Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729

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Physical Communication
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Nonlinear companding transforms for reducing the PAPR of OTFS

signal
∗
Hanumantharao Bitra a , Palanisamy Ponnusamy a , , Srinivasarao Chintagunta b ,
Salai Pragadeshwaran a
a
Department of ECE, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
b
Department of ETC, IIIT Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, two non-linear companding transforms, namely exponential and sine hyperbolic, are
Received 6 October 2021 proposed to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the orthogonal time frequency space
Received in revised form 2 April 2022 (OTFS) modulation signal. The companding transforms are normalized such that the average power
Accepted 23 April 2022
remains the same before and after companding. The resulting transforms have a saturation kind of
Available online 30 April 2022
characteristics for larger amplitudes of a signal while enhancing the smaller amplitudes slightly, which
Keywords: leads to a reduction of PAPR significantly. To validate the companding transforms in the OTFS system,
Attenuation factor we analyze the results in terms of PAPR, transform gain, attenuation factor, and bit error rate (BER).
Companding Also, compared the PAPR and BER performance of OTFS with OFDM, and the existing µ-law and
OTFS clipping methods in OTFS. The results signify that the proposed companding transforms outperform
PAPR the existing µ-law and clipping methods for PAPR reduction.
Transform gain © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction satisfy the demands of next-generation wireless systems due to

Next generation wireless systems require large number of
antennas at the base stations that can serve multiple users in
the various scenarios [1,2]. Due to rapid variations in the channel
caused by various mobility devices (such as high speed trains),
these methods do not work properly. In the fourth and fifth
generation, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is
used. In present scenarios, OFDM is unable to meet the challenges
especially at high mobility scenarios [2] due to high Doppler
spreads in time variant channels. Traditionally, multiplexing of
information symbols is done in time-frequency domain, but due
to the rapid fluctuations of the channel in time-frequency do-
main, a new method of multiplexing with less fluctuations is
required. To meet these demands, a new modulation technique
known as orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) has recently
been proposed.
OTFS modulation [3] is sought widespread use in next-gener-
ation wireless networks, including vehicular networks, non-ter-
restrial networks, enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable
low-latency communications, millimeter-wave communications,
underwater acoustic communications, etc. OTFS [4] is now re-
garded to be one of the principal modulation techniques to
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: bitrahanumantharao@gmail.com (H. Bitra),
palan@nitt.edu (P. Ponnusamy), srinivasarao@iiit-bh.ac.in (S. Chintagunta),
salaipragadeshwaranb@gmail.com (S. Pragadeshwaran).
its representation of the phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) information symbols in the delay-
Doppler (DD) domain. The symbols in DD domain indicate the
geometry of many reflectors that make up the wireless link. Due
to this representation, OTFS achieves higher spectral efficiency
compared to the OFDM. Also at very high Doppler scenarios like
high speed trains, OTFS performs better whereas OFDM breaks
down completely. The fact that OTFS [5] allows full channel diver-
sity regardless of packet size because the symbols are dispersed
across the entire domain, unlike OFDM where the symbols are
highly localized.
In case of OFDM, peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is
one of the main limitations. To combat that, many works have
been already proposed [6–9]. Piece-wise linear companding tech-
niques [9] reduce the peak power with different multiplication
factors in the consideration of multiple inflection points. Due
to this the same average power is not maintained before and
after companding and does not hold one-to-one mapping. So,
additional side information is required to perform the decom-
panding operation at the receiver. The exponential [7] and sine
hyperbolic [6] companding techniques are non-linear, and main-
tains the same average power. Further, the exponential and
sine hyperbolic transforms holds one-to-one mapping. Hence,
additional side information is not required for the decompanding
operation [10]. Like OFDM, OTFS also suffers from the PAPR [11–
14]. In this research work, we address the PAPR issue of the OTFS
signal in a detailed manner.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2022.101729
1874-4907/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al. Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the companded OTFS modulation.

