CHAPTER ONE GETTING STARTED: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONSPROBLEM Lt moss enters when . \ i wnass exits when exhaust iwtabe. valve is ofen Valve is open re sc ith iston exerts force on gas u COMPYESSLON , surroundings oe mg é yes fe as Ni dusring expan hot surfaces interact Wits SULTOURALS jin hath torque, Aves fawn shaft torque = Fransonts force +40 transmission, i Exhaust 3 out Boundary (contol surface)PROBLEM 1.2 Motor as system: mM Enlarged system: warm surface of otor interacts = if with surroundings . warm surfaces intevact with surroundings electric aurcentt Flows a transmitted thru + speed of rotahan of armature can change : temperadure of can gage wenn =~ ~~~, chemical changes ocr el gfe ry of rotation of mature com change . oho parent i ! 1 ! ' .ynass 15 vaised within 1 Sytem 1 1 comment: The shaft 2a ich ond aarceut How inlerackions become internal to the ewlarasPROGLEM 1.3 A control volume encloses the solar collector, + Cool water enters thecollector at ©, and lot water exits at@. + solar cadiation impinges on the Front of the collecto + Warm surfaces of the collector interact with the survoundi + some of tre incoming vadkation is reflected away, and some is alosorbed in Wo Aector chor sur A control volume encloses the scar collector, thetanle, and the interconnected gers: + Cold water enters tre tunl and het water ee at. : Hecho ___. yoetalessl Meter « | storage Piping S interack with the surround + towle solar sofiatien 9 ppinges Stoned “Aart ot peo een eae Pale Sees ex ature we of th the water Onamnges witsPROBLEM 1.4 1 A control volume enctoses the valve i Gnd turbine: me + Steam entere at @ and vite at ©. 1X eeratng I Shed + A torque is transmaited through the + retaking Shot. + Glarm surfaces of the turbine interact with the turroundings, Within the control volume, Siam Flows across the Valve andihrengh tue turbine blades, When Fra generator is ineludad wi the control volume, 2 Steam enters at Q and excts ot @. + Warm surfaces of the tarbine and th generator iaderoct with te Surrounds + lect carvent flown frantta generator, Bete that tea tvanemttad torque does not crosc the boundary of ‘the anlerged cmtrol Volume PROBLEM Lo A cont! volume encloses tha engihe- driven pomp. + Water entert at © and exits at © + Aue for Combustion of tha on-board fuel enters, and Combuttion gases exit. Qoarmn surfaces of PBomy interact With ts surroundings Gitlin the pump, © piston ia kept ut mohon with a cylinder owin +o combustion of the on-lwoard fue/. The Piston mohion 4 Uarnessed pomp tre Liquid, The amount of fuel within the system clecreases with bine, When the Lose and nosgle one metodad, o bugh-spet Water jet exits the auteadsed combo! Uvivma a6 fre mog3le exit,PROBLEM Lb systems boundary + to phases are present (liguid and gas), + not a pure substance because composition is different in each phase. system boundary + theee phases are present (solid, Liquid, avd gas) * not re sublance because c ition of gas pindses iSdifforent than that of the Soha and liquid phases. The system ‘is @ pure substan. Although the Viguia is Waperized., the system vemaius fixed in chem- ical COrnposition awd is chemically homogeneous. the system is a pure sudstance. Althor ys the phases change , the system remains of Fixed chemical composition aud is chemically homogeneous. The sy stern is not @ pure sul stance duvikg the process Since the Com- dish ot position of the Qas phase changes water OS water evaporates into the Gir. Once all of the water evaporates, the gas phase comes to equilibrium pind “td competion loecomes OMOG,Cn2OLS. A+ this point, phase chn be treated oso. pure Sul tice, rsPROBLEM L.lo* (by 7 (oli. ra "AQ =( ‘ fl eenseeye 3a bes =Wo3 bg, <—— Fy ror PROBLEM 1.11" {ooo N kN - ye [2S kN) kN a a, Gaunt =2SS( kg <——_ oat ‘kin’ tN Fgray* 2S kN PROBLEM 1.1 | Fy asn \|! kem/s* m=10 kg @ Siecat * me -( 135 | IN = 7.5 m/s% ocak. Cb) Ynassis unchanged. m Fra 99 = = (10 kq)(4-81 mas ia ee PROBLEM 1.13 = (as iee 6 i) | 32.2 tb-tHls? Fgrav = 95 N stole (@) _ Fgrav to Seca mw 106 1 (bE = 30.9 fHs% Stocat (b) rnass is unchanged. ¢ . . HY)|__tlbt ng = (10(32.2 8) Spas Farav Fgeay 2 bt Us Sh | ZT I-6PROBLEM 114 Tn general) Frys mg - Se = Foray me EN & q ) eee Since the wears fg the Came On Wart as on AF LS ewer (4 quers= 12-86 HAT Gr). ~ ( a Accardngly (Fyre) aes = (gue Fare )oseon 5 ‘ deat) “vs = (2-86 Fist _— 12 BO SY (34 2.23 log Gee (att) The density Pe m [vt Reetgins Gy") with data on Wart = (8.23 bef \ | 322 bf ms (82800) eee ‘Then = 2Osbb Ih = 9, tb e as a8 Cae ew —_—_— PROBLEM 1.15 * Eg.hfo is used on both parts: n= wi /M, Where M 4 from Tables A-l, (a) meMn, n= lO kmol Rees w= (28.97 keg /errol) (10 keel) = 289.7 kg Hr0s m=(18.02 leg Memnst)(10 mel) = (orks Cat ME (GSS leg femel)(W0kmst) =G35.4 eg Oat mr = (oH.010 lag /lrel) (10 femal) = CHO. kg (hy HEM, ma2olb Ary we (20 tb) Z(39.%4 Ub (bmol) = O-SOL [bemof Her ne (20 )/ (2.010 th /Ibercl) = 4.4L Ibmol Nat w= (20tb)/(2@,01 lb (lhwrel = 0.14 (berol C4 nz (ro WY /(12.01 UK/Ibmol)= 66S (bool 7PROBLEM 1.16" Fepring = K(OX) and E png? Fyeow =mg Thus K(4x) = mg and = 9 Ke ax = CEO kg 9.8! mis?) IN | Fgnw 924.81? amy gem /s2 coportonal = IB Niome cemiaaet PROBLEM 1.17% ae m= (S |b tO ee © The sering is known to deflect 0-12 in for every LIbt of applied force. Thus, We begin by determining the weight of theobject Enray 7 3 row = (1S \e\(314 H4/s?) = (UG3 lof 1 be 32.2 H Ibe|s? The deflection is X= (012 ea/lb¢) (HL be) = LTS og —________*PROBLEM 1.18 Ve For a Wnear spring , K (AW, where fs Ax & the spring extension. Since Epring = a By 2 mg) we have, K(AX) = mg Since, mand K are independent of tecatron, the Locat accelerahon of gravity 4 Fyav Preporfionnd tthe defict'm. Thus wars: ar: Ax)mars = Oii1Gin os, = Pile Y 59.179 6) & aa eae = uzalim 7 met Cas Xe We ent = (2. 925g — wroon® mscon (AX) mano w= (Gmson\ (Dx) earth aa Caxyeacth =? GX) me Gs) me = (S41 V9 2qiin) = 0.04410 sanyo 2aiin) PROBLEM 1.19 Deceleration occurs from 5 milh to vest iv ols. The average acceleration magnitude is fa} = 40. Smi/h- oO 5280 H|| th wg AEN 0S )P Tei || 36008] = 73.33 H/s* am 73.33 HIs® Ql =/ ==) = 2.28 a’: dlecelevation lal, (Bea) 4.28 9's a+ mg = m fargy ! = (akg)(s+9.8i) 4 |_N _ Z 1 kg-m/s2 medkg = IVLN, Faye G= 5 ms? (up) g 24.81 mis? PROBLEM 1.21 * Fapp? 15 bf Fape” yay = MO. 1 a: Pepe — Fame . fap 9 ™ j if ? 7 ™m =35 Ilo Fapp G*32.2 Hs? . -3 i is Mas 32.2 Ib- #/s* 32.2 Wb HIS") | 39 Hts? Forav Gee Ib 1 lbF 32.2 Hs = 184 £4/s* (downward) <_——_% From Table A-\E + H4 = 18.02 Ib/Ibmol Foray > MG =MMNG "20. 5 lbmol )(18.02 EGosé 5 ft) 20.5 Ibmel = 8.534 Ibf 1 Vf 2 Vo-F{s*| 145 HF Toray F 30.5 H{s* 0. 