Module 2

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
State Universities and Colleges

ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES - SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
College of Agriculture
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MODULE 2
ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL EVENTS
This module presents selected primary and secondary sources that significantly contribute in the
shaping of Philippine history.
Historical analysis is a method of the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of
the past. It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can be applied to all
artefacts. The historian is, first, seeking to gain some certainty as to the facts of the past.
Historical analysis allows readers to gain a better understanding of a text by becoming familiar
with the time periods in which the piece takes place and when it was written. Readings outside of its
historical context can make it difficult or even impossible to fully understand the text. Even readers
who, upon first reading a text, believe they have a full understanding of the piece often realize a
completely new meaning or interpretation after making themselves familiar with its historical context.
At the end of this module, the students must have:
1. identified credible and authentic primary sources and know how to evaluate their provenance;
MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 1 | 11

GE 2- READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY MODULE NO. 2
2. compared the selected primary and secondary sources in terms of credibility of account and
writer of the said account
Section 1. A The Philippine Revolution
In this section, two articles will be analyzed using source criticism on the primary and secondary
sources – The Philippine Revolution and the Tejeros Convention. These two events contributed much in
shaping the history of the Philippines and the formation of the Filipino nation.
The following readings discuss the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution from the account of
Guillermo Masangkay and article of Teodoro Agoncillo.
Guillermo Masangkay’s Account (Torres, 2018)
In 1932, Guillermo Masangkay, a friend and fellow Katipuneros of Andres Bonifacio,

recounted his experiences as a member of the revolutionary movement. In an interview with the
Sunday Tribune magazine, Masangkay said that the First Cry happened in Balintawak on August 26,
1896.
The Account
On August 26, a big meeting was held in Balintawak at the house of Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza
of that barrio of Caloocan. Among those who attended, I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco
and Francisco Carreon. They were all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board of directors of
the organization. Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong (now Rizal) were also
present.
At about nine o’clock in the morning of August 26, the meeting was opened with Andres Bonifacio
presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as Secretary. The purpose was to discuss when the uprising was to
take place. Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela were all opposed to starting the

revolution too early. They reasoned that the people would be in distress if the revolution were started
without adequate preparation. Plata was very forceful in his argument, stating that the uprising could
not very well be started without arms and food for the soldiers. Valenzuela used Rizal’s argument about
the rich not siding with the Katipunan Organization.
Andres Bonifacio, sensing the he would lose in the discussion then left the session hall and talked to
the people who were waiting outside for the result of the meeting of the leaders. He told the people
that the leaders were arguing against starting the revolution early, and appealed to them in a fiery-
speech in which he said: “You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in Bagumbayan.
Should we return now to the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our organization has been
discovered and we are all marked men. If we don’t start the uprising, the Spaniards will get us anyway.
What then, do you say?”
“Revolt,” the people shouted as one.
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revolt. He told them that the sign of
slavery of the Filipino were the Cedula tax charged each citizen. “If it is true that you are ready to
revolt.” Bonifacio said, “I want to see you destroyed your cedulas. It will be the sign that all of us have
declared our severance from the Spaniards.”
With tears in their eyes, the people, as one man, pulled out their cedula and tore them to pieces. It
was the beginning of the formal declaration of the separation from Spanish rule…
When the people’s pledge was obtained by Bonifacio, he returned to the session hall and informed the
leaders of what took place outside. “The people want to revolt, and they destroyed their cedulas,”
Bonifacio said, “So now we have to start the uprising, otherwise the people by hundreds will be shot.”
There was no alternative. The board of directors, in spite the protest of Plata, Pantas, and Valenzuela,
votes for the revolution. And when this was decided, the people outside shouted, “Long Live the
Philippines Republic.”
Teodoro Agoncillo’s Narrative