In literature, a few techniques are available to address the and Θ indicates the number of Doppler and delay bins, respec-
PAPR problem in OTFS modulation. By using an iterative clipping tively. By using ISFFT, the information symbols in the DD domain
and filtering strategy [12], the PAPR of OTFS signal is reduced. The are mapped to the time-frequency domain. Later, these symbols
bit error rate (BER) performance suffers as a result of this strategy. are transformed to the time domain using Heisenberg transform
To efficiently reduce the system’s PAPR, in [13], a discrete Fourier along with windowing function, and then companding transform
transform precoding is employed before the inverse symplectic is introduced before applying the cyclic prefix. Upon receiving
finite Fourier transform (ISFFT). In [14], µ-law companding is pro- these signals at the receiver, firstly remove the cyclic prefix and
posed to reduce the PAPR of OTFS. In this paper, to improve the then apply the decompanding transform. By using the receive
PAPR and BER performance further, we propose two compand- windowing function, Wigner transform, and symplectic finite
ing transforms, namely normalized exponential companding and Fourier transform (SFFT), the symbols in the time domain are
normalized sine hyperbolic companding. The normalization is to transformed back to the DD domain. Mathematically, the system
maintain the same average power before and after companding. is described as follows.
These companding and decompanding transforms are typically Consider each transmitted OTFS frame has a duration of Φ T
used at the transmitter after the Heisenberg transform and at and occupies a bandwidth of Θ ∆f . Let the DD grid is represented
the receiver before the Wigner transform (inverse of Heisenberg by
transform). (
α β
)
Under the classification of companding transform, several , , α = 0, . . . , Φ − 1, β = 0, . . . , Θ − 1, (1)
methods such as µ-law, exponential, sine-hyperbolic, hyperbolic Φ T Θ∆f
tangent, uniform, error, logarithmic companding, etc., have been where Θ∆ 1
and Φ1T are the grid intervals along the delay (y-axis)
f
proposed for reducing the PAPR of OFDM signal. Among these and Doppler (x-axis) dimension, respectively. The information
methods, hyperbolic tangent and error companding provides a symbols z [α, β] in DD grid are transformed to the time-frequency
great reduction of PAPR but has worst BER performance. The domain (φ T , θ ∆f ) , φ = 0, . . . , Φ − 1, θ = 0, . . . , Θ − 1 using the
uniform and logarithmic compandings does not maintain the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the columns of size Θ and inverse
same average power before and after the companding. In fact, fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of the rows of size Φ . The ISFFT can
there are several factors such as PAPR reduction capability, BER be represented as
performance, maintaining the same average power, etc., to choose
Φ −1 Θ −1
a particular companding transform. Besides, in OTFS modulation, 1 φα
− θβ
z [α, β]ej2π ( Φ
∑ ∑
the information symbols are multiplexed in the delay-Doppler Z [φ, θ] = √ Θ ) . (2)
ΘΦ α=0 β=0
domain whereas in OFDM, the information symbols are multi-
plexed in the time-frequency domain. Further, according to the Heisenberg transform along with windowing function maps the
analysis in [15], the PAPR of the OTFS signal varies with the num- symbols Z [φ, θ] into a time domain signal z(t) using Θ point IFFT,
ber of symbols rather than the number of subcarriers which is the given by
case in OFDM. Thus, all the effective techniques in OFDM may Φ −1 Θ −1
not work for the case of OTFS modulation. Since the normalized
Z [φ, θ]wtx (t − φ T )ej2πθ ∆f (t −φ T ) ,
∑ ∑
z(t) = (3)
sine hyperbolic and normalized exponential companding trans-
φ=0 θ =0
forms maintain the same average power, higher PAPR reduction
capability, and significant BER performance, we considered these where wtx is transmit rectangular window, given by
techniques in this paper and analyzed in a detailed manner.
1; φ = 0, . . . , Φ − 1, θ = 0, . . . , Θ − 1
{
The rest of the paper is as follows: Section 2 describes the wtx = . (4)
system model, Section 3 explains the proposed exponential and 0; Otherwise
sine hyperbolic companding transforms. Theoretical analysis and Now, the companding transform is applied to z(t) to reduce the
simulation results are presented in Section 4 and Section 5, re- PAPR of the original transmit signal. At the receiver before apply-
spectively. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper. ing the Wigner transform to the received signal, decompanding
transform is applied to normalize the companded signal.
2. System model At the receiver, the channel output y(t) can be expressed as
∫∫
Fig. 1 depicts the block diagram of the OTFS modulation/ y(t) = h(τ , ν )z(t − τ )ej2πν (t −τ ) dτ dν + η(t), (5)
demodulation scheme, including the companding/decompanding
technique at the transmitter/receiver. In OTFS modulation, the where h(τ , ν ) represents the DD channel [12] and η(t) is an
information symbols are chosen from the PSK/QAM constellation additive white Gaussian noise with zero mean. Now the channel
set and placed in a DD grid of dimension Φ × Θ , where Φ output signal is passed through a receive rectangular window wrx
∗
.
2
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al. Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729

