Importance of Sociology -.: The scope of sociology + What sense does it matter that in whatever human bbeings do or may do people are dependent on other people? + What sense does it matter that they live always in the ‘company of, in communication with, in an exchange with, in competition with, in cooperation with other human beings? Why are we as we are? Why do we behave in certain way? Under which conditions do we behave in certain way? What factors affect and change human societies? Importance of Sociology -s. Soclology Studies the society na Sclentitic Way:: “Scientific study”, Soclology throws more ght on the social nature of man: *Man is social Animal Study the intrinsic worth and dignity of individual Soclology improves our understanding of society and increases the power of social action - "Social responsiblity of the Org” Sociology helps to Know/study not only our society even other parts oF elements of community, culture and social systems: focusing Main constituents tts contribution is not ess significant in enrichment cukure. Sociology is useful as a teaching subject too: “Not only research ‘The need for the study of sociology Is greater especially In underdeveloped countries: “Draws the values from Economy & resolving social evits* ‘The study of society is of paramount importance in solving social problems-"t Is studying social phenomena Sociology knowledge is necessary for understanding and the planning of society: Society reconstruction ‘The study of the society has helped several govts. to promote the welfare of the people.Fundamental Concept of Sociology Society. Community Association Institution Organization Social Structure Social System SOCIeLY twunserneroumacis Definttions: According to Morris Ginsberg, “ Society is a Collection of Individuals united by cortaln relations or mode of behaviour which ‘mark them off from others who do not enter nto these relations or ‘who differ from them in behaviour.” Charactistic: Sci conan of eagle Sci et on areca To Tr Socay npn narpondence asa 7. Sesty is Oye Society ‘The word “Sociaty” Is derived from the Latin Word ‘Soclus' t means ndship. Companionship orf Meaning: Society is a group of people who live ina definable rritory and share the same culture Definitions: According to Mac! According to 6.0.M Cole, associations and institutions with a community Society is a web of social relationships” jocaty Is the complex of organised Community People often use the term to denote racial community, religious community, national community, caste community, linguistic community, professional community and any other forms. Meaning: 1. Community means all the people who live in particular place, rea, etc. when considered as a group. 2. It means a group of people who have something in common. 3. lt means a group of people with a common characteristic or Interest living together within a larger society.Community Elements of Community Definitions Locatty Other Blomonts 1. According to Bogardus, “a social group with some degree of We Common Terttory, 1. Stabisty feeling and living in a given area, 2. Community Sentiment 2. Naturalness 2. Kingsley Davis ~ "W's the smallest territorial group that can = We-feolings 3. Sie of the Community ‘embrace all aspects of social life ~ Sense of Bongingness 4, Regulations Rotations 3. Maclver itis an area of social living marked by some degree of ~Sociat Bond social coherence = Community /Social attachment 4. Ogburn & Nimkoff=It is group or collection of groups that ~Soctalintimacy inhabits a locality. ~Social ving a t % Societys a web of socal ‘Community consists of a group of What is Association Felatonshipe Incviduals ving na partieular area ‘with some degree of we-feeling” 2. definite geographic area lsnotan always denotesa definite locality / Meaning: An association Is a group of people organised for the ‘essential aspect ‘geographic area pursult of a specific purpose” Societys abstract ‘Community concrete RMMacler:“An Association is an organization deliberately formed + ‘werantng?mayermaynot te “Communty semen” san extent | ee wg cotgctve puri of some Interests oc eto ‘which 5. Society ie wider. There can be more Communityis smallerthan society | Its members share". Ne ere eens Morris Ginsberg: “A Group of social beings related to oneanother by 6. Theobjectves and interest of society _Objectves and interests are the fact that they possess or have instituted in common an ‘are more extensive and varied comparatively less eatensive end varied ization witha view