSC d; nray;ghLfis Nehf;Ftjw;F Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
tp\aq;fs; cs;sd. ,it gpd;tUkhW:
(a) 335 tJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> gy;NtW
gjtpfSf;F epakpf;Fk; tp\aq;fspy;> jho;j;jg;gl;l
kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdupd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; $w;Wfis
guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu 320 (4) ,d; gb> jpl;lkplg;gl;l
rhjpapdUf;Fk; goq;Fbapdu;fSf;Fk; ,lxJf;fPl;bw;fhd
xJf;fPLfis mspf;Fk; msTf;F UPSC MNyhrid
toq;fg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j epiyikfs;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lTld;> Mizak; xU Ml;Nru;g;G
epWtdkhf Nju;T nra;tjd; %yk; nray;gLfpwJ.
(b) UPSC cld; MNyhrid toq;Ftjpy; ,Ue;J
tptfhuq;fisj; jtpu;j;J xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F [dhjpgjpf;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjtpfspy;> Ml;Nru;g;Gld;>
UPSC d; MNyhridiag; ngw Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy>
ePjpkd;wq;fs;>Mizaq;fs;> cau;e;j Mw;wy;kpf;f FOf;fs;>
cau; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; epu;thf ,ay;gpd; gjtpfs; kw;Wk;
epakdq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; jw;fhypf epiyfis epug;Gjy; xU Fbikg; gzpfs;
tUlj;jpw;Fk; FiwthdJ.
4. N[.b. fpq;];Nyapd; nrhw;fspy;> 'nghJg;gzpf;F nghJkf;fs;
epakdk; nra;a jFjp tha;e;j Nju;Tf;Fupatu; Nghl;bapLk;
tifapy;> me;j nray;Kiwia nghJ Ml;Nru;g;G nra;ayhk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
vdNt ,J ,d;Dk; $Ljyhf cs;slq;fpa nray;Kiwapd;
xUq;fpize;j gFjpahFk; — Nju;Tfs; — ,jpy; Nrhjid
kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo; nray;Kiw cs;slq;Fk;. '
5. Neu;kiw Ml;Nru;g;G nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gil $Wfs;:
i. nghJ Nrit gjtpfSf;fhd Ntiytha;g;G re;ijfspd;
fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;G
ii. Nritfspy; cs;s rpwe;j Ntl;ghsu;fis njupT nra;jy;.
iii. rupahd gzpf;fhf rupahd kdpjid epakpg;gjw;fhd Ntiy
tha;g;G jpl;lq;fs;.
iv. Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiwf;F Ntiyj;jFjp jpl;lk; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjJ.
v. Ml;Nru;g;G nray;Kiw vd;gJ ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; tpsk;guk;
gad;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
vi. Ntl;ghsu;fspd; jpwd;fis mstpLtjw;F tpQ;Qhd Kiw
njhlf;fq;fs;
6. vOjg;gl;l Nju;Tfis gpd;tUk; gpupTfshf gpupf;fyhk;:
1. jpwd; Nrhjidfs;
2. jFjpj; Nju;T
3. rhjid Nrhjidfs;
4. MSik Nrhjidfs;
5. tha;top Neu;fhzy;
7. fdlh> ijthd; cl;gl gy ehLfspy; epiy tifg;ghL ,Uf;Fk;
Kiw mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,e;j Kiwia gad;gLj;Jk; Kjy;
ehLfspy; mnkupf;fhTk; xd;W. ,jd; Nehf;fk; 'rk Ntiyf;F
rk Cjpak;' vd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
8. gy Mz;Lfspy; gy;NtWtpjkhd gapw;rp Kiwfs; cs;sd.
mtw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
••mDgtj;jpd; %yk; gapw;rpaspj;jy;: ,J xU Gjpa Nju;Tf;Fupatiu
epakpg;gNjhL> mDgtj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; %yk; jdJ
gzpapy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf; nfhs;tij mDkjpf;Fk;.
••tpupTiu Kiw: ,J fbdkhd tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy;> tpupTiufs;>
tpthjq;fs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk; mlq;Fk;. ,J
midj;J gapw;rp KiwfspYk; goikahdJ.
•• MNyhrid Kiw: ,e;j rkfhy Kiw gy ehLfspy;
gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwapd; fPo; jiyg;Gfs;
Fbikg; gzpfs;; Nju;Tf;Fupatu;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kiw nghJthf
,uz;L tifahdJ> mjhtJ:
(i) rpf;fy; jPu;g;gJ:
(ii) mwpT Nrfupg;gJ:
Fwpg;Gfs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
••UPSC nghJg;gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; jiytu; kw;Wk;
gpw cWg;gpdu;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. nghJg;gzpahsu;
Nju;thizaj;jpd; (xd;wpa my;yJ $l;L) jiytu; kw;Wk; gpw
cWg;gpdu;fs; khepy MSeupd; khepy Mizaj;jpd; tof;fpy;
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
••murpayikg;G me;j gjtpia Kw;wpYk; mwpTWj;jYld;
Kbj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ> vdpDk; xU kuG cUthf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mjd;
MNyhrid nghJthf murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
••Mizf;FOtpd; gzpf;F xU mwpf;ifia [dhjpgjpf;F
Mz;LNjhWk; rku;gpg;gJ Mizf;FOtpd; flik. ,J
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Kd; Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; njhlu;ghf
murhq;fj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffis tpsf;Fk;
Fwpg;igf; nfhz;L mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••murpayikg;gpd; fl;Liu 320 ,d; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb
UPSC ,d; nray;ghLfis kj;jpa muR Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;
rhu;ghf xj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd; gb> 1935 ,y;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j nray;ghLfs; gutyhf %d;W
tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mjhtJ xOq;FKiw> epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
miu-ePjp.
••murpayikg;gpd; 318 tJ kw;Wk; 320 tJ fl;Liud; gb> kj;jpa
muR rpy xOq;FKiwfspYk;, cj;juTfspYk; Mizaj;jpw;F
rpy nray;ghLfis xg;gilf;fpd;wJ.
••,e;jpahtpy;> gzpahsu; epu;thfj;jpy; xd;wpa muR gzpahsu;j;
Nju;thizaj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gq;F cs;sJ. ,J
Ml;Nru;g;G Kftupd; rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;: xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepy
muR Nrit Mizfs; Mfpa Kiwfis xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepy
NritfSf;F epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd Nju;Tfs; elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
••etPd murhq;fq;fSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G nra;Kiw xU Kf;fpa
gzpahFk;. ,J gzpahsu; epu;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahFk;.
ve;jnthU epu;thf mikg;GKiwapYk; kdpjtsq;fs; kpf Kf;fpa
mq;fkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> rupahd gzpf;fhf rupahd egu;fspd; Nju;T
Kf;fpakhdJ.
••nghJthf> tifg;ghLfisf; ifahs vspjhd fhupaq;fis
xOq;FgLj;Jjy;> xOq;fikj;jy; kw;Wk; gpupj;jy; Mfpatw;iw
tifg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. ,J nghJthf tp\aq;fisg;
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; my;yJ kf;fis xd;W Nru;f;ff;$Lk;.
••fdlh> ijthd; cl;gl gy ehLfspy; epiy tifg;ghL ,Uf;Fk; Fbikg; gzpfs;
Kiw mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,e;j Kiwia gad;gLj;Jk; Kjy;
ehLfspy; mnkupf;fhTk; xd;W. ,jd; Nehf;fk; 'rk Ntiyf;F
rk Cjpak;' vd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
••ve;jnthU etPd epu;thf mikg;gpw;Fk; gapw;rp vd;gJ xU Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
mq;fkhFk;. tsu;e;JtUk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW
gapw;rp jpl;lq;fs; ,e;j cz;ikia Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

••khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;: XIVy; fl;Liufs;
315 Kjy; 323 tiu> khepy muRg; gzpfSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G
nra;tjw;fhd Nju;Tfis elj;j xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; khepy
muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; mikf;f ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; toptif nra;fpwJ.
••fl;Liu 335: ,jpy;> gy;NtW gjtpfSf;F epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l
tptfhuq;fspy; Fbikg; gzpfs; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapdu; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffspd; kPJ Vw;ghLfs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
••khztu;: khztu;fSf;F ,J xU gapw;rp. me;jg; gapw;rpahdJ xU
mjpfhupia cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. UPSC ,d; gy;NtW nray;ghLfis gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. UPSC apd; jiytu; my;yJ cWg;gpdu; ePf;fg;glf;$ba
nray;Kiw vd;d?
3. Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rp Kiw gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. ntt;NtW tifahd Ml;Nru;g;G Kiwia tpthjpf;fTk;.
5. epiy tifg;ghl;bd; gy;NtW ed;ikfs; tptupf;fTk;.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. UPSC cWg;gpdupd; mikg;G> epakdk; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. UPSC mjpfhu vy;iy gw;wp tpupthd Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. UPSC xU jd;dhl;rp mikg;G vd;whYk;> mJ gy fl;Lg;ghLfis
vjpu;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifia njhlu;Gila Fwpg;GfSld;
fye;jhNyhrpf;fTk;.
4. gy;NtW gzp epakd Kiwfis tpthjpf;fTk;.
Fbikg; gzpfs;; 5. UPSC %yk; elj;jg;gl;l midj;J ,e;jpa Fbik Nritf;fhd
Nghl;bj; Nju;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;e;J ghu;f;fTk;.
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f

Fwpg;Gfs;
M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

kj;jpa nrayfk;
njhFjp IV khepy epu;thfk;
myF 13 khepy epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G

Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
13.0 mwpKfk;
13.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
13.2 MSeu;
13.2.2 MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;
13.3.2 jiyik mikr;ru;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
nray;ghLfs;
13.3.4 mikr;ru;fs; FO
13.4 khepy muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;
13.4.1 mYtyf epakdk; kw;Wk; gjtp fhyk;
13.4.2 khepy muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
nray;ghLfs;
13.5 khepy nrayfk;
tpilfs;
13.7 RUf;fk;
13.10 NkYk; gbf;f
13.0 mwpKfk;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F
xU $l;lhl;rp fl;likg;ig Kd;itj;jJ. ehL 'xd;wpa ehLfs;' Mf
,Ug;gjhf mJ mwptpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp XI ,e;jpa/
kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; ,e;jpa khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; rl;lkd;w>
epu;thf kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLtijf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kj;jpa muirg; NghyNt> xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fspy;
MSk; Mizaj;jpy;; ,uz;L njhFjpfs; cs;sd. khepy muR ,uz;L
tpjkhd nraw;FOit cs;slf;fpaJ, murpayikg;Gr; rl;l Kjd;ik
kw;Wk; cz;ikahd epu;thfp MFk;. MSeu; khepy murpayikg;G
jiytuhfTk;> Kjyikr;ru; khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd epu;thfpahfTk;
,Uf;fpwhu;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G, khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd epu;thf
Kjyikr;ruhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. mtu; MSk; rf;jp fl;likg;ig
kj;jpa nrayfk; Fwpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; khepyj;jpy; NtW vtiuAk; tpl mjpf mjpfhuk;
ngWfpwhu;. murhq;fj;ij mikf;f rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik
fl;rpapd; jiytiu miof;Fk; MSeu;> khepy epu;thf jiytuhf
Kjyikr;riu epakpf;fpwhu;. midj;J eilKiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf>
Fwpg;Gfs; mitapd; epfo;r;rp epuy;> Kjy;tuhy; KbT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;,
rl;lkd;wk; rk;ge;jkhf> mtupd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mjpfhuk; me;j tPl;bd;
fiyg;Gf;FupajhFk;. ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> rl;lrig fiyf;fg;gLk; vd;W
Kjyikr;ru; MSeiu MNyhrpf;f KbAk;. ,e;j myF, khepyj;jpd;
epu;thf fl;likg;ig gFg;gha;T nra;tijAk;> MSeu;> Kjyikr;ru;>
muR epu;thf fl;likg;ig gFg;gha;T nra;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. MSeu;> Kjyikr;ru;> khepy nghJr; Nrit Mizak;
kw;Wk; khepy nrayfk; %yk; nray;gLtJ Mfpatw;wpd; gq;F gw;wp
tpthjpf;fpwJ.
13.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••khepyj;jpy; MSeupd; gjtpf;F murpayikg;G tpjpfis
gl;baypl KbAk;.
••MSeupd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; nray;ghLfisAk; gw;wp tpsf;f
KbAk;.
••xU khepyj;jpy; Kjyikr;rupd; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
•• Kjyikr;rupd; mjpfhuKk; nray;ghLk; gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
•• khepy muR Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridia gw;wp tpthjpf;f
KbAk;.
•• khepy nrayfj;jpd; nray;ghL gw;wp Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
•• khepy ,af;Feu;fspd; gq;if gw;wp tpsf;f KbAk;.
13.2 MSeu;
$l;lhl;rp rpwg;gpay;Gfs; mbg;gilapy;, ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy mstpy; ,uz;L mLf;F muRfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IV khepy murhq;fq;fspd; fl;likg;gpd;
Kd;dwptpg;igAk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa muirg; Nghd;w xU ehlhSkd;w
murpayikg;ig cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ehlhSkd;w fl;likg;gpw;F ,zq;f> xd;wpa muR Nghd;wit>
khepy muRfSf;F ,uz;L tpjkhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhupfSk;>
murpayikg;G jiytu;fSk;> cz;ikahd epu;thfpAk; cs;sdu;.
MSeu; khepy murpayikg;G jiytu; kw;Wk; Kjyikr;ru; khepyj;jpd;
cz;ikahd epu;thfpahf ,Uf;fpwhu;.
MSeupd; ,ul;ilg; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gw;wpa njsptpd;ik>
$l;likg;G kw;Wk; kj;jpa-khepy cwTfspd; ,ay;igg; nghWj;jtiu>
mtuJ mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk; $u;ikahd tpthjq;fisAk;> kj;jpa nrayfk;
ru;r;irfisAk; J}z;bAs;sJ.

MSeupd; mYtyfj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;J ehk; tpthjpf;fyhk;: Fwpg;Gfs;
A. epakdk;: murpayikg;gpd; 153 tJ gpuptpd; gb> ,e;jpahtpy;
xt;nthU khepyKk; kw;Wk; murpd; epiwNtw;W mjpf
huKk; MSeUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtu; 5 Mz;L
fhy ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; kw;Wk;
[dhjpgjpapd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; gjtp tfpf;fpwhu; (gpupT
156). mjhtJ, fhytiuapd; Kbtpw;F Kd;Ng xU MSeiu
ve;j Neuj;jpYk; [dhjpgjpahy; mfw;w KbAk;.
MSeu; epakdk; njhlu;ghf> ,e;jpahtpy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L
tpjkhd kuGfs; cs;sd:
(i) MSeu;; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyj;jpw;F ntspNa
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. khepy murpaypy; MSeupd;
eLepiyikia cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; ,e;j
khehL mike;Js;sJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j khehl;il
gpd;gw;whjNghJ epfo;Tfs; ele;jpUf;fpd;wd.
(ii) MSeupd; epakdj;jpy; khepyq;fs; kj;jpa murhy;
fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j
eilKiw xt;nthU re;jpg;gpYk; vg;NghJk;
gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy.
MSeu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;l egu;fspd; Ma;T> fzprkhd Xa;T
ngw;w murpay;thjpfs; MSeu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;
vd;gij njspthf ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mJ jtpu>
Xa;Tngw;w mjpfhupfs;> ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Xa;Tngw;w
,uhZt mjpfhupfSk; MSeu;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
,jdhy;> mbf;fb MSeu;fs;> kj;jpa muR mjpfhuj;jpy;
cs;s fl;rpf;F Mjuthf tpisahb tUtjhf Fw;wr;rhl;L
vOe;Js;sJ.
B. jFjp: murpayikg;gpy; xU MSeuhf Mtjw;F fPo;f;fz;l
jFjpfs; cs;sd.
(a) mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b mtu; 35 taij epiwT nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) mtu; ehlhSkd;w my;yJ khepy rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
(d) Mjhak; jUk; gjtp vijAk; mtu; itj;jpUf;f
$lhJ.
13.2.2 MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;;:

MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpAk; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;:
kj;jpa nrayfk; (a) epu;thf rf;jpfs;: MSeu;> Kjyikr;riuAk; mtuJ
mikr;ruit FOitAk; epakpf;fpwhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
ghuhSkd;w tbtpyhd murhq;f tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp>
mtu;fs; khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nghWg;ghsu;fshfTk;
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifia mDgtpf;Fk;
tiuapYk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. MSeu;, NkYk;
nghJthd tof;fwpQiu epakpf;fpwhu; kw;Wk; khepy fhty;
Nrit Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhu;.
khepyj;jpd; midj;J epiwNtw;W eltbf;iffSk;
MSeupd; ngauhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. khepy murpd;
epu;thfj;jpw;Fk;> rl;lj;jpw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfSf;Fk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;ruitapd; midj;J KbTfisAk;
MSeiu njhlu;Gnfhs;tJ Kjyikr;rupd; flikahFk;.
(b) rl;lg;Nguitapd; mjpfhuk;: khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; MSeu;
kw;Wk; khepy rl;lg;Nguit Mfpait cs;sd. mtd;
my;yJ mts; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; xU xUq;fpize;j gFjp
kw;Wk; gy;NtW mjpfhuq;fis ngWfpd;wdu;. ;Kftup>
Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wj;ij fiyf;fpd;wdu;. rl;l
kNrhjhtpy; xU kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;> mJ
MSeUf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MSeu; kNrhjhTf;F
xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwjh [dhjpgjpapd; fUj;jpw;fhd kNrhjhit
mtu; my;yJ mts; toq;fpAs;shu;. cWg;Giu 213-,d;
gb> Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ MSeu;> mtrur; rl;lq;fs;
,aw;Wtjw;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. tUlhe;ju epjpapay;
mwpf;ifia khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kd; rku;g;gpf;fTk;>
gzk; urPJfs; gupe;Jiuf;fTk; mtUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
(c) ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;: xU khepy MSeUf;F kd;dpg;G>
kWgpujp> Xa;T my;yJ Xa;T ngWjy; my;yJ jz;lidia
toq;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. ,il Xa;T> mtfhrk;
my;yJ jz;lidia epWj;jp itj;jy;> tpyf;F my;yJ
khw;Wjy;> jz;lid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; MSeUf;F
cs;sJ.
(d) RatpUg;Gupik mjpfhuq;fs;: MSeu; xU murpayikg;G
jiytuhf nray;gLfpd;w rhjhuz nray;ghLfisj;
jtpu> rpy tpUg;gkhd mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
mtu;fspy; rpyu; ntspg;gilahf mtUf;F my;yJ mtup-
lk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mtw;wpy; rpy NtWgl;l Xl;lk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
gpupT 163 (1), MSeuhy; murpayikg;ig mtuhy; my;yJ mtuJ
tpUg;gg;gb nray;glj; Njitg;gl;lhyd;wp> MSeu; mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhridapd;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;. gpupT 163 (2)
MSeu;fs; jq;fSila tpUg;gg;gb nray;glj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ
KbT nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. MSeupd; kd epiwT> mj;Jld;
rpy nghWg;GfSk; cs;sd. vdNt> tpUg;gkhd mjpfhuj;jpw;F
ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j tpUg;Gupik jpwd; %yk;> ,uz;L tp\aq;fspy; kj;jpa nrayfk;
mit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. xd;W> xU fl;rp my;yJ fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J

xU njspthd ngUk;ghd;ikia nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> Kjyikr;ru;
epakdj;ij nghWj;j tiu xd;W cs;sJ. ,J njhlu;ghd
ngUk;ghd;ik MjuT ,og;G gw;wpAk; Nfs;tp vOe;Js;sJ. ,uz;lhtJ Fwpg;Gfs;
murpayikg;gpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f khepy muR vjidAk;
nray;gLj;j Kbahj R+o;epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W gpupT 356 ,d; fPo;
[dhjpgjpf;F mwpf;if xd;iw toq;Ftjd; %yk;> murpayikg;gpd;
tpjpKiwfSf;F [dhjpgjp Ml;rp ,zq;f KbahJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy;
mrhjhuz kw;Wk; mtrufhy R+o;epiyfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;, eilKiwapy; ,it kl;Lky;y> rpy
rhjhuz ty;yuRfs;> [dhjpgjpapd; guprPyid gl;bay;fis Kd;gjpT
nra;tJ Nghy;> Kw;wpYk; ru;r;irf;Fupa tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. xUjiy Nehf;fq;fis mjd; %yk; kj;jpa khepy muRf;F
,ilNa mOj;jq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ vd;W njuptpf;fpwJ.
A. MSeupd; epiy kw;Wk; gq;F

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> khepy murpaypy; Kf;fpa jhf;fq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; MSeupd; mYtyfj;ijg; gw;wp rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. murpayikg;gpd; Muk;gj;jpy;> muR
kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; kf;fSf;F ,ilNaahd mbg;gil rkepiyia
guhkupf;fTk;> murpayikg;gpd; fl;lisfis khepyj;jpy; kjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> MSeu; fUtpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vz;zpdhu;. MSeupd; mYtyfj;jpy;> murpayikg;G rl;lk;
kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij ghJfhg;gJ Mfpatw;wpd; MSeuhf ,Ug;ghu; vd
gpupT 159 $WfpwJ. NkYk; khepyj;jpd; 'Nrit kw;Wk; ey;tho;Tf;F',
murpayikg;igAk; rl;lj;ijAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> khepy muRfspd;
ey;tho;tpw;Fk; jd;id MSif nra;Ak; MSeiu ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; xU khepyj;jpd; MSeUf;F
,ul;il gq;fhw;WfpwJ:
(i) khepy murpayikg;G jiytu;.
(ii) ikaj;jpd; Kftu;.
B. khepy jiytuhf MSeu;

ghuhSkd;w [dehafj;jpd; msTNfhy;fspd; fPo; khepyj;jpd;
jiytuhf MSeu; cs;shu;. vdNt> mtu; my;yJ mts; ngaustpy;
jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhu; kw;Wk; mikr;rfj;jpd; 'cjtp kw;Wk;
MNyhrid' gb fz;bg;ghf mtuJ nray;ghLfs; nray;gLfpwJ.
MSeupd; ngaupy; epu;thfk; elj;jg;gl;lhYk;> rl;l kd;wj;jpw;F
xl;Lnkhj;jkhf nghWg;Ngw;wpUf;Fk; Kjyikr;rUk; mtuJ mikr;ruhy;
cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; nray;gLj;Jg;gLfpwJ. 1967 Mk; Mz;L
ehd;fhtJ nghJj; Nju;jYf;Fg; gpwF> fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; murpay;
kj;jpa nrayfk; mjpfhuj;jpd; VfNghfk; Kwpe;jJ kw;Wk; VO khepyq;fspy; fhq;fpu];-
my;yhj muRfs; cUthdJ. xd;wpak; kw;Wk; gy khfhzq;fspYk;
murhq;fq;fis cUthf;Fk; ve;j xU fl;rpAk; ve;j ,lj;jpYk;
,d;Wk; ,e;j epfo;T njhlu;fpwJ. ,e;j khw;wk;, khepy murpaypy;
Fwpg;Gfs; MSeupd; epiyg;ghL kw;Wk; ghj;jpuj;ij kWtbtikj;jJ. khepy
murpaypy; MSeu;fs; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUe;jdu; kw;Wk; ikaj;jpy;
fl;rpapd; mjpfhuj;jpd; eyDf;fhf vg;NghJk; nray;gl;ldu;. MSeupd;
mYtyfj;ij mfw;Wtjw;fhd Nfhupf;if Vw;gl;lJld;> kpfTk;
ru;r;irf;Fupajhf;fpaJld;> mtu;fsJ fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk;
mtu;fsJ tpUg;gkhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
C. ikaj;jpd; Kftuhf MSeu;

Nf.vk;. Kd;\p> "murpayikg;G cupikapd; fz;fhzpg;G FO kw;Wk;
khepyj;jpd; ikaj;ij ,izf;Fk; ,izg;G> ,jd;%yk; ,e;jpahtpd;
murpayikg;G If;fpaj;ij ghJfhg;gJ." MFk; khepyq;fspy;
ikaj;jpd; Kftuhf MSeu; nray;gLfpwhu;:
(a) midj;J khepyq;fspYk; ey;y Ml;rpf;F xd;wpa muR nghWg;G.
muR ,ae;jpuj;jpd; murpayikg;G KwpT Vw;gl;lhy;> MSeupd;
356 MtJ Ml;rpapy; khepy Ml;rpaplk; my;yJ mtru epiyia
MSeu; gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
(b) murhq;fj;jpd; tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;J [dhjpgjpaplk; mt;tg;NghJ
MSeu; jdJ mwpf;ifia mDg;Gfpwhu;.
(c) khepyq;fSf;F cj;juTfis toq;Ftjw;F kj;jpa muRf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L. mj;jifa cj;juTfis khepy muR gpd;gw;wp
tUtijg; ghu;g;gJ MSeupd; flik.
(d) xU khepy MSeiu [dhjpgjp guprPypf;f khepy rl;lkd;wj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xU rl;lj;ij xJf;fp itf;f KbAk;. NkYk;>
rpy tifg;gl;l urPJfs; [dhjpgjpapd; fUj;jpw;F MSeuhy;
xJf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. MSeu; khepyj;jpy; vt;thW gq;F tfpf;fpwhu;?
2. MSeu; ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G xw;Wikia
vt;thW ghJfhf;fpwhu;?

murpayikg;gpd; ghuhSkd;w Kiwik khepy mstpyhd xg;Gik
vLj;J> murpayikg;G khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd epu;thfp Kjyikr;ruhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu; MSk; rf;jp fl;likg;ig Fwpf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
khepy mstpyhd xg;Gik NtW ahiuAk; tpl mjpf mjpfhuk;
ngWfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; fPo; khepyj;jpy; xU
[dehaf mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjd; mbg;gilapyhd jj;Jtk;>
xw;Wikapd; fl;lhaj;jhy; topelj;jg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; kj;jpa nrayfk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rp cz;ikahd kdg;ghd;ikapy;

nray;ghl;L Rahl;rpf;F xU epahakhd msit cWjp nra;tjd;
tpisthf, ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j Ml;rpKiw kw;Wk; epiyj;jd;ikia
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf> gue;jstpyhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; Fwpg;Gfs;
nray;ghLfisAk; nfhz;l xU [dehaf Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gij
tpl> Kjyikr;rupd; epiyg;ghL> gue;j tpUg;gkhd mjpfhuq;fspd;
tbtj;jpy; jdJ nray;ghl;L Rahl;rpf;F gy ,lq;fisf; nfhz;l
xU cs;Su; Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gjhf Njhd;WfpwJ. kj;jpa murpd;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l MSeu;> kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l murpd;
cz;ikahd Ml;rpahsuhf Kjyikr;rupd; jpwidf; Fiwf;f KbAk;.

