اتصالات لاسلكية مسعود الداقل

Wireless Communication
7th Semester
Prepared by Dr. Masoud Eddaghel
Communication Engineering Department
College of Electronic Technology -Tripoli
Fall-2017
Key References
[1] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications. Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
[2] H. Jafarkhani, “Space-Time Coding: Theory and Practice”.
UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[3] S. Haykin, Communication System. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 2001
[4] B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication
System. Oxford University Press, 1998
[5] J. Proakis, Digital Communications . John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 2001
[6] K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum
Systems. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 2

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Course Assessment
1. 1st Quiz out of 5 marks

2. 2nd Quiz out of 5 marks
3. Mid-Term Exam out of 20 marks
4. 3rd Quiz out of 4 marks
5. Presented assignment out of 6 marks
6. Final Exam out of 60 marks

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Digital System
3. Capacity Theorem
4. Wireless Channel
5. Multiple Antenna Techniques
6. Space Time Coding (STC)
7. MIMO Wireless Communication System
8. Multi-Carrier Transmission
9. OFDM System
10. Introduction to Cooperative Wireless Communications
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1. Introduction
Chalenges of wirelesss communication
Demand for improving the performance of wireless
communications has been rapidly increasing worldwide.
In particular, there is a need for higher data rate
(capacity), larger coverage area and increased quality of
service (reliability).
At the physical layer it may not be possible to achieve
these targets simply by increasing the power or the
bandwidth of the system.

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1. Introduction
Multiplicative and additive distortions inherent to the
wireless medium make this difficult. (noisy channel)
One efficient technology is multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) communication systems with multiple antennas at
both the transmitter and the receiver, which enable a very
good reliability transmission.
Another key technology enabling high-rate
communications over the wireless channels is orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

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1. Introduction
MIMO technology techniques theoretically offers several

benefits which help to achieve such significant performance
gains without additional bandwidth or transmit power.
In particular, some significant advantages such as array

gain, diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain.

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1. Introduction
OFDM has drawn significant interest as a candidate for

broadband wireless communications, due to, not only, its
high bandwidth efficiency but also its robustness against
multipath fading channels.
A MIMO system can potentially be combined with an

OFDM system in order to combine the advantages of
both systems.

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1. Introduction
In 2008

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1. Introduction
Application areas of OFDM:

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1. Introduction
 Wi-Fi slandered is the IEEE 802.11 family of standards

and is primarily a local area networking (LAN) technology
designed to provide in-building broadband coverage.
 Current Wi-Fi systems based on IEEE 802.11a/g support

a peak physical-layer data rate of 54Mbps and typically
provide indoor coverage over a distance of 100 feet.

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1. Introduction
 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).
 WiMAX is a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
 WiMAX slandered is the IEEE 802.16 air interface standard
provides the wireless technology for nomadic and mobile data
access.
 The IEEE 802.16-2004 standard is designed for stationary
transmission.
 The 802.16e modified deals with both stationary and mobile
transmissions.
(Nomadicity implies the ability to connect to the network from different
locations via different base stations; mobility implies the ability to keep
ongoing connections active while moving at vehicular speeds).
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1. Introduction
WiMAX employs OFDM, and supports adaptive

modulation and coding depending on the channel
conditions.
WiMAX offers cost-effective and quickly deployable

alternative to cabled networks such as fibre-optic links,
traditional cable or digital subscriber lines.
Wireless systems cover large geographic areas without the

need for a costly cable infrastructure to each service access
point.
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1. Introduction
Cooperative wireless communication can be increase the
coverage of area.

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1. Introduction
 In conventional wireless communication systems,

users individually communicate with the associated base
station and vice versa. In ather words, its point-to-point
communication systems using a single antenna or co-located
multiple antennas.
 Cooperation is referred to as any architecture that deviates

from this traditional approach, that is where a user’s
communication link is enhanced in a supportive way by
relays or in a cooperative way by other users.

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2. Digital System
 Block diagram of a wireless digital communication
system

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2. Digital System
 Source coding
 Converting analog signal to digital signal by using PCM,
DM, DPCM,… ect.
 Compression of the communication signal to a minimum

number of symbols without the loss of information
(reduction of redundancy)
 Further compression when the loss of information is

tolerated (e.g.video or audio transmission)

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2. Digital System

Channel Coding

Error control coding: defined addition of redundancy to
improve transmission quality.

Channel coding for error correction: FEC (forward error
correction)
Block diagram of error correction model

Channel quality determines residual error rate after decoding

Data rate does not depend on channel quality
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2. Digital System

Channel coding for error detection (CRC- cyclic redundancy
check, used for automatic repeat request methods (ARQ))

Block diagram of error detection model

Reverse channel is necessary

The data rate (throughput) depends on channel quality

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2. Digital System
Measurement of signal level in wireless communication
The measurements of gain or loss of a signal can be expressed
as a ratio of output power over input power.
If the output power is greater than the input power then the
network has a power ratio > 1, which means that the network
has a gain.
If the output power is less than the input power then the
network has a power ratio <1, which means that the network has
a loss.
If the power ratio equals 1 then the network has a unity gain.

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2. Digital System

Instead of measuring the power a signal dissipates in watts, it is
easier to measure the signal level.
The unit of measurement is the decibel (dB) and can be defined
as the loss or gain of a network in a logarithmic form.
The dBm is defined as the gain or loss of a network, where the

reference signal power is 1 mW.

