COMMUNICATION RESEARCH

(REPORTING)

Openness is one of the most important principles of research. It plays a key

role in confirmation and collaboration, and it promotes innovation and discovery.
Openness refers to the principle of freedom of access by any interested
individual or group to the underlying data, processes, and the final results of
research

Why is openness important in research?

In scientific research, openness entails not only the sharing of information but also
the sharing of some of the means needed to understand, validate, and apply
information, such as data, results, methods, and tools.

What Is an Example of Openness?

An example of openness is the practice of open notebook science. It's about
putting the personal or laboratory notebook of a researcher online, accompanied by
all raw and processed data and any additional materials as this information is
generated.

Transparency, ensures that all research findings on a topic can be accessed

by researchers and the public. This provides a more unbiased, comprehensive
picture of the current state of knowledge. Research findings can be trusted more
confidently when they are reproducible, which serves as a stamp of credibility.
Research transparency is central to ethical research practice. Research studies
should be registered and the results made public, so that participants are protected
from unnecessary studies. Almost all social scientists recognize research
transparency—defined as the obligation to make data, analysis, methods, and
interpretive choices underlying their claims visible in a way that allows others to
evaluate them as a fundamental ethical obligation.
------------------------------------
Transparency is about seeing things clearly, the first step towards inspecting and
adapting, or changing things for the better. Openness supports transparency, but
is more about the interactions between individuals. In other words, openness is
more about how people interact.
Accountability is an acceptance of responsibility for honest and ethical
conduct towards others. Why is accountability important in ethics? Being
accountable of others implies that leaders must accept responsibility for their
conduct and actions in a transparent manner. As a result, ethical leaders can
encourage moral behavior in their followers by making everyone responsible for
their own actions.

Intellectual Property (IP) Intellectual property (IP) refers to a group

of intangible rights that are attached to a variety of products, such as documents,
works of literature, technologies, processes, or software. These rights may be
protected by contract, trademark, copyright, or other legal provisions. Examples of
intellectual property include novel inventions, artistic works, literary works, and
distinctive signs pertaining to a company. Protecting intellectual property allows a
company to grow by sharing their innovations while maintaining their rights as the
owner.

"Human Subjects Protections" is a collective term for the federal, state, and
university policies, procedures, and ethical considerations that protect the rights
and welfare of human beings who participate in research as the subjects of that
research.
Three basic principles, among those generally accepted in our cultural tradition, are
particularly relevant to the ethics of research involving human subjects: the
principles of respect of persons, beneficence and justice.

Respects of Person - Respect for people includes at least two ethical principles:
the first is that people should be treated as autonomous agents, and the second is
that people who have less autonomy should still be protected.

Beneficence. - Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting

their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure
their well-being. 

Justice- A way of conceiving the principle of justice is that equals ought to be

treated equally.