CHAPTER 1: Nature of Mathematics Mathematics is more than numbers and = variable x. It does not end in finding the @ of a Variable nor finding the solution tt is more than graphing on @ Cartesian € and constructing a three-dimensional During your Practical Research Mathematics plays a big role in ting, organization, and presentation ‘your data. HoweVer, its application goes ond than that of @ requirement. So, what ithe end of the chapter, the student will be able to: identify pattems in nature; use mathematics to think about the world and nature; articulate the importance of mathematics in his/her life, and express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor. ‘Chapter 1: The Nature of Mathematics 1LESSON Nothing can beat the beauty of nature, Finding mathematics in pees cheap yes sei es time to exairine nahure, then one can describe its beauty mathematically. Activity (Collaboration) By group, Oe flower and the number of its petals. ‘Chapter 1: The Nature of Mathematics. 3‘The numbers 3, 5, 8, 13 and 24 ate all parts of the Fibonacci ‘Sequence. The number of petals of a flower is usually a Fibonacci number‘What is the Sth term? Answer: "How did you solve the 9th term? Answer: _ i ig TS Reh eet eT yt What is the pattern of the Fibonacci Sequence? Answer: | ! To 994 the Bt term which is 21, the sh tam and the seventh tem are acced, $0, 8 + 14 = 21, Therefore, adding the two conseoutive terme wil result to another term of the Fibonacci Sequence. f F = Fayt Fa / where: \F, = Fibonacci nuraber JF, = the previous term F,.= the term before F,; Find the “th to 15th term of the Fibonacel Sequence. 7th term: 42th term: 13th term: 44th term: 415th term: } ‘What is the 80th term of the Fibonacci Sequence? It may take you an hour or ire o find it However, oe may calcula he Flbones| number using tne Gogen Ratio. Itis usually denoted using the Greek letter “phi” @ or #- ‘The Golden Ratio is a special number which is approxiriately equal to 1.618034 ‘and may be used to find the nth term of a Fibonacc! Sequence using the Binet's eeia }-t0) 8 A sequence may be finite or ___ infinite. The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite sequence: A firite sequence numbers which form e pattern is called titer of@ a sequence. Numer pattems may be | described by examining how the terms © Activity (Collaboration) Describe the pattern of each sequence. 1. 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,... 2. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80,... 3. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55... A pattern may haveva list of numbers in which a constant number is added to get the succeeding terms. For other sequences, the terms are increasing because the number to be added is increasing in a predictable way. There are umber patterns whose terms are decreasing, because the number to be added is decreasing in an expected way. : 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, ... 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 29, ‘Chapter 1: The Nature of Mathomatios. 11Analysis (Communication) oot e After learning about the number and its pattern, how will you categorize Fibonacci ‘Sequence? Answer: Abstraction (Critleal Thinking) Write the next three terms of the following sequences. 1) 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 2) 1,247, 11,. 3), 100, 78, 64, 28,0, ... 4) 30,35, 45,60, 80, ... 5) 181, 149, 145, 137, 121, ... " 6) 36, 43.5, 51, 58.5, 66, 7) 100.1, 100, 99.8, 99.55, 99.1, ... OEE TP 9 £2. 42% Pe 10) v2, {eNe aee b Application (Creativity)toa Tae ELUTE Cece ie We Ura tetete ‘Chapter Introduction Language is very powerful. It Js used to express our emotions, thoughts, and ideas. However, if the recipient of the message cannot Understand you, then there is no communication at all. it is very importantthat bath of you understand the language, Mathematics is very hard for others to study because thoy ere very overwhelmed with the numbers, operations, symbols, and formulae. On the other hand, if one knows how to interpret and understand these things, then the subject will be comprehensible. Competencies At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: + explain the nature of mathematics as a language and + recognize that mathematics is a useful language. Ghapter2: Mathematics es a Language 17LESSON |: Introduction - Comprehending a massage is better understood once @ person understand how things are said and may know why it is said, The use of language in mathematics is far from ‘ordinary speech, It can be learned but needs a lat of effors like learning & new dialect or language. The following are the characteristics of the language of mathematics: precise, concise, and powerful. © Activity (Collaboration) Group Activity: Discuss the characteristics of the language of mathematics and give an example to supplement your explanation. 