Note that the transmit window and receive window have the
same function as shown above. By using Wigner transform, the
time-frequency domain signal Y (φ, θ ) can be calculated as
∫ ⏐
−j2π ν (t −τ )
Y (φ, θ ) = wrx (t − τ )y(t)e dτ ⏐⏐ .
∗
⏐
(6)
τ =φ T ,ν=θ ∆f

Using SFFT, the DD domain signal y[α, β] can be expressed as

Φ −1 Θ −1
φα
− θΘβ )
Y (φ, θ )e−j2π ( Φ
∑ ∑
y[α, β] = . (7)
φ=0 θ =0

3. Companding techniques

3.1. Exponential companding

At the transmitter, the normalized exponential companding is

used to compress/enhance the OTFS signal and it is defined as
√
[ ( |z(l)|2 )]
d Fig. 2. Transform profiles of the exponential, sine hyperbolic, and normalized
u1 (l) = ξ · 1 − exp − 2 sign(z(l)), (8) µ-law companding.
σ
where z(l) represents the sampled version of the OTFS signal
z(t), d denotes the degree of companding, | · | represents the
E[|z(l)|2 ]
Fig. 2 shows the transform profiles of the exponential (d =
absolute value, sign(·) is the signum function, σ 2 = 2 0.9), sine-hyperbolic (k = 0.9 & c = 0.5), and normalized µ-
in which E[·] is an expectation operator, and ξ is a constant law (µ = 2.8 [14]) companding transforms. For simplicity in the
parameter to maintain the same average power before and after legend of all figures, non companding that is the actual signal is
the companding. The parameter ξ is expressed by marked with Non Com, exponential companding is denoted with
⎛ ⎞ 2d Exp, sine hyperbolic transform is indicated with Sine Hyp, and
the normalized µ-law is marked with µ-law. The reason behind
E[|z(l)|2 ] the values of {d, c , k} chosen here is demonstrated in Fig. 3.
⎜ ⎟
ξ =⎜ ⎟ .
⎜ ⎟
⎜ [ √[ ]⎟ (9) The transform profiles in Fig. 2 imply that both the exponential
( )] 2
⎝ d −|z(l)|2 ⎠ and sine hyperbolic companding transforms compresses the large
E 1 − exp σ2
peaks greatly and enhances the small peaks very little. As the
companding transforms are formulated to maintain the same
To retrieve the original OTFS signal at the receiver, we should
average power after companding and largely reducing the peak
perform the decompanding operation. The output of decompand-
values with saturation kind of characteristics, the PAPR will be
ing transform is given by
reduced significantly. We note that the average power is not the
same before and after companding using the µ-law in [14]. Thus,
√
⏐ ( |r(l)|d )⏐⏐
v1 (l) = ⏐ − σ 2 loge 1 − ⏐ sign(r(l)), (10) in order to compare the BER performance, we normalize the µ-
⏐
ξ law [14] such that the average power is the same before and after
where r(l) is the sampled version of the received signal r(t). companding. We further note that the normalization of µ-law for
equating the average power does not alter the PAPR. Therefore,
3.2. Sine hyperbolic companding the PAPR of µ-law [14] and normalized µ-law used in this paper
is the same.
The output of the sine hyperbolic companding is defined as
4. Theoretical analysis
ζ asinh (k|z(l)|) sign (z(l)) , |z(l)| ≤ I
{
u2 (l) = , (11)
ζ asinh(kI) sign (z(l)) , |z(l)| > I 4.1. PAPR
√
where asinh(x) = ln (x + x2 + 1), I = c · A in which A =
maxl |z(l)| and c ∈ (0, 1), k denotes the degree of companding, The PAPR is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the
and the constant parameter ζ ensures the same average power average power. The PAPR of the OTFS signal z(l) is expressed by
before and after the companding operation. Thus, ζ is expressed maxl |z(l)|2 A2
by PAPRz = ] = . (14)
E |z(l)|2 2σ 2
[
√
2σ
ζ = √ , (12) The closed-form expression of the PAPR of the output of the expo-
E{asinh (k|z(l)|) ∪ asinh2 (kI)}
2
nential (PAPRexp ) and the sine hyperbolic (PAPRsinh ) companding
where ∪ represents the union operation. transform is given by
At the receiver, the output of the decompanding transform is maxl |u1 (l)|2
given by PAPRexp =
E |u1 (l)|2
[ ]
( )
1 |r(l)| {√ }
v2 (l) = sinh sign (r(l)) , (13) [ (
|2
)]2
k ζ maxl
d
ξ · 1 − exp
2 − |z(l)
σ2
ex −e−x =
where sinh(x) = .
2 2σ 2
3
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al. Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729

Fig. 3. BER and PAPR versus d of exponential companding, and c & k of sine hyperbolic companding.