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2. Digital System

Example: Calculate the gain/loss of following networks in dB:
1. Input power is 4 W and output power is 16 W.
2. Input power is 4 mW and output power is 16 mW.
3. Input power is 4 W and output power is 16 W.
Solution
1.
2.
3.
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2. Digital System
Performance of digital modulation over wireless channel

There are two performance criteria of interest:
1. The probability of error, defined relative to either symbol or bit
errors (BER, SER, FER, PER, ...).
2. The outage probability, defined as the probability that the
instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio falls below a given threshold.
Channel effects and noise can cause a dramatic increase in
either the average bit-error-rate or the signal outage probability.

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2. Digital System
Performance of the digital modulation over wireless channel

Bit rate: it is the sampling frequency multiplied by the number
of bits per sample.
The symbol rate (baud): is the bit rate divided by the number
of bits that can be transmitted with each symbol.

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2. Digital System

Bit error Rate (BER): Rate at which errors occur.
Error = transmit 1 and receive 0; transmit 0 and receive 1.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR =Eb / N0) is the ratio of the

received signal energy per bit Eb to the noise power N0.
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2. Digital System

The performance of a digital communication system is
described by the probability of bit error, symbol error and frame
error as a function of the received Eb / N0 ratio.
Required BER for various application of communication
system:
Sufficient BER of speech communication system is 10-2 – 10-3
Objective BER of wireless communication system is 10-5 – 10-6
Required BER of communication system transmitting financial
data is at lest 10-11
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2. Digital System
Digital Modulation
 Digital modulation advantages over analog modulation:
Higher data rates,
Powerful error correction techniques,
Resistance to channel impairments,
More efficient multiple access strategies
Better security and privacy.

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2. Digital System
Linear Digital Modulation
 There are three main types of amplitude/phase modulation:
 Amplitude Shift Keying (MASK): information encoded in
amplitude only.
 Phase Shift Keying (MPSK): information encoded in phase
only
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM): information
encoded in both amplitude and phase.
Non-Linear Digital Modulation
Also called constant envelope modulation
 Frequency shift key modulation (MFSK).
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2. Digital System
Digital Modulation
Digital modulation is a technique which maps a digital
sequence (baseband digital modulation) into a set of high
frequency waveforms (passband digital modulation) that
matches to the physical properties of the communication
channel, e.g. wired or wireless channel.
Note that, we here understand the concept of modulation
not only as a suitable extension of the source signal with a
carrier, like in analog modulation, but also mapping process
techniques.

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2. Digital System
 Digital Modem
 The pair modulator and demodulator, or modem for short,
is great importance for signal transmission, some
criteria for a good modem are:
• High data rate
• High spectral efficiency (Low BW occupancy)
• Low BER (robustness to channel impairments)
• High power efficiency (minimum required transmit power)
• Low cost implementation

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2. Digital System
Gray Mapping of Digital Modulation
In general, if the modulator maps n binary digits at one
time instant into one symbol then a number of M = 2n
different waveforms are needed. This is called M-ary
modulation.
The most common form of mapping with the property is
called Gray coding.
There are different baseband digital modulation
techniques!

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2. Digital System
Gray Mapping of MASK Digital Modulation
The constellation mapping is usually done by Gray
encoding, where the messages associated with signal
amplitudes that are adjacent to each other differ by one bit
value.
Fig. Gray encoding for MPAM Fig. Decision Regions for MPAM

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2. Digital System
Gray Mapping of MPSK Digital Modulation
Fig. Gray encoding for MPSK
Fig. Decision Regions for MPSK

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2. Digital System
Gray Mapping of Digital Modulation

With this encoding method, if noise causes the
demodulation process to mistake one symbol for an
adjacent one (the most likely type of error), this results in
only a single bit error in the sequence of K bits.
Gray codes can be designed for MPSK and square MQAM
constellations, but not rectangular MQAM.

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2. Digital System
 Digital Modulation
Large constellation scheme,
better data rate and less BW.
Sensitive to errors due to
the phasers and amplitude
are closer.

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2. Digital System
Generation of BASK modulation
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying modulation.
Where Rb=1/Tb [bits/sec],

is the bit rate

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2. Digital System
BASK modulation
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying modulation, spectrum and
bandwidth

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2. Digital System
BER of BASK modulation
The BER or probability of error of BPSK, the formula can be
expressed as:

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2. Digital System
BASK demodulation
Coherent demodulation: The detector consists of three basic
components: a multiplier, supplied with a locally generated
version of the sinusoidal carrier, an integrator that performs a
low-pass filtering action, and a decision device that compares
the integrator output with a preset threshold.

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2. Digital System
BASK demodulation
Non-coherent demodulation:
Advantages of noncoherent detection:

-No need for carrier synchronization
- Simple implementation.
Disadvantages of noncoherent detection:
- Its performance is lower than the coherent one in presence of noise.
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2. Digital System
M-ary ASK modulation
MASK modulation, spectrum and bandwidth
The number of bits per symbol is
K=log2 M bits per symbol .
Ts = kTb
The bit rate
Rb =1/Ts bits per second.
The Bandwidth
B = 2 Rb

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2. Digital System
BER of M-aryASK modulation

The BER of MASK, the formula can be expressed as:
where Eb / N0 is the signal energy per bit to the noise power

spectral density. The erfc(x) also known as complementary
error function. It can be obtained from standard tables, graphs
or approximated formula, e.g. for x>1.5 the following
approximation may be used
Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 42 42

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2. Digital System

BER of coherent M-ary ASK

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Digital Communication System
2. Digital System
Generation of BPSK Modulation (2PSK)
Block diagram of BPSK transmitter
The energy per bit is given by:
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2. Digital System
Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation (BPSK) (2PSK)
BPSK: Spectrum and Bandwidth
Ts = Tb