5)(18.02) ar 4 a TM, (2-51(1802) 3 Sue” VF (0.5) = 62.14 Ib/H3, Save FROGLEM 1.23 s fe" mee, ee i Feat = ™ Jearta I space . Sear h = me 42N Nearth * France (Set (2 ny(224) eight Ispuc & mls wens Saaeg? BI 268.61 N< Feat I-10PROBLEM 1.24 r SS ie gq: (9-81 ~ (33 x0%/e)2] m/s* , where 2 Kam. z — & =. ial —— Smee weight co DJemg, the percent chamgeur weight om landing oo peanes [ Peles = Jem w [Sette -L catints) (33 406%52) Wom) ] |e 33 | es) Q-81- (33x10) (0F)] VF = 0.384%——____ PROBLEM 1.25 | \\r= 30H E 3 \ } Saag 624 Ib/HH j 4 4232.1 Hls® Fy the mass of waley ig wm = sh wl where V is the volume of the spherical taw Ve tne3 = (4) CW) (30 #4)? = 1.131 x10 $F and the mass is m= ¢V=(024 He uvater08) = 1.06 x10% |b = The weight is . . o, oe 1 Ube Farav = 9 =(1.06x10°Ib( 32.1 5) lama Lae = 7,04 x10% Ibf 4 grav LuPROBLEM 1.26 Tha scale Accords the weight, Gaz mg , where macs m te given by L Pet Spev= [pace Vol ace =3¢0(z/t) Jdz Fie implicit) inbroduce & rau varvable: Z=2Z/L, so zz L dd and te sere for wate tends me af, [7800 - moat ge 2 #8 m/s = AL [7802 - soa) ry P= 7800 -360(z/t)” ky?, ee)-[ 73] there ZS in mt, = Rs mi (am) 7680 £3 J= 3016 Kg Finally, : DCN c Fon = 9 = Go oeg)( 478) | al = 24, —_— PROBLEM 1.27 3) 913 d= 10 ma? = 710°) Ve 2 — 3 215 Hb © EO 9 = 31.0 H/s* Vi _ 523.6 4 mee oe = vu 15.1 #7 = 3468 \b a = | of Fm 2 3 64.08 b)(31.0 5A] tes = 33.39 lbf ae I-12PROBLEM 1.28% me, > v Vi ft tan (sng oF Sikes | Ca Cos, ie CD is added uring lating when specie Volume i Ut me (SKI m= 30K] me Vir (a) Using = Vim 3 jnthal speedfre volume: Ue 22M = (a3 He! Is*$ afder an addibonaRIS 1g, zowd enters’ wu Tory = OF oe Ce) Beginning with BOK] of CO, Ue the eyinder the amount of mass that has leaked ob Ameont ] = Lf mass in eyithder (fread = Geral -( See Aegis. a = [pong] - ( 22°] Ta wetkng Hhit, We assome thet te spea fre volume doce net Vang with Aecebion within tes cqetondey? the gas leaks Slowly, 20 Yacapecche vorwme outhan tHe tylader varies only exith Hime. Simca tes speefic vrlume Ui varies fron 0.67 wi/ieg weer Bog we tae eyandon TB the speaped upper Anat Speafjed: bo mBlkg , H+ plot te 10 Amount leaked, &9 06. 67 08 03 10 ar) Play I-13PROBLEM 1.24 @ At a temperature of 240% , the Specified pressuve of 1.25HPa falls between the tabe values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa. To determine the specific volume corresponding to 1.25MPa, we think of the slope ef a Shaight line joming” the adjaceut’ table states, as follows: 20,2275 meg 22, 1,25) 2) AB: whey ig V5 01483 m¥ leg p, MPa similar triangles: \ V-0.1483 _0-2275-0.1483 [slope] = eras nso > v=083+ (BE )c0. 2275-01983 = 0.1879 wo4eg g _(a) W) Aba pressure of 1.SMPa , the given specific volume of 01355 Milky falls vehuden the table values ‘af 280 aud 2e0%, Te determine the tenperabire corresponding 4o the gwen specific volume , We Hhiule of the slope of a Shrug line joining the objaceut table ekakes, as follows: 280. (0.1627, 280) ( = T-240__ _ 280-240" TG Slope = 1555-482 1627-1483 % D> 7 2240+ [f855-1483 oy 240 Tent 1163 tO = 260°C. cy) Ad AS IG IT Uy, MZ leg ©) Tnthis case, te specifidd pressure Falls between the table values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa and the specified temperature falls between the table values of 200 and 240% . Thus, double tnterpolation is required. « Ab 220%, the specifiz Volume cc- each pressure is Siisply He average over the jajerved’s ° e mes ong 12060 4.2275 ot 1.0 MPa 220% 5 = ———5——— = 0.21675 m"/leg Ea at 1.5 MPa, 220% yz LE2SFNBF Lo doy wl + Thus, with He same approach as in Ca) WO¥ 0.21675 - 0.1404 - (0.1 : qt Tare > U =0.1404 +(G5)0o. 21GTS- 0,404) = 0/5567 meg. (o) 1-4PROBLEM }.30 () At a temperature of 120°C , the speerfred Pusaure. of 54 lef/in? falls between the table valuer of 50 and 60 lbf/in? 7 deternune the specific volume corresponding to 54 loflin®, We thank of dus Slope of a straight tine, jBining the adjacent table stats, as follows: vy Hb Vesa Fe] > Py Nef lin? Es co Similar teeangles: [stope] = Y=S89L 2 2HO=5.881 ve com + & (z110-seti)> 6.622 $o-st 60-50 @ te) At @ presture of 60 leflint, the given Speefic volume of SatHtyle falls between the table values of 120 and 40°F. To determine. the temperate cavres ponding te the given Specifre Voloua , we think of the slope of a elvarsht tine jorming the adjacent Table states, a2 follows : 140 (612,140) = shpe= * s.t0-6.041 . > eee fate) 2ntatk = SY 60 lw etl () Tn atts casey the ape d prsssuve falls between the table Valuer ef 0 and Go Ibf/int and the speecfied temperature Fal behocen jou tetle values of 00 and 20°F, Thus, deuile mtepalakion req uived. + Ab OSE , the specific volome at eack pucture ic simply the aversys ove the a terved: ot SoM jueth se mw etse =6.973 Hi) at Goll oF, ve SAULELST: S745 HUD ie aa + Then, withthe Sanne approach oo i (A) VoSFS . CVS-S7IT wy. sas 4B [este c795) oo err ° = Cos HH Pc) I-1sPROBLEM 1.3|* YY , prtbar ,v, 20,2 wi/kg 270.25 bar p-bar PROBLEM 1.32 mel tb 220 lbflin? V2 10 P= 00 Wbf/in® From the pressure - specific volume relation +4 = 0.5810 mY kg Vi 2% m 22.905 m= From the pressure - Volume relation 2 + Py 20\" Vi = (#) Vv, (32) (io #43) N21; Va22H3 ny 22.015? Ve 60 p-lbtint 40 20PROBLEM 1.33" Bets be/in Re Vast? Fy 100 We / me Vp = LS oF The pressure-volume velation is linear curing the process. Thus P7 PR, + (BF Jovem Or, using given data tbe , (00-15) IbFhin® PIS wt Cerasy as (V3) HF = 2]7.S-8SV When V= 2.1 £3 pzams-es(a.)= 44 lbfhnte ip On p-V coordinates ry oe = IO & 60 wr PRADS 8S V & 40 ° {+ us 2.0 2s V (44) 17PROBLEM 1.34 T— ge bar poe Ft R= 4bar a) The process is described by pVis constant. The constant can be evaluated using data at state |: pV= constant zp =CtearCiL) = 1 bark So, for every state during the process, We hare the relation pV= [bare L When p= 3kar, we fbarck 2 0.33b <.——_——— 3 bar When p= 4bar, tbl 2 0.28L p 2 Nas “Siar Plotting the relation on passsure volume coordinates We Are pe to obtain 4 2 0 <—___——_ Pp Linear presture-volume. oar) 2 felahionship of partlb) Vz content: Relations I of part (a) 1 ° veL 01s 6S 075 ho o>) (le) For comparison, the \uear puresure—volome telahonthip is Shown onthe plot above . The volume corresponding to ps Shar can be obtained simply Using the slope of HHO stmusht Aine between Fand?: , ope}s (4 Dbr (3-1 v:05L — ee Pel <0 - 0.25) ui a This value also can be read from the plot. 1-18PROBLEM 1.35~ Thermodynamic cycle! Imai pVs constant Aa lear, Vis lm3, Var 0.2m? a3 pa constant, V>Vg lexpansion), Vgelom® 8-1 Ve conctunt Fir prowess 2) pV constant. The conctint can be evaluated using data af Stated: p Va constant 2PM A = Wbar)Cim3) =| barn Accordenglys on % pressure Volume plot process I-2 Is dererihed bi * = Mears? pe —F Tr partusler, when Voz O-2m3 » p= Sbar, The thermedgnama'e cycle takes the forme bar 5 ps constant 2 Rye Shar Ss ‘ Ve constant e (eae 3 02 08 04 05 06 Of 08 09 10 Vv Cw?) 1-14PRoevem 1.36" Pau = 101,33 ke Fa, $3 3 5 = {04.0 ~ 101.33) bf |yo*wlm) | 1074) | tm? I tems (72.59 glem3)C9 81 mls?) | Pa Veg] fice em4] 10 L = 0.02m = 2emy cb) Frage = P~ Ratn = 04.0 10133 2.67 bh g Pygge PROBLEM 1.3T* Rywac =P, 9b =(ants Yaaaé Hy 434) tte || 1H? 1 32.2 Ib-As]] 144 in™ Prac #4210. Heo = OQIY Ibe Patna = 14-5 WE giana Ast Fabs * Bhn@ Fyvac $49.04 lol e+ = 4.5 — Ol = (4.379 PROBLEM 1.38% A) fabs < Baton > vacuum Tank Bue 19 Pa Prac = Rats” Fabs = 48-40 =S8 ke Pate Pibg= 04 bar =40 b PaPROOLEM 1.39 i |e hm ee Fe [APapgel = ¢, oot | 97220 #54 Sy,.2 Vox, = 62.344 Ib/ p43 Ee 0.01604 HVIb Mio “Uno > fbage | =2.344 te plz ENG ° a) Lae | : 32.2 Ih-ft/ s>| = 0.3944 Ibe ive, 2Prage Cdecreases) PROBLEM 40 << Pou 11 lePo L=20cm 2 0.2m Tank B Pages” Sug 3% in = (3.590, \a.si 33)(0.2m) L=20¢m he elit A (|909e4 = 108, Cm? | | kgom/s? | « jem) 326,664 N/m? = 0.2666 bar wd a Meraary (¢ = 19:54 g/cm’ Foage a= 1-4 bars 44.81 ms Fauss0 * Bunr* Gage,e = LOL +,.2666 = 1.2166 bar < ___. Fates A = fec,gt Frege, T1276 + 1H = 2.6166 bar ¢ PROBLEM 1.41 Bim = Sug3 by 3 (13.54 (7.81 m/s\GES) m em bar 1034| | ved | | Ukg-mls2ll oF N/m Sug 213.59 Glem? 2 1l bar B= 4.8) m/s Favs * Baur Pome = | bar- 0.2bur = 0.8 bare __ Fabs. I-21PROBLEM 1.42" 2 Fgoge® A80.0bgLie Afaus* Rats Pyabs Pabi® HH WBE Lio : { H = CRegase* Btn) ~ Pyabs ; Cnntessor = (290.0+I4.6) -20 = BW lepine fabs F yobs 220 IbF/in? P abs/® abs (220.04146)/20 = 14,73 <—O2 PL. PROBLEM 1.43 92481 m/s* E. Fpecny = KX, where i= 10,000 N/m Bir the piston: mz 10 Kg Az 7.8109 we For the ate: AV= 3axotm Tarhatly ) x20 and there is ho spring force acting on the piston. Also, fevcton behween the piston and the cyinder Wall can bt ijnored. Accordingly , the force exerted by the arr Within ths cylindin on the ‘bottom of piston is equal to the weight of TAL Piston plus the force exerted by Tht atwesphere onthe top of the piston: yo Zhe0: RAZ RimA+ MO Re Pat a pe tears [(iomgyeumid| Nhe ' [358 ae [ara | Az lie bar = <-——____-, Finally) the force exerted bog the air within the cylinder the bottom 4g the piston is equal to the weight 4 the plus the force exerted by the atmemphere on the “top +f tee pitton plus the fore exerted by the spring on bh top ofths pistour 1-22PRoeLEem 1.43 (Cont'd) pug ] Sim | 1 Th=0% 7s) Az Path mg + Rpring he Be Rime md, Finny For the spring y %) wares x fg rend ting the increase tm volt 2 wg SAKE 5 0:05 we 78 Keo m™ af the av: Collecting results (apo0MIm) (0-05 mm) | boar |] ae ferme 2 + 1 Cra wD 1086 3 tele bar + Onb4l bar 2 FGF ber <—____+ PROBLEM 1.44 Pat? 9-28 ber ' 924.8 m/s* a The total force on He bottom of He pool is the sum of the welt of the Face eeqen oe down ward force of atmospheric pressure on the sur Flot = Frav + Fata ay To get the weight of He water, first find the mass, as follows m= V = (928.2 *2,)[ Cy Lrooresers £(100r¢s)¢s0)] m? = (998.2) (12500) = 125x107 kg ie Fay = mnq +(25x10745)(4.6/ Mee) |_—LN ||P eS | oo gay = mg =(l. §)C9-61 Met) | won |= b226% bw) : a Piok on Fasten > Tat Asubace® 2:28 bar) (100 x50) m ita “ 249x105 LN) Flo = 226x105 44.4 x10% = 6.126 X10° LN Fi The depth at He coutey of the pool is h=2.5m, Thus 7 * Pott 99h re a64 100 kPa 29 ae “\a. tN fb em | 628 bar) +6962 3 \ae A\(2.5m) wd or nel = 285 1-23PROOLEM 1.45 L/x = Sin@ X= Sine oe XFL inclined manometer gives greater resolution PROBLEM 1H 7 dot Ap=egd =(62.2 mB 32.2 Ye #4) Llbe (He 32.2 Ib-fHls4] 144 in Storm water gue wie? 22.89 Ibflinty op 4732.2 H/s* 1-24PROBLEM 1-47 Consider the variakon of pressure owing to the effect of grevity. Fer an element im gas of (’qurd ) the foreas © motren lets acting are th fore ef parscure on the upper and lower surfaces and the waight | plesz) A of the ty stent ZBeo Oz pleraz)A +g — PIA wher v we "E plaaz) = (aaz) a Rearcanying. A (plz+az) — p(z\}=-AaF) 4 Tr the Amit a2 AZo. Thr yon or) (@) Atmosphere. TF w= C/p swhere ce retas(oigi(era savas Mat, ig beter Eg. CP) ye here -- dlapl — => dap: -GF +tnk Beara tRPs tle pre or ae) When zee, P=R (lM), giving P= Rexp(-92/c). TTaserkng eaten Yakut gin p wiatm when =u RI (See | em om at pan ep ai) = B exp(- 0.1352) This relations is — witha accompanying plot. -25PROBLEM 1.47 (Conta) (atm) 2 (km) (be) Ocean. Lething 2G-2) denote capt, Eq. Ce) reads Spe 2 au Than, attuming av content p= (2)2 + K & when 226, pA (lam) ) giving PF (Q)e+h. Farerking eeu velits gives Put ate ater 2G at Rae wads) 200m) thou ape + [sees s Sracetai [sana | F pt (old 2 Tats reletimelep if Flewn ue tee accompanying plot 200 160 120 (atm) 80 40 JPROBLEM 1.48 tank natuval gas m #1000 kg PROGLEM 1.49 tank water vapor v:8234° For the gas in dhe tank, the p-v-T relation is p= [€5.18x10°7) T/v- 0.002668} - 68.9 X154/y* Solving iHeratwely for wat p= loobar, T=255k we get 2 3, and VU = 0.00884 m7/kg Vemvu= 8.84 mig v The following plots can be constructed for T= 250, 500, and lo00k : 1000 soo | = fay & A = 400 {4h 4 200 4 4 6 —| 0 002004006008 St v(mehkg) For the water vapor in the tank, the p-v-T relation is p= [00-5954 T/ (17 ~0.2708)]~ 65.36/7~ where vis in #°/Ib, Tis in °R, anc p is in Ibeltu® Solving iteratvely for u at p=!500 lbflint, T=140°R wegee a7 20.686 H°/Ib Thus, with the gwen value for V m2V/U = 82.3/0.686 = (20 Ibz m The following plots can be constructed for T=/200, 1400, (600 °R! 5000 4000 3000 (bin) 2000 1000 ° 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 (ten) '-27PROBLEM |.SO Derivation of ad ZF(t)=0 Pas A ~ RatwA> 89 tA=° Se Faas Bats ® S Ihe (a) HO: Paege = Sb yt =(6.24 Bs)(322 Hyde] tee | ee Labi 152.2. Ib FH s4|] 144 in™ y = 0.0361 IbFlin”, Poage Hg: g= 13-59 Ping c =D Phage ® 13.54 (000361) = 0.41 INflioty _____Prage () : 20: Phege * $94 ae = (1000 £8 }a.61."Yo.t ml] EN _||_t bar d ml! 3 Tkeg-m]s* 105N/m2 = 9.81 X00" barsg gage Hg Suy* 13-59 Sao =D Pyage = 13.54 4.81x10-4 ) = 0.01333 bars, Rage 1-28PROBLEM 1,5/* Using Bg. 122 T(F) = 1.6 Tle) +32 (a) T(te)= 21 TUE) (1.8) (21) +32 = 64.8 TPR) = TPF) + 459.67 = 529.47 (b) Tee) = =4O T (@) = U-8)(-40 ) + 32 = -4O TOR) 40 + 459.67 = 419.67 ©) Tec)= S00 T (°F) = (.8)(s00)+32 = 13% TCR) = %3Q 4459.67 = 1 3ALGT cel) TCcy= © TF) = 0.8)C O 14327 32 TPR) = 32% + 459.67 = YU-6T ce) Tec) = 100 TC°F) = CB 100) 4 32 2212 TCR) = 21244549.67 =611.67 GF) Tee) = -273.15 T (°F) = (1-8) (-273.15) +32 =-454.67 TCR) = -459674+454.67=20Proslem 1.52* Using Eq. 1.22 Tec) = TUF) - 32 6 eB TE) = 1) - 1 EFS co) TCeF)= ©8 see): GE -1278 = 20 T(K)= BOHN? AIBAT wy TE) = YO tec) HO -1a98 = -40 re Tle) = -4O4 27HIS = FBBIS «) seee) = $9217.78 260 Tk) 260+ 273-152 $3315 Te) = Py IRB = IF TE Tle): R74 2FBIS2 VSS3F ce) Ter) = 2a T(%)= Be 17.78 = OO 1. Te) = 100 +2735 373.15 ASI47 -1278 = -273S +ePROBLEM 1.53 7, 6%)- T,C2e) = [T° )42g87F5] - [7,(0c)+ 295] = T2(K)- TiC) Tal °F) -T, (°F) = [ ToC °F) +4596] -[TiCeF) 44 SHOT] © TLCR) - TCR) PROBLEM 1.54 The expression for Cesistance is Re Re explo t- 4)] 3 where Re = 2.22 ond T= 310K 28 Sihee Re O.3in at T= 422K 5 “31s (2.2)exp [pC aia ~ do) ] E Solving for @ ae ge hale). aaenaK ‘ Ga - 30) 0s Thus D 7 250 300-350 400~—«480.