In 1956, Teodoro Agoncillo, a nationally renowned historian, published an article stating that
the first cry of the revolution happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896. In his article, he based the
dates and location on the account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela who is an officer of the Katipunan and both an
eyewitness and participant in the said event.
The Article
The news of the discovery of the Katipunan spread throughout Manila and the Suburbs. Bonifacio,
informed of the discovery, secretly instructed his runners to summon all the leaders of the society to a
general assembly to be held on August 24. They were to meet at Balintawak to discuss the steps to be
taken to meet the crisis. That same night of August 19, Bonifacio, accompanies by his brother Procopio,
Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo Del Rosario, slipped through the cordon of Spanish sentries
and reached Balintawak before midnight. Pio Valenzuela followed them on the next day. On the 21 st
Bonifacio changes the Katipunan code because the Spanish authorities has already deciphered it. In the
afternoon of the same day, the rebels, numbering about 500, left Balintawak for Kangkong, where
Apolonio Samson, a Katipunero, gave them food and shelter. In the afternoon of August 22, they
proceeded to Pugadlawin. The following day, in the yard of Juan A. Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino
who was later called the “Mother of the Katipunan”. Bonifacio asked his men whether they were
prepared to fight to the bitter end. Despite the objection of his brother-in-law, Teodoro Plata, all
assembled agreed to fight to the last. “The being the case,” Bonifacio said, “bring out you cedulas and
tear them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up arms!” The men obediently tore up their
cedulas, shouting: “Long live the Philippines!” This event marked the so-called “Cry of Balintawak,”
which actually happened in Pugadlawin.
ASSESSMENT
Instruction: Based on the readings above, answer the following questions:
1. From the two accounts, which is the primary source and which is the secondary source? In not
more than two sentences, answer why is it considered primary or secondary source?
2. Who among the two authors is more credible to talk about the topic? Why? Write in 2 sentences
only. (Review Module 1 on “Source Criticism” to guide you in answering these questions)

Watch the following and make a reaction paper.
1. Cry of Pugad Lawin | Today in History

- Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh7oowrwvJQ dated August 8, 2020
2. Xiao Time: Ang Unang Sigaw ng Himagsikan sa Balintawak, Caloocan
- Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtc9q_V8_hs dated August 8, 2020
Section 1 B. The Tejeros Convention
In this section, you will learn about the controversial events which took place at the Tejeros
between the Magdalo and the Magdiwang factions.
Instruction: Read Ricarte’s account on the Tejeros Convention and Agoncillo’s article on the
same Convention.
Artemio Ricarte’s Account
Early on the morning of the day set for the assembly (March 22), men of the day set for the assembly
them not only the chiefs of the Magdiwang but also men of the Magdalo. Among the chiefs of the
Magdiwang apart from the Supremo of the Katipunan, were the following: Mariano, Pascual and
Santiago Alvarez; Luciano San Miguel, Mariano Trias Closas; Severino de las Alas and Santos Nocon.
Among those of Magdalo were Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio, and Antonio
Montenegro.
The Session opened under the presidency of Jacinto Lumbreras who, in a few words, explained the
purpose of the meeting, Severino de las Alas rose to address those present and said that before
discussing the defense of a small piece of territory in Cavite, it would be well to consider first the kind
of government then existing in the country, as upon that government would depend whatever defense
might be needed. The chairman replied that from the time the Katipunan was established the country
had been ruled by the Supreme Council, the provincial and popular councils. He repeated that the
purpose for which the assembly had been called was one of great importance in those critical times,
Andres Bonifacio, with permission of the chair, spoke in support of Lumbreras and his stand in regard

to the government and went to explain the significance of the letter “K” in the center of the sun of the
flag, which stands for liberty, as has already been said in the description of the insurgent flag. Severino
de las Alas again addressed the meeting and said that neither the letter “K” on the flag, nor the flag
itself, has anything to do with the character of the government then existing that is to say, whether it
was a monarchy or a republic. Bonifacio replied that the Katipuneros, from the president of the
Supreme Council to the most significant members, recognized the principles of Union, Fraternity, and
Equality, on which account it was the very clear that the government of the Katipunan was rigorously
republican in form.
Antonio Montenegro rose and spoke in support of the De las Alas suggestion and in a louder voice than
usual said that unless some definite understanding was arrived at regarding the matter, the insurgents
were mere groups of tulisanes, or, much worse, brutes.
These last words of Antonio Montenegro wounded the pride of Santiago Alvarez, who rose with glaring
eyes and, addressing Montenegro, said: “We insurgents of Cavite and especially of the Magdiwang
Government recognized and obey the government established by the Katipunan; if you wish to
establish any other kind of government suited to your fancy, retire to your province and conquer
territory from the Spanish government as we have done here, and establish there whatever
government you like, and no one will interfere with you…”
The session broke up in disorder, but one hour later, when the passion of the adherents of Santiago
Alvarez and Antonio Montenegro had been pacified, it convened against under the presidency of Andres
Bonifacio because Jacinto Lumbreras said that inasmuch as they were discussing a subject which was
provided for in the call for the meeting, but which concerned the establishment of a general
government for the insurrection, he ought not to preside at the continuation of the meeting. Then
Andres Bonifacio was chosen by the acclamation to be the president of the meeting.
Order being restored, Bonifacio opened the session: As you wish to establish a supreme government to
direct the insurrection, abolishing that already organized by the Katipunan and agreed upon in the
Imus Assembly.
I, as Supremo of the Supreme Council of the Katipuan, agree to your just petitions; but I must first
invite you all to join us in recognizing a principle upon which we must based our decisions in this or in