A
√ )]2
)] , and
[ ( 2
d
ξ 2 · 1 − exp − maxσl |2z(l)| = 20 log10 √ [ (
A2
= d
ξ · 1 − exp − σ 2
√ 2σ 2
[ ( )]2 PAPRz A
d 2
ξ 2 · 1 − exp − σA 2 Gsinh (dB) = 10 log10 = 20 log10 . (17)
PAPRsinh |ζ · asinh(kI)|
= , (15)
2σ 2
4.3. Attenuation factor
and
maxl |u2 (l)|2 ζ 2 · asinh2 (kI) The companding transform profiles in Fig. 2 show that the
PAPRsinh = ] = . (16) signal is clipped off beyond certain limit (called companding
E |u2 (l)|2 2σ 2
[
distortion) and may cause to degrade the BER performance if
clipping is more. Thus, the amount of clipping should be as small
4.2. Transform gain as possible for reducing the impact of companding distortion on
BER performance. This effect can be described by the attenuation
factor [3]. Attenuation factor of the exponential (𭟋exp ) and the
The transform gain (G) is used to know the PAPR level before sine hyperbolic (𭟋sinh ) companding transform is defined by
and after the companding transform. Mathematically, G is defined ∞
E[u1 (l)z ∗ (l)]
∫
as the ratio of the PAPR of the actual OTFS signal to the PAPR of 1
𭟋exp ≜ = zu1 (l)f|zl | (z)dz , and
the companded OTFS signal. The transform gain of the exponen- E[z(l)z ∗ (l)] σ2
∫0 ∞
tial (Gexp ) and the sine hyperbolic (Gsinh ) companding transform E[u2 (l)z ∗ (l)] 1
𭟋sinh ≜ = zu2 (l)f|zl | (z)dz , (18)
is given by E[z(l)z ∗ (l)] σ2 0
PAPRz where f|zl | (z) is the probability density function of |z(l)|. Consider
Gexp (dB) = 10 log10
PAPRexp that the information symbols are statistically independent and
4
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al. Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729

Fig. 4. Power levels of the OTFS and companded-OTFS signal.