~—«S00 R= 2.2 exp [z208.4 (4- tal) a PROGLEM 1.55* a From the data at T* 32°C er) RO) 51.39 = Ro [t+ 4(32-32)] > Roe 51.39 At T=\W°F, R =51.72. Thus as Test 1 32 $1.39 0 ‘Ss tei2_ 190 S72 51.72 = 51.39[1 4 «(K-32 ] > & SIS ey Finally, R=S134(l+ 3asS x10 (T-32}] R= Rolita(T-Te)J Q=SL3BAO + 2.0127 KIO T Let To= 32°F T2497 (R ~ S132) T TRES14) =U. 6° EF <——— PROGLEM 1.50 Using €4.1.22, Ter) 1.8 TCee) +32. For T(r) = Thc) = + Telet+32 Solving A yg ote Ink? teu) = Tle) + 2455 = -40 4273.15 © 238.154 +k) Tn°R: TOR) = TPF) 4459.67 = -4O4 459.07 = 419-614 7CQPROBLEM 1.57 (*s) From the data, the relation can be expressed as = (300-150 T(es) = ( 320-180) Tc) #150 € (100, 300) 21.5 Tc) +150 } 65) = Cc Tl?) = TC sy -15e 60,160) Using this relatizn (%) T<100°S > - 33.33°Cag lee) o 100 T=400°% —> 166.67 C q—_ 7%) From &4.1.14 Tes) = US [T(k)-273.1S] +150 Thus, the ratio of the size of the °S to the kelvin is 18 S/gg PROBLEM 1.58 Te688 Since the temperature variabron is I"neay T= mx +b Whire mth slope and 6 is the value When x20, Slope: m= pote cor], -8 Flin, Gin, Whan “=o, T= 68 Accor dinates ithe tem perature varcahion thrush the wall -@ °Ffin.) x + 68°F Checking te Hapera tare at the piper X= Bin = = (8°F/in, )(Sin.) + 68°F = 44°F There fs no danger of freeging. 1-32CHAPTER TWO ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF : THERMODYNAMICSPROBLEM 2.1 KNOWN! An automobile of Known mass accelerates from a given veloaty te another. EID: Determine tha tacbat kines energy and the Change im lemene energy. Scuamatic 2GvEN DATA: ws i200 9 Nie 50 em/he Mp = (00 Km/h ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The autorobile iS ths cloted FySteun. (2) The velocities dnd Echehe energies are felative tothe fond. Amauesit: The initret Kinet enevgag Cassomptin 2) is ke, = de . | Pen 1S JIN 5 So kom)" oma) fe = 4 (omy (® ey Se] [23 = S.F4 KT ss The chege ww Sttnetre tneeyy oe Keke: be LV) > 4 (roe) [eos co] | eI isl 2 34t KTPROBLEM 2.2 KNOWN: An cloject of known mass is located at a specified elevation lative tole Strface of the earth. ia FIND: Determine Srartationel potential energy of the Object. St Dad m= 400 kg ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Theshjet or 929.78 w/s* is a close cystem (2) The celeration oF gravity is constont, zeasm Tie eet ANALYSIS: The gravitational poteutiog energy is PE =MQGz = LkN It ar = (Hoolg (4.28 225 v») eyed oceatl lease = 418 kT — PROBLEM 2.3 * KNOWN: An object of known wergit undergoes a specified ch its kinetic energy while tts potential energy indvenses FOtTied Change: ia Find: Determine the final velocity. 3=32.20/s* EMA EW) DATA: Assumerioy: The object is 4 closed system. Awdtysis: The change in lrnebic energy is Fyray= 100 Ibe= mg © Ake + mont ety me tate, 22a b4&|_ ioolb Thus , solving for Va and inserting values and Ga emedak factor 2 Ae wep oe 2(- 500 $+-Ibf) 132.2 Ib-A/s z mS Ooltralee) Su zU bets 0 (ioe tb) | iia — | * 40s) = 3595 Als Na 1. The analysis makes no use of the luformation related to potential energy. 2-2PRoBLeN 2.4* KNOWN: Abeick of known yolume and density expenences a given dectease in grouitahinal potential energy. Ver.SK3SKxb WP EIND: Determine the change in elevation. fp = 3 SCHEMATIC € GIVEN DATA: CD; 120 Ib /EF 9 232.0 $s ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The beickis a closed 2-500 fri system. (2) the acceleration of gravity Zz eae is constant. (3) Thedensity of te body is Uniform throughout. (St ae eS va si(uin [LS = 0.03038 Based on assumphion (3) Ym =eV = (i20Ibl (0.03038 E44) = 3,651b The change in potewtial energy and the elevation are related by Ape = mg Az Thus, solving for SE Are (- 500 $4-1be) 32.2 tb. fr[s* 4z- mg ((3,.651bY 32.0 #415?) 1 tbe ww © 7138 He lL. The negative sign denotes o decrease in elevation . 2-3PROBLEM 2.5" rows? prouset ments of Known werght travels from sea level to < Eusd: Determine the change wii potentat energy, Sanmane & Civew DATA: —T Weights 2600 lof am 7 3 ASSUMPTIONS: f, As shown In the schamehe the autumobrle is the cloved syshm. 2. The acceleration af grauh if constant. AwALTEIE: Tha change fn potnhiat energy is APE = mq (21-2) The quankhy mg Bb Aecogmiged a0 the veliole weight. Thus, inserking kroum ~ values APE = Qtoo lof )( 2000 ft) = 2 ¥0° ft: log -—_—__* PROBLEM 2.6% kwown: An object of known mass decelerates from a gwen initial ~~ velocity to a known final velocity - Einp: Detevmine the change in kinetic energy of the object. ScHEmanc # Given) Dara: ASSUMPTION: The object is a closed system. Auatysis: The change in kivetic energy is Ake=dm[viiy*] Inserting known values and converitg units Ake. = 4 (10001) [ 20% (00% ] 2 LN. Let IT keq- emis | | 10? N-m oO = -4Q00 kT AKE SE 1. The negate sign denotes a decrease in kinetic energy as expected.PROBLEM 2.7 KNOWN: Anairplane of known mass Flies with a given velocity at a certian measured relative to the surtac of the. earn. EIND: Colaulate (@) the kinetic and potential energies of the airplane, awk b) the tinal velocity Tor a given change in kinetic energy. a m= 5000 kg ASSUMPTIONS:(I The airplane is a \W=isomis closed system. (2) The acceleration of , =4.18m[s? Gravity “is constaut. G)In fark Cb), 954 there is no change in elevation. Z=10,000m BKE= 10,000 kT 4. . TUTT 777 ANALYSIS *(0) The kinetic energy is 4 al 2) m*|_IN kT KE = 2mV = 4 (Sooo kg\iso? Fe aaa Ueg-m|s?]] 10°N-m = 56,520 kT) The gravitational potowhal energy is PE= mgz =(S000 kg) (4718 4Ms*)(10, 000 m) Ww ter Vea-mals onal = 484,000LKTg PE (b) The change in kineticenergyis related to the initial ancl final velo~ cities by Ake = £m(2V5") Thus, solving for Va"and converting units ZAK 2 mM Z(\0pe0 kT) | manic New Gooo ks) | uN I yer = 26,500 m/s? ves a. | +(180*) & ov ® Vi = 162.8 mils. Ne 1 In part (b), the velocity increases,as expected. 25PROBLEM 2.8 Kwown: An object of known mass moves with a given velocity. Ew; Determine @ the final velocity for a given change in kinetic energy ,and(b) the change i bisnatoe fora jen change iw potential energy. ; smell Aves) Dara: = Viz loo Mls ASSUM@TIONS: (1) The object is a closed = 32.0 Hs* System (2) The acceleration of gravity z (4) AKE = -100 FH tbe is constant. G) Ape = 100 FF: be ANAWsIS: Ca) The change in kinetic energy is related to the initial and final yelocities by Ake= dm[vivi’] Thus, solving for the final velocity Vz 2 Ake vis [282 Inserting values and converting units accordingly ~ _ | C100 Hb) 732.2 tb-fls® 2 Vue a Wy Tibe | * 0 St oO 2 54.67 Hs {b) The change in potential energy is related to the change in elevation by APE = mg 42 Thus, the change in elevation is . APE ABs Ang (loo $+ (bt) (Ct Ib 32.0 Hs?) @ = 100.6 HH A 32.2 Ib-FHs* 1 Woe Az 1. The velocity decreases, as expected. 