1, The Language of Mathematics is Precise. Chapter 2: Mathematics as a Language 19‘The Language of Mathematics is Concise, _ You learned in your English subject that expressions do not state a complete ‘thought, but sentences do. Mathematical sentences state a complete thought. On theAnalysis (Communication) Classify each given equationasa mathematical expression (E)or a mathematical sentence (S). i arg b+O=b a “ 706 oO 3.1416 5 RE Ee eee x+yzyex - SES Eee sete ies Conventions in the Mathematical Language 7 ‘The common symbol used for multipication sx but it can be mistakenly taken as the variabio x. There are instances when the centered dol (-)s.8 shorthand to be used ‘or muttipication especially when variables are involved. If there wil be no confusion, ‘the symbol may be dropped. ' B-y=ay @b-c=abe ts 9=98t itis conventional to write the number first before the letters. fin case the letters 21 more than one, you have lo arrange the letters alphabetically. Sets are usually represented by uppercase letters like! S. Thé symbols R and N tepresent the set of real numbers and the set of natural numbers, respectively, A lowercase letter near the end of the slphabet lke x, y or z represents an element of the set of real numbers. A lowercase letter near the middle of the alphabet perticulary ‘rom ‘to may represent an element of the set of integers, Abstraction (Critical Thinking) |. For each of the foliowing expressions, write each in the most conventional way. 1. Box 2 eyo 3. Bye 4. eat b-3 5.12 py‘What is the most conventional way to write 5 - 117 Justify your answer. Answor: ‘ Sets, Functions, Relations, and Binary Operations Sets As discussed previdusly, uppercase letters represent sets. For examplo, the set ‘of integers |s represented by the symbol Z. A set is a collection of any object. It is ‘a mathematical expression in which @ name is given to some collection of objects. Elements or members refer to the objects in a set. Ifthe numbers of elements in a set can be enumerated, then itis called a finite set. Otherwise, infinite set. A set that has no members is called the empty set which is denoted using { } or ¢. List method Is away of describing the set in which the members are separated by i ‘commas and enclosed in braces like set S = {4, 8, 12}. The set has 3 alaments which are 4, 8, and 12, Below are some symbols used to represent the relationship of an element to a set. | j [nee Meee et | [TFisrotrinotan semen nata pearat | Uh” m r {i ' ‘To say that 4 is an element of set S, it is represented as 4 « S. If the members of the set are infinite or cannot be easily described using the list method, then the set- builder notation can be used, ‘ ! Let us go back to our given set S. The sats (4}, {8}, (12). (4, 8), 44, 12), (8, 12}, F (4.8, 12}, and ( }are called subsets of the given set S.A satis a subset of agiven F ‘sel if any one of the following three conditions holds: it is the given set, it is the empty F 3 ee eRe ete eae Gee a FBENE RET RORBOME 9 O07 sesage 12 celaion. A relation is 9 set of ordered pairs. elbment A function is a relation in the element of the first set (domain) ‘set (range). A ey leo be many toApplication (Creativity) Below are examples of a function, Each item is labeled as a function or mere — felation. Represent each item correctly depending on the labels by elther drawing "arrows or writing ardered pairs. (R, 0), {L, 1), (D, 2)) — Function NumberFor numbers 4 to 6, use the same set of letters and set of numbers from the previous items. 4 CW WO WR IML, (OD —Funetion 5,-2.1 CO. 1). (29 — Mere relation 6 CWE Cet OF. Mere rotation Binary Operations 6 ‘A unary operation is for a single number and assigns another number to it, ‘Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (), and division (+) are examples of binary operations. The word “binary’ means composition of two pieces. A binary operation Tefers to joining two values to create @ new one. Study the following properties of adition and multiplication, as binary operations, ‘on the sat of real numbers. 1. Closure Property Addition: The sum of any two real numbers is also a real number. Example: 12434 = 48 Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also a real number, Example: 7 * 20 = 140 ll. Commutative Property ‘Addition: For any two real numbers x and y, x+ y= y +x. Example: 15+7.8=78+1.5 93-99 eS ‘Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also @ real number. Example: 8* §=5 «8 40=40 ‘Applying the commutative property of addition, we may write the equivalent ‘expression of 8m + 7n at Bm +7n = Tn + 8m. What do you think is the equivalent expression of (12a) (176)? Il, Associative Property + Addition: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x+(y+z)=(xt Wrz. Example: 3+ (10 +9) = (9 +10) +9 3419=1349 22=22 24 Course Module for Mathematics in the Modern World“Multiplication: For any two real