Kjy;tu; epakdk;> ftu;du; jiyikapy;> murpd; nray; jiytu;>
murhq;fj;ij mikf;f rl;lrigapy; ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp jiytiu
miof;fpwhu;. vdpDk;> eilKiwapy;> khepyq;fspy; Kjyikr;ru;fspd;
epakdk; MSeupd; mYtyfj;jpy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy;
elj;jg;gl Ntz;ba xU tpisahl;lhf khwpaJ. NkYk,; gpw
murpay; rpe;jidfs; (rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mjuit
ngwKbahj khepyq;fspy; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;)> vspikahd
murpayikg;G Kd;nkhopit tpl Kjyikr;ru; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jifa R+o;epiyfs; kj;jpa muR jdJ Njitfs; kw;Wk;
tpUg;gq;fis xl;b khepy murpd; nray;ghl;il itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ jw;Nghija murhq;fj;jpw;F gjpyhf khepyj;jpy; Gjpa
ifg;ghit murhq;fj;ij epWTq;fs;
Kjyikr;rupd; jFjp Fwpj;J murpayikg;gpy; VJk; ,y;iy.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> mj;jifa egu; ,e;jpahtpd; FbAupik
ngw;W> rl;lg; Nguitapy; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
jFjp cilatu;fs; Mtu;. mj;jifa xU egu; rl;lkd;wj;jpd;
my;yJ xU ntspehl;ltu; my;yJ xU cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
murpayikg;gpy; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; my;yhjtu; xU mikr;ru;
my;yJ Kjyikr;ruhf tuf;$lhJ vd;w epiyapy;>vdpDk;> mtu; 6
khjq;fSf;Fs; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpdu; Mf Ntz;Lk;> mtu; my;yJ
mtsJ mYtyfj;ij ,of;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
Kjyikr;ru; epakdj;jpy; vd;d ed;ik cs;sJ> mtu;
mYtyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mfw;WtJ Fwpj;Jk; vd;d cz;ik cs;sJ.
MSeupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; NghJ Kjyikr;ru; gjtp tfpg;ghu; vd
murpayikg;G $WfpwJ. eilKiwapy;> murpayikg;Gr; rl;l rigapy;
rl;lg;gpupT 164 (2)-d; fPo;> MSeupd; tpUg;gk;> rl;lg; Nguitapy;
ngUk;ghd;ik Mjuitg; ngWfpwJ. vdpDk;> eilKiwapy; elg;gJ
vd;dntd;why;> Kjyikr;riu mfw;WtJ vd;gJ MSeupd; KbT
mupjhfNt cs;sJ. ikaj;jpd; Kftuhf nray;gLk; MSeu;> kj;jpa
murpd; cj;jutpd;Ngupy;> Kjy;tiu ePf;FfpwJ.
kj;jpa nrayfk; ,jd; tpisthf> murpayikg;gpd; 356 tJ gpupT (khepyq;fspy;
[dhjpgjp Ml;rp)> khepyq;fspy; Kiwahf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
murhq;fq;fs; nghJthf mfw;wg;gLk; fUtpahFk;> murpayikg;gpd;
kpfTk; ntWf;fj;jf;f fl;Liufs; ehl;by; khepy Rahl;rpf;F
Fwpg;Gfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.
13.3.2 jiyik mikr;ru;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;

khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd epu;thfj; jiytuhf Kjyikr;ru; gjtp
tfpg;ghu;> mjpfsT rf;jpfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis mDgtpj;J
tUfpwhu;. mitfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. mtu; my;yJ mts; khepy murpd; ciof;Fk; jiytuhf
cs;shu;. mNjNghy;> mtuJ mikr;ru;fs; my;yJ mtsJ
mikr;ru;fis Nju;T nra;tJ njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; mtu;
MSeUf;F MNyhrid $wpdhu;.
2. mtu; my;yJ mtsJ mikr;ru;fspd; $l;lq;fspy; mtu;
jiyikapy;> $l;L nghWg;G vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL guhkupf;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. vdNt> mtu; my;yJ mtsJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh
nra;a xU ke;jpuprig gupe;Jiuf;fyhk; my;yJ mikr;ruitapd;
nfhs;ifapypUe;J khWgLk;> xU mikr;riu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a
MSeiu mwpTWj;jyhk;.
3. tptfhuq;fspd; epu;thfj;jpw;Fk; mtu; my;yJ mts; miof;Fk;gb
rl;lj;jpd; Kd;nkhopTfSlDk; njhlu;Gila MSeuplk; mtu;
njhlu;Gnfhs;fpwhu;.
4. mtu; my;yJ mts; khepy epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd MSeUf;F
jfty; nfhLf;fpwhu;.
5. MSeuplk; mtu; my;yJ mtspd; murhq;fj;ij KbntLg;gjw;F
Njitg;gLk; mikr;ru;fspd; fUj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;tjw;fhf
mtu; xU tp\aj;ij Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mtu; my;yJ mts;>
mtuJ mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; MSeu; ,ilNa xNu topj;njhlu;G
nray;gLfpwJ.
6. mNjNghy;> Kjyikr;ru; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;G gw;wpa xNu xU
topj;njhlu;G Kjyikr;ru; jhd;. rl;lrigapy; efu;j;j cs;s
midj;J kNrhjhf;fs;> jPu;khdq;fs; Nghd;wit mtuJ Kd;
mDkjp ngwNtz;Lk;. mtuJ murhq;fj;jpd; kPjhd tpku;rdk;
mtiu my;yJ mtshy; gjpyspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. mtu; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;> NkYk;
mj;jifa egiu kw;nwhU mikr;rfj;ij epWTtjw;F my;yJ
mikr;rfj;ij fiyf;f> mjd; %yk; [dhjpgjpapd; Ml;rpapd;
fPo; khepyj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf MSeiu MNyhrid nra;ayhk;.
8. Nfhl;ghl;by; ,Ue;jhYk;> midj;J epakdq;fs; MSeuhy;
eilKiwapy; Kjyikr;rupd; gpujk ke;jpup gjtp cau;T
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. khepy cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; epakdk;
Fwpj;J mtu; my;yJ mtsplk; MNyhrpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. ve;j kj;jpa nrayfk;
mDkjpAk; gupkhw;wKk; khepyj;jpy; mtuJ mDkjpapd;wp

elf;f KbahJ. khepy nghJthd tof;fwpQu; kw;Wk; khepy
nghJr; Nrit Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fis epakpg;gjpy; mtu;
MNyhrpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j khepyj;jpy; xU Kjyikr;ru; gjtp> kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy;> Fiwe;jgl;rk;>
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapd; gue;j jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ,Wjp
Ma;tpy; mjpfhuj;ij jd;dpiyahd vd;w tifapy; ,y;iy vd;why;>
mJ> gpujk ke;jpup xUtupd; epiyg;ghL MFk;.
njhlf;fj;jpy;> Kjyikr;ru; jdJ murhq;fj;jpd; tbtj;ijAk;
msitAk; jPuk ; hdpg;gjpy; xg;gl
P l
; stpy; Rje;jpukhd fuj;ij nfhz;Ls;shu;.
vdpDk;> Kjyikr;ru; xU Njrpaf; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtuhfNth my;yJ
xU $l;lzpapd; jiytuhfNth ,Ue;jhy;> mtNuh my;yJ mtUila
fuq;fSf;fhfNth> mtuJ nrhe;j ke;jpupfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;Fk;>
mtw;wpd; gpuptpdiu xJf;Ftjw;Fk;> mtUf;fhfNth> fl;rpapd;
cau; Mizak; my;yJ gy;NtW mikr;ru;fspd; ngau;fs; kw;Wk;
mikr;ruitfis mwptpg;gjw;F Kd;du; $l;lzp gq;fhsu;fspd; Kd;
xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk;. khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; xU gpuhe;jpa mbg;gil
kw;Wk; trjpahd ngUk;ghd;ik nfhz;l Kjy; mikr;ru;fs; xU rpwe;j
kw;Wk; xU ghJfhg;ghd epiyapy; cs;sd. rKjhaj;jpd; midj;J
r%fg; gpupTfSk; cs;epiyfspy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLtJ
cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; cs;ehl;lYty;fs;> epjp> kw;Wk;
Kf;fpa Jiwfs; Mw;wf;$ba jpwd; nfhz;l kf;fSf;F $Ljyhf>
mikr;rufq;fis gpuhe;jpakhf rkepiyahf tpepNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ru;fNsh my;yJ mtuJ mikr;ruitNah khw;wpaikf;f
mtu; jilapd;wp mjpfhuj;ij itj;jpUg;gjhy;> Kjyikr;ru; gjtpf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rl;l kd;wj;jpd; MLA f;fSld; Kjy;tu; cwT ,uz;L
fhuzpfisg; nghWj;J cs;sJ: vk;.vy;.V.f;fspd; Kd;dhy; Kjyikr;rupd;
Kd; epd;W> gpe;ijatupd; Kd;khjpupahd mZFKiw. rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
trjpahd ngUk;ghd;ikia Kjyikr;ru; fl;ltpy;iynadpy;> mtuJ
epiyg;ghL MLA f;fspd; Kd;dhy; kpfTk; Mgj;jhdJ. mtu;
my;yJ mts; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba epiyapy; cs;shu;. nghUshjhuk;>
Kjyikr;ru; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Kjyikr;rupd; rhu;ghd
mZFKiwia tpl [dehafkhdJ> Kjyikr;rupd; nray;jpwd; kpf;f
kw;Wk; nray;gLfpd;w nray;ghl;bd; newpKiwahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpujk ke;jpup kj;jpa murpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd;
cz;ikahd ghJfhtyu; vd;gjhy;> mtUf;Fk; mtSf;Fk; kw;Wk;
Kjyikr;rUf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Kiwahd kw;Wk; ,zf;fkhd
njhlu;G khepy kw;Wk; kj;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspd;
rpf;fy; ,y;yhj elj;ij ghJfhg;gjpy; ePz;l J}uk; nry;fpwJ.
kj;jpa nrayfk; jpl;lkply; nray;fspy; Kjyikr;rupd; gpujhd epiyg;ghl;bd;
mbg;gil Mjhuk;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l Mizak; kw;Wk; Njrpa
tsu;r;rpf; rig (NDC) MfpNahUld; jdJ ,izg;gpypUe;J ehl;by;
jpl;lkply; Kiwapd; cr;r fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fz;bg;ghf>
Fwpg;Gfs; Kjyikr;ru;fs; jpl;lkply; Mizaj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,y;iy
vd;whYk;> Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpajpy; mtu;fsJ
gq;fspg;G NDC ,d; topKiw %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
NDC gpujk ke;jpup> rpy Kf;fpa kj;jpa ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk; midj;J
khepyq;fspd; jiyik ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk; xd;wpak; gpuNjrq;fspd;
epu;thf jiytu;fs; MfpNahu; cs;sdu;. NkYk;> kj;jpa murpd; gy;NtW
tsu;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mky;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> epjpapd; rPuhd Xl;lj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> jpl;lf; FOTld; Kjyikr;ru;fs; njhlu;G
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tpthjj;jpy; ,Ue;J> khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;ru;
gy rf;jpfSld; ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ> Mdhy; mtU-
ila cz;ikahd epiyg;ghL mtupd; MSik> murpay; mDgtk;>
epu;thf jpwid> khepy mstpyhd fl;rp mikg;gpy; epiyg;ghL> kj;jpa
jiyikj;Jtj;Jld; rkd;ghL kw;Wk; rkurk; Mfpatw;iw nghWj;jJ.
kw;Wk; mtu; my;yJ mtu; xU ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp my;yJ $l;lzp
murhq;fj;jpd; Mjuitg; ngWfpwhu;.
13.3.4 mikr;ru;fspd; rig

ehlhSkd;w murhq;fj;jpd; khjpupiag; gpd;gw;wp> khepyj;jpd;
cz;ikahd murhq;fk; Kjyikr;rupd; jiyikapy; murhq;fk;
mikr;ruit mike;Js;sJ. Nfhl;ghl;by;> mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk;
Kjy;tu; MfpNahu; fye;J nfhz;L> MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;f
cs;sdu;. vdpDk;> eilKiwapy; MSeu;> mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd;
MNyhridapd; gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ru;fs; FO> jiyik epu;thf mjpfhup Mtu; .khepy
epu;thfj;jpd; juk;> ngUk;ghYk; jiyikj;Jtj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ>
kw;Wk; jpirfs; mikr;ru;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. RUf;fkhf> mrhjhuz
murpay; mjpfhuk; ,e;j rpwpa FOtpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mikg;G
MSeu; Kjyikr;riu epakpf;fpwhu;> Kjyikr;rupd;

MNyhridg;gb> mtu; kw;w mikr;ru;fis epakpf;fpwhu; . ,Ug;gpDk;>
Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> khehl;bw;F ek;ik ek;Gtjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ>
mtuJ FOitj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; mtUf;F Rje;jpuk; ,Uf;fhJ.
khepy mikr;ru;fs; FO xd;wpd; msT Kd;du; murpayikg;gpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy;> khepy murhq;fj;jpy; mjpfhuj;jpw;fhfg;
Nghl;bapLk; midj;J gpupTfisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> mikr;ru;fs;
xU FOit nfhz;LtUtjw;F tha;g;Gs;sJ. Mdhy; njhz;Z}W
Kjy; murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; rl;lk; 2003> epiwNtw;wg;gl;l epiyapy;>
mikr;rfq;fs; msT khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fs;
15 rjtPjk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;j tifapy;> ke;jpup rigapy; ,lk; kj;jpa nrayfk;
ngWk; mw;gkhd $Wfs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;Ls;sJ.
mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd; gzp Fwpg;Gfs;

mikr;ruitf; $l;lk; > rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jd;
nghUs; vd;dntd;why;> xt;nthU mikr;ru;fSk; mikr;ruitapd;
xt;nthU KbTf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. xU mikr;ru;>
nghWg;ig Vw;f Kbahtpl;lhy;> mtUf;F xNu khw;wPL> $l;L nghWg;G
cs;sjhy; mtu; gjtpia> ,uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ru;> jpizf;fsj;jpy; murpay; jiytuhf cs;shu;> mjd;
jiyik epu;thf mjpfhup xU nrayhsu; Mthu; rhjhuzkhf> xU
Jiw rk;ge;jkhd tp\aq;fspd; njhlu;gpy; mikr;ru;-nghWg;gjpfhup
kPJ eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk; .Mdhy; Kf;fpa tof;Ffs; midj;Jk;
Neubahf tpthjj;Jf;F mikr;ruit Kd; nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. xU khepyj;jpd; Kjy;tu; vt;thW epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;?

4. Kjyikr;rupd; ,uz;L mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis
gl;baypLf.
5. mikr;ru; Nguit khepyj;jpy; vg;gb nray;gLfpwJ?
13.4 khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;

,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1919> ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;fhd nghJ Nrit
Mizaj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w NghjpYk;> khfhzq;fspy;
,J Nghd;w Mizf;FOf;fis mikg;gjpy; mikjpahf ,Ue;jJ.
MapDk;> me;jr; rl;lj;ij khfhz rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy;
Mizf;FOf;fs; %yk; rl;lj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;. 1929 Mk; Mz;L
,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nrd;id rl;lkd;wk; xU rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJld;>
mNj Mz;by; xU Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;Fk; nghJ Nrit fkp\d; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpupT 264 ,y; $wg;gl;lgb> ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1935
,y; ,Ue;jJ. gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzk; kw;Wk; rpe;J
Mfpatw;wpy; xU nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mNj
Nghy; gPfhu;> xuprh kw;Wk; kj;jpa khfhzq;fs; ,ize;J xU fkp\
id mikj;jJ.
khfhz nghJ NritfSf;fhd Ml;Nru;g;G> nghJ Nrit
FOtpid mikg;gjw;F Kd;du; gy;NtW khfhzq;fSf;fhd kw;Wk;
khfhzq;fSf;fhd gzpahsu;fis njupT nra;ag;gl;l FOtpdhy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Nkk;gl;l khfhzq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l Ml;Nru;g;Gg;
Nju;TfSk; ,lk;ngw;wd Mdhy; ,it ,aw;ifapy; kl;LNk
kj;jpa nrayfk; Nrhjidf;Fl;gl;ld kw;Wk; kf;Nfhyhy; jpl;lkpl;lgb tpQ;Qhd
Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; ,y;iy.
,d;W Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy;> xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; jdf;nfd xU
muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; cs;sJ; UPSC, A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F
Fwpg;Gfs; jq;fs; NritfSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G nra;Ak; tifapy; cjTfpwJ.
mtu;fspd; njhFg;G> rk;gsk; Nghd;wit xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU
epiyapypUe;J khWgLk;> Mdhy; murpayikg;gpy; ntspg;gilahf
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Nritapd; mbg;gil fl;likg;G> nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
epiyikfs; Nghd;wjhFk;. UPSC cld; njhlu;Gila 315 Kjy; 320
tiuahd fl;Liufs;> khepy nghJ Nrit FOf;fSf;F ,Nj Nghd;w
tpjpfis tpjpf;fpd;wd. khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
tpupthd gzp kw;Wk; tptukhd Ntiyfis mikg;gJ njhlu;ghf
murpayikg;G tpjpfs; Vw;fdNt ,e;j myfpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
13.4.1 gjtp epakdk; kw;Wk; gjtpf; fhyk;