to socuring a spect ond or specie ond. 7) Seek es Bat ia al) Ua SH Ha PRES ‘diference ‘communityAssociation Other Definitions: 1.An Association is a group of people organized for the achievement of a partic Examples: Political Association, Ret Associations, Labourer’s Associations, Professional ‘Associations, Economic Associations, International Associations SOs Interest or interests. ous Associations, Student's Major Characteristics of Association Lit a Human Group / constituents 2. Common interest(s) 3. Co-operative spirit 4. organization 5. Regulation of Relations 8. Association as Agencies 7. Durabilty of Association Association Vs Institution ‘The word Association and institution very commonly used in ‘same meanings In our dally takks. Meaning: ‘An association isa group of people organised for the pursuit of a ‘specific purpose. Institutions, on the other hand, are the rules of procedure. Family is an association organised for the preparation of chikiren, while marriage is Its rain institution. Poltical party is ‘an institution, State is an association. Types of Association ‘asedon the nature Permanent Association 2. Temporary Association ‘Political Association 2 Religious * a.students * A.Laborers! * 5. Protessional 8. Economic Association 7.International‘Membership ls voluntary By biethisolf Indivicuals become members ofa conmmunity Rie rather Incarect/ineorests oes not necessary imply the soy be sable an long iasing or May have their legal status le relotively more stable and permanent as no legal status fosulate the behavior ote members [Association Is partial may be Community is integral. tt may have egardedasapart ofthe withinits boundary several ssociattons. ‘community Nature of Social Institution What is Institution Meaning: “A Social Institution is an organizational system which functions to satisty basic social needs by providing an ordered {framework linking the individual to the larger culture” Karl Mane “Social Institutions are determined by thelr society's mode of production Soclal institutions serve to maintain the power of dominant class Max Weber : Social institutions are interdependent but no single Institution determines the rest. Elements of Social Institution LSoclalin nature ~ collective 2. Universal in nature — exists in all societies 8. Having Standardized Procedures and Norms 4,Prescribed the ways of doing things. Family Economics Religion EeationOrganization Organization Meaning: Organization is an orderty relationship or arrangement of ports. Social Organization Is refered to that the organization of society, tis a system of relationship in groups Social Organization: trefers to the way of people themseNes to one another. xamples: Family, Church, Factory, Play group, Political Party etc., Organization - Major characteristics Definition: According to Duncan Mitchell * Social Organization Means the Interdependence of the parts, which is an essential characteristics of All enduring collective groups, communities and societies. leonard Broom and Philip Selznick , Social Organization as the patterned relations of individuals and groups. sHMJohnson, Organization refers to an aspect of interaction system. Examples: Family, Church, Factory, Play group, Political Party etc., Social Structure 1LArrangement of Parts or human relationships 2. Members are inter-related 3. Members are given specific tasks according to their status & role. ‘4.The main focus to achieve the goals. 5, There must be coordination of relationship among the members. ‘Types of Organization: 1 Formal Organization 2.1nformal Organization Ila. process by which the orderly arrangement of socal Interaction or social relationships in social Life. level of social structure: -Micro level ( Individual to nevidual Interactions) -Mezzo level Larger organization) “Macro Level (Societies and mttutions) ‘Components of Social Structure Social structures ar sctuses, rol social networks, groups, and organizationsSocial Structure - characteristics 1 Social Structure is an abstract and intangible phenomenon. 2, Social Structure is comparatively a permanent concept. 3.16. Patterned Arrangement. 4. has a Normative Base, 5. Rindicates external forms. 6. influenced by the local conaiitions. 7. Itdoes not indicates aways the state of organization. 8. Most commonly used to point out the social stratifications. Social system ~ Major Characteristics Li-consets of two or more Individuals among whom we ind an established pattern of interaction. 