2. The elevation increases ,as expected,PROBLEM 2.9% KNOWN: Av object of known mass accelerates from a given initial velocity +o 0. given final velocity due 10 the action of a. resultant force. FIND: Determine the work done by the resultant force. SCHEMATIC # GIVEN DATA: “\ ms akg ) Ni #200 m|s, Vi S00 MIs ASSUMPTLONS: (1) The object is a closed system. (2) The resultant force. is the only imteraction between tHe object air its surroundings. + By assumphon(2) , the work of the resultant force must equal guns age eo aeunenona “Thus, using &@ 2-6 * eg © work = 4m(v,?-Vy kT 103N-m 2 * Zaks) (Soo*- 2.00%) IN Tkq-m/s2 =2lo kT work 1. The increase in kinekic energy of the object is the result of energy transfevved +o it by We work of the resultant force. 21PROBLEM 2.10 KNOWN: An object of known mass undergoes a.change, of kinetic energy due to the action of a resultaut force. We Final velocity and the work done by the force are given. EIND: Determine the initial velocity. a m= 300 lb } V5 200 fHs SCHEMATIC 2 GIVEN DATA: F work done. bx eee ‘otek = 1oBha ASSUMPTIONS: C1) The object is a closed system. (2) There is no change in elevation. (3) The vesultaut force is the only interaction between the object adits suurroundiirgs, ANAINSIS + By assumption (3), the work of the resul taut force must equal the change iv’ kihetic energy, “Thus, usiing Eg.2.6 work = 4m (Vz2-v*) Solving for Vis tnserhing values,and converting units 2 ZW 2 fe ree Bay 2 Goo By) 2 Ht. 32.2 te-AHs* a 2 y] 7 “| 2 th As + aoot Hf Goolb) | Bu \ Woe = 23,300 7/52 or o Vy = 18Z.@ M/s, Ni 1. The therease ww velocity veflects the iherease in kinetic energy of the object as a result of energy transferred te it by the work oF the vesultaut force.PROBLEM 2.1! KNOWN: Data are provided for a dick-sheped flywheel. ELM: (a) Obtain appropriate expussions for the moment of the Binehe energy . be) Using given date, determine the Emehe enersy and mass for a Steel Flywheels Ce) Uting results from part(e) ) determine the Andie and marr of an Alumnunr Flywheel, ScHIMATIC & GIVEN DATA w A Steet flywheel c+ 3000 RPM 0. 38m ws 0.6t5m feria and f Atoms flywheel $ w= ooo RPM Ws our we Assumptions: | The Flywheel G the Closed system. 2. Moten is fo te Flywheel Support Strveture, Avauysis: @) Evaluating the momeut of inertia, relakve +f grav For the disk , dv = Qu dr) w. Thus, since gis constaxt I= gat)w f"r3de = euwRtr x The kinetic energy is ke = Suan CAgv*j)av and Va rw, so R KE = J, (4g r*eo*) (en rdw = 4 gwramw sf rede (9m Byuo™ oe =x = trw* ———— From TobleA-lQ , the density of steel is p= So¢oKg/m? Tut, she ate m=: pVe pleted o te , = (8060 2) [ Greate) 2 (0-3) ] * a4icg —=—— 4D wr , where ” KE &) Using He retuts of parte) » KE = Rt. (goed (o-ense)(o-38*)= ‘ xs mpwatt = 3 (900088) 2-4 G egetPROBLEM 2.11 (Contd-) Accordinyty Keb Tors teens wat) (2000 Rey aey EEN eel ke = 32.57%K/0% New + (FE wywyend KE are the Same for the atoniimem fywhee! as frame steel Hqgunce! Eb = (KE) sr Ch rere (Are 2 Tacs Ter or (pw 8), = ew Ber (pet au= (e4)sr ‘f Rave () * Ree With par From TobtA-t4 , Par= 2700 gm? 4 ~ Racz (2282) +(0.38m) = Om a Rae than) Ae mance of ee aluminvn fly what 6 mes pv plwrr'] = (e700 83, )omere)(m (eee = $3.01 «4 << mPROBLEM 2,12 KNOWN: An dbject of known mass moves along a straight Line with aw Known velocity. Finn: Determine the volahonal speed ofa Hywheel whose volwhonat Kinehic energy is equal in magnitude to the objects linear Linetic energy, SCHEMATIC 4 GIVEN DATA: vee, KE obj * KE py meio Ib \ t—> N= 100 1/5 i object Ve = 150 tbe ASSUMPTION : C1) The object awd the Hywheel ave both closed systems. ANALYSIS: The kinehic energy of the object is a > KEouj * amv ay ye] __t t = 4£.(01b) (100%) # seme For the Huywheel (see the solutten to rroblem 2.1 } Keg = De or » [Reet . pee zane = (150 Ib. H*D 1 Abt = 25.824 In terms of RPM L) [vey] | eos w = 25.82 wey | bos 3) [Sl | min = (S53 H.lbf = 246.6 ¥ev/min, w ail 2.PROBLEM 2.13 + Two objects fol freely under the intuence of gravity from restand He same initial elevechon. d ats Fund: Show that the m ee of the Velocities are equal at He momect just before they stike ‘Wwe earth % cl c \ . i; aan mem, > w 21) An object in free fal is a closed system. G9 the ccceleration dearest is constaut, (3) There is no affect of air resistance . (4) The only acting is that due te gravity. Anais For an object falling freely under the infuence of gravity , &q2.u Ope ltes dn (WZ=VG7) + mg (22-2) =O For Vi =O and 2,20 . 2mVy* = gz, Thus Vis {zee Stee the Final velocity doesn't dope end on mass, loth objects will have identical velocities ot fh ve moment just before shrike the earthPROBLEM 2.14 KNOWN: An object of known mass is projected upward from the surface of the earth with a known initial velocity, The only force acting on the object is the force of gravity. EIN’ Plot the velocity of the object versus elevation and determine the elevation when its velocity reaches zero. Veo cut Avi Th. 2, 9 = 31.5 fHs* Assumerions: (1) The object is aclosed system. (2) acceleration of gravity ts Constowt 3) The only force aching on Hie object is the force of gravity. TITRE TET ANAINSIS: Stiace-the only force aching ow the body is the force of gravity, Fy 210 applies. Thus; the veloaty and elevation are related to He init a COMaitiow \ 2 4 2 5 EA + vga = Suvi yAgz Thus, solving for V~ v {Wage icteens' of 2 When Vz=0, #15 a oe, 20 a 29 2.31.5 Hs?) Plotting the above velotionship 200 —— nee) > ™ 120 vais) z(n)PROOLEM 2.15 KNOWN: A block of known mass moves along an inchned surface. The change in elevation and Hie change in kinetic eneray of the block are Wen. The block is acted upon’ by o force parallel tothe tn chire andl Bre force OF Gravity. EIND: Determine the magnitude and direction of applied fore. ScCHEmaATic £ Giveal DATA: vg sin 30? ZZ . Ay \ | g2teims? Ge 3 AKE =— 503 *-SoN-m ASSUMCTIONS:() The bleck is a closed system. @) The acceleration of ‘avity is constant. (3) The force R is conshawt . C+) There is no frictional otc between the block and the inchike. ANALYSIS: Beginning with Eq, a.le . feds = Ake From the free body diagram , the dot product F-ds can be expressed as E-ds = (R- mg sin 30")ds So 3; J (a- mgsin sods = AKE 5 Noting that mgsin 30°ds= mg bz, the integral becomes RAs = AKE + masz Evaluating Os ass At, 22% 2, S= Sindh * Sin aor 7 OM Thus (~ SO Nem) + (10 kg (4.81 m)s*)(3 m) [!NA eg-mn/s? | R= Comy = 4ON2 Ng & The positive value denotes that the direction is the Same as indicated on the oloove Fiqure.PROGLEM 2.16% KWowN: Beginning from rest, and eject of known mass slides down an inclined plane. The Length of the ramp is given. Eup; Determine the velocity of the object at the bottom of the ramp. cues a A z, -O m= 200 kg (Om g=4.81 m/s? Vvro Z— < 2 ASSUMETIONS: (1) The mags is a closed system. (2) There is no friction between the mass and the ramp, amd air resistance is negligible, G) The acceleration of gravity is constant. amc: By assumption (z), the only force aching on the system ist e forte of gravity, Thus, EB. 2.17 applies © yt (2h) + 19 Z,-%,) <0 Solving for Vz From trigonometric relationships Z,-Z, = (lm) Stn Yo? [24.81 m/z) (10m) Sin YO” 23 m/s Thus vz I, Even though the object travels ae an inclined path, the expression. vertical distance appears in this SsPROBLEM 2.1% Kwows: A box sides doun a aamp- Themass of the box and (ts velow a the top of th Admp ots Kamin. The Aamp geomelry It alto Speafied. EimD: () Tr dna obama 4 fection , delernuns the velocity of th hex at TK ba 4 th and He Changes nt Hinehe and pokating ances fe tee box. Co) Determane the Changer at Kinetre and poke’ eegy a He bey when frichon acting and tu vetou’ eb tes bate tt Aaa A Emam: Compets uote tabs Aneuli ef part (6), Sermmauic & cwte DATA: 250 Lp v= 2 tis AssomeTioNs: 1. The box is the clored System. 