316 tJ rl;lj;jpd;gb> mur Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; jiytUk;
cWg;gpdUk; khepy MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;> Mdhy; $l;Lr; rig
cWg;gpdu;fs; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. xt;nthU khepy murhq;f
Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; xU gFjpapdUk; mtu;fsJ
epakdq;fSf;fhd Njjpfspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 Mz;LfSf;F ,e;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ khepy murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; gjtp tfpj;j
egu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jiytu; gjtp fhypahfp tpl;lhy; my;yJ gjtp tfpg;gtu; jdJ
flikiar; nra;a Kbahtpl;lhy;> xU Gjpa cWg;gpdu; epakpf;fg;gLk;
tiu my;yJ gjtp Vw;WtJ tiu MSeUf;F xU cWg;gpduhf
epakpf;fyhk;. epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC)> gzpahsu; epu;thfj;jpd;
mwpf;ifapy;> khepy muR Nrit Mizf;FO cWg;gpdu;fs; epakdk;
nra;Ak; NghJ> xU khepyj;jpd; MSeu; UPSCd; jiytu; kw;Wk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l muR nghJ Nrit Mizaj;jpd; jiytiu MNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtUf;F mLj;J thupir epakdk; njhlu;ghf MNyhrid
nra;ayhk;. muR mYtyu;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdu; xUtu; khepy muR my;yJ kj;jpa murpd; fPo; Fiwe;jgl;rk;
10 Mz;Lfs; gjtp tfpj;j epiyapy; my;yJ xU khepyj;jpd;
nrayhsu; my;yJ xU khepy murpd; jiyik nrayu; my;yJ
mjw;F ,izahd gjtpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murpd; fPo;
gjtp my;yJ cau; fy;tp epWtdj;jpy; xU jdp epiy ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> my;yhj mjpfhupfspy; ,Ue;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdu;fs; Fiwe;jJ 10 Mz;Lfs; fw;gpj;jy;> rl;lk;> kUj;Jtk;>
nghwpapay;> mwptpay;> njhopy;El;gk;> fzf;fpay; my;yJ epu;thfk;
Nghd;w mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l njhopypy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU Mizf;FO cWg;gpdUf;F Fiwe;jgl;r fy;tpj; jFjp xU
gy;fiyf;fof gl;lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ARC NkYk; khepy muR
Nrit Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU NtnwhU
khepyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuj;jhu;.
gupe;Jiufs; xypahf $wpdhYk;> ,it murpay; rhrd mjpfhupfshy; kj;jpa nrayfk;
jPtpu ftdk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. nghJ Nrit fkp\d;fSf;F epakdk;

nra;tjpy; murpay; guprPyidfs; mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; kdpju;fshy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjw;F kpfTk; tYthdit vd;gJ njspthFk;.
Mizf;FO cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if MSeiu epu;zapf;Fk; Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;W murpayikg;G $WfpwJ. Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; rpyu;
kj;jpa muR my;yJ khepy murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; Fiwe;jJ 10 Mz;Lfs;
mDgtk; cila egu;fs; Mtu;. MSeu;fs; MW Mz;Lfs; my;yJ
62 tajpw;Fs; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak;> kj;jpa muR gzpahsu;
Nju;thizak; %yk;> me;je;j khepy muRg; gzpfs; njhlu;ghd
gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs;
xU nghJ gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W xj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. me;j tpisnghUSf;F xU jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;>
me;je;j khepyq;fspd; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; (mq;F me;je;j khepyq;fspy;
,uz;L tPLfs; cs;sd) xt;nthU tPl;bdhYk;> me;j khepyq;fspd;
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a $l;L khepy muR Nrit Mizf;FO
epakdk; nra;a ghuhSkd;wk; epakpf;fyhk;. ,e;j $l;Lf; FOtpd;
jiytUk; kw;w cWg;gpdu;fSk; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
13.4.2 khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; gzpfs;
khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; ,e;jpa

murpayikg;gpd; rl;lg;gpupT 320 y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>
fl;Liu 321> khepy muR gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; %yk; $Ljy;
nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s xU khepyj;jpd; rl;lkd;wk; toptif
nra;ayhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. ,e;j Mizaj;jpd; gzpfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) murpd; NritfSf;F gzp epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd
Nju;Tfis elj;j Ntz;baJ khepy muRg; gzpahsu;
Nju;thizaj;jpd; flikahFk;.
(ii) khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; fPo;fz;l gpur;idfs;
Fwpj;J khepy murplk; MNyhrpf;fg;gLk;:
(a) Fbik gzp kw;Wk; Fbik gzpaplq;fSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G
Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd midj;J tp\aq;fs;.
(b) epakdk; nra;Ak; NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba
nfhs;iffs;> gjtp cau;T> Fbikg; gzpfs; kw;Wk;
gjtpfSf;F ,lkhWjy; nra;jy;.
(c) ,JNghd;w tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd epidtfq;fs;
my;yJ ,ju kDf;fs; mlq;fpa Fbik jpwdpy; xU
khepyj;jpd; muRf;F Nrit nra;Ak; xU egupd; midj;J
xOq;FKiw tp\aq;fs;.
(d) jdJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
eltbf;iffs; my;yJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ
kj;jpa nrayfk; njhlu;ghf mtUf;F vjpuhd rl;l eltbf;iffis
ghJfhg;gjpy; mtuhy; toq;fg;gLk; ve;jnthU
nrytpdKk; xU Fbkfdhf Nritaspf;Fk; my;yJ
murhq;fj;jpw;F Nritahw;wpa xU egupd; ve;jnthU
$w;Wf;Fk; khepyj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j epjpapypUe;J
Fwpg;Gfs;
gzk; nrYj;Jjy;.
(e) murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; xU Fbkfdhf gzpahw;Wk; NghJ xU
eguhy; Vw;gLk; fhaq;fs; kw;Wk; ve;jnthU mePjpf;Fkhd
ve;jnthU Nfs;tpf;Fk; Xa;T+jpak; toq;Ftjw;fhd
ve;jnthU $w;Wf;Fk;.
(iii) khepy MSeu; mt;thW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ve;j xU
nra;jpfspYk; MNyhrid ngWtJ khepy muRg; gzpahsu;
Nju;thizaj;jpd; flikahFk;. MSeu; tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
xOq;FKiwfs;> khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
MNyhrid ngwhj tp\aj;jpYk; Fwpg;gplTk;.
(iv) khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; njhopw;rq;f mstpy;
jq;fsJ ntspAwTj;Jiw Nghd;w MNyhridfis
toq;fpAs;sJ. murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ mwpTiu $WtJ
kl;Lky;y> murhq;fk; ,j;jifa MNyhridapd;
Ngupy; ,ae;jpuj;jdkhf nray;gl KbahJ. murhq;fk;
fz;%bj;jdkhf nray;gLfpwnjd;why;> ,e;j xOq;F
kyhtpd; %yk; tpuf;jpailfpwJ.
UPSC njhlu;ghf nra;ag;gl;l tpjpfs; ,q;Nf nghUe;Jk;.
xU khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;> Mdhy; murhq;fk; mt;thW
nra;aj; jtwptpl;lhy;> murhq;fj;jpd; Kbit xU ePjpkd;wj;
jPu;g;ghy; nry;YgbahfhJ. xU khepy muR Nrit
Mizaj;jpd; nray;fs; my;yJ KbTfis ePjpj;Jiw
Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jyhk; kw;Wk; UPSC f;F nghUe;Jk;
mNj ehd;F fhuzq;fSf;fhf xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rthy;
nra;ayhk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
(v) xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; rPUilapy; xU rPuhd tbtj;ij
guhkupg;gjw;fhf> midj;J khepy muRg; gzpahsu;
Nju;thizaj;jpd; jiytUk; UPSC jiytu; Neubahf
re;jpf;fpwhu;. UPSC jiytu;fs; ,e;j $l;lq;fis
elj;Jfpd;wdu;. Ml;Nru;g;G njhlu;ghf khepy muRg; gzpahsu;
Nju;thizaj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; UPSCd; mNj msTf;F
xj;jpUf;fpwJ. midj;J ,e;jpa NritfSf;Fk; gjtp
cau;T Fwpj;J> khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpy;
ve;jg; gq;Fk; ,y;iy. me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jdp Nju;T
FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

kj;jpa nrayfk;
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpf.
6. khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; tpjpfspd;gb

ve;nje;j Mf;fq;fs; cs;sd?
7. khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; Kjd;ikg; gzp- Fwpg;Gfs;
fis gl;baypLf.
13.5 khepy jiyikr; nrayfk;
khepy nrayfj;jpd; gq;F mjd; cUthf;Fk; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj

tpuptile;J tUfpwJ. khepy murhq;fq;fs; jq;fs; jpdrup epu;thfj;jpy;
rkhspf;f Ntz;ba gy tp\aq;fs; cs;sd. mjd;gb> nrayfj;jpd;
nraYk; nray;fSk; mjd;gb mjpfupj;Js;sd> ,J nray;jpwd; kpf;f
nray;jpl;lj;jpy; muRf;F cjTfpwJ kw;Wk; mwpTWj;JfpwJ.
khepy muRfs;> jq;fs; kj;jpa ntspAwTj;Jiw Nghy> khepy
epu;thfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. mtu;fs; mikr;rupd; Kf;fpa
MNyhrfu;fs;> jpizf;fsj;jpd; jiytu;fs;> jq;fs; nghWg;gpd;fPo;>
murpay; jiytupd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; KbTfis epiwNtw;Wk;
nghWg;G> ,Wjpahf> rl;lkd;wj;jpd; FOf;fSf;F Kd;dhy; jdJ
Jiwia gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. khepy mstpyhd epu;thfj;jpy;>
khepyj; jiytuhf cs;s ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l ftu;du;
Mthu;. [dhjpgjpahy; Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
MSeu;> khepyj; jiytuhf cs;shu;. khepy epu;thfj;ij
elj;Jtjpy; Kjyikr;ru; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpwhu;> mtu;fs; Kjyikr;ru;
jiyikapyhd mikr;ru;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
eilKiwapy;> mtu; murpayikg;G jiytuhf kl;LNk ,Uf;fpwhu;;
mjpfhuj;jpd; cz;ikahd fsQ;rpakhf Kjyikr;rUld; jiytuhf
cs;shu;. ,e;jpahtpd; khepyr; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mikr;ru;
nghWg;G tfpf;fpwJ. xU mikr;rupd; nghWg;Gf;F xU Jiw my;yJ
xU Jiwapd; xU gFjpia xJf;Ftjd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; tzpfk;
mikr;ru;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> gy Jiwfis rhu;e;J>
mjpf my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwthd njhlu;Gila ghlq;fis elj;Jk;
nghWg;gpy; xU mikr;rUf;F ,Ug;gJ thbf;ifahf cs;sJ. mtu;
jpizf;fsj;jpy; murpay; jiytuhf cs;shu;> mjd; epu;thf jiy-
tuhtu;> ikaj;jpy; ,Ug;gtu;> xU njhopyjpguhf gzpGupAk; nrayhsu;
Mthu;.
'nrayfk;' vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> jiyikfs;> epu;thfpfs;>
nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf> mikr;ru;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
rpf;fyhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nrayhsu;
murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhsu; Mthu;> jdpg;gl;l mikr;rUf;F my;y. mtu;
rhjhuzkhf nghJj;Jiw Copauhf cs;shu;> Mdhy; nghJg;gzpj;
Jiwapd; tp\aj;jpy; jiyik nghwpapayhsu; tof;fkhf nrayhsu;
Mthu;. mtu; nrayf Jiwapd; vz;zpf;if nghJthf nrayhsu;fspd;
kj;jpa nrayfk; vz;zpf;ifiatpl mjpfkhFk;. tof;fkhf xU nrayhsu; nghWg;Ngw;f
xU Jiwf;F Nkw;gl;l Jiwfis xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU Jiw mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mYtyfj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ.
nrayhsu;> gpujp nrayhsu;> my;yJ Jiz nrayhsu; MfpNahUld;
Fwpg;Gfs; Nru;j;J mjpfhupfs; mlq;Ftu;. ngupa Jiwfs; cs;s $Ljy; kw;Wk;
$l;L nrayhsu;fs; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. nrayhsu;fs;> $Ljy; nrayhsu;fs;>
$l;L nrayhsu;fs;> Jiz nrayhsu;fs; Mfpa midtUk; ed;F
mwpag;gl;l gjtp mikg;Gf;F cl;gl;ltu;fs; (nrayfj;Jj;Jiwr;
Nritf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdit jtpu) kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F
nrayfj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. gjtp Kiwf;F tpjptpyf;F kl;LNk
jiyikr; nrayhsu;. mYtyfj;jpy; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; (my;yJ
gpupT mYtyu;)> cjtpahsu;fs;> Nky; gpupT vOj;ju;fs;> fPo; gpupT
vOj;ju;fs;> RUf;nfOj;J-jl;lr;ru;> kw;Wk; jl;lr;ru; Mfpa gpupTfs;
cs;sd. mjpfhupfis Nghyd;wp> ,e;j mYtyfk; jiyikr; nrayf
mikg;gpy; epue;ju mq;fkhf jpfo;fpwJ.
khepyj;jpYs;s jiyikr; nrayf Jiwfspd; vz;zpf;if 11
Kjy; 34 tiu ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk;> ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fspy; gpd;tUk;
jiyikr; nrayf Jiwfs; cs;sd: nghJ epu;thfk;> cs;Jiw>
tUtha;> czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik> jpl;lk;> gQ;rhaj;J uh[;> epjp>
rl;lk;> nghJg;gzp> ghrdk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk;> fy;tp> njhopw;rhiyfs;>
$l;LwT> Nghf;Ftuj;J> cs;Shu; murhq;fk;> rpiwr;rhiyfs;>
njhopyhsu; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; Maj;jPu;it kw;Wk; tuptpjpg;G
Mfpait.
nrayfk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba mtrpakhd mbg;gil nray;ghLfspy;
gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
(i) khepy nrayfj;jpd; nghJ nray;ghLfs;
mur nrayfj;jpd; nghJg; gzpfspy; gpd;tUk;

tpraq;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk;: nghJf; nfhs;ifapd; midj;J
tp\aq;fSk;; JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xUq;fpizg;G;
Gjpa rl;l tpjpfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s
tpjpfspy; jpUj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fs;. jw;NghJs;s
tpjpKiwfs; my;yJ muR Mizfs; mlq;fpa tpsf;fk; my;yJ
jsu;T njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;; kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; gpw khepy muRf-
spd; fbjnjhlu;ghd midj;J tp\aq;fSk; Gjpa jpl;lg; gzp-
fis jahupg;gJ my;yJ jj;njLg;G> jw;NghJs;s jpl;lq;fspy;
Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs;; jpl;lg; gzpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;j Ma;T--
,aw;gpay;> epjp ,uz;LNk; jpizf;fsj; jiytu;fshy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l Ma;T mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh Fwpg;Gfs;;
khepy mstpy; mfpy ,e;jpa khehLfs;> Kf;fpa khehLfs;;
nghJf;fzf;F FO> kjpg;Gf;FO Nguit/ehlhSkd;w tpdhf;fs;;
gpujpepjpfs; mjpfhuq;fs; gpupT 80-d; fPo; tof;fhLk; mwptpg;Gfs;;
,e;jpahtpy; khepy muRfspd; mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;l KiwaPLfs;>
jpUj;jq;fs; Nghd;wit cs;sJ.
kj;jpa nrayfk;
(ii) mur nrayfj;jpd; epjp nraw;ghLfs;
epjp tp\aq;fspy;> khepy nrayfk; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; fhz;fpwJ:
Jiwrhu;e;j tuT nryTj; jpl;l kjpg;gPLfspd; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk;
xg;Gjy;> fzf;Ffspd; ngUk; xJf;fPL> epjp toq;fy; kw;Wk; Jiz
Fwpg;Gfs;
khdpaq;fs; ruziljy;; Gjpa nrytpdq;fis cs;slf;fpa midj;J
jpl;lq;fSk;; Jiwapd; jpwikf;Fs;NsNa epjp jilfs; ,y;iy jw;nray;
epjpapypUe;J nryT xg;Gjy;; Jiw jiytu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fisj;
jhz;b vOJjy; kw;Wk; Jiw jiytu;fspd; mYtyfq;fs; njhlu;ghd
jzpf;if Ma;Tfs; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;fpd;wJ.
khepy nrayfk; rpy Nrit nra;jpfisg; nra;fpwJ.
,e;j tif nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW: Nrit tpjpfspd; xg;Gjy;
kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fs;; %j;j mYtyu;fSf;F/JiwfSf;Fk; Nkw;gb
jiytu;fSf;Fk; gjtp cau;T/,lkhw;wk;> ,e;j mjpfhupfSf;F
vjpuhf xOq;fw;w eltbf;iffspd; tof;FfSf;Fk; njhlu;Gila
Mtzq;fs;; murhq;f Nritf;Fupa cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; Muk;gj;jpy;
epakdk; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; kPJ ngUk; jz;lidia Vw;gLj;Jjy;;
gjtpfspd; cUthf;fk;> mtw;wpd; tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rp>
Ntiyapd;ik> uh[pdhkh nra;jy;> rpwg;G Cjpak; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfs;
kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpaq;fs; Jiwfspd; jiytu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fSf;Fs;
,y;iy.
(iii) Kjd;ik nrayhsu;: khepy epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F kw;Wk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gpujk nrayhsu;> nghJey ehLfspd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; xU %j;j
Fbkfd; jiytuhfTk;> tuyhw;W uPjpahf gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpy;
jiytuhfTk; cs;shu;. fhydpfspd; fiyg;Gf;F Kd;du;> jiyikr;
nrayhsu; MSeUf;Fg; gpwF gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; fhydpapy; ,uz;lhtJ
kpf Kf;fpakhd mjpfhupahf ,Uf;fpwhu;.
,e;jpahtpy;> xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk;> rpy A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspYk;
gpujk nrayhsu;fs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. jiyikr; nrayhsu; khepyj;jpy;
cs;s midj;J muR Copau;fSf;Fk; jiyik tfpf;fpwhu;. khepy
mikr;ruitapd; nrayhsu; Mthu;. ,e;jpa epu;thf Nrit vd;gJ
xU IAS mjpfhup kl;LNk ,e;j epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;.
gpujk nrayhsu; gjtpf;F cl;gl;l gpujk nrayhsu; nrayhsuhf
mNj gjtpapy; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; murhq;fj;jpw;F> kw;Wk;
gjtpf;F 'rpwe;j Nkyhz;ik msTf;Fs;Ns' ,e;j Cjpa mstpy; kw;w
epiyfs; $Ljy; my;yJ rpwg;G jiyik nrayhsu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
murhq;f rpwg;G nrayhsu;. ghuk;gupakhf> khepy murpd; kpf %j;j
IAS mjpfhup jiyik nrayuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;> Mdhy; gy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,J mt;thW ,y;iy. gpujk nrayhsu; nghJ epu;thfj;
Jiwf;F jiyik tfpf;fpwhu;.
(iv) jiyik nrayhsupd; gq;F kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kj;jpa nrayfk; jiyikr; nrayhsupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLk; khepy murhy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;l 'tpahghu tpjp' ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it
gpd;tUkhW:
•• khepy epu;thfj;jpd; midj;J nra;jpfspYk; Kjyikr;ru;
Fwpg;Gfs; Kjd;ik MNyhrfuhf nray;gLfpwhu;.
•• mtu; khepy mikr;ruitapy; nrayhsuhf gzpahw;Wfpwhu;.
•• mtu; mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; epu;thfj; jiytuhfTk;>
Njitg;gl;lhy; mikr;ruit kw;Wk; mjd; Jizf; FOf;fspd;
$l;lj;ijr; re;jpf;fpwhu;.
•• mikr;ruitf; $l;lq;fspy; mtu; epfo;r;rpfis jahu; nra;J
mjd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa gjpTfis itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
•• mtu; khepy cupik Nrit jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhu;.
•• %j;j khepy muR Copau;fs; epakdk; ,lkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
gjtp cau;T njhlu;ghd midj;J tof;FfisAk; mtu;
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;.
•• mtu; midj;J khepy muR Copau;fSf;Fk; cupik fhg;ghsuhf
,Uf;fpwhu;.
•• mtu; muR epu;thfj;jpd; jiyik xUq;fpizg;ghsu; Mthu;.
•• mtu; cs;ehl;bay; xUq;fpizg;G cWjpahsu;.
•• mtu; ,ilf;fhyg; gpur;ridfSf;F mikf;fg;gl;l
xUq;fpizg;Gf; FOf;fspd; jiytu; Mthu;.
•• jpizf;fsq;fspd; nrayhsu;fspd; $l;lq;fspy; mtu; jiyik
jhq;Ffpwhu;.
••khtl;l MSeu;fs; kw;Wk; khtl;l epu;thfq;fspd; Jiwapd;
jiytu;fs; gpuNjr xUq;fpizg;G Mizau;fs; fye;JiuahLk;
khehLfs; njhlu;ghf xUq;fpize;J nray;gLfpwJ.
••mtu; rpy jiyikr; nrayf Jiwfspd; epu;thfj; jiytuhf
nray;gLfpwhu;.
••ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy;> nghJ epu;thf Jiw> gzpahsu; Jiw>
jpl;lj; Jiw kw;Wk; epUthfr; rPu;jpUj;jj; Jiw Neubahf
jiyikr; nrayhsu; nghWg;gpy; cs;sdu;.
••nghJ epu;thfj; Jiw> khepy jiyikr; nrayfj;jpy; kpf
Kf;fpakhd Jiw> mjd; murpay; jiytu; Kjyikr;ru; Mthu;.
••mtu; nghJthf xU neUf;fb epiyikapd; NghJ cau;kl;l
nfhs;if KbTfis vLg;gjw;F mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspy; xU
jiytu; my;yJ Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;fpwhu;.
••mtu; jiyik neUf;fbapd; epu;thfpahf gzpahw;Wfpwhu; kw;Wk;
epthuz eltbf;iffSldhd midj;J mYtyu;fSf;Fk;
khepy murhq;fj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

••mtu; vQ;rpAs;s rl;lthf;fkhf nray;gl;L kw;w nrayhsu;fspd; kj;jpa nrayfk;
tuk;gpd; fPo; tUk; midj;J nra;jpfsAk; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;.

••khepy murpd; kz;ly FOtpd; Row;rp %yk; mtu; nrayhsuhf
nray;gLfpwhu;.
••khepy murpd; jiyik kf;fs; njhlu;G mYtyuhf (PRO) Fwpg;Gfs;
nray;gLfpwhu;.
••mtu; Njrpa tsu;r;rp FOtpd; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;fpwhu;.
••mtu; khepy murhq;fj;jpd; nra;jpj; njhlu;ghsuhf nray;gLfpwhu;.
••mtu; rl;lk;> xOq;F kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; epu;thfj;jpy; xU
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;F tfpf;fpwhu;.
••mtu; KO muR nrayfj;jpYk; nghJ Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; nray;gLfpwhu;.
••mtu; nrayf fl;blk;> mikr;ru;fs;> kj;jpag; gjpT fpis>
nrayfk; E}yfk;> nrayfk; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; nrayf
mYtyf Copau;fs; MfpNahUld; ,ize;j Copau;fspd;
epu;thf fl;Lg;ghl;by; mtu; cs;shu;.
••rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muR kw;Wk; kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; gpw
khepy murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;fhd Kf;fpa
topKiwahFk;.
••mtu; Mz;LNjhWk; jiyikr; nrayfq;fspd; khehl;by;
fye;Jnfhs;fpwhu;.
••kj;jpa MSeu;fs; epakpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> khepy murpd; Ml;rp
tpjpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; MSeUf;F mtu; jiyik MNyhrfuhf
nray;gLfpwhu;.
••khepyj;jpy; jiyikr; nrayhsUf;F xg;gpl Kbahj kj;jpa
murpy; ve;j mYtyfKk; ,y;iy.

,af;Feu; FOkk; nghJthf xU ,af;Feuhy; jiyik
tfpf;fg;gLk; xU Kf;fpa muRj; Jiwapd; cl;gpupT MFk;.
,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpa epiyaj;jpy; rpy ,af;Feu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd;
cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;G fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; tpkhd tpgj;Jf;fSf;fhd
tprhuizf;F nghWg;Ngw;Ws;s cs;ehL tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J
,af;Feufk; (,e;jpah)> xU rl;l mkyhf;f epWtdk; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu rl;lq;fis mky;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy;
nghUshjhuf; Fw;wq;fis vjpu;j;Jg; NghuhLtJ Mfpatw;wpd;
nghWg;Ngw;Ws;s nghUshjhu csT epWtdkhFk;. gy;NtW khepyq;fspy;
ntt;NtW tifahd ,af;Feu; FOkq;fs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf>
uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik ,af;Feu; FOkk; kw;Wk; ,ju
fy;tp ,af;Feu; FOkk; xd;W cs;sJ. Nfush tptrha Nkk;ghl;L
kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; eyd;> fhy;eil guhkupg;G> njhy;nghUspay;>
kj;jpa nrayfk; Mtzf;fhg;gfk;> MAu;Ntj kUj;Jt fy;tp> gpd;jq;fpa tFg;G Nkk;ghL
Mfpatw;wpd; ,af;Feu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 8. khepy nrayfk; khepyj;jpd; mjpfhuj;Jt mikg;gpy; vd;d
gq;F tfpf;fpwJ?
9. khepyj;jpd; gpujk nrayhsupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghl;bd;
rpytw;iw gl;baypLq;fs;.
10. khepy ,af;Feufk; vd;why; vd;d?