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2. Digital System
Binary Phase Shift Keying Demodulation (BPSK) (2PSK)
Binary phase Shift Keying Demodulation.
Fig. Block diagram of coherent BPSK receiver

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2. Digital System
M-ary PSK modulation
MPSK modulation, spectrum and bandwidth
The number of bits per symbol is K=log2 M bits per symbol .
Ts = kTb
The symbol rate
Rs =1/Ts bits per second.
The Bandwidth
B = 2 Rb /k
The Bandwidth efficiency of MPSK
ρ = Rb/B = k/2
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2. Digital System
M-aryPSK modulation/Error probability (BER) of MPSK

The BER of MPSK, the formula can be expressed as:
where Eb / N0 is the signal energy per bit to the noise power

spectral density. The erfc(x) also known as complementary
error function. It can be obtained from standard tables, graphs
or approximated formula, e.g. for x>1.5 the following
approximation may be used

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2. Digital System

M-aryPSK modulation/Error probability (BER) of MPSK

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2. Digital System
Example
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced points
on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the baud rate
(symbol rate)?
Solution
8PSK modulation scheme
Number of bits per symbol k = log2M = log28 = 3 bits/ symbol
The baud (symbol) rate = Bit rat/Number of bits per symbol
= 4800/3 = 1600 baud (symbol)

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2. Digital System
Example
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud of 16-QAM signal.
Solution
16-QAM modulation scheme
Number of bits per symbol k = log2M = log216= 4
The Bit rat = baud (symbol) × Number of bits per symbol
= 1000 × 4 = 4000 bps

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2. Digital System
Example
For an 8PSK scheme, operating with an information bit rate 24
kbps. Find the symbol rate (baud) and BW efficiency.
Solution
The symbol rate (baud)
Rs = Rb/3 = 24000/3 = 8000 symbol/sec
The BW efficiency
ρ = Rb/B = k/2 =3/2 Bits/sec/Hz

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2. Digital System

Binary FSK modulator

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2. Digital System

Coherent Binary FSK demodulator

This detector consists of two correlators

The decision device
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Eddaghel 54 54 54
2. Digital System

Non-coherent Binary FSK demodulator
R1 and R2 denote the envelope samples of the upper and the
lower paths, respectively. The decision device comparesR1& R2.

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2. Digital System

BER of FSK signal

The probability of bit error (BER) for coherent FSK receiver is:

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2. Digital System

MFSK Modulation

MFSK baseband power spectral density and BER are :

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2. Digital System

MFSK Modulation

MFSK BW is :

The BW efficiency

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2. Digital System

BER of coherent M-ary-FSK

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2. Digital System

BER of noncoherent M-ary-FSK

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3. Capacity Theorem
Nyquist Capacity
Assuming, a channel is noise free (noiseless channel).
The BW of signal is limited, due to Nyquist, states that if the
rate of signal transmission is 2B, then a signal with frequencies
no greater than B is sufficient to carry the signal rate.
This limitation is due to the effect of intersymbol interference,
such as is produced by delay distortion.
The result is useful in the development of digital-toanalog
encoding schemes.
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3. Capacity Theorem
Nyquist Capacity
If the signals to be transmitted are binary (take on only two
values), then the data rate that can be supported by B Hz is 2B
bps.
As an example, consider a voice channel being used, via
modem, to transmit digital data. Assume a BW of 3.1 KHz.
Then, the capacity, C, of the channel is 2B = 6200 bps.

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3. Capacity Theorem
Nyquist Capacity
 With multilevel signaling M, the Nyquist formulation becomes
If the data rate is increased, then the bits become "shorter" in
time, so that more bits are affected by a given pattern of noise.
Thus, at a given noise level, the higher the data rate, the higher
the error rate.
The signal-to-noise ratio is important in the transmission of
digital data because it sets the upper bound on the achievable
data rate.
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3. Capacity Theorem
Shannon capacity
The Shannon capacity theorem is used to determine the
maximum bit rate (upper bound) that can be used over a band-
limited channel having a specific signal-to-noise ratio. The
theorem is as follows:
where the SNR must be expressed as a ratio and not in dB.

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3. Capacity Theorem
Example:
Determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted over a
channel having a bandwidth of 4 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio
of 48 dB.
Solution

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3. Capacity Theorem
Example:
Determine the maximum bit rate (upper bound), maximum bit
rate when the transmitter exploited a QPSK scheme, and can be
transmitted over a channel having a bandwidth of 10 kHz with a
signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver of 15 dB.
Solution
The maximum bit rate (upper bound)

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3. Capacity Theorem
Solution
 Maximum bit rate when the transmitter exploited a QPSK
scheme
Since this is less than the maximum possible for this channel, it should
be possible to transmit over this channel, with a QPSK scheme, at
40 kb/s.

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3. Capacity Theorem
Example:

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4. Wireless channels
Multipath Propagation
Many different paths between the Tx and the Rx.
At the receiver all received signals are accumulated together
creating a non-AWGN model for the wireless channels.
An example of different paths in a wireless channel.

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 The direct path between the Tx and Rx called LOS.
LOS does not exist when large objects between Tx,Rx.
 Diffraction occurs when the electromagnetic wave hits a
surface with irregularities like sharp edges.
Scattering happens in the case where there are a large number
of objects smaller than the wavelength between Tx,Rx.
The effects of these phenomenons called fading.

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The three major trends: pathloss, shadowing ,and fading all on
the same plot.