2. Tn part la), frecton neglignble. 3--The acceleration of gravity % 32.0 Ft/st AWALYEI: (4) Tr the absence of any resultant force acting on the system, including Fricke, 64.2.4 reduces te & bom (VE AVP) + mg (e209 #) savy Ve= \ We'2g (2-22) =) Gs 2G2) en = 6 Als «——* As clown by 64(8), the Kinehe and the same otenhat energy Clinger Wart bam quatads lowe ana opposite WW 80 Thus 1 lef Ares mg(Ze-22)= @swer(ra.o #)(-sH)| | 32.2 we = 124d Hell + *PeE and AKG = + (24.2 ft:lbf . ove (e) Whether ture a fehon or net ) ths petenhat energy c wr Here cate ve Hutame a2 determined wi gart (a)? 124.2 flee, * Ve: atts, Hachem i Kine RE CRG Gy Swatler in magn nee = bm [NET = 4 (25m) | Cota Gent] | sere nie] 24g EMF Referring again to Eq-2.4) the decrease us potenhet anew was thee cote Can be accounted for wi derma ofthe nicreate uk kinetic ensrges ofthe boy and worl, te overcome trict on 2-16PROBLEM 2.18" 1 Asystem of known mass and a given initial velocity experi- ences a constant deceleration due to the action of a resultant force and Comes to rest. EIND: Determine the length of time the force is applied and the work. SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: Fe mes } Vp s4O m/s A neo : Qy = —Qm|s> a ae ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The system is closed.(2) The horizontal deceleration is constant. ANALYSIS: To find the time, use the fact that the acceleration is constant, as follows wo TNE, €MOmis) 36 S<—_ st % ~— Camis?) The work of He force F is found from Eq.2.6 ° Work = dmoAenty == As kg) 40) E oO s-4 kT, work, Ate IN 1 kq-m/s4 LkY 1o3N-m \. The negative denotes energy transfer out of the sysiem,Props 2.19% EMOWA An object of Eneum mass, acted on by a resultant Fone for a specified time, experience a constant aaclerafron from & Enoum imshat Velocity, END: Deternune thi werk of the Assultaut force . Scutmntic 2 City DATA: ye 0 fo. art fs x 42655 Assumprions: 1 The object athe closed system. 2. Mebion i horygentat, Sota s4SKiN exc pervencer WO cheng os potential energy. 3, TAR horgonbu acceleration coustant. Aeacysiss Applying Eq.2-4 wt te assumphm 2, the werk of the frre Rie given ny 2 Work => 4 m(%"= Vi) TH fined velocity Va Cen be determined ating assumphn 3 AV fw Ceonthat) ak ee) ave adt Sp Wve a (tt) ,O or yeh alte &) = 12& (5 s) = 78 ft/s ; 4 aye | ibe tan work = 4 (90 (b) (18 FY | Stare work (C4 thy) TSS@ Lbelbg 1 Bla (ass@ H-lbe) seo | = 9.7) Bee) “ 2-18PROBLEM 2.20 kMown! The drag fore on a ‘rock if known as a functon eof velocty and other parameters. FUDD: Velernune ths power required 67 the truck to overcome drag , Sculemaric & GWEN DATA (20.05 Az 10 at —_ 21 salad Oke << gee ah Ge = AssumBTION: The tvock is the system APALEHS! “Applgng E 4.213, the power Avequired ty overcome drag % We be (4G4/V)V ° =q en : = aootee a) al sla = ron ap |e Wa PROBLEM 2.2] Known: The force assoaated with tlerslling fecistance of the tres of © truck is known at 4 function of tHe trek Wwersht Fed: Determine the power tequived hy the truck to overcome (olling reristnce SCHEMATIC AGIVEN DATA $e 0.0069 J—> io xe wo ee ASSUMPTION : The frockig the ty stem, Amacenit: — Applyny €4:2.13 ) the power asquired to overcome Yolling-resctance is ee Rev = Gwyv Lew : (9. c0¢a)( 3225 «M-2% [)( "ote Pell gtel)| Saw reals = 6BRWPROBLEM 2.22 KNOWN: The drag farce. are Enewn as and the force assoccated wip rolling fonchont of Varvables mete resretance assoccated withSvelscte EMD! (A) Delermne the power Mequred te overcome drag and rolleny ference When the velucte moving at Smi/h + Ch) Plot the quentibier of pert(s) and ther Sum yerrur velrete valor Hy, ranging Frm 0 te BS iifh Discuss ths implicnhion fer vemwele fuel ccamomey assoibt 2 3H a 2 gr op elt 6>— — _ = AssumeTions The velsete we te ay Stem ALAS: Applying Ey.218) the power required fo overcome drag Wipe weve CLGAPMY = aA , some)| ms 1)° | LYE he | 4 (o.34)(228°)(0-08 88) |W) | ||sbuel] | ear | soon = susnd® TOHT? kp Ce) The power Aaquire d te ovwrennt cothng aanictance ia vip eevee GVW = boalssonsy| WE)] aeeletal | Stir | = 0184 VU) bp Cre) &) When Vest wilh , we hee Was suet (Ss}> = T4hp Wyre o-18atss) = 10-4 hp << Wa a-20PROBLEM 2,22 (Contd) () Lets Virange fran Oto Toil » Hes acconpangrry plot cor be developed 40 30 20 Power (hp) ° 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Velocity (mith) Wa par frantre plott tht up tr about saus/h , tee power aquired to ovsremme ABIUAG Aaristance uf Mee Signi cnt tom tee pou to overcome dvag, At lnshar speedo, ths drag sffet lac comes dermwnant because of pha VE fer ut the pc procsion, fe Wa. Siw Hoe pres Te oven, thee eg Sevetyed bq fae ange fran the fret stored om board tre velrorks , lus spear ceiving bes on sopaad alley Sif cmd affect ow Pek comsvreprtinn a-alPROBLEM 2.23 Known: Measured data for pressuve versus volume duving the compression of & refrigerant ave given. Einp: (a) Determine w for o fit of the data by pV "= constant. Cb) Use the result of part (4) to evaluate the work done during the compression. (c) Evaluate the work using graphical or mumeric tinteg vation, of the data.,(d) compare and cliscuss parts Cv) and (c). SCHEemanc & GIVEN) DATA: Data Point P (ibflin2) V (in) 1 112 13.0 2 131 110 3 157 9.0 4 197 70 5 270 5.0 6 424 3.0 assumerions: |. The refrigeraut in the piston- cylinder assembly form a closed system. 