any other session; this principle is that we respect and obey in everything the vote or decision of the
majority.” Those present signified their unanimous conformity and the Philippine Republic was agreed
upon and proclaimed amid repeated and enthusiastic applause. They then proceeded to the election of
the following officers of the Republic: President, Vice-President, Captain General, and Directors of War,
Interior, State, Finance, Commerce and Justice….
Ballots were then distributed and one hour later the votes were counted. As a result of this vote, Emilio
Aguinaldo was elected President of the Republic defeating Andreas Bonifacio and Mariano Trias. The
result was proclaimed amidst applause.
They then proceeded to the election of a Vice-President, Severino de las Alas remarked that inasmuch
as Andres Bonifacio had secured the second largest number of votes in the election for President, he
should be proclaimed Vice President. No one expressed a wish to speak in favor or against the
suggestion of De las Alas, wherefore the chairman ordered that the election be proceeded with, and
this being done it resulted in a majority of votes being cast for Mariano Trias Closas as against Andres
Bonifacio, Severino de las Alas, and Mariano Alvarez.
They then immediately proceeded to the election of a Captain-General. The secretary of this session,
Artemio Ricarte, was elected by a large majority over Santiago Alavarez. Ricarte rose and protested
against his own election… Those present disapproved the protest viva voce, and the chairman called
the meeting to order saying that as night was falling, it was advisable to continue the election for the
other position. It was unanimously proposed and approved that, to cut short the voting, those who
favored any person for a position should stand on one side, and those who favored other person should
stand on the other side in groups, and in that way, they votes a Director of War, Emiliano Reigo de
Dios…
The election of a Minister of the Interior was proceeded with in the same way, with the result that
Andres Bonifacio was elected… In the midst of the acclamation that was accorded Andres Bonifacio,
Daniel Tirona demanded the floor and said: “Fellow countrymen: The position of Minister of Interior is a
very important one and should not be occupied by a person who is not a lawyer. We have in our
province a lawyer Jose del Rosario; hence we must protest against the election of the person elected
and acclaimed.” Thee, shouting at the top of his voice, he cried: “Let us vote for Jose del Rosario, the
lawyer!”
Bonifacio’s pride being wounded, he rose and spoke thus: “Have we not agreed that we shall obey the
will of the majority, whatever might be the social position of the person elected?” Having said this, he
asked Daniel Tirona to repeat what he had said, or to apologize to the assembly for the insult offered
to the person elected, because up to that time not one these elected was fitted by reason of his culture
for the position to which he had been designated. As Tirona tried to hide himself among the crowd,
without paying attention to what Bonifacio demanded of him, the latter drew his revolver and was
about to fire at Tirona, but secretary of the session (Ricarte) seized his hand and the incident passed
without more ado. As those present were about to leave the room, Bonifacio said in a loud voice: “I, as
a president of the session, and also as president of the supreme council of the Katipunan as you all
know, declare this assembly closed, and annul everything that has been done therein.” He then left,
followed by his adherents.
Teodoro Agoncillo’s Description
As months passed by and as the rebel found themselves on the receiving end of the armed
power with the Spaniards, their leaders thought it timely and wise to call another meeting of both
factions in order to solve their internal problem. Consequently, on March 22, 1897, the two faction
again met at Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. The convention was held at the estate-
house of the friars which the rebels had capture earlier.
The session opened at about two o’clock in the afternoon with Jacinto Lumbreras, a
Magdiwang, as president officer, and Teodoro Gonzales, Madiwang, as secretary. Severino de las Alas,
a Magdiwang, took the floor and suggested that the convention assembled should solve the problem of
whether anew government should be established to take the place for the Katipunan. This suggestion
led to one heated argument after another until both camps almost came to blows. Lumbreras sensed
the seriousness of the situation and immediately called for a recess to cool off the hotheads. After an
hour, the session was resumed with Bonifacio as chairman. To resolve the issue, he prudently acceded
to the wish of some that a new government be established to replace the Katipunan. However, he
stated, the principle that the will of the majority should be respected and obeyed must be followed.
The convention adopted this principle unanimously.

