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NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND ACCEPTABILITY OF BLUE TERNATE CHIPS

______________________________

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the Professional Schools
University of Mindanao
Davao City

______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject in
ACADEMIC WRITING (GS 100)
Course Professor: Rey Anthony Malig-on

____________________________

ANECITA L. CALAMOHOY
Mobile Number: 09463020121

December 09, 2020

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Rationale

With the prevalence and relevance of the issue of malnutrition, this

present study will aim to identify the nutritional value of Clitoria ternatea,

otherwise known as butterfly pea, or blue ternate, or pokindong in the Philippines

(Ansari, Dubey, Zingare, Zingare, 2013), and to evaluate the acceptability of

Clitoria ternatea. This study will have three treatments, namely, 25% blue ternate

concentration (T1), 50% blue ternate concentration (T 2), and 75% blue ternate

concentration (T3) which will be the independent variable. The treatments will

serve as the basis for variety of formulation for the production of Clitoria ternatea

chips.

On the other hand, the dependent variable will be the overall acceptability

of the Clitoria ternatea chips, influenced by the results of the sensory evaluation

in terms of taste, color, texture, and appearance to be done by the sensory

panel. The ratings for the sensory evaluation will have numerical value of 1-5,

one being the lowest and five being the highest rating. Each treatment will be

evaluated separately in three replications.

Malnutrition is obviously one of the timely problems that needs to be

tackled by the world's nations. Accordingly, the study by Aguila et al. (2018)

found that school children in households headed by fisherfolk (HHF) had a higher

prevalence of underweight (39.9%) and stunting (39.9%) but lower prevalence of

overweight (4%) than the prevalence of underweight (29.1%), stunting (29.9%)

and overweight (9.1%) among all school children in Phil. With the abundance of

Clitoria ternatea in the Philippines particularly in settled areas at low and medium
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altitudes (Stuart, 2019), the production and commercial cost of the chips will be

efficient for every Filipino household. Furthermore, Clitoria ternatea has been

proven to have promising antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective (Caroline

and Padmavati, 2015), antiasthmatic, and neurogenic properties for enhanced

learning and memory (Ramli and Salleh, 2018; Rai, 2010). Therefore, the chips

will be nutritious, appealable, and palatable for Filipino children to snack on. With

all the beneficial properties of Clitoria ternatea, the results of this study hope to

mitigate the occurrence of any form of malnutrition among Filipino children and

adults, alike.

Research Objective

The study intends to determine the nutritive value and acceptability of blue

ternate chips.

Specifically, the study intends to address the following objectives:

1. Determine the nutritive value of blue ternate chips.

2. Determine the willingness to pay for blue ternate chips.

3. Determine the willingness to accept of blue ternate chips

Review of Related Literature

Malnutrition extends to any deviations from adequate and optimal

nutritional status due to particular nutrient shortages or diets dependent on

unhealthy food combinations or quantities (Madore, Pearson, Rosenberg,

Wachter & Weintraub, 2015). Malnutrition has two forms: overnutrition which is

the intake of calories and nutrients more than needed for growth, metabolism,
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and development and can result to obesity and undernutrition which is a result of

inadequate consumption of dietary energy but may also be caused by infections

that hinder absorption of vital nutrients (Madore et al., 2015).

Malnutrition is clearly one of the timely issues that the countries of the

world need to drastically address. In 2015, countries of the United Nations (UN),

of which also included the ASEAN members, endorsed the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are 17 objectives that cover a wider set

of economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable developments than the

earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which only included developing

countries, and eradicating world hunger is one of the goals (International

Monetary Fund, 2018). Listed as the second goal, “Zero Hunger,” it has two

targets, namely, having universal access to safe and nutritious food and ending

all forms of malnutrition by 2030 (UNICEF, 2019).

Moreover, Blössner and De Onis (2005) stated that child-bearing women

and children are the most affected by malnutrition. On a recent joint survey

conducted by UNICEF, World Health Organization (WHO), and World Bank

Group published in 2019, Asia has the highest rate of children suffering from

wasting (68%), stunting (55%), and being overweight (47%) across the world.