2. the ‘pressure values provided approxmate the pressure ot the piston 5 Ad MY 51S: 0 h fo fiud v1 begin wit v= constant. Taking Ha Oey of oth ides ok Tals Egucton “7 ants Taking the fog p + n Logv = Loge ve Bog p = Gn) Logv + hog c thus, (-n) covresponds to slege of a plot of vs. logV. Usih 4 spreads| program to vas He plot ‘alud he | aguales best! te curves 27 26 From the curve fit oa Ew) =-0.90881 B23 Bop Or 4 0.90887, ch Thus 2 pvetoee7, constout: 0.4 06 08 1 12 log(v)PROBLEM 2.23 ( Cont'd) () Using He vesulte of gartlal and te procedure of Example 2.1, the work is v; * Ve ~ PVs W: fray = foo 424 bfhiat)(3.0 in?) - (ur2)(13.0) | 1 Bho . (l= 0.40887) 12 wt | 478 $F the| =- 02163 Bug @ (©) Agraphical evaluation of the work tnvelves a plot of the tabulated data aud & smoot ourve drawn through te data points: 450 - 400 =H 350 2300 = 250 200 2150 100 50 ° Vina) Each elemental rectangle tn the glot contributes the following to Ha avea wader Yhe curve : WE Y(,5 su3)| LEE |] 1 Btu] a] (10 BEY(0.5 in a = 5.356 x10" 6 the number of vetangles is approximately 401.1 , thus We (ol.t)(5.356x10" 7) = 0.2148 Bfu g __W G) The results obtained tw parls Cb) aud Ce) aire iw good agreement. Eack should be considered a plausibleestimate for Hie reasons presented on age HO in tre Aiscusslon of actual expamsion aud compression processes. 1. The software IT could be used fo oblain the least Spuaves Cumve Fit by programm ing the eae for curve Fitting. [His easier fo use & spreadsheet program in this thstance, thoweved. 2. The only measured oleda ave the tabulated data points shown as filled civcles . The smooth Guyve does not necessarily ropreseut He achual pressuire ot the piston fase for the Conesponding volume. aaaPROBLEM 2.24 KMewN? Meatured presture-volume data for an expansion of gates Within the cylinder of an internat Combushion engine aregiven, EIND: (a) Deternune me for a fit of th date by py: constant. Co) Use the result Of part la) fe evalvats te Work done ud te expansrm: 2) Evaluate Hee wort dene Using Graple' cat or nowercend in begration of Hy dais . G) Compare aad diceues parts (e), (d) Scuemauc cen DATA: Data Point P (bar) Vem’) 1 5 300 2 2 361 3 9 459 4 6 os 5 4 903 6 2 1608 ASSUMPTIONS! 1. As Shown wc Hu schematre, the gases Usitlin dha piston ~ cylin dom form tet coud system, 2. The pressure values provided Approximate the prsssure at tia piston face AnAWSIS (A) ne approach to find n is to besin with pV"s constaut. Taking the Jog of both sides of this equation log p +n log V = bog & fog p = En) legv + loge we Thus, (-n) corresponds fo the Slope of a plot of log p vs. logy. Using 6 © & spreadsheet progvam 4o obtain the plot and tue leas} Spuares bi tit curve: or 12 1 . From the curve Fit Fos in) 2= g Gn) 2-1.1996 2 or os n= 1.1980 4 04 Thus 11996 02 py tte | constaut 24 26 28 3 32 34 log(V) 2-24PROCLEM 2.24 ( Cont'd) (b) Usthg the results of partla) and the proceduve of Example 2.1, the work is Va Va- pV) 2 vn fVeopM W je Gane _ C2 bar\(1b08 cm?) - (15)(300) . Ci-1.1996) kT 10" N- Lm? 10% ew Lorn Vear = 0.643 kT, @ OA graphical evaluation of re worle involves o plot of the tabulated data and a smooth curve drawn through the data points: p (bar) ° 500 1000 1500 i) V(om*) Each elemental vectangle in Hye plot contributes +he following 40 the area under the curve: : ser 4 bar\(50 cm) |! uewt| tw Uky Ce ban (o0 emt) [Ee Lae cmal totaal = 0.002 ET The number of vecungles is approximately 324, thus W® (324) (0.002) = 0,648 kJ, Ww (A) the results obtained in parts (b) amd Cc) ave th good asreement. Eada Should be considered o plausible eshinate for He reasons'presented on page 40 in the discussion of achual expansion and compression procesies. L. The soltware IT could be used fookiain the least squares curve $i by Proqramming He equations for curve fitting. It is eacier fo use a Spread sheet program (uu this iustamce, however. 2. the only measured data are the tabulated data ports, shown as filled circles. The smooth curve does. not necessarily represeut the actual pressure at the piston face for the corresponding volume. 2-a5?ROBLEM 7.25" KNOWN: A known meee of 7 undergoes elestants ee process ina piston- cylinder assembly beginn i & spectbied Specific Voluaber ‘The ork {5 kemowon.d 7nd AF 4 SP * Ein: Determine the friiral volume. p Na We fpav= -I5kT Viz OX wifey h Bwe-Is er pzSbar ASsumPTIONS: (1) The gas is a closed system. Vv (2) Pressuve is constant ving He. process, ANANSIS: Using ©. 2.17 v. we Spay = plve-V,) = p(Vz- mu,) Solving for Vo. ancl inserting values V2 = Ww tm, e P “1S kT) | __ 1 bas AN er al JO MT] + (0.25k5 (0.2 mk) = 0,02 m?, Vo. 2-26PROGLEM Z. 20" KNOWN Orygein a piston-aylinder assembly undergoes a process for which pv'3 = constaut. “The work is known. FIND: Determire the firal volume and pressure. ——q 2 SCHEMATIC $ @ N)_ DATA: We, ; P 230 bf F=30 ime | Ky aot in*| Vz2s He ft Orvgen PV econsh oO = Vv 25H ASSVMOTIONS: (1) The Oa is a closed system. (2) The process is Ppolytropic. ANASI<.. To determine Vz, substitute the pV velation info &%. 2.17 ond integrate = =45 Blu Va Va a3 8 > [pay = const\Ay = const, V2 Vi weir Sr) STR Now, eonst = BV"% With Hhic expression sand solving for V,"? ~3 = vas wy = 63) CYS BY) 778 Abe] 1 v3 Go Hie (25)? | 1 ha [an +esH)) = 041776 DV, = 18.35 He V2 Now, we can use the p-V relation to get Pp, 13 = e(M) a/ao Wey (25, \", re A) =Go te (255) = 44.85 west —__ a 1, The shaded area on the p-V diagram represents the work for the polytropic process.PROGLEM 2.27 * KNOWN: A gas undergoes a. compression process. Pressure and volume are given at te 1a eh onnct “Erstad ‘States! F Pressure and volume are reldted linearly during the process. FIND: Determine the work. SCHEMATIC 4 GIVEN DATA: prlbar,Y=03 m3 f= 3bar ,V,=0.| m? GAS Ot Ol OD V. - 2 (1) The ges is a closed system. (2) The compression is a guasi- equilibrium process. with a linear relation between pressure aud volume, AWALYSIS: Based on the given data, te p-V relation can be expressed On p=4-lov here pis in bars and Vis in m3 The work is determined using &f- 2.11 a ; we Jipav .- JP Inserting the p-V relation and integrating We fore 10S wim2||_ |e | ony (0 VT Tear IlT0%Wm| 2M — oa 2 var ot =[av-()v'1 |" fico \203 = [4 (010.3) -S (0.1% 0.3*)] [100] © =-4OkT, Ww. 1, The pegatwe sign for work clenotes energy trausfer tothe system. a-asPROBLEM 2.26* WOU: Carbon diox'de expands from a known inihet State fo a Known final purture. The pusure- volume relation (¢ specified. Eusd: For te gas, determune the work. Scusmanc & GwEN DATA: pV": constant ge Wlbs V2 0.05 #1 Fz 20 toFlin: ASSUMPTIONS: |. The gas is & closed system: 2. The moving bovndary if the only wore vaede. 