1. MSeu; khepy murpayikg;G jiytu; kw;Wk; Kjyikr;ru;
khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd epu;thfpahf ,Uf;fpwhu;. MSeu;
xU murpayikg;G jiytuhf nray;gLfpd;w rhjhuz
nray;ghLfisj; jtpu> mtu; my;yJ mts; rpy tpUg;gkhd
mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
2. Nf.vk;. Kd;gp\p $w;wpd;gb> 'murpayikg;G cupikapd;
fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kj;jpa murplk; ,izf;Fk; ,izg;G>
,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G If;fpaj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.'
3. Kjy;tu; murhq;fk; mikf;f rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikf;
fl;rpapy; jiytu; miof;fpwhu;. khepy nraw;FO
jiytuhfTk; MSeu; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
4. khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd epu;thfj; jiytuhf
Kjyikr;ru; ngUkstpyhd mjpfhuq;fisAk;
nray;ghLfisAk; mDgtpj;Js;shu;. mtw;wpy; ,uz;L
gpd;tUkhW:
(i) Kjyikr;ru; khepy murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf cs;shu;> mtu;
my;yJ mtspd; mikr;ru;fs;> mtw;wpd; mikr;ruitfspy;
khw;wk;> murpaypypUe;J mfw;wg;gLjy; Mfpatw;iwf;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtu; MSeiu mwpTWj;Jfpwhu;.
(ii) Kjy; mikr;ru;fs; jdJ rigapd; $l;lq;fspy; jiyik
kw;Wk; $l;L nghWg;G nfhs;iffis ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
5. ke;jpupfs; kd;wk; $l;lj;jpw;F xl;Lnkhj;jkhf nghWg;Ngw;fpd;wdu;.
,jd; nghUs;> mikr;ruitapd; xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk;
mikr;ruitapd; xt;nthU Kbtpw;Fk; nghWg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
xU ke;jpup nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhy;> mtUf;fhf
kl;LNk khw;wPL nra;ag;gLk;> $l;L nghWg;G ,Ug;gjhy; uh[pdhkh
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Jiw mikr;ru; murpay; jiytuhf cs;shu;> mjd; jiyik
epu;thf mjpfhup xU nrayhsu; Mthu;.
6. UPSC cld; njhlu;Gila 315 Kjy; 320 tiuahd fl;Liufs;> kj;jpa nrayfk;
khepy muR Miza kd;wfSf;F xU rpy tpjptpyf;Ffis

tpjpj;Js;sd.
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 320tJ gpuptpy; khepy muR
Miza nray;gLfpd;wd. ,it: Fwpg;Gfs;
(i) murpd; Mizaq;fSf;F gzp epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd
Nju;Tfis elj;j Ntz;baJ khepy muRg; gzpahsu;
Nju;thizaj;jpd; flikahFk;. (ii) khepy muR
Mizaj;jpy; flik khepyj;jpd; MSeuhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ve;jnthU tp\aj;jpYk; MNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. (iii) Ml;Nru;g;G rk;ge;jkhf muR nghJ Nrit
Mizf;FOtpd; nray;ghLfs; UPSC-d; mNj msTf;F
xj;jjhFk;.
8. khepy nrayfq;fs;> mtw;wpd; kj;jpa muRNghy> khepyj;jpd;
epu;thfj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. mtu;fs; jq;fs;
nghWg;gpy; cs;s mikr;ru;> Jiwj; jiytu;> murpay; jiytu;
mtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fis
epiwNtw;wf; $ba Kf;fpa MNyhrfu;fshf cs;sdu;. ,Wjpahf
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; FOf;fspy; mtuJ Jiwfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;fpd;wdu;.
9 jiyikr; nrayhsupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLk;
khepy murhq;fj;jhy; tbtikf;fgl;L 'tpahghu tpjp' ,y;
Fwpg;gpl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
••khepy epu;thfj;jpd; midj;J nra;jpfspYk; Kjyikr;riu
gpujhd MNyhrfuhf nray;gLfpwhu;.
••mtu; khepy mikr;ruitapy; nrayhsuhf gzpahw;Wfpwhu;.
••mtu; mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd; epu;thfj; jiytuhfTk;>
Njitg;gl;lhy;> mikr;ruit kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz FOf;fspd;
$l;lj;ijr; re;jpf;fpwhu;.
••mtu; mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;fhd epfo;r;rpepuiy jahupj;J
mjd; eltbf;iffis gjpTnra;Js;shu;.
••mtu; khepy cupikapay; Nritfs; jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhu;.
10. xU ,af;Feu; vd;gtu; jiyikapy; xU epWtdk;> ngUk;ghYk;
xU ngupa muRj; Jiwapd; cl;gpupT MFk;. ntt;NtW
khepyq;fspy; gy;NtW tifahd ,af;ffq;fs; cs;sd.
cjhuzkhf> uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik ,af;Feufk;
kw;Wk; fy;tp ,af;ffk; cs;sJ. Nfusj;jpy; tptrha Nkk;ghL
kw;Wk; tptrhapfspd; eyd; Fwpj;j ,af;ffq;fs;> tpyq;Fguhkupg;G>
njhy;ypay;> Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> MAu;Ntj kUj;Jtf; fy;tp>
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdu; Nkk;ghL Nghd;wit.
kj;jpa nrayfk;
13.7 RUf;fk;
••kj;jpa murhq;fk; Nghd;w ghuhSkd;w tbtikg;gpw;Fs; khepy
muRfSf;F murpayikg;Gr; rl;l jiy kw;Wk; cz;ikahd
Fwpg;Gfs; epu;thf mikg;G Mfpa ,U tbtq;fs; cs;sd. MSeu;>
khepyj;jpd; murpayikg;Gr; rl;l jiytuhfTk;> Kjy;tu; jhd;
cz;ikahd epu;thfp Mthu;.
••163(1) MSeu;> murpayikg;gpd; mtupd; tpUg;gg;gb
nray;gLtjw;Fj; Njitg;gl;lhy; jtpu> mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhridapd;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpwhu;. 163
(2) MSeu;fs; jq;fSila tpUg;gg;gb nray;gLtjw;Fj;
Njitg;gLk; NghJ KbntLg;ghu;fs;.
••khepy jiytuhf MSeu;> ghuhSkd;w [dehafj;jpd;
fPo; Ntiy nra;fpwhu;. Mf> mtu; my;yJ mts; ngausT
jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhu;> mikr;ru;fs; FOtpd; "cjtp kw;Wk;
MNyhrid" gb mtuJ nray;ghLfis fz;bg;Gld; gapw;rp
nra;fpwhu;.
••Kjy;tu; jiyikapy;> MSeu; rl;lrig
jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,tu;> rl;lrigapy; ngUk;ghd;ik
fl;rp jiytu;> muir mikf;f miof;fpwhu;.
••,e;j khepyj;jpy; xU Kjyikr;ru; gjtp> kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy;>
Fiwe;jgl;rk;> ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapd; gue;j jpl;lj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;> ,Wjp Ma;tpy; mjpfhuj;ij jd;dpiyahd
vd;w tifapy; ,y;iy vd;why;> mJ> gpujk ke;jpup xUtupd;
epiyg;ghL MFk;.
••ke;jpupfs; FOkk; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; xl;Lnkhj;j nghWg;ghFk;. ,jd;
nghUs;> mikr;ruitapd; xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; mikr;ruitapd;
xt;nthU Kbtpw;Fk; nghWg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;. xU ke;jpup
nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhy;> mtUf;fhfNth
my;yJ mtSf;fhfNth kl;LNk khw;wPL nra;ag;gLk;> $l;L
nghWg;G ,Ug;gjhy; uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••cWg;gpdu;fspd; MizaFOtpd; epge;jidfs; MSeuhy;
epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd> Mdhy; murpayikg;G ,e;jj; jPu;g;gpw;F
kWrPuikf;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb> fkp\dpd; Rje;jpuj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpy ghJfhg;Gfs; cs;sd.
••$l;LwT nghJ Nrit Mizf;FO xd;wpa murpayhy;
elj;jg;gLk; khepy mur Nrit Mizf;FO mjd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
khepy mur NritfSf;F njhlu;Gila mNj nray;ghLfis
nra;fpwJ.
••khepy muR Nrit MizaFOfspd; nray;ghLfs; ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpd; 320tJ gpuptpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
khepy muR rl;l Mizak; khepy murpd; Mizf;FOtpdhy;
$Ljy; nray;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F khepyj;jpd; kj;jpa nrayfk;
rl;lkd;wk; 321tJ gpupT $WfpwJ.

••khepy murhq;f Mizf;FOtpd; flik khepyj;jpd; MSeuhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ve;jnthU nra;jpfspYk; MNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khepy muR Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridia tprhupf;Fk; Fwpg;Gfs;
tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs; MSeuhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.
••khepy nrayfj;jpd; gq;F mjd; cUthf;fk; fhyj;jpypUe;J
tpuptile;J tUfpwJ. khepy murhq;fq;fs; jq;fs; ehshe;j
epu;thfj;jpy; rkhspf;f Ntz;ba gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd.
mjd;gb> nrayfj;jpd; nray;fSk; mjd;gb mjpfupj;J
tUfpd;wd. jiyikr; nrayfk; vd;gjhy;> mjd; flikfs;
Fwpj;J gapw;rpapy; muRf;F cjTtNjhL> MNyhrid mspf;fTk;
cjTfpwJ.
••'nrayfk;' vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> jiyfs;> epu;thfpfs;> nrayhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf> mikr;ru;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; rpf;fyhd
mk;rq;fisf; Fwpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nrayhsu;
murhq;fj;jpd; nrayhsu; Mthu;> jdpg;gl;l mikr;ru; my;y.
••khepyr; nrayfj;jpd; nghJg; gzpfs; gpd;tUk; tp\
aq;fshy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd: nghJf; nfhs;ifapd; midj;J
tp\aq;fSk;; JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xUq;fpizg;G; Gjpa
rl;l tpjpfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s tpjpfspy;
jpUj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fs;.
••,e;jpahtpy;> xt;nthU khepyKk; rpy $l;LwT gpuNjrq;fSk;
gpujk nrayhsu;fNs. mj;jifa jiyik nrayhsu; khepyj;jpy;
midj;J muR Copau;fSf;Fk; jiyik tfpf;fpwhu; kw;Wk;
khepy mikr;ruitapd; nrayhsu; Mthu;. gpujk nrayhsu;
gjtpf;F ,e;jpa epu;thf Nritf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ. xU IAS
mjpfhup kl;LNk ,e;j epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;.
••muR epu;thfj;jpd; kpf cau;e;j epiy vd;dntd;why; nrayfk;
kw;Wk; mjd; gpujhd nray;ghL> murpay; nrayhsuhf
Kjyikr;ru; kw;Wk; gpw mikr;ru;fs; - rkhjhd> rl;lk; kw;Wk;
xOq;ifg; guhkupj;jy; kw;Wk; tbtikj;jy; murhq;fj;jpd;
r%f-nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;fhd nfhs;iffisAk;> murhq;fj;jpd;
rl;lg;G+u;t nghWg;GfisAk; epiwNtw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; MFk;.
••xU ,af;ffk; nghJthf xU ,af;Feupd; jiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;
xU epWtdk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; xU ngupa muRj; Jiwapd; cl;gpupT
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa mstpy; cs;s rpy ,af;ffq;fs;>
,e;jpahtpd; cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;G fz;fhzpg;gfk; kw;Wk; tpkhd
njhlu;ghd rk;gtq;fSf;F fhuzkhd ,e;jpa Fbik tpkhdg;
ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; ,af;Fdufk; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ika
mstpy; rpy ,af;Feu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;G
fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; tpkhd tpgj;Jf;fSf;fhd tprhuizf;F
kj;jpa nrayfk; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;s Fbik tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J ,af;Feufk;
(,e;jpah) MfpaitAk; mlq;Fk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;
••91 tJ jpUj;jk; rl;lk;> 2003: ,J vjpu;g;ig kPwy; rl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; ke;jpup rigapd; msT Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••fl;Liu 320: ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 320 tJ gpuptpy; nghJr;
Nritf; MizaFO nray;ghLfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
••,af;Feufk;: ,J nghJthf xU murhq;f ,af;Fdupd;
jiyikapy; ,aq;Fk; xU epWtdk; MFk;.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. khepyj;jpy; MSeu; epakdj;Jf;F murpayikg;Gr; rl;l

tpjpKiw gw;wp gl;baypL.
2. MSeupd; gy;NtW mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfis tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kj;jpapy;
,Ue;J Kjy;tu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ Vd;?
4. khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizaj;jpd; tpjpfs; gw;wp
5. khepyr; nrayfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp tpsf;f
6. khepy jiyikr; nrayfk; gw;wpa ARC mwpf;if RUf;fkhd
Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. khepy MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. 'khepy jiytuhf MSeu;' gw;wp xU tpupthd Fwpg;ig vOJf?
3. khepyj;jpy; xU Kjyikr;ruhf Njitahd jFjpfs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. Kjyikr;rUf;Fk; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s
njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
5. khepy mikr;ruitapd; nray;ghl;il Ma;T nra;jf.
6. khepy nrayfj;jpd; epjp nray;ghLfis xU tpku;rd gFg;gha;T
toq;Ff.

13.10 NkYk; gbf;f kj;jpa nrayfk;
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fy;fs;. GJ jpy;yp: tp\;th gg;spNf\d;];.
Fwpg;Gfs;
mNuhuh> uNk\; Nf kw;Wk; rq;fPjh ru;kh (vl;). 1992. xg;gPl;L kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L epu;thfk;. n[a;g;G+u;: mupahd;l; gg;spNf\d;];.
ghu;j;thy;> rp.gP. (ed.) 1993. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;. GJ jpy;yp:
M\p\; gg;spNf\d;];..
jh];> v];.Nf. 1998. rptpy; ru;tPr]; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;G
rPuikg;G. GJ jpy;yp: Mf;];/Nghu;l; Adptu;rpl;b gpu];.
Muha;r;rpfs;. GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
ey;y Ml;rpf;F rthy;fs;. GJ jpy;yp: Bg; kw;Wk; Bg; gg;spNf\d;];.
kNf];tup> ];uPuhk;. 1985. ,e;jpahtpy; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL. GJ
jpy;yp: Kdptu; gg;spNf\d;];.
khtl;l epu;thfk;
myF 14 khtl;l epu;thfk;

mikg;G
14.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
14.2.1 khtl;l Ml;rpau; mYtyfk; kPJ ARC gupe;Jiufs;
14.3 fpuhk epu;thfk;
14.4.1 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj; tiffs;
14.4.2 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd Njitfs;
14.4.3 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa gy;NtW FOf;fs;
14.4.4 ,uz;lhtJ ARC ,d; gupe;Jiufs;
14.5 Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jh];
14.5.1 Nyhf;MAf;jh
tpilfs;
14.7 RUf;fk;
14.10 NkYk; gbf;f
14.0 mwpKfk;
vspa Kiwapy;> khtl;l epu;thfkhdJ xU khtl;lj;jpy; nray;gLk;
nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; gFjpahf tptupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; murhq;f
mikg;GKiwapd; xU Kf;fpakhd mk;rk;> khtl;l epu;thfkhdJ>
mjd; cs;Su; gpujpepjpfspd; %yk;> cs;ehl;bd; jiyikapd; Clhf
cs;ehl;by; nray;gLk; murpayikg;G MFk;. ,J cs;Su; kl;lj;jpy;
mjpfhuj;ij xUq;fpizg;gij cs;slf;fpaJ.
khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;G ,Jtiu cUthf;fpaJ
NghyNt khtl;l Ml;rpau; cs;Su; epu;thfj;jpd; ika Gs;spahf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rp KbtilAk;tiu ,e;j epiy
,d;Dk; mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth njhlu;fpwJ. ,d;Wk; $l
mtu; khtl;l epu;thfj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpj;Js;shu;.
vdpDk;> khw;wg;gl;l R+o;epiyapy;> mtuJ mjpfhuk; xU nghJ Copau;
Nghy mjpfk;.
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 73 tJ kw;Wk; 74 tJ jpUj;jq;fSf;Fg;
gpd;du;> gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; efurig mikg;Gfis
epWTjy;. murpd; tsu;r;rp Kaw;rpfspy; Ml;rpaupd; gq;fspg;G mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. khtl;l kw;Wk; fpuhkpa epu;thfj;jpd;
gy;NtW mk;rq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;tNjhL> epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j
Mizf;FOtpdhy; gy;NtW gupe;Jiufis Kd;ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ.
khtl;l epu;thfk; 14.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;
••,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; xU myF vd;w fUj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;s
Fwpg;Gfs; KbAk;.
••khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; gq;iff; fzf;fpl KbAk;
••khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; jiyik nray;ghL> gq;F kw;Wk;
mjpfhuj;ij tpsf;f KbAk;.
••khtl;l Ml;rpau;/khtl;l Fw;wtpay; ePjpgjp;/Jiz Mizahsu;
mtu;fspd; epWtdj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;.
••epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizaj;jpd; gy;NtW gupe;Jiufis Ma;T
nra;a KbAk;.
••Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jh epWtdq;fis Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;.

tuyhw;W uPjpahf> ,e;j khtl;lkhdJ> rpy tbtq;fspy; my;yJ
kw;nwhd;W> ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; epu;thfj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd
gFjpahf cs;sJ. Kfyha fhyq;fspy; kw;Wk; fpof;F ,e;jpa
epWtdj;jpd; khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp xU rl;lkd;w
gpupitf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;w cz;ikia Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. epiwNtw;Wk; fl;lisfs; Nguuru; my;yJ MSeu; ehafk;>
my;yJ khfhz MSeupd; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wp> vt;tpjj;jpYk;
epakpf;fg;gl;l cg khfhz mjpfhupfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; etPd fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
rl;lkd;wkhFk;. khtl;l Ml;rpau;fs; (Fw;wtpay; ePjp epu;thfj;jpd;
nghWg;gpw;F) my;yJ Jiz Mizahsu; (nghJ epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
tpNrl nghWg;ghsu;) Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; (tUtha;
epu;thfj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy;) cs;Shu; FbapUg;gpd; rl;lq;fspd; fPo;
nray;ghLfis/mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
murpayikg;gpd; 73 tJ kw;Wk; 74 tJ jpUj;jq;fs; tiu>
,e;jpahtpd; MSik mikg;ghdJ> kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khepy
muRfis cs;slf;fpa ,uz;L fl;lq;fshf ,Ue;jJ. khtl;l mstpy;>
Fwpg;gpl;l nray;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; nghWg;Gfis jtpu;j;J> khepy
muRfshy; epakpf;fg;gl;l epu;thff; fld;fis Nrfupg;ghsu;fs; nra;jdu;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> khtl;l epu;thfp nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;j jdpg;ngUk;
Nru;khdk;> ,aw;ifahd jpus; tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis tpupthf;fk; nra;J
te;jJ. fpuhkg;Gw tsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;> epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; Jiwfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jjhy;> murhq;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rp
Kaw;rpfspy; khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
gq;fspg;G kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.

gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; khtl;l epu;thfk;
murpayikg;gpd;gb> khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; gq;if kW Ma;T nra;a

Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ. cs;Shu; kl;lq;fSf;F KbntLf;Fk;
mjpfhug; gfpu;T ve;j jlq;fYk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
mtrpak;. ,UE}W tUl fhyg;gFjpapy; fl;lg;gl;l khtl;l Ml;rpau; Fwpg;Gfs;
mYtyfj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l epu;thf mDgtk;> epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
ek;gfj;jd;ikAk; Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ rkkhd fl;lhakhFk;.
khtl;l mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F
,ilNa cs;s njhlu;G> khepy muR kw;Wk; khtl;l Ml;rpsUf;F
,ilNa cs;s cwTfis jdpahf Muha KbahJ. mtu;fSf;Fs;
epug;Gjd;ik mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,e;j gpupTfs; mtw;wpd; nray;ghl;il
Muha;fpd;wd. NkYk; xU gutyhf;fk; kw;Wk; Jiz epWtdq;fspd;
Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,zq;f> gjpyspf;ff;$ba kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
khtl;l epu;thfj;jpw;F xU R+oiy gupe;Jiuf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.
ehl;bYs;s khtl;l kw;Wk; Jiz khtl;l mstpy; jw;NghJ
epyTk; nkhj;j epu;thf mikg;G fPo;f;fz;l %d;W $Wfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. ,it:
1. rl;l xOq;F> epy tUtha;/rPu;jpUj;jk;> tup> gj;jpug;gjpT> fUT+yk;>
Fbik nghUs; toq;fy; kw;Wk; r%f eyk; Nghd;w Jiwfs;>
Ml;rpau; kw;Wk; khtl;l ePjpgjp jiyikapy; xOq;FKiw
nray;ghLfis epu;tfpj;jy;. NkYk;> ,e;j fsk; murpd;
Kjd;ikj; Jiwfs;> Ntshz;ik> fhy;eilg; guhkupg;G> kw;Wk;
njhlf;f kw;Wk; gs;spf; fy;tp Mfpa Jiwfspd; Nkw;ghu;it
cs;slf;FfpwJ.
2. jpizf;fsj;jpd; khtl;l/Jiz khtl;l mYtyfq;fs; khepy
muR kw;Wk; PWD ghrdk;> Rfhjhuk;> njhopw;rhiyfs; Nghd;wit.
khtl;l Ml;rpaiu fhl;bYk; khepyj; jiyikafj;Jld; tYthd
nghWg;Gzu;tpy; ,Ue;jJ.
3. cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; (gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;) 73 MtJ kw;Wk; MtJ jpUj;jk; nra;j
gpd;du;> %d;whk; epiy murhq;fk; kw;Wk; cs;Shu; gFjpfspd;
tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd ghlq;fis ifahs mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl
cs;sd. mit murpayikg;gpd; gjpNdhuhtJ kw;Wk;
gd;dpuz;lhk; ml;ltizapy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khtl;l Ml;rpau; / Jiz Mizahsu;

rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du;> ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fspy;> khtl;l
Ml;rpau; khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;>
mj;jpahtrpa Nritfs; toq;Ftjpy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW gzpfis
nghWg;Ngw;W> epy tUtha; epu;thfk;> fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fis
nray;gLj;Jjy;> NguopT Nkyhz;ik> rl;lk; xOq;if guhkupj;jy;
kw;Wk; Rq;ftup kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J tUthia Nrfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> cs;Shu; kl;lq;fspy; ,aq;Fk; khepy murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J
khtl;l epu;thfk; fUtpfSk; Ml;rpahsu; mYtyfj;Jld; Kiwahf ,izj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,J rk;ge;jkhf> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fl;likg;G uPjpahf
NtWgl;l Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. cwTfs; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifapLk;
fl;likg;Gfs; Nrfupg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J gue;j Nkw;ghu;it/Nkw;ghu;itf;
Fwpg;Gfs; NfhL jpizf;fsq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; - Fwpg;gpl;l
rpy jpdq;fSf;Fs; rpy Nritfis epu;tfpf;fpd;wd. gy khepy muR
mikg;Gfs;> khtl;l Ml;rpau; xU Kf;fpa gq;if vg;gb epu;zapg;gJ>
vq;F> ve;j mstpw;F mtw;wpd; Nritfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
jPu;khdpf;Fk;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gupzhkk; kw;Wk; khw;wk;
1960 fs; tiu> fpuhkpa tsu;r;rp jpl;lq;fs; xU Muk;g fl;lj;jpy;