With this thorny question resolved, the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed. Before the
election, Bonifacio reminded the convention that whoever should get elected to any position should be
respected. This proposal was approved and the election got underway. Elected were:
Emilio Aguinaldo ……………………………………………….. President
Mariano Trias ……………………………………………………. Vice-President
Artemio Ricarte …………………………………………………. Captain-General
Emiliano Reigo de Dios ……………………………………… Director of War
Andress Bonifacio …………………………………………… Director of the Interior
When Bonifacio was being proclaimed, Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, stood up and said: “The
position of Director of the Interior is an exalted one and it is not proper that a person without lawyer’s
diploma should occupy it. We have in our province a lawyer, Jose Del Rosario!” Bonifacio was hurt and
felt that he was insulted, for it had been previously agreed that whoever got elected was to be
respected. He demanded, therefore, that Daniel Tirona retract what he said. But Tirona, instead of
apologizing to Bonifacio, disappearing from the scene. Bonifacio in his anger whipped his pistol and was
about to fire at Tirona when Ricarte held his arm, thus preventing what might have been a tragic affair.
The people began to leave the hall, and Bonifacio, still angry, cried aloud: “I, as chairman of this
assembly, and as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare
this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved.” With this statement, he
left the hall, followed by his men.
Stop Over!
ASSESSMENT
Instruction: Answer the questions below.
1. Which of the preceding articles is the primary source? Which is the secondary source? Support
your answer in not more than two sentences.
2. Who among the two authors is more credible to talk about the topic? Why?

Scoring Rubric on Source
Criteria Qualitative Assessment Scale Score
A. Clarity in Criticism Score 1 to 4 _____

B. Scholarly Application of Source Criticism Score 1 to 4 _____
C. Ability to follow Instructions Score 1 to 2 _____
SUM: _____ (TOTAL SCORE: 10 points on each
number)
5 4 3 2 1
Clarity in The The The The The
Criticism explanation explanation explanation explanation explanation
is clear and shows shows somehow have no
critical substantial substantial shows criticism clarity and
throughout clarity and criticism but but no clarity. criticism
the criticism. with little
paragraph. clarity.
Scholarly The The The answer The answer The
Application explanation explanation shows shows little explanation
of Source shows shows moderate comprehension shows no
Criticism complete substantial understanding in the analysis. analysis.
understandin understanding in analysis.
g in analysis. in analysis.
Ability to All There are All given
follow instructions instructions instructions
Instructions were perfectly that were not were
followed. followed. neglected.
Scoring Protocol:
High Score 8 – 10
Passing6 - 7
Failing 5 and below
Agoncillo, T.A. (1956). Revolt of the masses. University of the Philippines Press
Agoncillo, T.A. (1990). History of the filipino people. Quezon City, Philippines: Garotech Publishing.

Torres, J.V. (2018). Batis: sources in philippines history. C & E Publishing, 2018
Candelari, J.L. & Alporha, C.V. (2018). Readings in philippine history. Rex Book Bookstore.
Retrieved August 8, 2020 from URL:

https://sites.google.com/site/katipunandocumentsandstudies/studies/notes-on-the-cry-of-august-1896
dated August 8, 2020
Retrieved August 8, 2020 from URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh7oowrwvJQ
Retrieved August 8, 2020 from URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtc9q_V8_hs


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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

State Universities and Colleges

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

At the end of this module, the students must have:

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 1 | 11

Section 1. A The Philippine Revolution

Guillermo Masangkay’s Account (Torres, 2018)

In 1932, Guillermo Masangkay, a friend and fellow Katipuneros of Andres Bonifacio,

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 2 | 11

“Revolt,” the people shouted as one.

Teodoro Agoncillo’s Narrative

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 3 | 11

Instruction: Based on the readings above, answer the following questions:

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 4 | 11

Watch the following and make a reaction paper.

1. Cry of Pugad Lawin | Today in History

Artemio Ricarte’s Account

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 5 | 11

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 6 | 11

Teodoro Agoncillo’s Description

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 8 | 11

Instruction: Answer the questions below.

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 9 | 11

A. Clarity in Criticism Score 1 to 4 _____

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 10 | 11

Retrieved August 8, 2020 from URL:

Retrieved August 8, 2020 from URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh7oowrwvJQ

Retrieved August 8, 2020 from URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtc9q_V8_hs

MR. CESAR N. PABILONA JR. P a g e 11 | 11

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