EXERCISE NO.

15 A
VISUAL SENSE

GIO I : To study the different parts of the eyeball

SIO: 1. Draw and label the different parts of the eyeball.

2. Describe the different coats of the eyeball.

 The sclera is a firm, white, opaque membrane that covers the outer layer of the eyeball
(the white of the eye). The cornea is a clear, thin, dome-shaped tissue that bulges
slightly in the sclera at the front of the eye.
 The choroid is the middle layer. The iris, the colored component of the eye, sits in front
of the choroid. The pupil is a circular hole or opening in the center of the iris.
 The retina, which lines the rear two-thirds of the eyeball, is the inner layer. The sensory
retina, which contains nerve cells that process visual information and convey it to the
brain, and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which lies between the sensory retina
and the eye wall, are the two layers that make up the retina.
GIO II: To study the visual pathway

SIO: 1. Give the receptors for visual pathway.

The visual route starts with photoreceptors in the retina and ends with the occipital lobe's visual
cortex. Rods and cones are the two types of photoreceptor cells. Rods are particularly important
in peripheral vision and seeing in low-light situations. Cones, on the other hand, work in bright
light and are responsible for color perception and central discriminative vision.

2. Trace the visual pathway from the retina to the cortex

The retina, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations,
and visual cortex make up the visual pathway. Because the retinae have their embryological
origins in extensions of the diencephalon, the route is practically a part of the central nervous
system.

3. Enumerate the different visual defects arising from injury at

different levels of the visual pathway

Type of lesion Field defect Typical lesions

Optic nerve Ipsilateral monocular Optic neuritis
blindness Amaurosis fugax
Optic atrophy
Retrobulbar optic neuropathy
Trauma

Optic chiasm (central) Bitemporal hemianopia Pituitary adenoma

Suprasellar aneurysm

Optic chiasm (lateral) Ipsilateral monocular nasal Distension of the 3rd ventricle

hemianopia Internal carotid/posterior
communicating artery
atheroma
Optic tract Contralateral homonymous MCA stroke
hemianopia Tumors

Optic radiation Contralateral homonymous MCA stroke

quadrantanopia Tumor
Trauma

Occipital cortex Contralateral homonymous PCA stroke

hemianopia with macular Trauma
sparing
 Name : Date :
Course/Year/Sec: Teacher:

SPECIAL SENSES: ( Visual, Auditory, Vestibular, Olfaction, Taste )

EXERCISE NO. 15B

AUDITORY SENSE

GIO: To study the auditory pathway.

SIO: 1. Draw and label the different parts of the ear.

2. Give the receptor for the auditory pathway.

Inside the scala media, the Organ of Corti is located on the basilar membrane. Three rows of
outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells make up the mechanical receptor cells. The
basilar membrane is embedded in the base of these cells. Stereocilia attach to a second
membrane (tectorial membrane) within the scala media at the apex of each cell.

3. Give the termination of the auditory pathway

At the intersection of the medulla and pons, the auditory nerve terminates in the cochlear
nucleus complex.
 4. Give the types of deafness.
 Sensorineural Hearing Loss
 Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
 Conductive Hearing Loss
 Mixed Hearing Loss
 Hearing Loss in Adults

5. Give the tests to distinguish conduction deafness from

sensorineural deafness.
The Weber test is a quick and easy way to determine if you have hearing loss. The test can
detect conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in one ear. Conductive hearing is mediated by
the outer and middle ear. Sensorineural hearing is mediated by the inner ear. To determine the
location and nature of the hearing loss, the Weber test is frequently paired with the Rinne test.
This activity covers the Weber test procedure, its clinical importance, and the role of the
interprofessional team in the management of deaf patients.
 Name : Date : _____________
Course/Year/Sec: Teacher: _________

SPECIAL SENSES : ( Visual, Auditory, Vestibular, Olfaction, Taste )

EXERCISE NO. 15C

VESTIBULAR SENSE

GIO: To study the vestibular pathway

SIO:
1. Draw and label the parts of the inner ear or labyrinth
concerning with vestibular sense.

2. Give the receptors for vestibular sense and its corresponding stimulus.

The vestibular receptors are located close to the auditory cochlea in the inner ear. They detect
rotational motion (head turns), linear motion (translations), and head tilts in relation to gravity
and convert these motions into neural signals that can be transmitted to the brain.