3 The expansion is polytroprc, ABALYSIE: ting Eq. 217 and the procedure disusseacl od part(a) of Example 2.1 y a be -03 03 we Lev = [ = J ga = CM - CW 1 aay G 0.3) “Tes constant C Can beevalueted at erther end etater C= AV “3 avy 5 giving We GM yw aM - 8M ¢ Ces) To complete Hrs calculation; te fined aa % ragoired, Tht ’ a awPenwites we (2% (2) "Zowstt)= 199 4 Tnsechng values, the Work vo we Gait) | 144 int/ por CLI) — (B09] 1441( 0.05) Cea) © = 6 Rost oF wie) Converting to Btw, 7 1ohe We (6 Wo gt lef) | 778 9 -lbF| = Blo Bre = ___Whe) le Ta this case, the work is the area under the proce Tat Lom site | fo shite 2 om the | pA Aagrarm, alse, nat © that dhe werk (s posrtive, denoting energy transfer frry He gas, 2-24PROBLEM 2.24 KNOWN: A gasexpands from o known initial state to a known friral pressure. The pressure - Volume relation for the process is Specitied. EinD: Sketch the process on a p-V diagram and determine the work. {—2—> pV «const. + (1) The gas is a closed system. (2) The expansion is poly tropic. ANALYSIS: The pressure-volume relation for the process is it: pV sconst. > Pp ae Thus, the p-V diagram is: 1 B, > ™ Vi= GE), 70.5 ™ goo é ¥ 200 oO Ww 62 BH OS V - m3 Next, to determine the work, substitute the p-V relation into 4.2.17 and integrate . Va fm we Spay : f (senstlav = RV, dn Ye = 0.5.) [107N/m2]]_ 1 kT = (S00 kPa)(o.1 m?) Mn (22) ESS om © =#80.97 kT, 1. The work is positive for the expansion , as expected.PROBLEM 2.30% KNOWN: Arr undergoes a polytropic process between two specified states. Finn: Determine the work. Scuemanic 4 GIVEN DATA: XCF OR lomol \ 1 ps 20 WE/ing v; = {1.50 H7/Ib P= QO lbFling v,=3.98-47/(b “SS py constant ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The air is a Closed system. (2) The System Undergoes a poly tropic process. AWAWSIS: From the pressure-volume relation for a polytropic process RV." = RVs > RY" = RL” Solving for n m2 LOGtR MP? _ log(20/@0) a log (visi) leq (3a8/isod * Now, using &% 2.19 to determine work and with te molecular weight of air fromTAble A-lE Vi we w we Jpav 2 om | Pde = m@onst) (ree Gave") v4" - Gui) y, =| =m (2Y= Tom Now wm = (0,2 tbmol)(28.97 tb/ lbmol) = S794 Ib and (Bo Noshin2)(3.90 4/4) =(20)(u.S0)) yaw see] | LAL W = (S194 wl C= 1307) {= 718 Flor © = - 308.2 Blu, Ww 1. The. negate sign for work denotes energy transfer sian the systemPROBLEM 2.31 KNOWN: Warm air cools slowly in a piston-cylinder assembly from a known initial volume to a Known (inal volume. During the process, a spring exerts a force on He piston Hat varies linearly’ from a. [cnown initial value toa frial value of zero. Eiwo: Determine the initial aud fikal pressures of the air, and the work. ACHEMMTIC 4 GIVEN Dara: V,= 0.003 m? V,,20.002 m> Spring force varies inerly from 900 N when Vj =0.008 mo nero when V,.= 0002, ha TL ASSUMPTIONS: (1) the air is a closed system.(2) The process occurs slowly, so thee is no acceleration of Hee piston.(3) there is no frichon between the piston aud the aylinder wall.C) The spring force varies linearly with volume, ANALIS’ The initial aud friral pressures of the air are determined froma Fvee-loody diagram of the piston ,as follows. Thatis, ZF =0,s0 Initially : Fpring = 200N P= fam? Becht Goon) > |_1kPa 2 100km + ——* *" (0.018m2)| to* m2 N 7 A + Booving = = ‘ PAS Pat A+ Fig finally Sprig = > Pr 100 beg —__ Noo, the work. is delermined using &.2.17, Wal) pv, but from above P= Rabat Fag Since the spring force Varies (irearly from 900N to zero as volume ges From V,=0.003 m> 4 Vz 20.002 mi = (7OON' Bpring = (Bek\v - 0.002) V; Ve 7 w= Jcp + Bepiayav of foo «(Bee ytrsanes Jav 0 Y and Ve V2.2 0.002 m3 = J [ Ips + Soccev -Ip6J AV = (22g22\y2 V,= 0.003 m3 10°N/m{] 1 eT 1 Ilio7™N-m L. The negative sign denotes tect the piston Owes wore on theair a5 the air Cools. Also, the atmosphere aud the spring do work on Yue piston. 2-32 0.125k54 ew oO = - 0.125 kPa: m?PROBLEM Z. 3 KNOWN: Air undergoes two processes 1h series. FInR: Sketch the processes ona p-v diagram and determine the work Per unit mass of aur. SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA: 1 7 process 1-2: prs! ®sconst f= 100 kPa, v; 20.04 m/ hig i? 2.= 6.02 mV keg Process 2-3: p=const. , U,5U) ASSUMPTIONS ' (1) The air is a closed system.(2) Both processes are quasi~ equil ibritum processes. 13 ANMNSIS: For process I-2, PL=F () = 246.23 kPa. Thus, the p-u diagram is 2 es Zz, 3 S ) 200: o 100. I! Ol Ou 03 4 Md - mn?/keg The worl. for each process is determined using Eq. 2.17 Wefpav=m(pdu > We (paw Thus We Wee (“const des, (Peter TY, “mw * \. ers (ES ) _ | 240.73 ke fa X0.02 m¥ keg) - (1000.04) | ~ Gray = -3,082 kT/Kg to NI? \ defea \OFN-rm =| wy = Sy.rae = prl¥z-t) 3 to" 3 = @Hb.23 LA\(0,04-0.02) M | 3 =44.9246 kT/eg Ae + SEP 2 + 1.8426 a Wislm, yo 1, The vesult is postive, denoting that the net energy transfer by worle is from the system tothe surroundings. 2-33PROBLEM 2. 33 KNown: A gas undergoes Hire processes that complete a cycle. FIND; Sketch the processes on a p-V diagram awd determine the net work, SCHEMATIC £ GIVEN DATA: PRocess 1-2: Compression with pV =const. R aio Tob din, vy =4of? fd pp 25d IbFlin® [3+ > process 2-2: constant volume top =P, Pencess 3-(: constaut pressure + G1 Thegas is a closed system.(z) Processes I-2 and 3B-I are quasi-equilibritem processes. ANAWSIS: For process I-2, V, =/Pe)V, = 0.8f4% Thus, the p-V diag ram is $0 2 ” V+3 His Femg ‘m= SOB ASUMETONS: |. Tne object falls at constant Speed. 2, The acceleration of gravity co Constant ) + 32.0 Hse Awatrsis: The power trancnated to th pulley Cam be determuned wing Gq. 213 WF We mg csouy(aneaty(s 4) | 8 | = (ast Haut) | arith \ 2 0.2% hp w Since Ve Rew , we hove woe Miz Btls | seev |e KR Glrye | oe =us RPM al [winPROBLEM Z.3b6 KNOWN: The rotational speed and diameter of a drive shaft pull are known. The net force applied by the belt on the pulley isalso giver. Eid: Determine the applied torque ancl the power transmitted. SCHEMA + TIC GIVEN DATA | R=/2 D=03m Boo RPM <_ F,2E-F, = 2000N a € Belt tension - net tangential force due } ‘forces CE sett Sfension) AR RPA : The to 1 leulated using +e +a force aud fuss: The feria gleulated unig He daguctie force SRR = (2000 N)( % m) = 300 Nem 2 iw Thus, with F 42.20 the power transmitted is Wehatt * 3-00 : vev Ay [lmin} | ET Jee GooNn-m)( 300 Yv\(ore a) ol aE = 942 kW 2-37PROBLEM 2.3% EMOWN: Operating data are provided for an clectne moter at Stenty state. END: Detrnune the elechit power required by the motor and th pewer developed by th catput Shot. Determune toe het power Mpat tothe moter. Also, Ueternum tht amount & emergy dransfar by Clecticar Work and by the shupt dering 2H of operation Scurmatic 2 C/VEN DATA: ASSOMPTIONS |. AL Shown inths Schamatt, the motr is the closed System. 2. The syskm is at Steady state, Awacysis: (#) Using Ey 221 Wetec, = — (Voltage) (carcent) ‘ = = Gio volts (10 amp) | a ned co sbi RW Sse Using €q-2-20 Wange = CGrque)(amguiar vetocch) ee] 1) S| = Lot RW Wht = (l0.200.m)( 1000 0) Wret2 Welechse + Waheft @ = (hl el) + (0FRW) -0.03kW <+—_____Wret ©) Tategrabny to find energy transfr auovatt 2h . Wereete; Wereewee = § Weteedt = (L1eW)(2h)=-22 uth Selectric ° ore Cuogew)2h)= 2.14 kWh <¢——Ws act Wolk = § Wage dt = 1 The minus sign Gz needed because enersy is Wanitereed tm the Water elecwscatly, 1, This valet Apiscerk the portion of the elect power input that a Wot oufasned 20 0 shett power output becaure of effects Ww he Wot cock ao electrvcat Aatishure and frich'on. 2-38