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Path loss : The first obvious difference between wired and
wireless channels is the amount of transmitted power that reaches
the receiver.
The definition of linear path loss of the channel is the ratio of
transmit power to receive power:
The definition of path loss of the channel is the difference in dB

between the transmitted and received signal power:

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Assuming that an isotropic antenna is used.
The propagated signal energy expands over a spherical pattren, so
the energy received at an antenna distance away is inversely
proportional to the sphere surface area, 4d2 .
The free-space pathloss formula, or Friis formula, is given more
precisely as
Where Gl = Gt ˟ Gr, which are transmit and receive gains.

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The received power can be expressed in dBm as
Free-space path loss is defined as the path loss of the free-space

model:
The free-space path gain is thus

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Example
A wireless system with a carrier frequency, fc = 900 MHz and a
transmit power is 50W, express the transmit power in units of
(a) dBm
(b) dBW.
If 50W is applied to an antenna of gain 1, find:
(c) The received power in dBm at a free-space distance of 100m
from the antenna.
(d) What is Pr(10 km)?
Assume a gain=2 for the receiver antenna and no system losses.

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Solution: Given: Transmitter power, Pr= 50W & Carrier
frequency, fc = 900 MHz
(a) Transmitted power in dBm
(b) Transmitted power in dBW.

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Solution:
(c) The received power in dBm at a free-space distance of 100m
from the antenna, can be determined using:

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Solution:
(d) The received power at 10 Km can be expressed in terms of
dBm using:
where d0 = 100m and d = 10 Km.

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Example
Consider an indoor wireless LAN with fc=900 MHz, cells of
radius 100 m, and nondirectional antennas. Under the free-space
path loss model.
What transmit power is required at the access point such that all
terminals within the cell receive a minimum power of 10 µW.
How does this change if the system frequency is 5 GHz?

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Solution: We must find the transmit power such that the
terminals at the cell boundary receive the min required power.
Substituting in Gl=1, (nondirectional antennas), λ =c/f=0.33m,

d=100m, and Pr=10µW yields Pt =1.45W = 1.61 dBW (Recall
that P Watts = 10 log10[P] dbW, dB relative to one Watt, and 10
log10 [P/.001]dBm, dB relative to one milliwatt). At 5 GHz only λ
= .06 changes, so Pt=43.9 W = 16.42 dBW.

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Free Space Propagation
Exercise :
A free-space LOS microwave link operating at 10 GHz consists
of a transmit and a receive antenna each having a gain of 25 dB.
The distance between the two antennas is 30 km and the power
radiated by the transmit antenna is 10 W. Calculate (a) the path
loss of the link and (b) the received power.

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Two-ray Propagation

The terrestrial propagation environment is not free space.
Reflections from the earth or other objects would increase the
received power since more energy would reach the receiver.

The reflection at relatively large distances (usually over a
kilometer) serves to create destructive interference, and the
common two-ray approximation for pathloss is

Energy loss is more severe with distance in a terrestrial system
than in free space.
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Two-ray Propagation

Thus, in the limit of asymptotically large d, the received power
falls off inversely with the fourth power of d and is independent
of the wavelength λ.

ht >> hr is typical case.

For distances bigger than ht up to a certain critical distance dc,
the wave experiences constructive and destructive interference
of the two rays,resulting in small-scale or multipath fading.

An approximation for dc :

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Two-ray Propagation
Example
Determine the critical distance for the two-ray model in an urban
microcell (ht=10m, hr=3m) and an indoor microcell (ht=3m,
hr=2m) for fc=2GHz.

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Empirical Path Loss Models

Most mobile communication systems operate in complex
propagation environments that cannot be accurately modeled by
free-space path loss or ray tracing.

A number of path loss models have been developed over the
years to predict path loss in typical wireless environments such
as large urban macrocells, urban microcells, and, more recently,
inside buildings.

These models are mainly based on empirical measurements
over a given distance in a given frequency range and a
particular geographical area or building.
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Empirical Path Loss Models

Empirical measurements of Pr/Pt as a function of distance
include the effects of path loss, shadowing, and multipath.

In order to remove multipath effects, empirical measurements
for path loss typically average their received power
measurements and the corresponding path loss at a given
distance over several wavelengths.

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The Okumura-Hata Model

Okumura model is one of the most common models for signal
prediction in large urban macrocells.

The empirical path loss formula of Okumura for an urban
environment, is given by
fc = carrier frequency in MHz from 150 to 1500 MHz

ht = height of transmitting antenna (base station), from 30-300 m
hr = height of receiving antenna (mobile unit),from 1 to 10 m
d = propagation distance between antennas, from 1 to 20 km
A(hr) = correction factor for mobile unit antenna height
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
For a small or medium sized city, the correction factor is given
by

For a large city it is given by

To estimate the path loss in a suburban area, the formula for
urban path loss in Equation is modified as

For the path loss in open areas, the formula is modified as

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
Example

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There are two general aspects of such a power reduction that
require separate treatments.
1.Large-scale effect which corresponds to the characterization of
the signal power over large distances or the time-average
behaviours of the signal. This is called attenuation or path loss
and sometimes large-scale fading.
 The other aspect is the rapid change in the amplitude and
power of the signal and this is called small-scale fading, or just
fading.

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 Small-Scale Fading: fading is caused by interference between
two or more versions of the transmitted signal which arrive at the
receiver at slightly different times.
 Physical factors which influence the fading in the radio
propagation channel are as follows:
1. Multipath Propagation: The signal energy dissipates in
amplitude, phase and time while propagating in the wireless
channel due to the reflecting objects and scatterers.

