● Bachelor EBP

● Name:
Adriana Maria Najera Galdamez

● Course:
Economic and Political problems of globalization

● Topic:
Link between terrorism and religious conflicts at the age of globalization

● Date:
30 november 2022
Globalization as a political, economic and especially cultural phenomenon it has
taken religions and terrorism as a strong tool for universalization. Their principles,
policies and strategies have met with resistance as well as accommodation or
readjustment from the three great monotheistic religions to this new process
integrator. Some religions have responded defensively and there has been a true
clash of interests that manifests itself in religious terrorism, intolerance religious or
ethnic, etc. Others for their part, given the imminent advance of this phenomenon,
have adopted modalities of adaptation or have readjusted their We cannot say that
the phenomenon of globalization has passed by religions and that this in them has
not caused any type of transformation, rejection or adjustment. Changes or renewals
that in a long time the religious men they had not considered or even wanted to
change.

Taking the Weberian idea we can understand it within certain parameters that allow
¨us to talk about religion as such and frame it within a system. Weber establishes, in
his work "Sociology of Religion", that there are what called “salvation religions” or
“world religions”. Five are called that way. religions: Christianity, Islam, Confucianism,
Buddhism and Judaism. It says world because of its ordering of life and its ability to
capture crowds regional and global.

New political conflicts of resistance to domination arose, enhancing the scope of

terrorism. And the rules of the game between the different states and empires are
were altered by this new struggle to impose hegemony

Globalization encourages nationalist groups or religious extremists, nurturing

movements of resistance against the prevailing hegemony. Within the international
system, "groups Terrorists have established themselves as new global actors in
competition with states, the economy and civil society. New actors that represent an
infinite number of interests or objectives.This kind of transnational terrorism is not
limited to Islamist terrorism, but can be linked to all possible objectives, ideologies
and fundamentalisms

Hegemony implies a political-economic tendency, whose influence invades all

corners of the prevailing system of relations, obtaining more power and influence in
the different systems that make up our world. At no time in history has our planet
known a hegemony like the one we have today.

Ignacio Ramonet establishes that the first transformation is the change of

hegemonies on a scale geopolitics. Secondly, there is an evolution in the concepts of
strategic value. "The third transformation is the change to which the nation-state or
the national state that is doomed to a deep crisis of identity and consequently of
stability

The fourth transformation is the change of leadership of its main actors since roles
previously filled by states have been taken over by agencies intergovernmental
organizations and international economic instances, which now dictate the rules of
the globalization.

The fifth transformation is the expansion of democracy as a political regime

dominant, although with many imperfections. The seventh mutation impacts on
identity Political and social, by weakening the identities that were previously
sufficient to identify individuals and groups, identity gaps are generated.

Globalization encourages nationalist groups or religious extremists, nurturing

movements of resistance against the prevailing hegemony. Within the international
system, groups terrorists have established themselves as new global actors in
competition with states, the economy and civil society. New actors that represent an
infinite number of interests or objectives, this kind of transnational terrorism is not
limited to Islamist terrorism, but can be linked to all possible objectives, ideologies
and fundamentalisms
as a great example we have:

ISLAMIC TERRORISM, JIHAD AND ITS LEADERS

Until 1980, modern terrorism is present as a product of the Iranian revolution of
1979, with the groups Committee for the Safeguarding of the Islamic Revolution and
al-Dawa, both of Shia. From this stage, it had a huge increase worldwide. "Twelve
years later, in 1992, we find that the number of religious terrorist groups has grown
significantly (from
2 to 11 groups) and which, moreover, has spread to other religions apart from Islam,
to several small and obscure religious sects

To understand Islamic terrorism, we must refer to its history, delve into its ideological
and cultural characteristics, understand the close relationship of this phenomenon
with religion. There are other movements for which the religious motive is the first
and, in fact, perhaps in today the religious mandate is the most important defining
characteristic of terrorism.

To understand Islamic terrorism, we must understand the world view and its system
of values. The violent act represents a divine event. That divinity frees its
executioners moral, ethical or political limitations, allows them to contextualize the
importance of the violent act on a much larger scale than other non-religious groups.
Violence for the terrorist religious is, above all, a sacramental act or a divine duty
that must be performed to respond to a theological demand or mandate.

Religious morality justifies vital acts for the survival of their worldview, “religion
becomes a means of legitimization for the terrorist. It is essential that your figures
religious organizations not only ratify, but even go so far as to "bless" the operations
that they are going to carry out finished. Religious terrorists are the ones represented
and, at the same time, the activists waging what they consider to be total war in his
brilliant study.
When Devils Walk the Earth, Ralp Peters distinguishes between practical terrorists
and apocalyptic terrorists who very often, they deceive themselves with their
fanaticism. "Apocalyptic terrorists spin in convulsions of madness peculiar, evil, and
hardly know what they believe in the depths of their souls. In fact, the most of their
activity is an attempt to avoid acknowledging the darkness within they, a fight to
represent themselves as the revenge of the angels of light

Modern religious terrorism arose in Iran, its revolution represented the ideological
clash between West and Middle East. Their own Islamic revolution is intended to be
presented by Iran as example to the rest of the Muslims of the world, exhorting them
to reaffirm the teachings fundamentals of the Qur'an and to resist Western influence,
especially North American, in the Middle East

After the Iraq war, Israel's destruction of Gaza and terrorist activism in the Middle
East, US military forces threaten Iran with a next war. Perhaps the only thing
stopping them is that Iran already has nuclear power. Hezbollah, described as a
gigantic terrorist -by Westerners-, and his Party of God, has evolved from the times
of guerrilla and terrorist force, establishing itself as a "legitimate" political party in the
Lebanese government and acting as a representative of the huge Shiite population
of the Lebanon. With a high political profile, Hezbollah continues to maintain its
armed militia and its bases of terrorist training.