,Ue;j NghJ> Ml;rpahsupd; Ntiy ftdkhf epy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;>
tUtha; Nrfupg;G> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F> czT kw;Wk; FbePu;
tpepNahfk;> eyd;Gup kw;Wk; epthuz / Gdu;tho;T Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpa
nghWg;GfshFk;. kf;fspd; Njit FiwthfNt ,Ue;jJ> murhq;fj;Jld;
,iltplhky; ,Ue;jjhy;> mjpfhuj;Jt mikg;G mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;ljhf
Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;j R+o;epiyapy;> Ml;rpahsu; mYtyfk; xU tYthd
kw;Wk; gaDs;s epWtdk; MFk;.
njhlu;e;J te;j Mz;Lfspy;> khtl;l mstpyhd fz;fhzpg;G
FOtpd; epakpf;fg;gl;l jiytuhf Ml;rpahsu; cld; murhq;fj;jpd;
gy;NtW Jiwfs; %yk; Gjpa jpl;lq;fs; / jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.
khjhe;jpu/fhyhz;L xUq;fpizg;G $l;lq;fspy; Kiwahd
kWgup-rPyid nra;tijj; jtpu> Ml;rpahsu; mj;jifa
tp\aq;fspy; XusT tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gq;Ffis nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1980
fspd; Muk;gj;jpy;>fpuhkg;Gwq;fspd; tsu;r;rp NkYk; ce;JjiyAk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. tptrhak;> fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL> Muk;g fy;tp kw;Wk;
Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G Mfpatw;wpy; kj;jpa murpd; ngUkstpyhd epjpAjtp
/muRj; jpl;lq;fis muR Jtq;fpaJ. mtu;fsJ kuzjz;lidf;fhf
jdpj;jdp fUtpfSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld vd;whYk; ngUk;ghyhd
khtl;lq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpau; khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s jpl;lq;fSf;F
xl;Lnkhj;j Nkw;ghu;itf; fl;lzkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. khtl;l Ml;rpau;
kw;Wk; mtuJ epu;thfk; vy;yhk; mwpitAk;> ru;tty;yikiaAk;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;; midj;J rpf;fy;fSf;Fk; jPu;Tfis toq;ff;$ba jpwd;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk.;
Mdhy; ehl;by; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiwia (1993f;F gpd;)
mwpKfg;gLj;jpagpd;> ngUk;ghyhd Ml;rpapd; nray;ghLfs; khtl;l
Ml;rpaupd; fsj;jpypUe;J mfw;wg;gl;Ltpl;ld> vdpDk; khepy muRfs;
,e;j epWtdj;ij PRI fis fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;f trjpahf
,Uf;Fnkd czu;fpd;wd.
khtl;lj;jpy; Ml;rpahsu; Njit

khtl;l Ml;rpau; gjtpf;F fle;j ,U E}W Mz;Lfshf ,e;jpa
epu;thf Jiwapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;G>
nghUshjhuk; Kjd;ik tptrhapahf ,Ue;jNghJ> khtl;l Ml;rpau; khtl;l epu;thfk;
epy tUthapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu; gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpd;

gpujpepjp> ve;jnthU fhupaj;ijAk; nra;af;$ba jpwd; cilatu; mtuJ
mjpfhu tuk;gpy; FbapUg;gtu;fspd; ey;tho;Tf;F nghWg;ghdtu; ,Wjp
Fw;wthsp rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gue;j mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpj;J tUfpwhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpe;ija fhyfl;lj;jpy;> nghUshjhuk; NtWgl;lJ>
kw;Wk; njhopy;kakhf;fy; kw;Wk; %d;whk;epiy nray;ghLfspd; tsu;r;rp
Mfpatw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jJld;> kw;w Kf;fpa mk;rq;fSk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. Mdhy;> ,g;NghJ $l> ehl;bd; ngUk;ghyhd
gFjpfspYk;> ngUefuq;fspYk;; khtl;l Ml;rpau; epu;thfj;jpd; kpfTk;
gpugykhd Kfk;; mtu; khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd
gpujpepjp vdf; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. epyg; G+ry;fs;> mj;jpahtrpa
nghUl;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw> neUf;fb fhyq;fspy; epthuzk; ,y;yhjJ>
r%f rr;ruTfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gj; jfuhWfspd; Mfpatw;Wf;F neUf;fb
fhyj;jpy; nray;gLjy;;.
xU Ml;rpahsupd; nray;ghLfs;
jw;NghJ khtl;l Ml;rpahsupd; mYtyfj;jpy; ,yhfh> gpd;tUk;
nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; cs;sd (khepyq;fspy; NtWghLfs;
,Uf;fyhk; vd;whYk;):
••khtl;l epjp (nghWg;G kw;Wk; jzpf;if) nghWg;G cl;gl> fhzp
kw;Wk; tUtha; epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf nray;gLjy;;
••epiwNtw;W ePjpgjpapd; khtl;lj; jiytuhf nray;gLtJ> rl;lk;
xOq;F kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iw Nkw;ghu;itapLtJ kw;Wk;
rpyu; fhty;Jiw tp\aj;jpy; $WtJ
••khtl;lj;jpy; MAj> ntbkUe;J kw;Wk; xspg;gjpT rl;lq;fs;
Nghd;w gy;NtW tpj rl;lq;fSf;F nghWg;ghd cupkk; kw;Wk;
xOq;FKiw Mizak; vd nray;gLjy;;
••ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lkd;wk; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;fhd
Nju;jy;fis elj;Jjy;.
••Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik mjpfhup
••nghJ eyd;fis ghJfhf;Fk; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;Gfis
mfw;Wk; nghWg;ig nghJkf;fspd; fhzp ghJfhg;ghsuhfTk;>
khtl;l eyd;fSf;Fk;> el;l<LfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gjl;lj;ij
Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
••nghJ Nrit toq;fy;> Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;
my;yJ Neubahf tpepNahfpg;gjd; %yk; khtl;l epu;thfj;jpw;F
kw;w Jiwfs; ,Ue;J xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (,e;j tp\aj;jpy;>
khtl;l Ml;rpau; ngUk;ghYk; ghuh];lhy;fSf;fhd thupaj;jpd;
jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhu;> my;yJ gy;NtW epiy kw;Wk;
eLepiy FOf;fspd; jiytu; my;yJ cWg;gpdu;);
••r%fj;jpdupd; jdp cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd rKjhaj;jpw;Fk;>
khepy murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;;
khtl;l epu;thfk; ••Ml;Nru;g;G> Nrit toq;fy; gapw;rp kw;Wk; nghJ Nrit toq;fy;>
cs;Shu; JiwapypUe;J khtl;l epu;thfj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;l
Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; my;yJ Neubahf toq;Ftjd;
%yk; cs;Su; epu;thfj; Jiw epu;thfj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis
Fwpg;Gfs; ifahs;tjhFk;. (,e;j tp\aj;jpy;> Ml;rpahsu; ngUk;ghYk;
ghuh];lhy;fSf;fhd thupaj;jpd; jiytuhf nray;gLfpwhu;>
my;yJ gy;NtW epiy kw;Wk; eLepiy FOf;fspd; jiytu;
my;yJ cWg;gpdu;);
••khtl;lj;jpd; gpujhd jfty; kw;Wk; FiwjPu;g;G Mizau;
mYtyfj;jpy; gzpahw;Wjy;
14.2.1 khtl;l Ml;rpau; mYtyfk; kPJ ARC gupe;Jiufs;
••epyk; kw;Wk; tUtha; epu;thfk;> rl;lk; xOq;F> NguopT

Nkyhz;ik> nghJ tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; nghJ tpepNahfq;fs;>
fyhy;> Nju;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fzf;nfLg;G> newpKiw> nghJ
epu;thfk;> fUT+y Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; gy;NtW Kftu;/Jiwfs;
%yk; xUq;fpizf;fyhk;.
••,-MSdu; kPjhd mjd; gjpNdhuhtJ mwpf;ifapy; epyg;gpuGj;Jt
epu;thf mikg;G gw;wpa mjd; gupe;Jiuia Mizf;FO kPz;Lk;
typAWj;JfpwJ. khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; gpujhd flikfspy; xd;W
,e;j gupe;Jiufspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpia epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
••RTI rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhf khtl;l
kl;lj;jpy; ,zf;f ,ae;jpuq;fis tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpd; Fiwe;j kl;l mikg;Gfis nray;gLj;Jtjpy;
jhkjk; kw;Wk; cs;Szu;T Mfpatw;wpd; Fiwg;igf; Fiwf;f
Ntz;Lk;. khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; mYtyfj;jpy; xU rpwg;G RTI
cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; ,J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;> mjd;
nray;ghLfis xOq;fhff; fhytiuaiwapd; NghJ Ml;rpahsu;
kjpg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••mjpfhupfs; jkJ njhopy; tho;f;ifapy; Muk;gj;jpy; khtl;l
ePjpgjpfs; vdyhk;> Mdhy; rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; rpf;fy; epiwe;j
khtl;lq;fspy; IAS. mjpfhup 10-12 Mz;Lfs; Nrit
Kbtile;jTld; DM Mfh nghWg;Ngw;ghu;.
••khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; kw;w Jiwfspd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fspy; Ml;rpahsu; jpwikahd xUq;fpize;j ghj;jpuj;ij
tfpf;fpwhu; vd;gij cWjp nra;a gbfs; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk;.
1. murhq;fj;jpd; %d;whk; epiyg;ghL vd;d nrhy;fpwJ?
2. khtl;l epu;thfj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;?
3. Ml;rpahsupd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; rpytw;iw gl;baypLf.

14.3 fpuhk epu;thfk; khtl;l epu;thfk;
,e;j gpuptpy;> ePq;fs; tl;lhr;rpau; tUtha; Ma;thsu; kw;Wk; fpuhk

epu;thf mjpfhup gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tPu;fs;.
A. tl;lhl;rpau; Fwpg;Gfs;
tl;l kw;Wk; tl;lq;fs; tl;lhl;rpauhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mYtyfj;jpd; fPo;

cs;sd. khepy murpd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t tu;j;jkhdp %yk; Kiwahf
mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tl;lq;fs; fpuhk Nrtfupd; fPo; fpuhkq;fisg;
gpupf;fyhk;. ,e;j tupirKiw Kf;fpakhf tof;fkhd epu;thf
eltbf;iffis vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> ,jpy;
milahsk; kw;Wk; tUtha; Nrfupj;jy; (epyj;jpypUe;J) Nghd;wit. xU
khtl;lj;jpy; rl;l mkyhf;fj;jpw;fhf jdpj;jdp tupirKiw cs;sJ.
gy;NtW tUtha; rl;lq;fs;> rl;lq;fs; tpjpfs;> epu;thf topKiwfs;
kw;Wk; khepy murhq;f topfhl;Ljy;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; toq;fg;gl;l
mjpfhuj;jpd; gb tl;lhl;rpau; kw;Wk; $Ljy; tl;lhl;rpau; jq;fs;
flikfisr; nra;fpwhu;fs;. tl;lhl;rpau; epu;thfj;jpd; ehs;NjhWk;
jq;fs; tFg;gpy; cs;svOj;ju;fs; ntt;NtW gpuptpy; gzpGupfpd;wdu;.
xU tl;lhl;rpaupd; mYtyfk; muR kw;Wk; tUtha;> tUtha;>
tUtha; gpuNjr Mizahsu;> Ml;rpahsu; kw;Wk; Jiz Ml;rpahsu;
MfpNahuhy; mt;tg;NghJ toq;fg;gLk; tUtha; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epu;thf topKiwfis gpd;gw;WfpwJ.
khtl;l nrayhsu; kw;Wk; mYtyf Copau;fspd; $l;lk;>
gpur;rpidfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f mbf;fb eilngWfpwJ. khtl;l
tUtha; $l;lk;> Jiz gFjp tUtha; $l;lk; Mfpatw;wpy;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;l topKiwfisj; njuptpj;Js;sJ.
tUtha; tof;Ffis tpiuthf mfw;Wtjw;fhf fpuhk kl;lj;jpy;
tl;lhl;rpau; Mfpatu; tof;fkhd Kfhk;fs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
B. tUtha; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; (RI)

tUtha; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; tl;lhl;rpaUf;F epu;thf cjtpahsu; Mthu;.
tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT kw;Wk; kf;fs; njhifia nghUj;J> xt;nthU
tl;lk;k; trjpahd vz;zpf;ifapy; `g;yp]; my;yJ xt;nthU `hg;yp
my;yJ tl;lk; R.I. tl;lq;fspd; jiyikapy; cs;sJ.
R.I. xU tl;lj;jpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tl;lk; msT nghWj;J>
xU tUtha; Ma;thsu; 10 Kjy; 20 fpuhk fzf;fu;fSf;Fk; jiyik
jhq;Ffpwhu;. mtuJ Kf;fpa nray;ghL mtiu fPo; gzpGupAk; fpuhk
fzf;fhsu; gzpia Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjhFk;> kw;Wk; jfty;fs;>
mwpf;iffs; Kjypatw;iwj; jUjy;> mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tUtha; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; fpuhk fzf;fhsu; (VA) kw;Wk;
tl;lhr;rpau; MfpNahUf;F ,ilapyhd xU Kf;fpa ,izg;G. mtu;
fpuhk fzf;fhsu; kw;Wk; tl;lhr;rpaUld; njhlu;e;J njhlu;gpy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. 1964 kw;Wk; fu;ehlfh fhzp kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;> 1961 kw;Wk;
khtl;l epu;thfk; fu;ehlf fhzp kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;> 1961 ,d; fPo; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
midj;J flikfisAk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
R.I. ,d; gy;NtW nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW.
(1) VA ,d; Ntiyia Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(a) gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tbtq;fspy; midj;J gjpthsu;fisAk;
gbtq;fisAk; itj;jpUg;gjw;F VA typAWj;JfpwJ.
(b) VA fspd; midj;J gjpitAk; GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW
typAWj;Jf.
(c) D.C. ahy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l xU kj;jpa fpuhkj;jpy; VA
,Ug;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
(d) fpuhk gjpnthd;wpy; nra;jpUe;jhy; jtwhd cs;sPLfs;>
nj`py;yhlhu; mwptpg;Gf;F nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.
(e) tup tUtha;> kw;Wk; cupa urPJfs; toq;fg;gl;L>
tR+ypf;fg;gl;l njhif xt;nthU khjKk; 25-f;F Kd;du;>
tl;l fUT+yj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
(f) cupik rhd;wpjopd; gjpNtl;il VA itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk;
nghJ Ma;Tf;F KJepiyg; gjpT jpwf;fg;gLtij
cWjpgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(g) 10 ehl;fSf;Fs; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplk; VA rhd;wpjo;
gjpTfs; mspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(h) cupikfs; gjpT mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neuj;jpy;> fhzp
tUtha; tpjpfs; fPo; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Muk;g gjpTfis
jahupf;f VA Njitg;gLfpwJ. RI Nkw;ghu;it nra;a Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; Muk;g gjpTfs; xOq;fhf jahupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
(i) VA> gbtk; 10> my;yJ tbtq;fspy; 19 kw;Wk; 20
Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s jfty;fSf;F tpiutpy;> urPJ
gjpNtl;by;> urPJ fhytupir tupirapy; tpisTfis
cs;sPLfis ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij cWjp nra;aTk;. 30
ehl;fSf;F fpuhkk; rhtbapy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mj;jifa EioTfspd; efiy mtu; cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
(j) mtu; jpUj;jy; gjpitr; rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; KJepiyg;
gjptpypUe;J gjpNtLfis gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
VA My; nra;ag;gLfpwJ> gpd;du; Kiwahd eilKiw
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
(k) twl;rpapd; fhyq;fspy;> tl;lhr;rpau; my;yJ RI nra;j
ve;j fpuhkq;fspYk; gapu; ntl;L Nrhjidfs; elj;Jtjw;F
VA Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Nrhjidfs; xOq;fhf
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd;gij RI ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
(l) nghJkf;fs; gupNrhjidapd;NghJ> VA "ePf;Ftjw;fhd
epyq;fspd; gl;baiy" GJg;gpj;jiy typAWj;JfpwJ.
(m) Xa;T+jpak; ngWNthu; Xa;T+jpak; ngWk; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpak; khtl;l epu;thfk;
ngWtjw;Fg; gpwF Xa;T+jpak; ,we;Jtpl;lhNyh cldbahf

Xa;T+jpak; ngwg;gLnkd;Nwh cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
KjpNahu; Xa;T+jpak;> CdKw;Nwhu; Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; jdp
egupd; tpjit Xa;T+jpak; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
(2) cupikfs; gw;wpa gjpT mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpy;> Muk;g
rhjid jahu; nra;j gpd;> tUtha; Ma;thsiu Nrhjpj;J ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk;> mjpy; $bapUe;j fpuhk kf;fs; rpd;dKjypahu;rhtb>
Kd; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy;> kw;Wk; Ml;Nrgid VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;>
ru;r;irf;Fupa tof;Ffis gjpT nra;J> cs;Ns GFe;jdu;.
(3) twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; 20% fpuhkq;fspy; gapu;
ntl;Lk; Nrhjidfs; elj;j Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; KbTfis>
tl;lhl;rpau;> xU Kiw> kW gzp vd;w Nfs;tpia guprPypf;f
Ntz;Lk; epytup.
(4) epytup xU egu; nrYj;j jtwpdhy;> Nfhupf;if mwptpg;G
Nritapd; 7 ehl;fSf;Fs; nrYj;j jtwpdhy;> VA. 'mirAk;
ifg;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;' vd;W jhrpy;jhu; mwpf;if nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,J tpw;gid Nghd;w murhiz epiy vz; tpsk;guk; nfhLj;J>
muR Ml;rpapy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l eilKiwia mLj;J> R.I
%yk; tpw;gidf;F nfhz;L tug;gLk;.
(5) epyk; toq;fy; tpz;zg;gq;fisg; gw;wpa xU mwpf;ifia
tl;lhr;rpau; Nfl;Fk;NghJ> tpz;zg;gj;jpy; cs;s tptuq;fs;
rupahf cs;sjh vd RI rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; cz;ikfis
tl;lhr;rpaUf;F njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(6) Ntshz; epyk; my;yhj Ntshz; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf RI khw;W
,lq;fspy; Nrhjid kw;Wk; k`[hu; elj;jTk;> gpd;du;
tl;lhr;rpaUf;F njuptpf;fTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(6) tptrha epyq;fspd; khw;w tof;Ffspy; tptrhak; rhuhj
Nehf;fj;jpy;. R. I. Ma;T kw;Wk; mahazar> gpd;du; jhrpy;jhu;
mwpf;if elj;Jthu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(7) tUtha;j;Jiw mjpfhupfs;> tifAilik rhd;W> vQ;rpapUj;jy;
rhd;W> tof;fkhd ,Ug;gplk; rhd;wpjo; vd gy;NtW rhd;wpjo;fs;
toq;FtJ mtrpak;. FbapUg;G rhd;wpjo; Kjypad. ,e;j
tof;Ffs; midj;jpYk; tUtha; Ma;thsu; jhrpy;jhu; rupghu;j;J
mwpf;if ngWtJ mtrpak;. NkYk;> jhrpy;jhu; mjpf mstpy;
[hjpr; rhd;wpjo;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdj;ij toq;f Ntz;baJ
mtrpak; vdpDk;> epu;thf fy;tp epWtdq;fs; rupghu;g;G
rhd;wpjo;fis Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> RI. jhrpy;jhu; rupghu;j;J
mwpf;if mspf;fTk;. rhjp kw;Wk; tUkhd rhd;wpjo;fs;
epakdk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> RI> kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo;fs;>
tl;lhl;rpau; mtu;fSf;F tpupthf rupghu;f;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
RI mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;. mNjNghy; FbAupik rhd;wpjo;
tp\aj;jpYk;> rupghu;g;G nghWg;G RI kPJ cs;sJ. ntspehl;L
khtl;l epu;thfk; Fbkf;fs; rupghu;g;G rhd;wpjo; ,Ue;jhy;> R. I. ia rupghu;j;J
Fwpg;gplTk; Njit ntspehl;L gpui[ xUtupd; ,Ug;gplq;fs;
(xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F ehl;Lf;F te;J tpl;lJ)
(8) RI khepy epyr; rPu;jpUj;j rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lk;.
(9) nts;sk; my;yJ neUg;G Nghd;w ,aw;ifg; NguopTfs;
Vw;gl;lhy;> S.O.S. (Jau rpf;dy;) gpur;rpidf;fhd RI
nghWg;G. mghaj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;l clNdNa> mtu;
"lhk;-lhk;" %yk;> Mgj;J gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWtjd; %yk;
jq;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf NguopT kw;Wk; gpur;rpid gw;wpa
mwpTiufis kf;fSf;F njuptpf;fTk; vr;rupf;if nra;aTk;
Ntz;Lk;)
(10) gw;whf;Fiwapd; NghJ> czT kw;Wk; jPtdk; Nrfupj;jy;
kw;Wk; tpepNahfk;> FbePu; trjp kw;Wk; fhy;eil Kfhq;fis
guhkupj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; RI cjTfpwJ. epthuz eltbf;iffs;
gw;wp kf;fSf;F mtu; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;> epthuzg; gzpfs;
ed;ikaspf;Fk; kf;fSf;F nry;fpwJ vd;gijf; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
(11) rpW Nrkpg;Gfis Nrfupg;gjw;F ,yf;F epu;zapf;fg;gLtjpy;
jpy;iyyhlUf;F RI cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(12) Neha;j;njhw;Wfs; ntspNaWk; NghJ> RI. rk;ge;jg;gl;l
mjpfhupfSf;F njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; jLg;G+ry; ikaq;fs;
Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(13) FLk;g jpl;lkply; Kfhk;fSf;F Vw;ghL nra;a mtu; cjt
Ntz;Lk;.
(14) rkhjhdf; FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lhy; ,dthjf; Fog;gq;fs;
Vw;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa FOtpd; Kd;dhs; mjpfhupahf cs;shu;.
(15) mj;jpahtrpa ruf;Ffs; rl;lk; 1955 ,d; fPo; toq;fg;gl;l
cj;jutpd; gy;NtW tpjpKiwfSf;F Kuzhf ,y;iy vd;W RI
ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa kPwy;fspd; tof;Ffs; jhrpy;jhu;f;F
mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(16) kJghdk; cw;gj;jp my;yJ Nrfupj;jy; njhlu;ghd ve;jnthU
nraiyAk; fyhy;> fhty;Jiw> tUtha; mYtyuplk; njuptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(17) Nju;jy; Neuj;jpy;> RI. f;F $Ljy; nghWg;G cs;sJ .mtu;>
fzf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; thf;fhsu; gl;bay; jahupg;gpy; cjt
Ntz;Lk;. thf;fspf;Fk; Neuq;fspy;> thf;Fr; rhtbfis Vw;ghL
nra;tjw;fhd nghWg;ghspahf mtu; ,Uf;fpwhu;.
(18) RI fpuhkhre;ju;\d; Vw;ghLfspy; cjtp nra;J mjpy;
jPtpukhfg; gq;F nfhs;fpwhu;. (fpuhkhre;ju;\zj;jpw;F xU
ehs; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpuhkg;Gw gadhspfs;> tUtha;>
mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfspd; mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; tq;fp
mjpfhupfs; MfpNahu; gu];gu trjpahd ,lj;jpy; re;jpf;fpd;wdu;.
mq;F> xU rpwpa tpohtpy;> toq;fg;gl;l fld;fSf;F khtl;l epu;thfk;
fhNrhiyfs; kw;Wk; toq;fg;gLk; fld;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. epy

khdpak; ,Ug;gpd;> khdpak; toq;Fk; rhd;wpjo;fs; xg;gilf;fg;gLk;.
Xa;T+jpak; toq;fg;gl;l gl;rj;jpy;> Mizfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cuk;> tpijfs; Nghd;witAk; tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
Nahrid gadhspapd; thrypy; ed;ikfis nfhz;L> gy;NtW
Kiwfis Fiwj;J> Njitf;F ed;ikfis mspg;gij <Lfl;l
Ntz;Lk;.)
(19) 1969 Mk; Mz;bd; gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;G rl;lj;jpd; gjptpd; 18
tJ gpuptpd; fPo; khtl;l gjpthsuhy; gupNrhjpf;Fk; mYtyuhf
RI epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. VA ,d; gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;Gfspd;
gjpTfis mtu; Ma;T nra;J mtupd; Ma;T mwpf;iffis
khtl;l Gs;sptptu mYtyuplk; njhlu;r;rpahf mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
(20) NtW ve;j xU nray;ghLk; cau; mjpfhupfshy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
C. fpuhk epu;thf mjpfhup

gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; NghJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tUtha;
fpuhkk;> Fbaku;T gbepiy gpuptpy; kpff;Fiwe;j epu;thfg; gpupT vd
tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU fUj;jhFk;. tUtha; Nrfupg;G ,ae;jpuj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL> fpuhk rPuikg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf my;yhky;>
nray;Kiwia xOq;FgLj;JtNj Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU
tUtha; fpuhkKk; fpuhkpa epu;thf mjpfhup (VAO) jiyikapy;
cs;sJ.
4. fpuhkg;Gw epu;thfj;jpy; jhrpy;jhupd; gq;F vd;d?
5. tUtha; Ma;thsupd; Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs; vd;d?

epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gy;NtW tpjkhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
epu;thfj;jpd; khw;wq;fs;> epu;thf kWrPuikg;G> epu;thf kWgad;ghL>
GJg;gpj;jy;> kWrPuikg;G> Kjypad Nghd;w gy ngau;fs; ,q;F
cs;sd. Nahrid vd;gJ kWrPuikg;G Njitg;gLk; epu;thfq;fs; kw;Wk;
mJ xU jpl;lkplg;gl;l kw;Wk; ed;F ,af;fg;gl;l nray;Kiw %yk;
xU Gjpa tbtk; kw;Wk; tbtikg;gpw;F cUthf Ntz;Lk;. epu;thf
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; RUf;fkhf> 'vjpu;g;Gf;F vjpuhf epu;thf cUkhw;wj;jpd;
nraw;if J}z;Ljiy' tiuaWf;fyhk;. ,e;j tiuaiw %d;W
jdpj;Jtkhd $Wfis rpwg;gpj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ:
(i) epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jk; nraw;ifahf J}z;LfpwJ
(ii) ,J xU khw;wPl;L nray;Kiw MFk;
(iii) khw;w nray;Kiwf;F vjpu;g;gpd; ,Ug;G cs;sJ
ntspg;gilahf> rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Kd; jpahdk;> ed;F Ma;T kw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fis jpl;ltl;lkhd Nehf;fq;fSld; fUJfpd;wd. rPu;jpUj;jk;
khtl;l epu;thfk; xU J}z;LjYf;Fk;> ifahSjYf;Fk; khw;wkhFk;> Vnddpy; mJ
J}z;Ljy;> xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; ey;yJf;fhd ek;gpf;ifapd; jiyKiw
Mfpait mlq;Fk;. rPu;jpUj;jkhdJ mjpfkhd khw;wq;fs; my;yJ
FWe;jfL khw;wq;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahFk;> ,Ug;gpDk; ,J rpwpa
Fwpg;Gfs; khw;wq;fspd; Ftpg;G fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;> ,J mt;tg;NghJ
tpupthd kw;Wk; Kiwahd Kaw;rpfSf;fhd Njitfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jk; Gjpa tupirapy; toptFf;fpwJ. fl;likf;fg;gl;l
khw;wj;jpd; Kiwahd> ,ae;jpu kw;Wk; jpahd nray;Kiwia ,J
Fwpf;fpwJ.
14.4.1 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j tiffs;

n[uhy;l; ,. Nfnld; fUj;Jg;gb> epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ehd;F
tiffspy; ,Uf;fyhk;:
(i) murpay; khw;wq;fs; %yk; jpzpf;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;:
Fwpg;gpl;l epu;thfk; murpay; rf;jpfshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L>
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. murpay; fhl;rpapy; khw;wk;
epu;thfj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ. epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
gzpfs; murpay; khw;wq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(ii) epWtd ,Wf;fk; gupfhuk; nra;a mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: mjpfhuj;Jt fl;likg;Gfs;
nefpo;thditahf khw Ntz;Lk;. epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;gpy;
cs;s tpiwg;G mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khw;wq;fs;
kWrPuikg;G> kWgpuNtrk;> kWrPuikg;G kWguprPyid kw;Wk;
kWgad;ghl;bd; tbtj;jpy; eilngWfpd;wd.
(iii) rl;l mikg;G %yk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jk;
njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs; epu;thfj;jpy; fzprkhd khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jk;. rl;lq;fs; nghJthf FOf;fs;> Mizf;FOf;fs;>
gj;jpupiffs; kd;wq;fspy; MNyhrid kw;Wk; tpthjk;
Nghd;w gy cs;sd.
(iv) mZFKiw khw;wq;fs; %yk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: ve;jnthU
mikg;gpYk; kdpju;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwhu;fs;.
mtu;fsJ kNdhghtj;jpy; khw;wk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
nfhz;L tu cjTfpwJ. ve;jnthU rl;l> fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
murpay; khw;wKk; Njitahd rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F
toptFf;fhJ.
14.4.2 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd Njit

etPdkakhf;fg;gl;l r%f mikg;gpd; jdpj;Jtkhd jd;ik
njhlu;r;rpahd Kiwahd khw;wj;ij rkhspf;Fk; jpwd; MFk;. rKjhak;
khjpupahd ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mirTfspypUe;J tpLgl;L> R+oypy; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fis rkhspf;f> xU Gjpa GJikahd fyhr;rhuj;ij Vw;W>
Gjpa mwpT kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; gioa

fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mikg;ig ePf;Ftjd; %yk; xU Gjpa xOq;Ff;F khtl;l epu;thfk;
Mirg;gLjy;.
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jk; ,e;j khw;wj;jpd; cyfshtpaj;jpd; xU
gFjpahFk;. epu;thfkhdJ ntspg;gilahd Kiwapy; etPdkakhf;fy;
nray;KiwAld; gbg;gbahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ NtW> Fwpg;Gfs;
rkr;rPu;epiy> nraypog;G> jPq;FtpisTfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;F ,lg;ngau;r;rp
Mfpatw;iw tpistpf;Fk;. gpnul; W. upf;]p]; (1970) gb> epu;thf
rPu;jpUj;jk; xU 'rpf;fyhd rkepiyf;fhd gpur;rid'. xU murpay;
R+oypy; nghJ epu;thfk; nray;gLfpwJ vd;gjhy;> mjd; mbg;gil
jd;ik> cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L ghzp murpay; R+oy;>
mjd; epWtd ,af;ftpay; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw Mfpatw;why;
ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ> Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;> Kd;Dupikfs; my;yJ
Nghl;bapLk; kjpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa jPu;khdpg;gJ kw;Wk;
tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy; Mdhy; ,e;j nfhs;iffis ntw;wpfukhd
epuy; cz;ikfshf nkhopngau;g;gjw;fhd kpfTk; gaDs;s
fUtpfisf; ifahSk; tpjj;jpYk; cs;sd. ,jw;F NkYk; jfty;
kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; (ICT) Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
Njrpa nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tsq;fis epu;tfpg;gjpy; khepyj;jpd;
gutyhd ghj;jpuk;> KO nghUshjhuj;ijAk; fl;Lg;ghl;L kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rp %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> xU epahakhd kw;Wk; rkkhd
nghUshjhu xOq;if cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;> gioa r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfis
gioa Kiwapy; rupnra;jy; epWtdj;ij cUthf;Fk; tbtq;fs;>
xU rkj;Jt r%fj;jpy; topelj;Jk;> epu;thfj;jpw;fhd Gjpa
gzpfis J}f;fp vwpe;Jtpl;ld. ,J epu;thf jpwd;fspy; mbg;gil
kw;Wk; mbj;js Kd;Ndw;wk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhf>
Kiwahd jpl;lkply;> fy;tp kW xOq;F> jpwd;-jiyKiw>
mZFKiw-cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; kw;w fl;likg;G rhu;e;j nray;ghl;L
topKiwfspd; xU Gutyd; Njit. ,J epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;
R+oypay;> epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j jpl;lq;fspd; ntw;wp xU ,il-xOq;FKiw
kw;Wk; gy gupkhz mZFKiwia Kd;itf;fpwJ.
1990y; re;ij rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; te;jNghJ> fl;likg;G rupnra;jYf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Ue;jJ. ey;y Ml;rp vd;gJ ehspd; murhq;fq;fspd;
kd mOj;jk;> nghWg;Gzu;T> nray;jpwd;> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; tpupthf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
,d;W> $l;lzpf;Fk; xj;Jiog;gpw;Fk; mf;fiw ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
murpaypy; kf;fs; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; gy ebfu;fspd; <LghL
Mfpatw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Fbkfd; gq;fspg;G
kw;Wk; $l;LwT ikak; %yk;> murhq;fq;fs; Fbkf;fs; gq;fhspfs;
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. epu;thf mikg;G kw;Wk; topKiwfSld; Gjpa
Ntlq;fis epu;thfk; epiwNtw;w KbahJ. ,J kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifAld;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; nghJ ek;gpf;ifapy; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> mjpfhuj;Jtk; Gjpa ghj;jpuj;ij khw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khw;wj;jpw;fhd ,e;j Njit rPu;jpUj;jq;fisj; Njitg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j ghu;itapy; ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpy; rPu;jpUj;j eltbf;iffis
njhlq;Ftjw;F gy FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
khtl;l epu;thfk; 14.4.3 epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa gy;NtW FOf;fs;
epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jj; Mizak; my;yJ ARC vd;gJ kj;jpa muR
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jk; xU gpuk;khz;lkhd gapw;rpahf
cs;sJ. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjhy; ,uz;L Kiw jhd;. epUthfr;
Fwpg;Gfs; rPu;jpUj;jj; Mizf;FO (ARC) ,e;jpahtpd; nghJ epu;thf Kiwia
kWMa;T nra;tjw;fhd gupe;Jiufis toq;Ftjw;fhf kj;jpa muR
epakpj;j FO MFk;.
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpwF> Gjpa murhq;fk; r%f-
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; %yk; kf;fspd; eyd; fUjpy; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ> ,J ngUkstpyhd gzpfisr; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F
toptFj;jJ. eyd;Gup jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rthy;fis> fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J kuGupikahfTk;> RWRWg;ghd R+o;epiyfspYk;>
Rje;jpuj;Jld; ,ize;j kd mOj;jk; epiwe;j R+o;epiyfshYk;
gytPdkhfTk; toq;fg;gl;l epu;thf ,ae;jpuq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;> kW rPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epu;thfk;> midj;J Nkk;ghl;L
jpl;lq;fisAk; tbtikg;gjw;Fk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> kWrPuikg;G>
rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; GJg;gpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gzpfs;
gw;whf;Fiw> kj;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fpilf;fpd;w> kdpjts
Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; Ntiy Kiwfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf
,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> gy rPu;jpUj;j FOf;fs; kw;Wk; khehLfs;
cs;sd. ,it AIS kw;Wk; kj;jpa FOtpw;fhd xw;iw Nju;Tf;F
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; FOtpd; mwpf;ifahdJ> my;yhj njhopy;El;g
Nritfs; MFk;.
1. jpU N. NfhghyRthkp ma;aq;fhu; mwpf;if> 1950

kj;jpa muR ,ae;jpuj;jpd; kWrPuikg;igg; gw;wpa jdJ mwpf;ifapy;
kj;jpa murpd; ,ae;jpuq;fs; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd tpupthd Ma;T
xd;iw jpU N Nfhghyh];thkp ma;aq;fhu; elj;jpAs;shu;.
2. A.D. Nfhu;thyh FO> 1951

[_iy 1951 md;W> jpU. A.D. Nfhu;thyh jiyikapy; xU FO>
nghJ epu;thfk; gw;wpa jdJ mwpf;ifapy; xU Rj;jkhd> jpwikahd>
eLepiyahd epu;thfj;ij ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mbf;Nfhbl;L
fhl;baJ.
3. ghy;. H Nky; KiwaPl;L mwpf;iffs;> 1953 kw;Wk; 1956

,e;j Kaw;rpfspd; njhlu;r;rpahf> kj;jpa muR xU mnkupf;f
epGzuhd ghy;. H mioj;jJ. Nky; KiwaPl;L mwpf;iffs;> ,e;jpa
epu;thfj;jpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. Mg;gpy;ig ,uz;L
mwpf;iffis rku;g;gpj;jhu;. ',e;jpahtpy; nghJ epu;thfk;' vd;w
mtuJ Kjy; mwpf;if> 1953> epu;thf mikg;G kw;Wk; eilKi-
wfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ mwpf;ifahdJ>
murhq;fj;jpd; njhopy; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fspd; epu;thfj;jpw;fhd khtl;l epu;thfk;
rpwg;G Fwpg;GfSld; ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf Kiwik kWguprPyid

nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1956y; ,e;j epWtdq;fspy; xOq;FgLj;Jk; mikg;G> gzp
eilKiwfs;> Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rp Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; $wg;gl;l 12 gupe;Jiufspy;> mtuJ Fwpg;Gfs;
gupe;Jiufis kj;jpa muR Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Kjyhtjhf> nghJ
epu;thfj;jpy; Muha;r;rpfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,e;jpa nghJ
epu;thf epWtdk; vd;w njhopw; gapw;rp epWtdk; epWTjy; njhlu;ghdJ.
,uz;lhtJ njhlu;Gila mikg;G> Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; eilKiwfs;
njhlu;ghf jiyikia toq;f xU ika mYtyfk; mikg;gJ
njhlu;ghdJ.
,jd; tpisthf> murhq;f tu;j;jfj;jpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> mjd; eilKiwfis rPu;gLj;jp> mikr;ruit
nrayfj;jpy;> 1954 khu;r; khjk; xU mikg;G kw;Wk; topKiwfs;
(O&M) gpupT mikf;fg;gl;lJ. O&M myFfs; kw;Wk; gzp Ma;Tg;
gpupTfs;> mikr;rfq;fs;/Jiwfspy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j ftdk;
fhfpj gzp Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; topKiwfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy;
,Ue;jJ. midj;J mikr;rfq;fs; kw;Wk; JiwfSf;F mYtyf
eilKiw ifNaL jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. jpl;l FO Fwpj;j jpl;lk;> 1956

1956y;> jpl;lf; FO> 'jpl;l jpl;lq;fs;' vd;w mikg;ig mikj;J> jpl;l
jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtjpy;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwid
miltjw;fhd Nehf;Fld;> mikg;G newpKiwfis> gzp Kiwfs;
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. 1964y; etPd
fUtpfspd; gad;ghl;il Cf;Ftpf;Fk; FOtpd; xU gFjpahf xU
Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp epu;thfg; gpupT Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>
khtl;l mstpy; tsu;r;rp epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd gpur;idfs; Fwpj;j
Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
5. Coy; jLg;G FO> 1962

Coy; fhuzq;fis Ma;T nra;aTk;> Coiy rup nra;aTk;>
Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;Jk; guprPyid nra;aTk;>
CoYf;F fhuzq;fs; Fwpj;J Muha Nf. re;jhdk; jiyikapy;
FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Coiy jLg;gJ njhlu;ghd eilKiwfis
rPu;gLj;jp mtrpak; Fwpj;J ,f;FO typAWj;jpAs;sJ. kj;jpa Coy;
fz;fhzpg;G Mizak; (CVC) mikf;f gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
6. epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC)> 1966

Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mikr;ruitapy; cs;Jiw
mikr;rfj;jhy; Kjy; ARC epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. 40/3/65-AR (P) vd [dtup
5> 1966 y; Njjpapl;lJ. epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; Muk;gj;jpy;
nkhuhu;[p Njrha; kw;Wk; Nf. `Dkhd;jhah MfpNahuhy; jiyik
khtl;l epu;thfk; jhq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 20 Miza FOf;fSk;> Jiz FOf;fSk;
mlq;fpa ngupa ,ae;jpukhf tpuptile;j xU FO MFk;.
500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gupe;Jiufis cs;slf;fpa 20 mwpf;iffis
Mizf;FO rku;g;gpj;Js;sJ. ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;Fs; jPtpu Ma;T
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T Mfpatw;wpw;Fs; mjd; mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j mwpf;ifapy;> xU fhydpj;Jt kw;Wk; fhyhtjpahd epu;thf
Kiwf;F tho;f;ifj; Jizahf mjpf kjpg;Gkpf;f gupe;Jiufis
cs;slf;fpaJ. mjd; gupe;Jiufs; gytw;iw murhq;fj;jhy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ikak; kw;Wk; khepyq;fspy; nghJ
epu;thfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tuk;ig cs;slf;fpa mjd; tpNtfkhd
Fwpg;Gf;fs; gutyhf ,Ue;jd. ,it epu;thfj;jpy; ngupa kw;Wk; rpwpa
khw;wq;fSf;F toptFj;jd. NkYk; NkYk; rpe;jpf;f toptFj;jJ. ,J
mjpf rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
1970 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; Klq;Ftjw;F Kd;> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tptuq;fspd; gb> Mizf;FO murhq;fj;jpw;F 20 mwpf;iffs;
midj;ijAk; rku;g;gpj;jJ.
,e;j 20 mwpf;iffs; 537 gpujhd gupe;Jiufisf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. gy;NtW epu;thf mikr;rfq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l
jfty;fs; mbg;gilapy;> 1977 etk;gupy; epiwNtw;Wk; epiyg;ghl;il
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpj;j xU mwpf;if. ,e;j mwpf;ifapy;
njhlu;Gila Kjy; ARC gupe;Jiuapd; RUf;fk; gpd;tUkhW
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
(a) rpwg;Gj; Njit: Kjy; ARC murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; xU
gFjpahf ,Ue;j epiyapy;> rpwg;Gj; Njit vd;gij
mq;fPfupj;jJ. nray;ghl;L gFjpfs; kw;Wk; ntspNa
nray;gLk; gFjpfspy; %j;j epu;thfg; gzpaplq;fSf;fhd
Nju;T nra;Ak; Kiw Nghlg;gl;lJ.
(b) xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l juepiy mikg;G: flikfis kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gfspd; jFjpfs; kw;Wk; ,ay;ig mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l xU xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l juepiy mikg;G
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
(c) Ml;Nru;g;G: ,e;jg; nghUspy;> ARC gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ:
(i) 26 Mz;Lfshf cau;j;jg;gl;l taJ tuk;ig
nfhz;L> tFg;G I NritfSf;fhd xw;iw Nghl;bj;
Nju;T.
(ii) %j;j kl;lq;fspy; njhopy;El;g gzpaplq;fSf;F
gf;fthl;by; gjpT nra;jy;.
(iii) tFg;G II NritfSf;fhd Neub Ml;Nru;g;G
epWj;jg;gLk;.
(iv) vOj;ju; gzpf;F Ms; Nru;g;gjw;fhd vspa Gwepiy
tif gupNrhjid elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(v) khepy muR Copau;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J rpy
Jiwfspy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba kj;jpa muRg; khtl;l epu;thfk;
gzpaplq;fSf;F Ml;Nru;g;G nra;jy;.

(d) Ml;Nru;g;G Kftu;:
(i) UPSC cWg;gpdu;fis epakpf;Fk; Gjpa eilKiw
kw;Wk; khepy muRg; gzpahsu; Nju;thizak; Fwpg;Gfs;
rhu;gpy; MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ii) fzf;fhsu; gzpahsu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd
Nju;T thupaq;fs; mikj;jy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
(e) gapw;rp: Fbikg; gzp gapw;rp Fwpj;j Njrpa nfhs;iffis
njhFj;J toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(f) gjtp cau;T: gjtp cau;Tf;fhd tpupthd topfhl;Ljy;fs;.
(g) elj;ij kw;Wk; xOf;fk;: xOf;fw;w tprhuiz
eltbf;iffspy; rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; Fbikg; gzp jPu;g;gha
mikg;Gfs; mikg;gJ Fwpj;J MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ.
(h) Nrit epge;jidfs;: mjpf Neu gbfs;> tpUg;g
Xa;T> ntspNaWk; Kiw> Xa;T+jpak; toq;Fjy;>
muR tpLKiwfs;> Cf;fj; njhif toq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fspd; cupa Neuj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; rYiffs;
njhlu;ghd gupe;Jiufis Mizak; mspj;Js;sJ.
gzpahsu; gupNrhjpg;G myfpd; %yk; guprPyid
nra;ag;glyhk; vd;W gy;NtW gjtpfSf;fhd gzp
tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
KjyhtJ epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jf; FO> Kd;djhf $wpaJ Nghy;>
gy Mz;Lfspy; Fbikg; gzpfs; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW
mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW Mizf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk;
FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j FOf;fs; kw;Wk; Mizf;FOf;fs;>
Kjy; ARCd; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gupe;Jiufs;> kw;Wk; gpd;tUk;
gj;jpfspy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
ARCd; Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufs; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd:
(i) epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Jiwfspd; gzpfis mJ
tptupf;fpd;wJ. xU fl;ll ,ay;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kPJ Jiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Ma;Tfis ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mizf;FO
gupe;Jiuj;jJ; ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk; Jiwfs; cs;s O & M
epGzj;Jtj;ij cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Nkhlk; Nkyhz;
El;gq;fspy; jq;fs; O & M myFfspy; Copau;fSf;F
gapw;rp mspj;jy;; Nkk;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
mky;gLj;Jtjpy; O & M myFfSf;F topfhl;ly;
toq;FfpwJ.
(ii) gy;NtW mikr;rfq;fs; kw;Wk; Jiwfs; cs;s O & M
nray;gLj;Jtij ,J gupe;Jiuj;jJ.
(iii) kj;jpa rPu;jpUj;j Mizaj;jpy; A R C apd; mwpf;ifia
khtl;l epu;thfk; mky;gLj;Jtjw;F rpwg;G miyNgrp xd;iw mikf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ miog;G tpLj;Js;sJ.
(iv) kj;jpa rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; gzp> Kiwfs; kw;Wk;
epWtd fl;likg;G Mfpatw;wpd; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J
Fwpg;Gfs; Muha;r;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mJ $wpaJ.
7. Nfhj;jhup FO> 1976

mfpy ,e;jpa Nritfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa FO A kw;Wk; B Nritfis
UPSC Ma;T nra;J mwpf;if mspf;Fk; tifapy; Nfhj;jhup
jiyikapy; Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; Nju;T Kiwfs; Fwpj;j FO
1976y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j FO jdJ mwpf;ifapy;> AIS kw;Wk;
kj;jpa FOTf;F xw;iw Nju;Tf;F gupe;Jiu njhopy;El;g my;yhj
Nritfs; nra;Js;sJ.
8. Njrpa fhty; Mizafk;> 1977

fhty;Jiwapd; gq;F kw;Wk; nray;ghLfis Ma;T nra;J> Fw;wq;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; nghJ xOq;if guhkupj;jy;> Fw;wtpay;
Nkw;ghu;it Kiw> kw;Wk; mikg;G Kiwfis> Fw;wg; gjpTfis
Gyd; tprhuiz nra;J guhkupj;jy;. ,e;j Mizak; 500f;F Nkw;gl;l
gupe;Jiufis fhty; epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd gue;j gFjpf;Fs; nfhz;L
te;jJ.
9. nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;j Mizak;> 1981

vy;. Nf. [p`h jiytuhf ,e;j Mizf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rPu;jpUj;jq;fisg; gupe;Jiug;gjw;fhf nghUshjhu epu;thfj;jpd;
Kf;fpa gFjpfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tf;F njhlu;Gila Mizf;FOTf;F
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpa nray;ghLfs;. MizFO ,e;jpahtpd;
muRf;F gy mwpf;iffis rku;g;gpj;Js;sJ xU Gjpa nghUshjhu
xOq;fpw;F toptFf;Fk; nghUshjhu epu;thf mikg;gpd; etPdkakhf;fy;
nra;Js;sJ.
10. kj;jpa-khepy cwTfs; gw;wpa Mizak;> 1983

Mu;.v]; ru;fhupah ,e;j Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mjd;
,yf;F> midj;J JiwfspYk; mjpfhuq;fis> nray;ghLfis
kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; njhlu;ghf kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F
,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; Vw;ghLfis Ma;T nra;tJ kw;Wk; Njitg;gLk;
khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffSf;F gupe;Jiufis toq;Fjy;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gzpia Ma;T nra;a gpujk ePjpauru;
(Xa;T) ntq;flhrpypah jiyikapd; fPo; 2000-03 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
murpayikg;ig nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njrpa Mizak; epWtg;gl;lJ.