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2. Speed of the mobile: The relative motion between the base
station and the mobile results in random frequency modulation
due to different Doppler shifts on each of the multipath
components
3. Speed of surrounding objects: Surrounding objects induce a
time varying Doppler shift on multipath components if they are
in motion

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Narrow- and Wideband Systems

4. The transmission bandwidth of the signal: If the
transmitted signal bandwidth is much smaller than the
multipath channel bandwidth, a non-distorted signal will
be received. The wireless channel is referred to as the flat
fading channel or narrowband fading channel.

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Fig. Flat fading.

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5. The transmission bandwidth of the signal: If the
transmitted signal bandwidth is much grater than the
multipath channel bandwidth, a distorted signal will be
received. The wireless channel is referred to as the
frequency selective fading channel or broadband fading
channel.

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Fig. Frequency selective fading channel

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Symbol duration ↔ occupied bandwidth

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Narrowband channel
- Signal bandwidth B < coherence bandwidth Bc
- “frequency-flat” – “frequency-nonselective”
- No intersymbol interference (ISI) occurs
Wideband channel
- Signal bandwidth B > coherence bandwidth Bc
- “frequency-selective”
- Intersymbol interference (ISI) occurs

09/11/2017

Frequency-flat (Bc>>B)
- Symbols overlap marginally (no ISI)

- Simple receiver sufficient
Frequency-selective (Bc<<B)
- Symbols overlap (ISI)

- Sophisticated time-domain receiver needed
09/11/2017
 Statistical models for fading channels

A multipath channel can be modeled as a linear time-
varying channel. The speed of the mobile and surrounding
objects affect the characteristic of the model.
Fig. Modeling a multipath channel with a linear time-varying impulse response.

09/11/2017
 Statistical models for fading channels

The impulse response is approximated by one delta
function in the case of flat fading and multiple delta
functions in the case of frequency selective fading.
Fig. An approximated impulse response for a frequency selective fading.

09/11/2017
 Many different paths between the Tx and the Rx.

 At the receiver all received signals are accumulated
together creating a non-AWGN model for the wireless
channels.
An example of different paths in a wireless channel.

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 Representation of wireless channel

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Relation of input signal x(t) and output signal r(t) in linear,

time-invariant systems:

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Statistical properties of time-invariant CIR:

Power Delay Profile (PDP) PPDP(τ):
Examples: IEEE 802.11a-standard (indoor)

09/11/2017
In wireless mobile communications, diversity techniques


are widely used to reduce the effects of multipath fading

and improve the reliability of transmission without
increasing the transmitted power or sacrificing the BW.
The basic idea of diversity is that, if two or more


independent samples of a signal are taken, these samples

will fade in an uncorrelated manner, e.g., some samples are
severely faded while others are less attenuated.

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 Diversity can be achieved by sending two or more copies

of the signal through independent channels.
 It can be transmitted in a different time slot, a different
frequency, a different polarization, or a different antennas
(spatial diversity).
 The goal is to improve the reliability of transmission
without increasing the transmitted power or the bandwidth.

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Combining two-branch results diversity and eliminates


most deep fades.

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 Diversity gain or diversity order (Dg) can be obtained due

to the number of independent channels in wireless network.
 Diversity gain (Dg) = number transmit antennas (Mt )
˟ number receive antennas (Mr)

 The diversity gain indicates how fast the probability of
error decreases with an increase in the signal strength.

09/11/2017
Diversity gain mitigates fading, by providing additional

independent copies of the same information via
independent shadowing and fading channels.
Array gain is significantly improving the average

SNR that results from a coherent combining effect of
the wireless signals at a receiver.
Spatial multiplexing gain is an increase in data rate.

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Classification of wireless communication systems based

on diversity:
1. Single-input single-output (SISO) system- No spatial
diversity.
2. Single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system- Receive
diversity.
3. Multiple-input single-output (MISO) system- Transmit
diversity
4. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system- Transmit
and receive diversity.

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System model of SISO system over AWGN channel
Fig. General block diagram of SISO system
FF Fig. Schematic diagram of SISO system over AWGN channel

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Mathematical Model of SISO system over AGWN Channel
The received signal can be represented as
Where h0=1 then the received signal become
where r is transmitter signal, h0 is channel coefficient and n0 is

Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
Estimated received signal (s0):

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Simulation results of SISO system over AGWN channel

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System model of SIMO system over AWGN channel
Fig. General block diagram of SIMO system

Receive diversity based on combination the received signals at
the receiver side

Diversity gain = 1X Nr

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System model of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over AWGN
channel
Fig. Schematic diagram of SIMO system over AWGN channel

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Mathematical Model of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over
AGWN Channel

&
where r0 , r1 are received signals and n0, n1 is Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The combined received signal is


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Simulation results of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over AWGN
channel

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System model of SIMO system (1Tx, 4Rx) over AWGN
channel
Fig. Schematic diagram of SIMO system with 4 receive antennas over AWGN channel
09/11/2017
Mathematical Model of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over
AGWN Channel

& & &

where r0 , r1 ,r2 ,r3 are received signals and n0, n1, n2, n3 is
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The combined
received signal is


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Simulation results of SIMO system (1Tx, 4Rx) over AWGN
channel

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System model of SISO system over flat fading channel
Fig. General block diagram of SISO system
FF Fig. Schematic diagram of SISO system over flat fading channel

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Mathematical Model of SISO system over flat fading channel
where r is received signal, h0 is channel coefficient and n0 is

Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Estimated received
signal (s0):

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Simulation results of SISO system over flat fading channel

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Advantages and disadvantages SISO system

 The main advantage of this scheme is very simple.
 The main advantage, the spatial diversity gain is equal just
to one, that means no improvement of signal quality.
 It can be improved by using two receivers instead of one.
 SIMO system or MRRC scheme.