2 Indivdualsin thelr actions take account of how the others are ely to act or bolleve, S.ndlviduaks in the system act together in pursut of common goal or rewards ‘4. Socta system has its own boundary withthe help of which con be ‘lstinguished from other social systems. 5. social system as a concepts may represent entire society or a number of subsystem such as poltical Judicial systems ete, 8. ndviduats in the system behave in aecordance with thor shared cuturat norms and values. Social System Meaning: Social System is “the pattemed network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, ‘and institutions’, R Is the formal structure of role and status that can form in a smal, stable group. tmay be described as “an arrangement of social interactions based ‘on shared norms and valu Maciver and Page, defined that Social System Is organization as its. ‘an orderly and systematic arrangement of parts. ‘Talcott Parsons, defined that Social system consists of a plurality of Individual actors interaction with each other in a given situations. What is a Syste failure ?“SLIPPING OUT OF THE SYSTEM sence ona Relevance of Sociology and Social Work Focus: “Both are concentrating the social Problems & evils.” Applicability: “Both are applying Into the various field for resoving the problems ‘Technicafty: Both are insignificant for doing research” Methods: Both are having exclusive methods for intervening the problems. Core Areas: The subject matters are same in some extent. (key courses are same) What is your understanding of the subject? 1. Sociology 2. Social Work Sociology Vs Social Work - cas perpractice Sociology Social Work “hahom, wer and why paola behave a8 tinetonna, ‘he scot pay nea ee lant to make a depres, endo proceed wit teeter helping to sale be pasion ‘Definition Susy ts Socal Phenomene Toirg a Papo te hap themeshes |Sociology Vs Social Work Social Processes Social Processes - Elements Sociol Processes are the ways in which Individuals and groupe Interact, adjust, readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behviour which ae again modified through social interactions. otis Cinsborg stated that Social Processes mean the various modes of Interactions between individuals or groups including cooperation, and contiet, social diferentation and integration development arrest and decay. Horton ond Hunt stated that, the term social processes refers to the ‘repetitive form of behaviour which are commonly found in social ie, Social Processes - Types 1) Sequence of Events: D Repetton of Events 10 eatonship between Bente 1) continu of Bones V) Special Social Results: 1) Associative Processes (or mtegrative or Conjnctve Socal Processes) ~ cooperation eee ion mio supee Grew & ropes = Assimiliation ~ Acculturation 1) Dissociative Processes (or csintegrative or dxjunctve Socal Processes) = Competition ~Contct (Retro idence ot Grown Progress) contravention differentiationSOCIAL ProCESSES - aronsumevorsontne wotton ‘Stages of Social Processes 1. Cooperation 2. competition 3.contlict ‘4.Accommadation 6. Assimiliation 6. Acculturation Cconfiet stages contravention = differentiation Cooperation - Characteristics Cooperation ‘The term ‘cooperation’ has been derived from two Latin words - “Co! meaning ‘together and Operary meaning ‘to work. Hence, cooperation means working together for the achievement of a common goal or goals. Cooperation Is one of fundamental processes of social Ife, is a form of social process In which two or more Individuals or groups work together Jointly to achieve common goals. Cooperation Is the form of social Interaction in which allparticipants benefit by attaining thelr goats. »Azeording to Merril cnc dredge, “Cooperation Is a form of social Interaction wherein two or more persons work together to gain a common ‘ona Cooperation - Types 1 Cooperation isan areola proces of roi recon which nex ple between Mo oF rugs hve to wok conaclouey. ‘ogee fora commen objective. 