11. Ie;jhk; Cjpaf; FO> 1997 khtl;l epu;thfk;
uj;dNty; ghz;bad; jiyikapy; Mizak; epWtg;gl;lJ. cz;ikapy;>

xU tof;fkhd rk;gs Mizf;FOtpw;F Nkyhf khwpaJld;> epu;thf
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfSf;Fs; Eioe;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
Mdhy; epu;thfj;jpd; NkNy mgptpUj;jpapd; gpd;du;> ehl;bd;
khw;wg;gl;l r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; epytuq;fspd;
fhuzkhf> ,uz;lhk; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizf;FO xd;iw
mikg;gjw;fhd mtrpak; mjpfupj;jJ. ,J 2005 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
murpd; ,uz;lhtJ ARC mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
vdNt> ,uz;lhk; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizf;FOtpd; (ARC)
xU jPu;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. nghJ epu;thf Kiwikia
rPuikg;gjw;fhd tpupthd jpl;lj;ij jahupg;gjw;fhf tPug;g nkha;yp
jiyikapd; fPo;> tprhuizapd; Mizahf> 2005 Mf];l; 31 md;W>
,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; K–21022/9/2004–RC nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
jhuhskakhf;fy;> jdpahu;kakhf;fy; kw;Wk; G+Nfhskakhf;fypd;
jw;Nghija R+o;epiyapy;> epu;thfk; Gjpa nghWg;Gfisr; Rkf;f
Ntz;Lk;> rpy Kjpatu;fisf; nfhSj;j Ntz;Lk;. Ke;ija Kd;
jhuhskakhf;fypy; ,e;jpah KO mstpy; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapy;
Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w gq;fspg;ig mspj;Js;sJ. jdpahu; KjyPl;bw;fhd
xl;Lnkhj;j jpwidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> epu;thfk; Kf;fpakhf eyd;Gup
eltbf;iffSf;F ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; xU xOq;FgLj;Jk; murpd; gq;F kw;Wk; re;ijfs;
epahakhd kw;Wk; R%fkhd nray;ghl;il cWjpg;gLj;JtJ ,d;Dk;
Kf;fpakhdJ. murhq;fj;jpd; xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; eyd;Gup nghWg;GfSk;
fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fshf mjpNtfkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. $Ljyhf>
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s muR rKjhaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjd; %yk; kf;fspd;
jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; njhlu;e;J rkepiyAld; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;. nghJkf;fsplkpUe;Jk; Fbkf;fsplkpUe;Jk; jfty; mwpAk;
cupik ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehl;bd; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; kpfg;ngupaJ: kj;jpa-khepy cwTfs;>
Coy; kw;Wk; jpwikapd; rpf;fy;fs; epu;thfk;> Fbkf;fspd; tsu;e;J
tUk; nghWik> G+Nfhs fyhr;rhuj;jpd; jhf;fk;> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
FWq;FOthj Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhYk;>
filrpahf Mdhy; Fiwe;jJ my;y> gaq;futhjj;jpd; mr;RWj;jy;fs;
epu;thfj;jpd; Kfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fLikahd rthy;fs; MFk;.
14.4.4 ,uz;lhtJ ARC,d; gupe;Jiufs;

gpujk ke;jpup lhf;lu; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;fpw;F 2006 [_d; 9 Mk; Njjp Kjy;
jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;: ey;y epu;thfj;jpw;F Kjd;ik tpir
vd;w ,uz;lhtJ epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC) jiytu; tPug;g
nkha;yp Kjy; mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpj;jhu;. ,J Fwpj;J Mizaj;jpd;
Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufs; tUkhW:
khtl;l epu;thfk; ••mjpfhug;G+u;t ufrpa rl;lq;fs; (OSA)> 1923> mjd; jw;Nghija
tbtj;jpy; xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAld;
Ml;rpf;F nghUj;jkw;wJ. OSA jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk;
Njrpa ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpy; khepyj;jpd; ghJfhg;ig ghJfhf;f
Fwpg;Gfs; rupahd ghJfhg;Gfs; Ntz;Lk;.
••jfty; Mizf;FO cWg;gpdu;fspy; miuthrpAk; FbKiw
muRg; gzp my;yhj gpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
,jdhy; cWg;gpdu;fs; nry;te;ju;fs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW
mDgtq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
••nghJ gjpTfs; KOikahd kWrPuikj;jy; vd;gJ RTIapd;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU Kd;epge;jidahFk;. xU nghJ
gjpTfs; mYtyfk; xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; epGzj;Jtk;>
fz;fhzpj;jy;> Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; midj;J
nghJ gjpitAk; gupNrhjpj;jy; Nghd;w xU fsQ;rpakhf epWtg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murpd; midj;J Kjd;ikj; jpl;lq;fspd;
epjpapy; Rkhu; 1 rjtPjk;> midj;J gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; fl;bl
trjpfis GJg;gpf;f Ie;J Mz;Lfs; xJf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••jftywpAk; cupik; RTI rl;lj;ij midj;J nghJ
mjpfhupfsplk; ,Ue;Jk; fz;fhzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;G
Mfpatw;iw jfty; Mizaj;jpy; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••ve;j muR rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; RTI rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tu Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij jPu;khdpf;f njspthd kw;Wk; njsptw;w topfhl;Ljy;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••jftYf;fhd ngUk;ghyhd Nfhupf;iffs; tof;fkhf Fiwfis
rupnra;tjw;fhd fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jhkjk;>
Jd;GWj;jy; kw;Wk; Coy; gw;wpa Gfhu;fisf; ifahs;tjw;F
RahjPdkhd nghJkf;fSf;F FiwjPu;g;ghsu; Mizaq;fis
khepyq;fs; cUthf;f mwpTWj;jg;glyhk;. ,e;j mjpfhupfs;
jfty; Mizaj;jpy; neUf;fkhf xUq;fpize;J gzpahw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
••Kiwik Fiwf;fg;glhky;> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjhy;> rpy Vw;ghLfs; mtrukw;w kw;Wk;
fLikahd Nfhupf;iffis Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
••midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwfspy; RTI.
rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU jpl;ltl;lkhd tiuglk;
Njit.
••Mizf;FO Fwpg;gpl;l gupe;Jiufis mspj;jJ> NkYk; mit
xt;nthd;iwAk; nray;gLj;j xU jpl;ltl;lkhd topKiwfis
gupe;Jiuj;jJ. xU Fbikg;gzp elj;ij tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mYtyf
eilKiwfs; gjpT nra;jy;> jpwd; cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk;
tpopg;Gzu;T cUthf;Fjy; cs;spl;l gy;NtW gpur;ridfSf;F
tpupthd gupe;Jiufs; Fwpg;gpL> rpukq;fis ePf;Fk; Mw;wy;
gapw;rp cs;sJ
,uz;lhtJ ARC ,g;NghJ tiu 11 mwpf;iffis rku;g;gpj;J khtl;l epu;thfk;
gaq;futhjj;jpd; kPjhd xU FWfpa RUf;fj;ij Kd;itj;Js;sJ. ,e;j

mwpf;iffs; Kf;fpakhf gpd;tUk; gFjpfSld; njhlu;Gnfhs;fpd;wd:
••ARC ,d; 1tJ mwpf;if: jfty; mwpAk; cupik: ey;y Ml;rpf;F
Kjd;ik tpir> [_d; 2006 Fwpg;Gfs;
••ARC ,d; 2 tJ mwpf;if: kdpj %yjdj;ij jpwj;jy;:
cupikfs; kw;Wk; MSif: xU tof;F Ma;T
••ARC ,d; 3 tJ mwpf;if: neUf;fb Nkyhz;ik
••ARC ,d; 4 tJ mwpf;if: xOq;FKiw MSif
••ARC gw;wpa 5 tJ mwpf;if: nghJ xOq;F
••ARC gw;wpa 6 tJ mwpf;if: cs;Shu; Ml;rp
••7 tJ mwpf;if: Nkhjy; jPu;khdk; jpwd;
••8 tJ mwpf;if: gaq;futhjj;ij vjpu;j;J ePjpahy; ghJfhj;jy;
••9 tJ mwpf;if: r%f %yjdk;: xU gfpug;gl;l tpjp
••10 tJ mwpf;if: gzpahsu; epu;thfj;ij GJg;gpj;jy;: Gjpa
cauq;fis mstpLjy;
••11 tJ mwpf;if: kpd;-MSik Nkk;gLj;Jjy;: ];khu;l; Nt
Kd;Ndhf;F
ARC gupe;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapy;> gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; epu;thf
rPu;jpUj;j jpizf;fsj;jpy; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
••rk;ge;jg;gl;l nfhs;if tp\aq;fspy; kj;jpa muRf;F MNyhrid
toq;Fjy; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;.
••kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs;> nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; cs;Shu;
mikg;Gfspd; epWtdq;fSf;F Nkyhz;ik MNyhrid
Nritfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; ,e;j mikg;Gfspy; etPd
Nkyhz;ik eilKiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
••jpizf;fsq;fspy; epu;thf Nritfs; Nkk;ghL tsu;r;rp nra;jy;
kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpia toq;fy; kw;Wk; epu;thf
eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; etPd Kfhikj;Jt epu;thfk; gw;wpa
jfty;fis gug;Gjy; El;gq;fis nra;Js;sJ.
1970fspy; ARC gupe;Jiufis mLj;J tUk; ,e;jpa murpd;
jpizf;fsq;fspd; fl;likg;gpYk;> gzpapYk; kpfg;ngupa khw;wq;fisf;
fz;lJ. ARC gupe;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapy;> xU jdp 1970y;
mikr;ruitr; nrayfj;jpy; 'gzpahsu; Jiw' cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1973 Mk; Mz;by;> epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j jpizf;fsk; (1964Mk; Mz;by;
cs;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ) mikr;ruit nrayfj;jpd;
fPo; ,e;j Gjpa jpizf;fsj;jpy; khw;wg;gl;L gzpahsu; kw;Wk;
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j jpizf;fsk; vd kPz;Lk; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. Vg;uy;
1977y;> jpizf;fsk; kPz;Lk; cs;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ>
cs;Jiw ke;jpupapd; nghWg;gpd; fPo; ,e;j Vw;ghL 1984 tiu ePbj;jJ.
khtl;l epu;thfk; 1984 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 31 Mk; Njjp> gzpahsu; kw;Wk;
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j jpizf;fsk; xU khepy mikr;rupd; RahjPd
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F cl;gl;lJ> Mdhy; gpujkupd; xl;Lnkhj;j Fw;wr;rhl;bd;
fPo;. khu;r; 1985y;> jpizf;fskhdJ gzpahsu;fSf;Fk; gapw;rp> epu;thf
Fwpg;Gfs; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fk;> nghJkf;fsplkpUe;Jk; Xa;T+jpaq;fSf;Fk;
mikr;rfk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l xU KOikahd mikr;rfj;jpd;
epiyia cau;j;jpaJ. brk;gu; 1985y;> mikr;rfk; NkYk; gzpahsu;>
nghJ ftiy-fs; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpa mikr;R> %d;W Jiwfs;>
mjhtJ> gzpahsu; kw;Wk; gapw;rp Jiw (DART)> epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;
jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J jpizf;fsk; (DAR & PG)
kw;Wk; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; nghJ FiwghLfs;
kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpa eyd;Gup jpizf;fsk; Mfpatw;wpd;
nray;ghl;L kjpg;gha;T nra;Js;sJ.
14.5 Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jh];

nkhup[p Njrha; jiyikapyhd epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC) 1966
,y; 'Fbkf;fSila Fiwfis rupnra;Ak; gpur;rpidfs;' gw;wpa xU
rpwg;G ,ilf;fhy mwpf;if xd;iw rku;g;gpj;Js;sJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifapy;>
'Nyhf;ghy;' kw;Wk; 'Nyhf;MAf;jh' vd gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L
rpwg;G mjpfhupfis ARC mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
jkpo;ehL muR kw;Wk; khepy mstpy; cs;s Nyhf;MAf;jh
Nyhf;ghy;-tif epWtdj;ij Mk;Gl;];Nkd; tif cUthf;f ARC
gupe;Jiu nra;jJ. kf;fs; Fiw jPu;f;Fk; ];fhz;bNetpa epWtdk;>
Kjypy; ];tPld; 1809 y; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j FiwNfl;G epWtdk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F epu;thf nghWg;G vd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;
cs;sJ. epu;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iff;F vjpuhd Gfhu;fis
ifahs ,e;j epWtdk; epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhupia Fwpf;fpwJ.
murhq;f Copau;fspilNa Kf;fpakhf murpay;thjpfs;
kw;Wk; mYtyu;fspilNa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Coy; kf;fSf;F
kf;fisf; Fiwf;f cjTfpwJ. ,J Nyhf;MAf;jh vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl
Ntz;Lk; Nrhjidfis elj;JfpwJ. Mdhy; Mr;rupag;gLtjw;fpy;iy>
ahiuAk; jz;bg;gjw;F gpizg;G rf;jpfs; ,y;iy. ,jd;
fhuzkhf> Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd; gy eltbf;iffs; Fw;wthsp my;yJ
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l gpw tpisTfSf;F fhuzkhf ,y;iy.
ARC My; toq;fg;gl;l ,e;j epWtdq;fspd; mk;rq;fs;:
••mtu;fs; RahjPdkhfTk; ghugl;rkw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
••mtu;fspd; tprhuid kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
elj;jg;gl;L> vOj;J Kiwapy; rPuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••mtu;fsJ epakdk; Kbe;jtiu> murpay; my;yhjitahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
••mtu;fsJ me;j];J ehl;bd; kpf cau;e;j ePjpj;Jiw
nray;jpl;lj;Jld; xg;gpl Ntz;Lk;

••mePjp> Coy; kw;Wk; jaf;fkpd;ik Mfpait rk;ge;jg;gl;l khtl;l epu;thfk;
tpNr\pj;j Jiwapy; tptfhuq;fis mtu;fs; rkhspf;f Ntz;Lk;

••mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffs; ePjpj; jiyaPl;bw;F cl;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ>
NkYk; mtw;wpd; flikfSf;Fj; njhlu;Gila jftiyg;
ngWtjpy; mjpfgl;r ml;rNuif kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; ,Uf;f Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk;
••mtu;fs; ve;j ed;ikAk; my;yJ gzk; rhu;e;j Mjhak; Njl
$lhJ.
ARC gupe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;> 1968 Kjy; kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy;
Nyhf; rgh epWTtjw;F gy Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1968> 1977>
1985> 1990> 1998 kw;Wk; 2001 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; murhq;fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. 1977
y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh mjd; gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ. 1985
Mk; Mz;L kNrhjh gpujk ke;jpup Nyhf;ghypd; mjpfhu tuk;gpypUe;J
tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. Nyhf;ghy; rl;l kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;s ,e;j kNrhjh gpujk ke;jpup kw;Wk; ,ju ke;jpupfs;
kPz;Lk; Nyhf;ghy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. JujpU\;ltrkhf>
,e;j kNrhjhfs; ,d;Dk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy.
14.5.1 Nyhf;MAf;jh
,e;jpahtpy; khepyq;fspd; kl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l xk;gpA+l;];kd; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. gy khepy murhq;fq;fs; Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk;
mg;-Nyhf;MAf;jh mYtyfj;ij epWtpAs;sd. khepyq;fsitapy;
Nyhf;MAf;jhit epWTjy; fl;lhakpy;iy. 1985Mk; Mz;L>
kfhuh\;buh (1971)> gPfhu; (1973)> cj;jug; gpuNjrk; (1975)> kj;jpag;
gpuNjrk; (1981)> Me;jpuh (1985)> `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk; (1985)> fu;ehlfh
(1985)> mrhk; 1986)> F[uhj; (1986)> gQ;rhg; (1995)> jpy;yp (1996) kw;Wk;
ùpahdh (1996). NfushTk; xU ];jhgdkhfTk; nray;gLfpwJ ,e;j
mYtyfk;. 1970 ,y; xk;gpA+l;];kd; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpa KjyhtJ
khepykhf xuprhTk;> 1993 y; epWtdj;ij xopj;Jf;fl;l Kjy;tUk;
Mthu;. Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jhit epakdk; nra;tJ
MSeu;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjhFk;. Nyhf;MAf;jh rl;lq;fs; khepy
cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpAlDk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpy; vjpu;f;fl;rpj;
jiytUlDk; fye;jhNyhrpg;gjw;fhf MSeiu Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk;
Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jhit epakpg;Nghk;.
mYtyfk; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;

Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk; Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jhf;fspd; fhyg;gFjp Ie;J
Mz;LfSf;F epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> mrhk; rl;lk; taJ
tuk;G 68Mf tiuaWf;fpwJ. Nyhf;MAf;jhTf;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
epiy cau; ePjp kd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp my;yJ cr;r ePjp
kd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp kw;Wk; cau; ePjp kd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpaplk; kw;Wk; gpw
tof;Ffspy; $Ljy; nrayhsu; ,e;jpa murhq;fk;. Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
khtl;l epu;thfk; ghugl;rkw;w jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;> Nyhf;MAf;jh
kw;Wk; Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jh ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf my;yJ khepy
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;J tpyf;fg;gl;L murpay; fl;rpfSld;
ve;jnthU njhlu;igAk; itj;jpUf;f jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; gjtp tpyfpa gpwF> mtu;fs; me;je;j khepy murhq;fq;fspd; fPo;
kw;nwhU mYtyfj;ij elj;j jFjpaw;wtu;fs;. Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk;
Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jh MSeuhy; jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ jpwdw;w jd;ik
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ePf;fg;glyhk;. cau;ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfs; mfw;wg;gLtjw;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; toq;fg;gl;l
mNjNghy> Nyhf;MAf;jhit mfw;Wtjw;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s
eilKiw fpl;lj;jl;l xd;whFk;.
rl;l vy;iy gFjp

Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk; Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jh ve;j eltbf;ifiaAk; tprhupf;f
mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sdu;> ,J xU mikr;ru; my;yJ nrayhsu;
my;yJ NtW nghJ Copaupd; nghJ my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xg;GjYld;
my;yJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ke;jpupfs; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J
Fiwe;j mstpw;F midj;J epu;thf eltbf;iffs; Nyhf;MAf;jh
kw;Wk; Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jh Mfpatw;why; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
[pyh gup\j; jiytu; kw;Wk; ,ju cs;Shuhl;rp rigfisr; Nru;e;j
mjpfhupfs; rpyu; Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd; vy;iyf;Fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
Gydha;T Kiw
Nyhf;MAf;jh my;yJ Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jh tprhuizia elj;Jtjw;F
Kd;nkhope;j tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhz;l gpwF> Gfhupd; efy; kw;Wk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jFjptha;e;j mjpfhupf;F mtu; Gfhu; mspf;fpwhu;.
Nyhf;MAf;jh kw;Wk; Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jhtpw;F Kd;du; ve;j eltbf;ifAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Gfhu; my;yJ egu; Gfhu; njuptpf;fg;gLk;
ve;jnthU tprhuizAk; ntspaplg;glf;$lhJ. Nyhf;ghypd; VohtJ
mfpy ,e;jpa khehL> Nyhf;MAf;jh]; ngq;fShupy; eilngw;w
Nky;-Nyhf;MAf;jh];> [dtup 2003y; gpd;tUk; tpjpKiwfis
typAWj;jpdhu;:
••Nyhf;MAf;jh rl;lj;ij rPuhd Kiwapy; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk;>
murpay; epu;thfj;jpy; ,Ue;J RahjPdkhd epWtdj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; xU mtrpak; cs;sJ.
••ghuhSkd;wk; xU rl;lj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhy;>
Nyhf; MAf;jhtpd; epakdk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l cau; ePjp kd;wj;jpd;
jiyik ePjpgjpapd; MNyhridAld; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik
ePjpgjpapd; gupe;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;glyhk;.
,jd; %yk; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
mfw;Wtjw;fhd xU eilKiwfs; Mfpait gjtpf; fhyk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••Nyhf;MAf;jhTf;F toq;fg;gl;l Copau;fSf;F ghJfhg;G
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••murhq;f Copau;fSf;F ,J njhlu;ghf ,Jtiu cs;s khtl;l epu;thfk;
Nyhf;MAf;jh mwpf;iffs;, murhq;fj;jplk; gpizf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.
••Nyhf;MAf;jh mtu;fspd; nray;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa tUlhe;jpu
mwpf;if xd;iw ntspapl;lhf Ntz;Lk;> ,J nghJkf;fSf;Fj; Fwpg;Gfs;
njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••kf;fsit kf;fSf;F vspjhf mZfg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Kjy; Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh 1968Mk; Mz;L jpU gNfh]; %yk;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 1969y; 4tJ kf;fsit epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
Mdhy; uh[;a rig %yk; ngw Kbatpy;iy. gpd;du;> 1971> 1977> 1985>
1989> 1996> 1998> 2001> 2005 kw;Wk; 2008 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; Nyhf;ghy;
kNrhjhf;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld> Mdhy; mit epiwNtwtpy;iy.
Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh> gpujk ke;jpup> kw;w ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F vjpuhf Coy; Gfhiu Gfhuhf mspf;fpwJ. epu;thfr;
rPu;jpUj;jj; Mizak; (ARC)> Nyhf;ghy; murpayikg;ig gupe;Jiuj;j
NghJ> mj;jifa xU epWtdk;> Mokhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l Fbkf;fspd;
kdq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;j mePjp vd;w czu;it ePf;Ftjw;F kl;Lk;
epahakpy;iy vd;W cWjpahf ek;gpdhu;. Mdhy; epu;thf ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
jpwdpy; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpak-
hFk;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh 1968 Mk; Mz;by;
ehd;fhtJ kf;fsitj; Nju;jypy; Kjd;Kiwahf toq;fg;gl;lJ>
1969Mk; Mz;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mJ uh[;arghtpy;
epYitapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;lJ> mjdhy;
me;j Neuj;jpy; kNrhjh ,aw;wg;gltpy;iy. mLj;jLj;j Mz;Lfspy;
kNrhjh gy Kiw GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU KiwAk;> kNrhjhTf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lgpd;> ehlhSkd;w $l;Lf; FOthf my;yJ cs;Jiw
mikr;rfj;jpd; xU Jiw epiyf; FO Nghd;w Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;fhd rpy
FOitg; gw;wpAk;> ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; murhq;fk; ,Wjp epiyg;ghl;il
vLf;fk; Kd;du;> kPz;Lk; FO fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjhtpd; rkPgj;jpa tiutpy; gy njspthd
FiwghLfs; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Nyhf;ghy; mbg;gil
Nahridapy; kj;jpa murpd; Nyhf;ghy; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jf; FO kw;Wk;
khepyq;fspy; Nyhf;MAf;jh(fs;) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l xk;gpA+l;];kd;
mYtyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J fld; ngwg;gLfpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Nyhf;ghy;
kNrhjhit epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf 2011Mk; Mz;by; rkPgj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
nghJkf;fs; Nfhupf;ifAk;> Nghuhl;lKk; rptpy; rKjha mikg;Gfshy;
elj;jg;gl;ld. [d; Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh (Fbkf;fspd; xk;gpA+l;];kd;
kNrhjh) murpayhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjhTf;F gjpyhf
rptpy; rKjha mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Mu;tyu;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,e;j tiuT Coy; vjpu;g;G rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; [d Nyhf;ghy;
epakdk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;> Coy; tof;Ffis tprhupg;gjw;F xU
RahjPd mikg;G> xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; tprhuizia Kbf;f kw;Wk; xU
tUlj;jpw;Fs; tprhuizapd; Kbit cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
khtl;l epu;thfk; ePjpgjp re;Njh\; n`f;Nl (Kd;dhs; cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp kw;Wk;
fu;ehlf Kd;dhs; Nyhf;MAf;jh)> gpurhe;j; G+\d; (cr;r ePjpkd;w
tof;fwpQu;) kw;Wk; mutpe;j; nf[;upthy; (jfty; mwpAk; cupik
Mu;tyu;) MfpNahuhy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. jahupf;fg;gl;l kNrhjh> xU
Fwpg;Gfs; Coy; Fw;wthsp ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;Fs; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gLthu;
vd;gijAk;> mtuJ jtwhd Mjhaq;fs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gLtijAk;
fhzyhk;. murhq;f mDkjpapd;wp murpay;thjpfisAk;
mjpfhuj;Jtu;fisAk; Fw;wthspfSf;F [hd; Nyhf;ghYf;F mjpfhuKk;
mspf;fpwJ. Rthkp mf;dpNt\;> utprq;fu;> md;dh `rhNu> ky;ypfh
rhuhgha; Nghd;w Xa;Tngw;w IPS mjpfhupAkhd fpuz; Ngb kw;Wk; gpwUk;
,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf cs;sdu;. ,J CoYf;F vjpuhd
,e;jpah vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,af;fkhdJ ,e;jpahtpd;
kf;fSila $l;L Nfhgj;jpd; ntspg;ghL MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> brk;gu;
27> 2011 md;W Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh kf;fsitapy; xU ePz;l ehs;
tpthjk; kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fis epiwNtw;wpaJ> Mdhy; uh[;a rigapy;
epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy.
Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd; gq;F
Nyhf;MAf;jh Coy; tof;Ffis tprhupj;J> kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;jp>
eltbf;if vLf;fpwJ. mtu; Coypy; ngUk; fhNrhiyahf ,Ug;ghu;>
mJ fzpdpj;jpy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ> NkYk;
epu;thf ,ae;jpuj;ij Fbkfdhf elj;jptUfpwJ. mtuJ nray;ghLfs;
ngUk;ghYk; mtUf;Fs; cs;s mjpfhu tuk;ig rhu;e;jJ Fbkf;fs;
Fiwfis ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F cldbahfTk;>
jpwikAlDk; toq;fg;gLk; trjpfs; kw;Wk; Jupjkhf vspikahd>
Kiwrhuh El;gk; %yk; njhopy;El;gq;fs; nra;Js;sJ.
nghJ Copau;fSf;F vjpuhf Coy; Gfhu; kPJ tprhuiz/
Gydha;T toq;FfpwJ. jPq;fpioj;jy;> Coy;> jhkjk;> jpwikaw;wJ>
ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> epiyikia jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;>
Kiwaw;w elj;ij Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf Fbkf;fs; cupikfis
mtu; ghJfhf;fpwJ. gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiw Kiwrhuh kw;Wk;
kypthdJ> kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fs; topapy; tutpy;iy. xt;nthU
GfhUk; xU thf;F%yk; %yk; Mjupf;fg;gLfpwJ tof;F tprhuizapy;.
mtu; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; rf;jp tha;e;j ez;gu; xU gpujpepjp Fbkf;fs;
mjpfhupfs; nray;fs; nrayw;W my;yJ CoYf;F vjpuhf nray;gLtjw;F.
mtu; epu;thfj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ my;y> khwhf nghJkf;fSf;Fk;
epu;thfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfis kdpjNeakhf;Ftjpy;
cjTfpwJ> NkYk; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwf;F kupahijf;Fupa xU
'jpwe;j muR' xd;iw epWTtjpy; xU Kd;Ndhbahf nray;gLfpwJ.
mtu; jLg;G gpur;rhuj;ij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l xU fy;tpahsu;> Coy;
nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; MSik epu;thfj;jpw;F jPq;Fapiyj;jiy jLg;gJ
mtuJ Nehf;fkhFk;.

Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd; gq;fspg;G mtrpakhf cs;sd> ,J khtl;l epu;thfk;
murhq;fq;fs; fl;lhakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mbg;gil Njitfis

rkd; nra;af;$ba xU mikg;ig toq;FfpwJ.
Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd; jpwid mtuJ Kjd;ik Nehf;Fld;
njhlu;GgLj;JfpwJ: murpayikg;G muR guhkupf;fg;gLtij Fwpg;Gfs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> nghJ mjpfhupfs; Fbkf;fspd; cupikfs;
kw;Wk; rl;lq;fis kjpf;fpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; epu;thf rpf;fy;fs; ePf;Fjy;
Nghd;w Kiwikfis rup nra;Afpd;wd> Fiwf;fg;gl;l jhkjq;fs;>
tpUg;gj;ij jpUj;jk; nra;jy;> KbntLf;Fk; nray;Kiwfs;.> ,jd;
tpisthf> ,e;j gzp ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: (a)
fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; (b) Njitahd nghOJ nghJ mjpfhupfspd;
elj;ijapy; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gLk; ,jdhy;jhd; Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd;
nray;jpwd; my;yJ murhq;f mjpfhupfshy; mky;gLj;jg;gl;l
mtUila gupe;Jiufis ngWtjpy; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;sd> nghJ
mjpfhupfs; mtuJ gupe;Jiufis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk;
Gupe;Jnfhs;tijAk; mtupd; jpwidg; nghWj;jJ. mjdhy;jhd;
murhq;f mjpfhupfs; mtuJ jiyaPl;Lj; jd;ik gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gij
cWjp nra;fpwhu;> nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; elj;ijia mtu; kjpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,J mtuJ nghJ jiyaPL nfhs;iffis nghJikahf;FfpwJ;
nghJkf;fs;> nghJ mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; Clfq;fs; Mfpait
ve;jnthU gupe;JiuAkpd;wp Gupjiyg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jd>
mtw;wpd; tprhuizapd; fPo; xU tof;fpy; mtu; vd;d nra;a KbAk;>
vd;dnty;yhk; tprhuizfspd; ,ay;G Ntz;Lk;.
6. gy;NtW tifahd epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fis gl;baypL;f.
7. Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jh mikg;ig ARC gupe;Jiu
nra;tJ Vd;?

tpilfs;
1. cs;Shu; egu;fs; (gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; khefu

rig)> murpayikg;gpd; 73 tJ kw;Wk; 74 tJ jpUj;jk; nra;j
gpd;du;> murpayikg;gpd; gjpdhd;fhk; kw;Wk; gd;dpuz;lhtJ
ml;ltizapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb> cs;Shu; gFjpfspd;
Nkk;gLtjw;fhd ghlq;fisf; ifahs;tjw;F %d;whk; epiy
muR mjpfhukspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. khtl;l Ml;rpau; khtl;l mstpy; khepyj;jpd; jiytuhf
cs;shu;. khtl;l Ml;rpau;/ePjpgjp Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fis gy
xd;wpak; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lq;fs; fPo; mtiu ek;gp cs;sJ.
,e;j rl;lG+u;tkhd mjpfhuq;fis ftdpg;G kw;Wk; nghWg;Gld;
nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; rpy gzpfs;:
khtl;l epu;thfk; ••khtl;l epjpf;F (nryT kw;Wk; jzpf;if) nghWg;ghd epy kw;Wk;
tUtha; epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf nray;gLjy;;.
••epiwNtw;W ePjp kd;wj;jpd; khtl;lj; jiytuhfTk;> rl;lk;>
xOq;F kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G gw;wpa xl;Lnkhj;j Nkw;ghu;itapYk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wdu;.
••khtl;lj;jpy; MAj> ntbg;G kw;Wk; xspg;gjpT rl;lq;fs; Nghd;w
gy;NtW rpwg;G rl;lq;fis nghWj;J cupkk; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw
Mizak; nray;gLk;
••ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy rl;lkd;wk; kw;Wk; cs;Shuhl;rp rigfSf;F
Nju;jy;fs; elj;Jjy;;.
••mYtyf mjpfhupapd; Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik.
4. tl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jhYf;fs; njn`rpyhu; vd epakpf;fg;gl;l
xU mjpfhupapd; fPo; cs;sdu;. xU jhrpy;jhu; mYtyfj;jpd;
tUtha; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;f kw;Wk; tUtha; thupak;>
tUtha;> tUtha;g; gpuNjr Mizau;> Ml;rpahsu; kw;Wk; Jiz
Ml;rpahsu; MfpNahuhy; mt;tg;NghJ toq;fg;gLk; tpjpKiwfs;
kw;Wk; epu;thf topKiwfis gpd;gw;WfpwJ.
5. tUtha; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; fpuhk fzf;fhsu; (VA) kw;Wk;
tl;lhr;rpau; MfpNahUf;F ,ilapyhd xU Kf;fpa ,izg;G.
mtu; fpuhk fzf;fhsu; kw;Wk; tl;lhl;rpau; MfpNahUld;
njhlu;e;J njhlu;gpy; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;. 1964 kw;Wk;
fu;ehlfh epy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;> 1961 kw;Wk; fu;ehlfh epy
kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;> 1961 ,d; fPo; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l midj;J
flikfisAk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
6. n[uhy;l; ,. Nfnld; fUj;Jg;gb> epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ehd;F
tiffspy; ,Uf;fyhk;:
(i) murpay; khw;wq;fs; %yk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; jpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
murpay; rf;jpfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;L> jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; fhl;rpapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; epu;thfj;ij
ghjpf;fpwJ. epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;
murpay; khw;wq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(ii) mikg;G uPjpahd tpiwg;Gj;jpwid rupnra;AkhW
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld: mjpfhuj;Jt
fl;likg;Gfs; nefpo;thditahf khw Ntz;Lk;. epu;thfj;jpd;
fl;likg;gpy; cs;s tpiwg;G mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khw;wq;fs;
kWrPuikg;G> kWgpuNtrk;> kPz;Lk;Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;
kWguprPyid kw;Wk; kWgad;ghl;bd; tbtj;jpy;
eilngWfpd;wd.
(iii) rl;l mikg;G %yk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jk;
njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs; epu;thfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
khw;wq;fs; Vw;glyhk;. rl;lk; vd;gJ nghJthf FOf;fs;>
Mizf;FOf;fs;> gj;jpupiffs; Nghd;w gy kd;wq;fspy;
MNyhrid kw;Wk; tpthjq;fs; cs;sd. khtl;l epu;thfk;
(vi) khw;wq;fs; %yk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: kdpj ,dk; ve;j

mikg;Gk; xU Kf;fpa gFjpahf cs;sd. mtu;fspd;
mZFKiwapy; khw;wk;> rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L
tu cjTfpwJ. ve;jnthU rl;lG+u;tkhd> fl;likg;G Fwpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; murpay; khw;wKk; Njitahd rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F
toptFf;fhJ.
7. nkhup[p Njrha; jiyikapyhd epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC)
1966 ,y; 'Fbkf;fSila Fiwfis rupnra;Ak; gpur;rpidfs;'
gw;wpa xU rpwg;G ,ilf;fhy mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpj;jJ. ,e;j
mwpf;ifapy; ARC> Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jh vd ,uz;L
rpwg;G mjpfhupfis mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
khepy muR kw;Wk; khepy mstpy; cs;s Nyhf;MAf;jh
Nyhf;ghy;-tif epWtdj;ij cUthf;f gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
14.7 RUf;fk;
••gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;lkd;wkhFk;

khtl;l Ml;Nru;g;G (Fw;wtpay; ePjp epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;gpw;F)
my;yJ Jiz Mizahsu; (nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;gpy;)
kw;Wk; khtl;l Ml;rpau; (khtl;l epu;thfk;) cs;Shu; Fbrd
tpjpfspd; fPo; rpwg;G nray;ghLfs;/mjpfhuq;fs;.
••khtl;l mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F
,ilNa cs;s njhlu;G> khepy muR kw;Wk; khtl;l Ml;rpj;
Ml;rpaUf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;ig jdpahf Muha KbahJ.
mtu;fSf;Fs; epug;Gjd;ik mjpfk; cs;sJ.
••cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; (gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;) 73 MtJ kw;Wk; 74 MtJ jpUj;jk;
nra;j gpd;du;> %d;whk; epiy murhq;fk; kw;Wk; cs;Shu;
gFjpfspd; tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd ghlq;fis ifahs mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl cs;sd. ,it murpayikg;gpd; gjpNdhuhtJ kw;Wk;
gd;dpuz;lhk; ml;ltizapy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••fle;j ,UE}W Mz;Lfshf Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpy;
epu;thfj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhf khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; gjtp
tfpj;jhu;. RahjPdj;jpw;F Kd;> nghUshjhuk; tptrhapf;F
Kjd;ikahf ,Ue;jNghJ> epy mgfupg;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gue;j
mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpf;Fk; epyg;gFjp epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf
fnyf;lu;> ,Wjp ghJfhtyu; eguhf fUjg;gl;lhu;.
••khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; / ePjpgjp gy xd;wpak; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lq;fspd;
fPo; mtUf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j rl;lG+u;tkhd mjpfhuq;fis ftdpg;G
kw;Wk; nghWg;Gld; nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
khtl;l epu;thfk; ••jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;> 2005 vd;gJ> Vio kw;Wk; eypTw;w
kf;fspd; mjpfhukspj;jy; xU Kf;fpa fUtpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
nghJ kf;fSf;F jfty; fpilg;gJ kw;Wk; muR epWtdq;fs;
nray;gLtij gw;wp njspT ngWtJ ey;yJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ••xU tl;lhr;rpau; mYtyfj;jpd; tUtha; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
murhq;f kw;Wk; tUtha; thupak;> tUtha; gpuNjr
Mizau;> Ml;rpahsu; kw;Wk; Jiz epu;thfp MfpNahuhy;
mt;tg;NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epu;thf
topKiwfis gpd;gw;WfpwJ.
••tUtha; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; fpuhk fzf;fhsu; (VA) kw;Wk;
tl;lhr;rpau; MfpNahUf;F ,ilapyhd xU Kf;fpa ,izg;G. mtu;
fpuhk fzf;fhsu; kw;Wk; jhrpy;jhu;Uld; njhlu;e;J njhlu;gpy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 1964 kw;Wk; fu;ehlfh epy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;>
1961 kw;Wk; fu;ehlfh epy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;> 1961 ,d; fPo;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l midj;J flikfisAk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
••epu;thfj;jpd; rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC) vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd;
nghJ epu;thf mikg;GKiwia kPsha;T nra;tjw;fhd
gupe;Jiufis ,e;jpa muR epakpj;Js;sJ.
••xU Fbkfdpd; rhrdj;ij tFg;gjw;fhf> nghJ Nrit
,ilKfj;Jld; mikr;rufq;fs; kw;Wk; Jiwfs; Mfpatw;iw
,af;FtJ> Nrit kw;Wk; fhy vy;iyfs;> FiwjPu;g;gpd;
FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhd juepiyfs; Mfpatw;iw
epiyepWj;JfpwJ.
••gpujk ke;jpup lhf;lu; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;fpw;F 2006 [_d; 9Mk;
Njjp Kjy; jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;: ey;y epu;thfj;jpw;F
Kjd;ik tpir vd;w ,uz;lhtJ epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak;
(ARC) jiytu; tPug;g nkha;yp Kjy; mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpj;jhu;.
••ARC gupe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;> 1968 Kjy; kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy;
Nyhf;ghy; epWTtjw;F gy Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
1968> 1977> 1985> 1990> 1998 kw;Wk; 2001 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; murhq;fk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
••Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh> gpujk ke;jpup> kw;w ke;jpupfs; kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;F vjpuhf Coy; Gfhiu mspf;fpwJ.
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC)> Nyhf;ghy; murpayikg;ig
gupe;Jiuf;Fk;NghJ> mj;jifa epWtdk; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Fbkf;fspd; kdjpy; ,Ue;J mePjp
czu;it mfw;Wtjw;F kl;Lky;y> Mdhy; epu;thf ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
nray;jpwdpy; nghJ ek;gpf;ifia tsu;f;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
••murhq;fq;fs; fl;lhakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> Mdhy; mjw;fhd
nghWg;Gld; $ba mbg;gil Njitfis epu;tfpg;gjw;fhd epu;thf
mikg;ig toq;Ftjpy; Nyhf;MAf;jhtpd; gq;F mtrpak;.

14.8 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs; khtl;l epu;thfk;
••1992 Mk; Mz;bd; 73 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;: ,J 'gQ;rhaj;Jfs;'

njhlu;ghdJ. ,e;j rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; epWtdq;fSf;F
murpayikg;G me;j];J mspj;jJ. ,J murpayikg;gpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
epahakhd gFjpapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ.
••1992 74tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;: ,J "efuhl;rpfs;" njhlu;ghdJ.
••mjpfhug;G+u;t ,ufrpa rl;lk; 1923: ,J gpupl;b\; FbNaw;wj;jpypUe;J
,e;jpahtpd; vjpu;g;G csT ("cstd;" kw;Wk; ",ufrpa Kftu;")
nray; MFk;. ,e;jpahTf;F vjpuhd xU vjpup muRf;F cjtp
nra;Ak; eltbf;iffs; njspthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
••RTI rl;lk;: jfty; mwpAk; cupik vd;gJ Fbkf;fSf;fhd
jfty; cupikf;fhd eilKiw Ml;rpia mikg;gjw;fhf
,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lk; 2002 Mk; Mz;L ntspahd
jfty; Rje;jpu rl;lj;ij khw;wpaikj;jJ.
••FiwjPu;g;ghsu; nghJkf;fSila eyd;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;tjw;fhf Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l xU mjpfhup> jtwhd KiwaPL
my;yJ cupik kPwy; gw;wpa Gfhu;fis tprhupg;gJ.
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. khepy epu;thfj;jpd; gq;if gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
2. khtl;l Ml;rpahsu; Njit vd;d?
3. ARC gb> Ml;rpahsu;f;F xg;gilf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. fpuhk epu;thf mjpfhup (VAO) gq;F gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
5. epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; topapy; tUk; rthy;fis tptupf;f.
6. epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhf gy;NtW FOf;fs; kw;Wk; khehLfs;
gw;wpa RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJf.
7. NyhfAf;jh gjtpf; fhyk; kw;Wk; epiyikia tpthjpf;fTk;.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ehl;bYs;s khtl;l kw;Wk; Jiz khtl;l mstpy; xl;Lnkhj;j
epu;thf fl;likg;ig tpthjpf;f.
2. khtl;l Ml;rpaupd; gupzhkk; kw;Wk; khw;wj;ij Ma;T nra;f.
3. gy;NtW xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepy rl;lq;fspd; fPo; Ml;rpau;/ DM/DC
gapw;rp nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
4. Cuf epu;thfj;jpy; tl;lhr;rpau;> tUtha; Ma;thsu;> fpuhk epu;thf
mYtyu; MfpNahupd; gzpfs; Fwpj;J tpupthd Fwpg;G tiuf.
khtl;l epu;thfk; 5. mYtyf kw;Wk; mYtyu;fspd; epu;thf jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;L epUthfr; rPu;jpUj;j Mizaj;jpd; nray;ghl;il Ma;T
nra;f.
6. Nyhf;ghy; kw;Wk; Nyhf;MAf;jh epWtdq;fspd; nray;jpwd;
Fwpg;Gfs; Fwpj;J xU tpku;rd gFg;gha;it toq;Ff
14.10 NkYk; gbf;f

M\p\; ntspaPLfs;.
GJ jpy;yp: fdp\;fh.
ntspaPLfs;.
Kdptu; ntspaPLfs;.

vk;.V. [tuyhW] அழகப் பNkk;ாghl;Lபல் க-லைக் கழகம்

kdpjts mikr;rfk; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
தேசியத் ேர நிர்ணயக் குழுவின் மூன்்ாம் சுற்றுத் ேர மேிபபபீட்டில் A+(CGPA: 3.64) ேகுேியும்
Kjy; gUtk;
321 13
fhiuf;Fb - மானியக்குழுவின்
மனிேவள தமம்பாட்டு அைமகசசகம் - பல்கைலக்கழக 630003 முேல் ேரப
பல்கைலக்கழகம் மற்றும் ேன்னாட்சித் ேகுேியும் பபற்்து
321 11 காைரக்குடி – 630 003
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
போைலநிைலக்கல்வி இயக்ககம்
Kjw; gUtk;
gp.fhk; vk;.V. [tuyhW]

Kjy; gUtk;
Kjy; gUtk;
vk;.V. (tuyhW)
102 12 321 13
முேற் பருவம்; 321 11
321 13
,e;jpa ehfupfKk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.gp 1206 tiu

,e;jpa ehfupfKk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.gp 1206
tpahghu jfty; njhlu;ghly;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
,e;jpa epu;thfk;
vk;.V. [tuyhW]
Kjy; gUtk;
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
321 11
,e;jpa ehfupfKk;
Kjw; gUtk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.g
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gp.fhk; vk;.V. [tuyhW]

,e;jpa ehfupfKk; fyhr;rhuKk; – fp.gp 1206 tiu

tpahghu jfty; njhlu;ghly;

காரைக்குடி – 630 003

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ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; Gj;jf tiuglk;

njhFjp I: tuyhw;W R+oy; myF 1: ,e;jpa gupzhk tsu;r;rp

myF 1 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp 1-17

myF 3 1858 tiu gpupl;b\upd; fPo; epu;thfk; 45-61

myF 6 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs; 87-97

myF 7 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiw 98-120

myF 8 ghuhSkd;w [dehaf kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs; 121-150

myF 11 kj;jpa nrayfk; 185-202

myF 12 Fbik gzpfs;  203-220

myF 13 khepy epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G 221-245

myF 14 khtl;l epu;thfk; 246-277

,e;jpah ,Ugj;jp xd;gJ khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; VO ika murpd; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l

myF 1 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk

1.2 nksupa Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfk;

1.2.1 kj;jpa epu;thfk;

1.2.2 khfhzq;fspd; epu;thfk;

(i) efu epu;thfk;

(ii) fpuhk epu;thfk;:

(iii) jz;lid kw;Wk; ePjp Kiwik

(v) fhty;Jiw kw;Wk; csT mikg;Gfs;

1.2.3 nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

(i) eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs;

(ii) nksupa rKjhak;

(iii) nghUshjhu epiy

1.2.4 nksupa fhy fl;lj;jpd; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; thzpgk;

1.3 Fg;ju; fhyj;jpd; fPo; epu;thfk;

Fg;ju; epu;thfj;jpd; mk;rq;fs;:

(iii) khfhz epu;thfk;

(iv) tprah (khtl;l) epu;thfk;

(v) efu epu;thfk;

(vi) fpuhk epu;thfk;

(vii) ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G

(viii) ,uhZt mikg;G

(ix) tUtha; mikg;G

Fg;ju; epu;thf mikg;gpd; FiwghLfs;

1.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

(iii) jl;rpzhghj;: ,e;j khfhzj;jpy; tpe;jpahry; kw;Wk; njd;

14 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

1.6 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;

1.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. nksupa khepy murpd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. nksupa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;igg;

1.8 NkYk; gbf;f

16 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

Ry;jhd; kw;Wk; Kfyha Ml;rp

jPgfw;gj;ijr; Rw;wp Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy;>

Fwpg;Gfs; 2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;

2.2 Nrhou; Ml;rp fhy epu;thfk;

myF 1 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp 1-17

myF 3 1858 tiu gpupl;b\upd; fPo; epu;thfk; 45-61

myF 6 ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs; 87-97

myF 7 1947-f;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiw 98-120

myF 8 ghuhSkd;w [dehaf kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs; 121-150

myF 11 kj;jpa nrayfk; 185-202

myF 12 Fbik gzpfs; 203-220

myF 13 khepy epu;thfj;jpd; fl;likg;G 221-245

myF 14 khtl;l epu;thfk; 246-277

14 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

16 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

19 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

25 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

27 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

29 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

37 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

41 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

43 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

48 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

58 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

60 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

65 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

82 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;