3. Enumerate the vestibular nuclei.

The inferior, middle, lateral (Deiter's), and superior vestibular nuclei are the four 2nd order
vestibular nuclei. The medulla and pons, lateral to the sulcus limitans, contain all four nuclei
beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle.

4. Give the cranial nerves involved in the ascending fibers of the

 vestibular pathway.

The superior and medial vestibular nuclei send ascending fibers to the motor nuclei of the
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves, which feed the eye muscles. The vestibule-
ocular reflex, in which eye motions are automatically adjusted for changes in head position, is
likewise mediated by this system.

Name : Date :
Course/Year/Sec: Teacher:

SPECIAL SENSES : ( Visual, Auditory, Vestibular, Olfactory, Taste )

EXERCISE NO. 15D

OLFACTORY SENSE

GIO: To learn about the sense of smell SIO:

1. Give the receptor for olfaction.

The olfactory receptor, also known as the smell receptor, is a protein that can bind scent
molecules and is important in the sense of smell (olfaction). Arthropods, terrestrial vertebrates,
fish, and other creatures all have these receptors.

2. Give the location of transmission of the sense of olfaction in the brain.

The Olfactory Cortex is the part of the cerebral cortex responsible for smelling. It's a component
of the Cerebrum. It is a cortical region on the ventral surface of the forebrain that is
anatomically unique and consists of numerous sections. The hippocampus formation and the
piriform lobe are included.

3. Give the cranial nerve involved in the sense of olfaction

The first cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve (CN I). The olfactory nerve is a sensory nerve that
controls the sensation of smell. Olfaction is the earliest of the senses in terms of phylogeny. It's
done with the help of a unique visceral afferent nerve. It is a cranial nerve with several
distinguishing characteristics, such as the absence of a precortical link to the thalamus.
 4. Define anosmia.

The range of olfactory dysfunction, or smell disorders, is described by anosmia (the inability to
smell) and hyposmia (a decreased ability to smell). The capacity to smell is a multifaceted
process that involves both the nose and the brain. When air enters the nose, odor molecules
connect to olfactory nerve receptors. The olfactory epithelium, a specialized lining at the top of
the nasal cavity, contains these nerves. When olfactory nerves are stimulated, they send a
signal to the brain, which is processed into a scent that a person can recognize and identify.
Name : Date :
Course/Year/Sec: Teacher:

SPECIAL SENSES : ( Visual, Auditory, Vestibular, Olfaction, Taste )

EXERCISE NO. 14E

GUSTATORY SENSE

GIO: To learn about the sense of taste

SI
O
1. Give the receptors for taste.
:
Taste receptors are modified elongated epithelial cells that can be found on the
tongue, hard and soft palates, tonsils, pharynx, and epiglottis, among other places in
the oral cavity. Taste pores are apertures in the epithelium that allow chemical
compounds to enter, and gene expression in the region of taste buds regulates and
is partially regulated by innervating neurons.

2. Enumerate the 4 types of papillae.

 Fungiform papillae are elevated lingual structures that contain taste buds
and are hence crucial in taste perception. The number of these structures
varies according to their sensitivity to a variety of systemic and local stimuli
that impact the dorsum of the tongue.
 Circumvallate papillae include sensory cells that help you perceive warmth
and touch in addition to taste. At the base of your tongue, you'll find
circumvallate papillae. They're huge and spherical, with thousands of taste
buds within.
 Taste is perceived by the foliate papillae. While some people believe that
separate sections of the tongue detect particular flavors, the truth is that all
areas of the tongue detect all flavors. The caveat with the foliate papillae is
that they are more sensitive on the sides of the tongue than they are in the
middle. Bitter flavors are also more sensitive to the back of the tongue.
 Your tongue's filiform papillae serve as a coating mechanism. They produce
a rough roughness on the surface of the tongue, which aids in the chewing of
food.
 for taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue on the posterior 1/3 of the
tongue

Innervation from the chorda tympani nerve, a branch of the facial nerve, provides
taste to the front 2/3 of the tongue (CN VII). The lingual nerve, a branch of the
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, provides general feeling to the anterior
2/3 of the tongue (CN V3).

3. Give
the
innerv
ation
 4. Give the 4 basic modalities of taste and the particular regions of the tongue
they are most acutely sensed.

Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter are the four major taste sub-modalities that are commonly
recognized.

Give the termination of the sense of taste

The salty and sour sensations remained unchanged. The Serca3 protein has a calcium pumping
activity. By withdrawing calcium from the cell, it aids in the termination of bitter taste signals,
causing the cell to stop signaling.
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