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System model of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over flat fading
channel
Fig. Schematic diagram of SIMO system over flat fading channel

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Mathematical model of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over flat
fading Channel


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Simulation results of SIMO system (1Tx, 2Rx) over flat
fading channel

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SIMO wireless communication system (1Tx, 4Rx) over flat
fading channel
Fig. Schematic diagram of SIMO system over flat fading channel

09/11/2017
Mathematical Model of SIMO system (1Tx, 4Rx) over flat
fading Channel


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Simulation results of SIMO system (1Tx, 4Rx) over flat
fading channel

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Capacity of SISO system over AWGN channel
Let us consider a channel with nT = nR =1 and H=h=1.

The Shannon formula gives the capacity of this channel
bit/sec
Note that for high SNRs, the capacity grows logarithmically with
the SNR.
With multilevel signaling M, the Nyquist formulation becomes
bit/sec

09/11/2017
Example 1:
Assuming that the channel coefficient is normalized so: |h|2= 1.
SNR = (P/σ2) = 20 dB.
Find the normalized C/W capacity of a single antenna link?

C
=log 2 (1+100 )=6. 658 bit / s/ Hz
W
Notes
The currently achievable spectral efficiencies of 2-3 bits/sec/Hz,
in cellular mobile and wireless LAN systems.
Dr. Masoud Eddaghel

09/11/2017 133
Example 2:
Assuming that the channel coefficient is normalized so: |h|2= 1.
and received SNR = (P/σ2) = 20 dB. Determine the maximum bit
rate that can be transmitted over a channel having a bandwidth of
4 kHz.
Solution:
09/11/2017 Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 134

Capacity of SIMO system over AWGN channel
Let us assume that there is only one transmit and n receive
R
antennas. The channel matrix can be represented by the vector
 Then, the capacity can be expressed as:
 This capacity corresponds to linear maximum combining at the

receiver. In the case when the channel matrix elements are equal
and normalized as follows

Then, the capacity becomes:
bit/sec
This system achieves the diversity gain of nR relative to a single

antenna channel.
Example 3:
For nR= 8 and SNR = 20 dB. Find the normalized capacity
Solution
The normalized capacity is 9.646 bits/s/Hz.


Example 4:
For nR= 8 and the received SNR = 20 dB. If MPSK modulation
scheme is used at the transmitter, determine the order of the
modulation scheme that can be used at the transmitter side over a
channel having a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
Solution:

Advantages and disadvantages of SIMO system
 The main advantage of this scheme, the spatial diversity
gain is equal 2, 3, 4 or more that means considerable
improvement of signal quality.
 The main disadvantage, this system needs large physical
space at the receiver side.
Therefore, Transmit diversity is the solution because no
limit of space at the transmitter side.
 Transmit diversity gain can be achieved by using STBCs

6. STBC

Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) is a coding technique
designed for use with multiple transmit antennas.

The Alamouti scheme is historically the first STBCs to
provide full transmit diversity for systems with two
transmit antennas.

It provides two important properties, by using simple
decoding and maximal diversity gain advantage.

Practical application in several wireless communication
systems such as WiFi, WiMAX and 3G LTE.
6. STBC
Space Time Block Coding (STBC)
Fig. Block diagram of MISO with 2 antennas and 1 receive antenna.
The scheme consists of 2 transmit antennas and 1 receive antenna

 The transmitter send the signal s and s1 in two time slots
0

6. STBC

During the first symbol period t , two signals, are
transmitted simultaneously from two antennas.

The first antenna transmits symbol s and the second
0
antenna transmits symbol s1

during the next symbol period t + T , the first antenna
transmits
symbol -s* and symbol s*0 is transmitted from the second
1
antenna.

6. STBC

Alamouti space time encoder applies and uses the transmit
antennas to generate the simple orthogonal code, which can

be represented in matrix as form as follows
The columns of the matrix represent the number of

transmitter antennas and the rows represent the number of
time symbol periods.
6. STBC
System model of MISO (Alamouti scheme-2Tx, 1Rx) based on
STBC over AWGN channel
Fig. Alamouti scheme two-antennas and one receive antenna.

6. STBC
Mathematical Model of MISO (Alamouti scheme-2Tx, 1Rx)
based on STBC over AWGN channel

Then, the received signal in two time slots are:

6. STBC
Simulation results of MISO (Alamouti scheme-2Tx, 1Rx)
based on STBC over AWGN channel

6. STBC
System model of MISO (Alamouti scheme-2Tx, 1Rx) based on
STBC over flat fading channel
Fig. Alamouti scheme two-antennas and one receive antenna.