The two main leaders of Hezbollah are its secretary general,

Chief Sayyed Hassan Nasrala, and the organization's spiritual leader,
Sheikh Mohamed Husayn Fadlalah, both "global terrorists" designated as
such by the US government.
The Islamic world is that part of the Arab world that practices Islam conceived as a
monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in the seventh century after Christ. Its
meaning is based in self-submission to Allah or absolute submission to God, in its
classical form, politics is not separated from religious doctrine. This is called Sharia,
Islamic law, which operates as a system law that encompasses all spheres of man,
the public and the private, the political and religious are not they are separated. It is
part of Islam

TERRORISM AND THE CRISIS OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER

The current terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda and Hezbollah, are the result of a
great evolution doctrinal or ideological based on religion and specifically on jihad.
According to the conflict theory, it is necessary to specify the elements of current
terrorism: It presents a frontal fight against the prevailing political and economic
power.

Regarding the basic cycle, we can identify globalization, the attacks of September
11, 2001, interests for scarce resources, clash of incompatible political-religious
interests. Regarding their patterns of action, the goals of the parties or subjects
belonging to the conflict are diffuse. Many causes are mentioned, but in its real
background are totally different objectives, as is the case of the supposed struggle to
bring democracy to oppressed peoples, the true motivation is found in the conquest
and obtaining of scarce resources.

The context, impacts and scope of the conflicts it generates are global in scale, its
implications directly affect the geopolitics of the zones.

The parties to the conflict involve various nations and individual actors, the United
States and their allies, network groups such as Al Qaeda and actions generated by
the new movement of movements against globalization. Power relations are
extensive resources employees are huge.

The function of the conflict is positive only for a part of those involved. In its full
context or global, it is not functional since it only encourages wars and destruction.

The magnitude of the conflict is that of a war that polarizes the entire world.
Therefore, the mediation of international organizations is practically nil. As for its
dynamics, it has been on a constant climb since 2001, including the latent
development of a war of great proportions in the Middle East and very close to the
borders of Russia and China.

The conflict represented by Islamic terrorism could be classified according to its

causes in several ways.
shapes:
● Of scarce resources and competition directed to the oil of the Middle East.
● Of power, it seeks to have relationships with the coercive capacity to allow
obtaining certain purposes. In this case, the influence in the Middle East and,
therefore, free entry to its natural resources.
● Of self-esteem, the "social self" of the Muslim world is offended, since illegally
the United States made two invasions of countries belonging to that world and
have done many humiliations.
● Of values ​and identity, beliefs, values, thoughts and ways of being are at
stake of the Muslim world.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, STRATEGY AND SECURITY

● Of maladjustment, globalizing processes produce tension derived from

maladjustments and changes generated by the new stage of capitalism.
Conflicting interests between the different blocks which generates conflicts.
● Of legitimation, actions appear that do not support the war against terrorism of
theUnited States or the legitimacy of terrorist actions.
Now, we may wonder if any of these monotheistic cults have been "taken advantage
of" by universalization. It is not very difficult for us to focus on the Christianity, in its
various branches, as the devotion that accompanies this phenomenon.

"Westernism" seeks to give a deep differentiation with respect to the East (near and
far). The banner of human rights has shown us in recent years that the East lacks a
lot or is behind on the subject. globalization has found or wanted to find in
Christianity that escort to the rights humans. Today, the veiling of women in Muslim
countries is considers it an violation of gender freedoms, that young people contract
Marriage at a young age implies for the Western vision a violation of the rights of the
kids.

However, another monotheistic creed has particular characteristics that we will

highlight. We are talking about the specific case of Judaism. His strong support for
the policies Westerners (to the North Americans precisely) position it in a dual reality.
On the one hand, following democracies, their rights, their policies and culture
Western causes in the State of Israel itself a situation of confusion in the face of the
traditions, customs and the culture of the Jewish people. at the same time follow.

These guidelines locate the Israelite people as a subculture as opposed to the

culture Oriental. It can be clearly seen that the State of Israel plays the role of
subculture since in the face of the dominant reality of Islamism this group of people
has a distinctive set of behaviors and beliefs that differentiates them from the culture
dominant (Islamism) of which they are at least a territorial and geographically. If we
see it from this angle we can understand the actions of many of the groups we
mentioned.

Islamism with respect to globalization is a more than delicate issue. The clash that
occurs between the West and the East is also given by this meeting of faiths The
West that seeks to "westernize" the East and the same Orient that seeks to defend
its culture against this advance. Without positioning ourselves next to neither of the
two opponents, we can say that in this "global village" the Islamism appears as a
counterculture difficult to dominate by the hegemonic culture from the west
Fundamentalist groups, terrorist attacks, protectionist policies, etc. are some of the
examples we have to argue that we are facing a counterculture. Thus, a
counterculture is the realization of the aspirations and dreams of a marginal social
group, in this case the Islamic world