1. Common ends canbe batir achive by cooperton a Inada wl a society ‘According to Maclver and Page 1 Direct Cooperation and 2.Indirect Cooperation According to A.W. Greon (0 Primary cooperation (I) Secondary cooperation (it) Tertiary cooperation. ‘According to Ogbum and Nimikott 1 General 2Fiendy and 3. Helping cooperationCompetition - Meaning Competition - Definition Competition is a contest botweun people or groups of poople for contol over resources, inh detnton, resources can have both iteral and symbole meaning People can compete over tangible resources Ike land, food, and mates, but also ‘over intangible resources, such as social capital Park and Burgess defined compsiion as ntraction without socal contact” >AS the anthropelogist Margaret Mead points out ‘Neverbeloss, no socily is exclusively compoitve er exclusively cooperative. Tho very existonce of highly competitive groups implies cooperation within the groups. Both compttive and cooperative habits must exist wisn the society”. Competition :TVams te destoy or do way withthe opporet, competion simply ans to outdo the cmpettorn achieving some mutually deere goal >it 2 modied fom of suse Rmples that hee are res ofthe game o which the compet must confom and that behind hes ules, tying and manaing than, sa common set of values superior othe competve wrest stato ips a absence of coercion. The es are so aranged tha the ends must be obtaned by other methods tan faud or physiea! fore, When competion breaks though the ls transforms te ito cof According to Anderson and Parker, *Compettion i that form of social action In which wo sive againt each othor for the possession of oF use of some tinted ‘matrialand non-material goods” According o Sutherland, Woodward and Maxwell, “Compettion fs an impersonal, Unconscious continuous stuggle which, because of thei limited supply, all may not have." Competition isa form of inloraction. It the struggle for position to gain economic status, It oceurs whenever there isan Insufficient supply of anything that human boing desire -nsuicient in the sense that al eannot have a much of a they wih Sometimes competion happens because of nied supply and aso dificult for equal distibue Competition - Characteristics + Competitions impersonal rugale and Competiions unversal Competition is considered as conducive to progress Both associative and ron-associatve dimensions of social processes: intcate compotion. Competition is mainly an unconscious activity but personal compotion or aly fs a conscious actly, Competition may cate emotional disturbances »Compettion san inate tondoncy Competition fs socil phenomenon, Degres of compton is determined by social values and social tructreCompetition - Types 1) Economic Compettion 1) Pokical Compettion 1) social compotion Conflict - Definition » Recording 'o Gillin and Glin, “Conf s the social process in whieh ndivduals or groups seek ther ends up directly challenging te antagonist by violence or threat of violence.” >A.W.Green defined, “Conf s the delberat atemp to oppose, resist ana coerce the wil of another or oer” Conf is @ competion in ks more occaslonl, personal and hostile forms. tis a process of seeking obtain rewards by eliminating or weakening the compators It Isinherentn every soclty or soca system Confit is apparenty noted when an individ or a group soaks to alain ts own an Conflict - Meaning Te conte proces itl paied bu wey praciod >It develops whenever a person or group seeks to gain a reward not by surpassing ther competitors, but by preventing thom from etfactvely competing. +Itis formally defined a the process of seeking to obtain rewards by eliminating ‘or woakoning the competitors. » Confit isan ever-present process in human relations. Confit is a conscious action tis a deliberate intent o oppose Confit s the opposte of cooperation. Conflt may lead to antagonism, violence or threat to peace. Confit is also regarded as non-associatve social process. Conflict - Characteristics fit universal ut WS nature vary fom socely characterized exclusively by conf. society. No sociey Conte Is @ conscious action. To achieve the respectve goals the members oppose one anater + Conli! oads to social change. itis minty an expression of digaquiiium, >It primarily remains personal actvly. Sometimes it acquires greater intersity and involves many poopte Asymmetrical sci, poltical and ezonamic relations coupled with the sense of relative deprivation as the root cause of socal cnt. Sometimes confit is the He of socaty and progress emerges fom a struggle in ‘which each naval, class or institution seeks to roalize is own idea of good,Conflict - Types . . wo fundamental ypes are Sociology Vs Social Work ) Dect pan ) Indioet confi (may Kingsley Davis : “Sociology is a General Science of Society” Park: “Soclology as the sclence of Collective Behaviour" Emile Durkheim : Sociology as a Science of Social institutions.” ‘Ogburn and Nimkatt : Sociology as the study of Social Life Kimball Young : Sociology delas with the behviour of men in groups. Penang "Rig cont ef ecb) tetera tate) en foeroconmste)| income ectnaecn ona tat ‘eben cnn el