6. STBC
based on STBC over flat fading channel

Then, the received signal in two time slots are:

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6. STBC

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6. STBC
Simulation results of MISO (Alamouti scheme-2Tx, 1Rx)

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6. STBC
Capacity of MISO system over AWGN channel

In this system there are nT transmit and only one receive
antenna. The channel is represented by the vector
&
 Then the capacity of MISO system is:

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6. STBC
If the channel coefficients are equal and normalized, then,

the capacity becomes:
bit/sec
Note that for high SNRs, the capacity grows logarithmically with
the SNR.
bit/sec

09/11/2017
6. STBC
Example 5:
Transmitter with 2 transmit antennas. Assuming that each channel
coefficient is normalized so: |h|2= 1. and received SNR = (P/σ2) =
20 dB. Determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted
over a channel having a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
Solution:

09/11/2017
7. MIMO system
A MIMO system is based on using multiple antennas at the

transmitter and multiple antennas at the receiver.
The channels have to be uncorrelated, which means the physical
distance between the transmitter or receiver antennas should be

more than half of a wavelength.
09/11/2017
7. MIMO system
A MIMO channel can be represented as:
Fig. MIMO channel with MT transmit and MR receive antennas

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7. MIMO system
 MIMO channel is assumed to be linear and time-invariant during

one symbol duration, the channel impulse response h(t) can be
written as

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7. MIMO system
 The goal of STBC is to achieve the maximum diversity gain of

(MT×MR)
 The maximum coding gain.
 The highest possible throughput.
 In addition, the system should be low complexity encoding and
decoding because battery handsets have a limited available
power and its physical size should be small.

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7. MIMO system
System model of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over AWGN
channel
Fig. Schematic diagram of MIMO system over AWGN channel

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7. MIMO system
Mathematical model of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over
AWGN channel

The received signal can be represented in two time slots as:
1st Time slot
2nd Time slot
The received signals before the decision maker is:

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7. MIMO system
Mathematical model of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over
AWGN channel
The estimated signal of s0 after the decision maker:

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7. MIMO system
Simulation results of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over AWGN
channel
Fig. BER vs SNR of MIMO system over AWGN channel

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7. MIMO system
System model of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over flat fading
channel
Fig. Schematic diagram of MIMO system over flat fading channel

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7. MIMO system
Mathematical model of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over flat
fading channel

The received signal can be represented in two time slots as:
1st Time slot
2nd Time slot

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7. MIMO system
Mathematical model of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over flat
fading channel

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7. MIMO system
 At the receiver, the receive signals at the two receive antennas

can be represent as:
where n0, n1, n2 and n3 are complex random variables

representing receiver thermal noise and interference.

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7. MIMO system

The combiner builds the following two signals that are sent to
the maximum likelihood detector:

Then,

09/11/2017
7. MIMO system
Simulation results of MIMO system (2Tx, 2Rx) over flat
fading channel
Fig. BER vs SNR of MIMO system over flat fading channel

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel
09/11/2017 166
7. MIMO system
Capacity of MIMO system over AWGN channel

In this system there are nT transmit and nR receive antennas.
Then the capacity of MISO system is:
&
 Then the capacity of MIMO system is:
bit/sec
●
bit/sec
09/11/2017
7. MIMO system
Capacity of MIMO system over AWGN channel
Example 2:
MIMO system with 2 transmit and 2 receive antennas. Assuming
that each channel coefficient is normalized so: |h|2= 1. and
received SNR = (P/σ2) = 20 dB.
1. Find the normalized capacity
2. Determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted over a
channel having a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
Solution:

09/11/2017
The principle of multi-carrier transmission:

In a single carrier communication system, the symbol period
must be much greater than the delay time in order to avoid inter-
symbol interference (ISI) τm << TS

Since data rate is inversely proportional to symbol period,
having long symbol periods means low data rate and
communication inefficiency.

09/11/2017

Since there have been an increased in demand for higher data
rate transmission, the systems are incorporating the multi-
carrier transmission techniques such as:

09/11/2017

 The symbol duration, of M-PSK or M-QAM is T .
S
 Typically, B= TS-1 , be the occupied bandwidth.

 For raised-cosine pulse chipped with rolloff factor a
B = (1 + a)TS-1
 For a transmission channel with a delay spread τm, a reception
free of intersymbol interference (ISI) is only possible if the
condition τm << TS

09/11/2017

 The possible bit rate R =log2 M /TS bps is limited by the delay
spread of the channel.
 The simple idea of multicarrier transmission to overcome this
limitation is to split the data stream into K substreams of lower
data rate and to transmit these data substreams on adjacent
subcarriers,

09/11/2017

 Is to convert a serial high rate data stream on to multiple parallel
low rate sub-streams.
 Each sub-stream is modulated on another sub-carrier.
 The symbol rate on each sub-carrier is much less than the initial
serial data symbol rate.
 The effects of delay spread, i.e. ISI, significantly decrease,
reducing the complexity of the equalizer.

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Fig. A conventional multi-carrier transmitter.

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 The high-rate stream has a symbol rate of Rs symbol/s and a
spectrum that is Rs Hz wide.
 The S/P converter divides the high-rate stream into K low-rate
substreams.
 Each low-rate substream now has a lower rate of Rs/K symbol/s
and a narrower spectrum that is R/K Hz wide.

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Fig. The spectrums of

the high data rate symbol
stream, the low data rate
symbol substreams, and the
transmitted multi-carrier
signal.

09/11/2017

Advantages of FDM
 It is effective at combating intersymbol interference (ISI).
 Combating multipath fading
 It can adjust modulation and coding for each subcarrier
 It has simple equalization.
Disadvantages of FDM
 The transmitter needs to have K separate D/A converters
 It needs K local oscillators (LOs) and multipliers in modulation.
 FDM is not bandwidth efficient.

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9. OFDM System
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 OFDM, transmits a high-rate stream using multiple subcarriers.
 OFDM overcomes the problem of the large BW, K local
oscillators (LOs) and K multipliers in modulation.

 OFDM uses a mathematical technique called discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) to generate the subcarriers.

