Concept of Culture Culture - DEFINITION > ecotding to sociologists, culture consists of the valves, belies, eystoms of language, communication, and practices thet people share in common and that can be used to define them asa collective, > Culture also Includes the mater abject hat are common to that group or socket. > “Culture refers to the beefs that people hold about realty, the norms that guide their behaviour, the values that orient thele moral commitments, or the symbols through which these bei, norms, and values are communicated » According to Malinows culture i an instrume! his blo-peychle survival and subsequently @ higher ment survival Which enables man to secure intellectual Culture - DEFINITION > ecordng to Giddings (2005), Cure refers tothe ways of life ofthe membors of society, oF of groups within a society. I inckdes how they dese, their mariage customs, language and famty He, their patterns of work, elgious ceremonies and leoure prs » Cuture can be defined as all the ways of fe Including arts, bellofs and Institutions of @ population that are passed down from generation to ‘generation + Cuure has been called “the way of life for an enti includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rita society." AS such, i Culture - Characteristics > Culture in Durkheim's sense isan emergent wob of representations, hollstcaly ‘encompassing the deep- set value, bellf, and symbolle systems of @ natural ‘collectively, such as the tribal sociates ta which ne gave such cote attention, > Culture fs an umbrela term which encompasses the socal benavour,istitutons, ‘and norms found in human socities, at wall as the knowledge, bli, at, laws, customs, capabitias, and habits ofthe incividuals in these groups > Raymond Wiliams defined culture as to how idaas and meanings are expressed In ordinary behavior, learning, and art. Ho said that culture could be categorizes In teoe ways: soca, ideal, and documentary > Gulura hae five basic characterises: > ttsleamed, > Ite shared > Ite based on symbole, > Itisintegrated, anc » Its émamic. » Types of Cuture 1. Material Cuture 2, NomMateial CutureCulture - Functions (uitre proves us with design for lvng. Its alvays learned and acquired 2. Cute provides a sees of pattem by when bologieal ane soce-cultural demands ‘of group members ae met 9 food, shellar and reproduction ard lationship wih ‘group and naval. 13, Culture provides a sot of rubs to ensure co-operation ofthe individuals ofa ‘group in adjusting envronmental situation. 4, Culture provide individual et of rady-mage definition of situation. ‘5. Cutt helps in understanding ana prdicting the human behaviour and also t provides channels of nleracton fr indie ihn the group. 6. Culture provides us a guidepost orkid of map forall our Me acts, It defines the patom of behaviour for ndvidvals 0 that ne als according tothe bonavour Patm presonbed ana cefined by cue. 7. Culture acts as a means of socal cool through norms, fekvay, and moves laws. Culture - Elements Culture - Elements > Symbots, > Languas > Vatues, and > Attics, Language makes effecve social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects Norms - Meaning > As por the pracions 4.Norms 2.Fokwaye Mores 4 nsatons and » Norms area fundamental concept in the social sciences. They are mast commonly tines as rules or expectations that are soclally enforced Norms may be 1. Prescnpive (encouraging postive behaviour: for example, “behanest’) or 2. Proscritve (siscouraging negative behaviour, for example, “donot cheat’) Norms fers to behaviour an aituda which are considered normal, whi values ‘are those things that people consider important to them.Social Norms Norms in Socal Systems pons oun un sna + Social norms are the unwriten rues of belief, attitudes, and behaviors that ‘are considered accoptable in a parti provide us with an expected idea of how to behave, and function to provide order and predictably n society Norms in Cuture Pattern + Sodial and cutual noms are rules or expectations of behaviour and thoughts based on shared beliefs within a speciic cultural or social group. Wale often unspoken, norms offer socal standards for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour ‘hat govern what (and snot acceptable in interactions among people, Folkways - Meaning > According tothe American sociologist Willam Graham Sumner, who coined the term, fokways are seclal conventions that are not considered to be of moral significance by members of the group (eg, customary behaviour for use of the telephone ie Helo) > Thomas Edison who put hello ino common usage, He urged the people who usad his phone to say "hello" when answering. His val, Alexander Graham ell, thought the Deter word was “aha.” Social Norms - Examples ‘Greting people when you see them. Saying thank you" for favours Holding te door open fr others. ‘Standing up whon someone else enters the room, Offering to help someone carving something heavy. Speaking ily in public places. Waking in tine pally. Mores - Meaning ‘A set of moral norms or customs derived from ger aly accepted practices. Mores detve from he established practices of society rater than its writen laws. Inf an elemento ght or wrong. Some examples of mores include lying, stealing, gossiping, bullying, and trespassing Motes are social norms that are widely observed win @ parboular society or cute, Mores determine what i considered meally accaptable or unaceoptable thin any given ture. Mores are the customs, norms, and behaviors that are acceptable to a society for social group.Mores - Definition Mores Vs Folkways > According to James Stiring, means the fixed morally binding customs of @ pariculae group have tended to withdraw ang dovelop 9 soll-sulclont society of ‘heir own, with distinct and rigid mores. According to Havelock Elis, Moral atitudes the ever shitting mares af the moment, Institutions - Meaning » 1.Mores are relatively wider and more general in character than the folkways » 2. Mores imply a value-judgement about the Folkways. » 3. Out of the mores comes our profound conviction of right and wrong and not out of the folkways. » 4. An individual may disobey the ordinary folkways without incurring and severe punishment. But violation of the mores brings him strong disapproval and severe punishment, Laws ~ Meaning ‘ula nations are inalutons with an acknowledged mission fo engage Wn the ‘conservator, interpretation and cieemination of cultural, scene, and enveonmentl snowegge, and promote activites meen o lfm and educate ciizan on associates ‘aspects of cute history, benzo and ne envvenment >A etural intcion or cultural organization is an of ‘utturalsubeuture that works for the preservation or prometion of culture. The ‘arm especialy used of pub and charitable organizations, but ls range of meaning Social insitions x0 stable featur ‘cxgarzatons, systems, srutres, roles, noms, and radions thal provisestabiy an ont toa community. of & society or culture. They inde > Law is integral to culture, and culture to law. Often considered a aistinctive domain With strange rules and svanger lnguage, law is actually part ofa culture's way ‘of exprassing Its sense of the order of things. > Laws are cultural and social norms that are polos by the state > Law form 2 stucture of meaning that guides and organizes indvidusls and groups in everyday interactions and conflict stutions. > Laws are formal norms, but so are employee manuals, college envance exam requirements, ord “no running” sign at swimming pools. Formal norms are the most specific and clearly stated ofthe various types of norms, and they are the most scl enforcedInstitutions - concept > Isiutons are stable patterns of behaviour hat define, govern, and constrain action. Another dafiion is that an instton is an oxganzaton of oer for soda suture that governs a eld of action Insitutions aro the formal and informal rules that organise soci ‘economic relations. politcal and » They ae the systems of ‘established and prevalent social rules thal stuctore social Interactions “Jack Knight who defines institons as ented as “a set of rules that structure socal interactions in parteuta ways" and that "hnowledge ofthese rules must be shared by the members of the relevant communty or society.” Institutions - types > Five majorinsttutons are Religion Economie, Educational, Soci (Caste, Family, Kinship, Mariage) Politica. (avlsitutons are purposive inthe sense that each has it objectives or goals to satlaty 06 (6) Toya (e) They tend te become teltonal and enduring, needs, tively permanent in thir stuctre. Institutions - Functions » Social sitions serve as a collection of resaurs with knowledge, formation, sls, and valves thal affect individuals and define how people behave in ther society. 1 Maintain Social ordor and secur 2. Shape values and belts 5, Help Society to Function Elen 4. Aet a8 Agent of soclalzation. Institutions — changing Trends ‘Changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social transfermaton in Inston > Causes of changes 1. Population growth and composton, 2, Culture and tecnlogy, 2, Natural envionment and social confit 4, Cultural Lag > Social Worker role » To study the curve of an development or event or an influence that has the potential te become a powerful change maker in societyInstitutions - changing trends Factors affecting Changes & creating impacts in Indian Society. 1, Demographic Factors 2, Technological Factors 3. Cultural Factors 4 Political Factors 5. Economic Factors and 6. Educational Factors Social Control - Definitions ‘According to E.AROSs, Social Control means the system of deviees whereby the socaly brings is member into conformity with accepted standards of behavior. ‘According to Macluer, I means asthe way in which entire social order coheres and maintains teat ‘According ta Ker! Manheim, Social Conial means te sum of those methods by whic a soci rs to influence human behaviour to maintain a given order, In the words of Ogbum and Nim, iis the pattern of processes which a society ‘exis to mainisin ordar and established rules Its @ mato of maintain tho equilvium wih changing world It is a techniques and strategies for preventing devi soey. 1 human behaviour in any Social Control — Concept & Meaning Social contra is a concept within the disciplines ofthe social sconces. Social conrol is deserbed a a certain set of rules and slandards in society that o@p individuals bound to conventional standards as well as to the use of {oxmalzed mochanisns ‘Socal cont refers to the mechanisms of the society uses to get individuals to conform the societal Norms & Procedures or ragularsing thelr concurrent actions The dlsiptnary model was the forerunner tothe control model ‘Social contol isthe study of the mechanisms, in the form of pattems of pressure, through which society maintains social order and cohesion, Need of Social Control The goal of social controls te maintain order In socety and ensure conformity In those who are deemed deviant or undesirable in society. Te mainain the old OrdePractcs, To Establish the Social Unty To regulate ar contrlinaviual behaviour To provce Social Sancton To check cultural mal-achusment, controlSocial Control - Types Social Control - Means > Types: Direct and Increct > Means: Formal and Informal > Dito contol means punishments and rewards whore as Indect contol means a> INFORMAL MEANS are very powerful in primary socal groups where interaction is allectionae identification with non-eiminals ‘ona personal basis » Other Types are » Other ofa! moans are {.Contol tough government. (Ex. Punishment of cximo,) 41. Sympathy 2.Contal reougn religion. (Orminished access t religious rituals or objects 2. Socio de to ransgression of rlgius rules). 