numbers x, y and 2, x: (y-z)= (x-y)-z. Example:3 - (9-6) = (3-9) 8 3. (64)=(27)-6 162 = 162 ing ths apsccstva propery ct rica etsy wito fo ecualelenl ‘expression of (42¢°) - (16a%6*) as (42c°) - (168%") = (162°b") - (42c*), Identity Property Addition: For-eny real number x, x +0 = x. The number “0” Is called the ~ additive identity Example: 78 +0 =78 Multiplication: For any real number x, x- 1 = x. The number 1” is called the multiplicative identity. Exempla: 98 -1= 98 Using the identity property, we may write an equivalent expression of 2 ‘mathematical expression by substituting an expression thal is equal to the additive identity or multiplicative identity. Study the examples below. Example 4. Write an equivalent exoression of $2 by multiplying 2 instead of 1 3¢ g-3 Zz -¥f Therefore, 1 and 32 are equivalent expressions. Example 2. Write an equivalent expression of 9 ~ 5 by adding (2m - 2m) instead of 0. 9F-S=9F-5+0 =9F - 5 + (2m-2m) =97+2m-5-2m ‘Therefore, 9F ~ 5 and 9 + 2m - 5 - 2m are equivalent expressions. ‘Chapter2: Mathematice 2e.akanguage 25 «al-xty~2) 2. ~8(71-+8m + 9n) 3. m(y-v) Inverses of Binary Operations: Addition: For any real number x, X+ (-x) = 0. Example: 100 + (-100) = 0 Multiplication: For any real number x,x° 4 = 1 Example: 08-5 =1 : ‘Summary + The following are the characteristics of the language of mathematics: precise, concise, and powerful. * Mathernatical sentences state a complete thought. Centerod dot (:) is @ shorthand to be used for multiplication especialy when variables are involved. Aset is a collection of any object. + Finite set has definite number of elements, Otherwise nits infinite set. + /Aset ea subect of a van set any one of he folawng ree Condtons hols: = Its the given set. “+ Itis the empty set, or + Each member of the sets also an element of the glen set. + Aset that hasino members is called the emply set. . teeta ame a ‘or many-to-one correspondence: =e [Abin postion seers lie ie wahiamiartens ewics a Se os 26 Course’ Module for Mathematics in the Modem WorldLESSON Il: Introduction Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to discriminate correct from incorrect feasoning. As tertiary students, you must know how to reason out logically and test the validity of an argument about any matter. You will eam about connectives, quaniifiers, negations, and variables which are essentials to modem logic and its symbolic language. There is a separate chapter for other toples under Logic. Adeclarative sentence is @ sentence whose main verb is indicative. A statement {5 a declarative sentence that is either true or false but cannot be both. Astatement can _be simple or compound. Below are examples of simple and compound statements ‘The highest mountain in the The highest mountain in the Philippines Philippines is Mt. Apo. 1S Mt. Apo, and the second highest Mountain is Mt. Pulag. Cebu is the oldest City in the We will go to Camiguin island or we wil Philippines. 0 to Mactan island, (Chapter 2: Mathomatics as a Language 28To create a compound statement, connectives like and, or i..then, and if and only ifare used, The symbols p, q, rand s represent simple statements. Bolow are the: symbols used for connectives i “The first example of compound statement which is “The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, and the second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag.” may be written using the following symbols. . “The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, ‘and the second highest mountain is Mt. Pula. q Write the second example of compound statement which is “We will go to Camiguin island or we will go to Mactan island.” using symbols.“All freshmen students are graduates of the K-12 curriculum." is a quantified ‘statement which is a statement. containing quantifiers. The words {ike "all", there exists”, and “none” are examples of quantifiers. Existential quantifiers like “there ‘exists” and “at leat one” are Usad'to emphasize the existence of something, Words like “none” and “no” deny the existence of something, and words like “all” and “every” ‘tress out that every element satisfies a conditon. These words are called universal quantifiers. Every variable in a mathematical statement has @ corresponding quantifier. The } ‘quaniifiers are “for all” and “there exists”. The phrases like “for all x in R” or “for every i xin R" is written as Vx © R in symbols. The phrases “for some x in IR” or “there exist | ‘an x in B such that” is written as 3x © BR. i} The negation of the statement “AV freshmen students are graduates of the K-12 curriculum? is oe etme as fr a ‘Write the negation of each of the following statements, 4. All school gates are open. i. ‘Negation: 2. Some drinks in the school canteen ara espresso-based. ‘Negation: No students are wearing their uniforms. ‘Negation: 32 A.Course Nedule for Mathematics in the Modern (ord ie nae