 The subcarriers generated this way do not need additional guard
bands and can be placed closer together in the frequency

domain.
 The subcarriers are orthogonal to each other over a set duration

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9. OFDM System
OFDM transmitter
Fig. An OFDM transmitter.

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9. OFDM System
Spectrum of transmitted OFDM signal
Fig. The spectrums of

the high-rate data symbol
stream, the low-rate data
symbol substreams, and the
transmitted OFDM signal.

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9. OFDM System
Advantages of OFDM system

 OFDM also transmits using multiple narrowband subcarriers, it
is robust against ISI and multipath fading, can adjust modulation
and coding for each subcarrier, and has simple equalizers.

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9. OFDM System

 Wideband channel B →N narrowband channels ∆f =B/N
 Frequency-selective channel → frequency-flat channel

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9. OFDM System

OFDM has low-complexity modulation
 An OFDM implementation is basically performed by using an inverse
discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) at the modulator and a discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) at the demodulator.
 The OFDM also can be implemented by an inverse fast Fourier
transform (IFFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT).

 In fact, IFFT and FFT algorithms are efficient methods to compute the
IDFT and DFT.

 The FFT needs N log (N) arithmetical operations compared with the
2
DFT which requires N2 arithmetical operations to achieve the same

result.
09/11/2017
9. OFDM System

 OFDM achieves a better spectral efficiency than conventional
FDM.

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9. OFDM System

 Exploitation of frequency diversity: OFDM facilitates coding
and interleaving across subcarriers in the frequency domain,
which can provide robustness against burst errors caused by
portions of the transmitted spectrum undergoing deep fades. In
fact, WiMAX defines subcarrier permutations that allow
systems to exploit this.

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9. OFDM System
Disadvantages of OFDM system

 OFDM signals having a high peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) that
causes nonlinearities and clipping distortion. This can lead to
power inefficiencies that need to be countered.
 OFDM signals are very susceptible to phase noise and
frequency dispersion, and the design must mitigate these
imperfections. This also makes it critical to have accurate
frequency synchronization.

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9. OFDM System
Simplified OFDM transmission chain

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9. OFDM System
Block transmission of OFDM
Inter-Block Interference (IBI)

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9. OFDM System

Usage of guard interval / cyclic prefix
IBI can be completely avoided if

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9. OFDM System

Block transmission with guard interval (GI) / cyclic prefix (CP)
No Inter-Block Interference (IBI)

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9. OFDM System
Simplified OFDM block diagram:

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9. OFDM System
Simplified OFDM block diagram:

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9. OFDM System
Coded OFDM system:

The frequency selective fading channel may severely attenuate
the data symbols transmitted on one or several subcarriers, which
leads to bit errors.
Therefore, it may be essential to employ forward error
correction (FEC) codes, in order to deal with the burst symbol
errors due to deep fading. However, FEC coding leads to
reduction in the overall data rate.
Practical OFDM systems are coded with popular FEC codes
such as the Reed-Solomon (RS) code, convolutional code, turbo
code, and LDPC code.
09/11/2017
9. OFDM System
Coded OFDM block diagram:

Source encoder Channel encoder Modulator OFDM
Source decoder Channel decoder Demodulator OFDM
Fig.: Point-to-Point baseband coded SISO-OFDM with a three-path frequency selective channel

09/11/2017
9. OFDM System
Performance of uncoded vs coded OFDM system:
Fig. FER of uncoded and coded SISO OFDM

09/11/2017
9. OFDM System
Coded MISO-OFDM communication system
Fig.: Block diagram of baseband SFBC-OFDM MISO system with two uncorrelated
length 3 frequency selective channels
09/11/2017
Relay selection technique is exploited to improve

cooperative MIMO-OFDM system.
Fig, : Conventional Wireless Communication with relay selection.

09/11/2017
 Modelling of the Cooperative Wireless Communication
Fig. : Distributed Relaying

09/11/2017
 Practical Use of the Cooperative Wireless Communication
Distributed vehicle-to-vehicle communication scenario, where cars cooperate to facilitate the

relay and delivery of information
09/11/2017
Thank you very much
Dr. Masoud Eddaghel
200 200

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Wireless Communication

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 2

1. 1st Quiz out of 5 marks

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 3

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 5

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 6

MIMO technology techniques theoretically oﬀers several

In particular, some signiﬁcant advantages such as array

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 7

OFDM has drawn signiﬁcant interest as a candidate for

A MIMO system can potentially be combined with an

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 8

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 9

Application areas of OFDM:

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 10

 Wi-Fi slandered is the IEEE 802.11 family of standards

 Current Wi-Fi systems based on IEEE 802.11a/g support

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 11

WiMAX employs OFDM, and supports adaptive

WiMAX offers cost-effective and quickly deployable

Wireless systems cover large geographic areas without the

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 14

 In conventional wireless communication systems,

 Cooperation is referred to as any architecture that deviates

Dr. Masoud Eddaghel 15

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 Compression of the communication signal to a minimum

 Further compression when the loss of information is

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Measurement of signal level in wireless communication

The dBm is defined as the gain or loss of a network, where the

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Measurement of signal level in wireless communication

Performance of digital modulation over wireless channel

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Performance of the digital modulation over wireless channel

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Performance of the digital modulation over wireless channel

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR =Eb / N0) is the ratio of the

Performance of the digital modulation over wireless channel

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Fig. Gray encoding for MPSK

Fig. Decision Regions for MPSK

Gray Mapping of Digital Modulation

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Where Rb=1/Tb [bits/sec],

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Advantages of noncoherent detection:

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where Eb / N0 is the signal energy per bit to the noise power

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The energy per bit is given by:

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