3. Resentment 3. Conirl trough mass media, 4 the sense of justice 44 Constl trough eaeaton 5. Public oprion 8. Folkways anc 7 Mores Social Control - Means - Contd. Agencies of Social Control > FORMAL MEANS of social contl are the means of socal control exercised by the government and other organizations whe use law enforcement 1. Vakuae imechaniams and sanctions such as fines and imprisonment to enact social 2 Norma control 3 Folkways > FORMAL MEANS of contol include the thea of sanctions or enoread sanctions 4 Customs ‘manipulated by he stato to encourage social conto 5 Mores > The death penalty and imprisonment are forms of social convo! that the 8 Lawand ‘government uli2es to maintain the rl of aw. 7. FashionValues Norms > Valves ror o intangible qualities of beliefs accepted and endorsed by 9 siven society. > Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. ‘Thoy sore asa guide for human behaviour > HARALAMBOS defnes values a5 “A valo is a bol that something is good and wort. It defines what is worh having and worh stiving™. It is a proeres couree of action. > Values are standards or Ideals with which we evaluate actions, people, things, ‘oF situations. Beauty, honesty, pusice, peace, generosity are all examples of ‘aie tht many people endorse Folkways > Fokuays are the customary ways af behaving in society. > Folkways are expected forms of behaviour but are not iil enforce. > Folkways are recognized ways of behaviour in society. > The Fokways are socialy accoptabe ways of bohaviur > Fokways ae oherwise called as Usages somotines 88 > Norms refer to actions over which people have control, and are supported by ‘shared expectations about what should or should not bs done in diferent types of social situations, However, norms cannot be identfed just with ‘observable behaviour. nor can they meray be oquated with normative belts > itis a unwriten rules of behaviour shared by members ofa gven grouper society. > Examples ate..forming a line at fore counters, saying "bless you' when ‘Someone sneezes, or holding the door to someone entering a bullding right ater you > Noms provide order in society. Human beings need norms to guide and dvect their behavour, to provide order ané predictably in social relationships and to make sense of and understancing of each others actions Customs > Customs are the accepted ways in which people do things together > Customs are Sockaly prescribed forms of behavlour tansmtted by adlon and ‘onforced by soa aisapproval of ts violation (nt Doing) > Customs is @ usage(habit) fs essential feature is that ts a ganeraly obsorved code of conde, > According lo Maciver, Customs as socially accorod (agreed) or accredited (given) ways of acing > Customs are general a group acon. >> Folkways tranemited by tradtions and folowad ganeraton afer generation mayMores LOW jespo > Mores are social norms that are widely observed within particular society or > A Tonal or oral re or sandr (rote) encid By a pla nly and everday ‘culture, Mores determine what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable apes wihrecogizedautarly such a ne pole andthe cours within any given cule, Mores are moral norms having an element of right or _* (sw means an ofa ul of county or state fs says whet ope mayor may not fo, Law 1.2 binding custom or practes of community. Law i an instrument which regu wrong. They are not social standards or fokways and the rpercusions for # ining custom of breaking mores can be severe such as legal sanctions or even death > Law moans Sts, Ate, Rules, Regalos, Orders snd Ordnancot. Law tthe cise > Mores change depending on the culture, group, or society, and are the Basis of ang passion concemed wih he cust, practices and niles of conduc fa camry some laws, Some examples of more include lying, stealing, gossiping bullying, spate rcagniza os ng by the commu, ‘and wespassing > isan Enforcement of he body fue is tough 8 contig auto berately invented or thought of or works fut by some > Low ia sol of les Met we crested and re enarcaste by toll 6 gover people in the society. They emerge gradutly out ofthe customary pectic afte aludons orgie bahavur, wih proce detonate olrgeendog dale people, largely witout conscious choice or inten Fashion > Simplest deindion af Fashions ‘belng frst withthe latest” This defintion implies that fashion is about change, and that an abject, style, or acy stands out against 2 backdrop of stat. fashion Is understood as belng ight n a spectc me an context > Fashion i undamertalto culture because it offers aestraic forms in feds such at toes and clothing, philosophy and religion, music, habis and cusloma. & Behaviour. > Fashion that can be defined inialy as the social systemic production, ‘consumption and insttutionalzaton of novelty is @ cutural phenomenon that Integrates culture, the Individual ang the economy, Ex: dress and clothing, philosophy and religion, muse, habits and customs. ”fdgdhd Informal means of social control “ston eee Conventions Taboos Rituals: Customs Formal means of social control “conn