identically distributed (i.i.d.). According to the central limit theo- 5. Simulation results
rem, the real and imaginary parts of information symbols become
i.i.d Gaussian random variables. Thus, its magnitude implies the In this section, we discuss the performance in terms of power
Rayleigh distribution, given by levels, PAPR, transform gain, attenuation factor, and BER of the
OTFS system and the companded OTFS system. Also compared
2z ( −z 2 )
the PAPR and BER performance of the OTFS system with OFDM.
f|zl | (z) = exp , z ≥ 0. (19)
σ2 σ2 First we choose the best companding parameters of the proposed
exponential and sine hyperbolic companding transforms by illus-
Now, by substituting u1 (l), u2 (l) and f|zl | (z) from the Eqs. (8), (11),
trating both the PAPR and BER versus the degree of companding,
and (19) in Eq. (18), we get 𭟋exp and 𭟋sinh as
shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3(a) shows the BER and PAPR versus the
companding degree d of exponential companding transform, and
√
∫ A
( z2 ) d [ ( |z |2 )]
2 Fig. 3(b) describes the BER and PAPR versus c and k of sine
𭟋exp = 4 z exp − 2 2
ξ 1 − exp − 2 dz , and
σ 0 σ σ hyperbolic companding transform. For the evaluation of Fig. 3(a)
2ζ
∫ I ( −z 2 ) and Fig. 3(b), we consider Φ = 32, Θ = 64, quadrature phase
𭟋sinh = 4 z 2 exp asinh(kz) dz + shift keying (QPSK) signalling, 5 dB bit energy to noise ratio
σ 0 σ2 (Eb /No ), and an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
2ζ
∫ A ( −z 2 )
All the results are averaged over 104 randomly generated frames.
asinh(kI) z 2
exp dz . (20)
σ4 I σ2 Fig. 3(a) shows that the PAPR is decreasing as the companding
degree increases, and the rate of decreasing is reduces with
increase in d. However, the BER is decreases initially and then
4.4. Computational complexity increases with increase in d, and becomes optimum at d = 0.9.
Therefore, hereafter all evaluations of exponential companding
Computational complexity, in terms of the number of opera- transform considers d = 0.9. In Fig. 3(b), the BER and PAPR of
tions using the big-oh (O) notation, of the OTFS system shown in sine hyperbolic transform are contradicting each other. Thus, for
comparison purpose c = 0.5 and k = 0.9 are considered hereafter
Fig. 1 depends mainly on the computation of ISFFT, Heisenberg
because under these values the PAPR of both the exponential and
transform, companding transform, inverse companding trans-
sine hyperbolic companding transforms is nearly equal.
form, Wigner transform, SFFT, and the equalizer. The ISFFT (or, Fig. 4 illustrates the instantaneous power levels of OTFS signal
SFFT) requires O(ΦΘ log Θ + ΦΘ log Φ ) complex multiplications. |z(l)|2 , exponential companded OTFS signal |u1 (l)|2 , sine hyper-
The Heisenberg (or, Wigner) transform requires O(ΦΘ log Θ ) bolic companded OTFS signal |u2 (l)|2 , and normalized µ-law com-
complex multiplications. The companding transform that is the panded OTFS signal |uµ (l)|2 . The peak power and average power
calculation of Eqs. (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), and (13) requires each values of |z(l)|2 , |u1 (l)|2 , |u2 (l)|2 , |uµ (l)|2 are given in Table 1. From
O(ΦΘ ) operations. Finally, the zero-forcing equalizer (considered the results in Fig. 4 and Table 1, we observe that the peak power is
in this paper) needs O(Φ 3 Θ 3 ) complex multiplications. reduced by a factor of 3.89, 3.895, and 2.71 using the exponential,
5
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al.
Fig. 5. CCDF of the PAPR in OFDM, OTFS and companded OFDM/OTFS signal.
Table 1
Power profiles of the OTFS and companded-OTFS signal.
Companding technique Peak power
2
OTFS (Non companded) |z(l)| 15.2426
Exponential |u1 (l)|2 3.9181
Sine hyperbolic |u2 (l)|2 3.9127
Normalized µ-law |uµ (l)|2 5.6147
sine hyperbolic, and the normalized µ-law companding [14],
respectively.
The PAPR measurement shown in Table 1 is based on a single
frame and it may vary from frame to frame. In general, the
reduction of PAPR is measured by the complementary cumulative
distributive function (CCDF) and based on multiple independent
frames. The CCDF of PAPR defines the probability of the signals
having the PAPR greater than a threshold γ0 . Fig. 5 describes
the CCDF of PAPR of the OFDM signal, OTFS signal, companded
OFDM signal, and companded OTFS signal. Fig. 5(a) depicts the
PAPR comparison of OTFS, OFDM, and companded (exponential
and sine hyperbolic) OTFS/OFDM signal by considering Φ = 8,
Θ = 512, and QPSK signaling. The total number of subcarriers
in OFDM are taken as Φ × Θ = 4096 to maintain the same
data rate in both OTFS and OFDM systems. The line colors and
markers are uniquely used in all figures. From Fig. 5, we sig-
nify that the OTFS signal has less PAPR compared to the OFDM
Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729
signal due to the PAPR of OTFS signal varies with the number
of Doppler grids whereas the PAPR of OFDM signal varies with
Average power
the total number of subcarriers. The exponential companding
1.9961 transform shows the identical performance for both the OTFS
1.9961
and OFDM signals. However, the sine hyperbolic companding
1.9961
1.9961 transform achieves better PAPR performance for OTFS signal as
compared to the performance of OFDM signal. Fig. 5(b), Fig. 5(c),
and Fig. 5(d) depict the CCDF of PAPR of OTFS and companded
OTFS signal under different values of Φ , Θ , and different signaling
format. And also presents a comparison with the normalized µ-
law and clipping [12] methods. We set Φ = 16, Θ = 32, and
QPSK signaling in Fig. 5(b); Φ = 32, Θ = 128, and 16-QAM
in Fig. 5(c); and Φ = 64, Θ = 512, and 64-QAM in Fig. 5(d).
The PAPR analysis signifies that the exponential companding
transform achieves high PAPR reduction than the normalized µ-
law and clipping methods, and the sine hyperbolic companding
transform is better than the exponential companding transform.
Variation of the PAPR, transform gain, and attenuation factor
versus the companding degree is shown in Fig. 6. This analysis
was carried out with Φ = 16, Θ = 32, QPSK signaling, and
in sine hyperbolic transform c = 0.5. Fig. 6(a) shows that the
PAPR decreases as the companding degree increases. The PAPR
of the exponential companding and sine hyperbolic companding
transforms are lies between 3.884 dB to 1.301 dB and 3.232 dB to
2.065 dB, respectively. Fig. 6(b) signifies that the transform gain
6
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al. Physical Communication 53 (2022) 101729

Fig. 6. Variation of the PAPR, transform gain, and attenuation factor versus the companding degree of exponential and sine hyperbolic companding transform.

Fig. 7. BER of the OFDM, OTFS and companded OTFS/OFDM systems.

grows as the companding degree rises. For the exponential com-
panding the transform gain lies in [4.96 dB, 7.495 dB] while the
sine hyperbolic companding confined in the range of [5.638 dB,
6.754 dB]. Fig. 6(c) implies that the attenuation factor decreases
as the companding degree increases. We can also state that the
transform gain and the ultimate PAPR are inversely proportional
to each other. Thus, to maintain the desired PAPR, the optimal
companding degree must be considered.
7
Fig. 7 shows the BER performance versus Eb /No of the OFDM,
OTFS, and companded OTFS/OFDM systems under both AWGN
and DD channel. The DD channel is modeled according to the
channel in [12] and considered four propagation paths with equal
power. Fig. 7(a) depicts the BER performance of OTFS, OFDM,
and companded (exponential and sine hyperbolic) OTFS/OFDM
systems by considering Φ = 16, Θ = 64, QPSK signaling, and
AWGN channel. The total number of subcarriers in OFDM are
H. Bitra, P. Ponnusamy, S. Chintagunta et al.
taken as Φ × Θ = 1024. The BER curves in Fig. 7(a) signify
that the performance of the OTFS and OFDM systems, as well
as companded OTFS and OFDM systems, in AWGN channel are
identical. Fig. 7(b), Fig. 7(c), and Fig. 7(d) illustrate the BER per-
formance of OTFS and companded (exponential, sine hyperbolic,
normalized µ-law, and clipping) OTFS systems under DD channel.
For the sake of simplicity, we consider the zero-forcing equalizer
to normalize the DD channel at the receiver. We set Φ = 16,
Θ = 32, and QPSK signaling in Fig. 7(b); Φ = 32, Θ = 64,
and QPSK signaling in Fig. 7(c); and Φ = 32, Θ = 64, and
16-QAM signaling in Fig. 7(d). The results in Fig. 7(b), Fig. 7(c),
and Fig. 7(d) signify that the exponential, sine hyperbolic, and
clipping methods have equal BER performance and better BER
performance compared to the normalized µ-law method.
6. Conclusion
In this research work, normalized exponential and sine hyper-
bolic companding transforms are proposed to reduce the PAPR
of the OTFS signal. These companding transforms reduce the
PAPR significantly while maintaining the same average power
and works well for any modulation format irrespective of the
number of delay and Doppler grids. Simulation results show that
higher reduction of PAPR has been achieved by the proposed
methods relative to the existing µ-law and clipping methods.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Hanumantharao Bitra received his M.Tech. degree
from JNTUA college of Engineering, anathapuramu in
2017. Currently he is a research scholar in Depart-
ment of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu. His research interest areas are spatial modulation
techniques, detection algorithms, Information theoretic
concepts, and OTFS.
Palanisamy Ponnusamy obtained the B.E. degree
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India in the year
1992 and M.E. degree in Communications Systems from
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
in the year 1997. He received the Ph.D. degree from
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
in the year 2009. He is currently working as Professor
in the Department of ECE at National Institute of
Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India. His research inter-
ests include Array Signal Processing, Image Processing,
Detection and Bearing Estimation and Medical Image Analysis.
Srinivasarao Chintagunta obtained the M.Tech. de-
gree in Signal Processing from National Institute of
Technology, Calicut, India in the year 2010 and Ph.D.
degree from National Institute of Technology, Tiruchi-
rappalli, India in the year 2018. He is currently
working as Assistant Professor in the Department of
ETC at International Institute of Information Technol-
ogy, Bhubaneswar, India. His research interests include
Array Signal Processing, MIMO radar, OFDM and OTFS.
Salai Pragadeshwaran B. is currently pursuing B.Tech.
in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Na-
tional Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.
His research interests are signal processing, image
processing, OTFS, MIMO and Analog electronics.