Wasting refers to a child too thin for his or her height, stunting is when a child is

too short for his/her age, while being overweight happens when a child is too

heavy for his or her height (UNICEF et al., 2019).

In addition, in the FAO (2018) survey, Southeast Asia ranked third among

East Asia, South Asia, and the Pacific as having the most children under 5 years
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of age suffering from stunting (26 percent) and wasting (8.9 percent), but has the

highest rise in overweight children under 5 years of age since 2000. Similarly, the

Philippines has already been identified as the ninth country with the most stunted

children (ACF and IRIS, 2016).In the 2018 study of Aguila, Capanzana,

Gironella, and Montecillo, 30.3% of 13,423 Filipino children aged 5 years and

below were stunted, which was the most prevalent malnutrition followed by

underweight (19.9%), wasting (7.9%), and overweight (5%). At the same time,

among the 16,398 Filipino children aged 5-10 years, stunting was the most

common (29.9%), underweight was next (29.1%) followed by overweight (9.1%)

and wasting (8.6%). However the study by Aguila et al. (2018) found that school

children in fish-headed households (HHF) had a higher prevalence of

underweight (39.9 percent) and stunting (39.9 percent) but lower prevalence of

overweight (4 percent) than the prevalence of underweight (29.1 percent),

stunting (29.9 percent), and overweight (9.1 percent) among all school children in

the Philippines. ARMM, MIMAROPA and Eastern Visayas were also reported as

having the highest incidence of stunting in 2015 (ACF et al., 2016). Currently,

there are 193 countries that have nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive policies

and plans and also promotional strategies for healthy diet (UNICEF, 2019).

Specifically, two of these nutrition-specific plans included increasing of fruit and

vegetable consumption, including locally available traditional foods, and

reformulation of processed foods by decreasing sodium and sugar level,

eliminating trans-fat, and reducing saturated fat in order to improve population

health significantly (ASEAN, UNICEF, WHO, 2016).

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Consequently, thorough studies on the potential of certain plants to human

health has been done that could satisfy the goals of the two plans mentioned

above. Similarly, further research on the consumable value and acceptability of

these plants are also done in order for citizens to utilize them in several dishes or

as commercial products.

Piwowar, Rychlikto, and Teleszko conducted a study in 2017 to examine

how much and what types of vegetable do students eat and to assess their

acceptance level for new vegetable products. Also this research emphasized on

the production technologies of dried vegetable snacks to address low vegetable

consumption among students in Poland. A research was conducted by Piwowar,

Rychlikto, and Teleszko in 2017 to investigate how much and what types of

vegetables students consume and to determine their level of acceptance for new

vegetable products. This research also highlighted the production technologies

for dried vegetable snacks aimed at addressing the low consumption of

vegetables among students in Poland.

Likewise, this present study will be focusing on identifying the nutritional

value of Clitoria ternatea and determining the acceptability of the value-added

product Clitoria ternatea chips that school children may snack on in the hopes of

addressing the issue of malnutrition among Filipino children. Clitoria ternatea,

commonly known as Butterfly pea or pokindang in the Philippines coming from

the Fabaceae family and sub-family Papilionaceae (Ansari, Dubey, Zingare,

Zingare, 2013), is a climbing tropical legume naturally found in Asia, Africa, and

Australia (Staples, 1992). At the base, its stems are woody and may grow up to
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five meters in length. Only at the tip are the butterfly pea roots, the leaves are

pinnate, and the flowers are four centimeters wide, single or paired, and usually

deep blue or pure white (Brown, Cook, Donnelly, Eagles, Franco, Hanson,

Mullen, Partridge, Pengelly, Peters, Schultze-Kraft, 2005).The pods are flat,

linear, slightly pubescent, measures 6-12 centimeters long and 0.7-1.2

millimeters wide, and contains at most 10 seeds. The seeds, additionally, are

often mottled, colored as olive, brown, or black, and are 4.5-7 millimeters long

and 3-4 millimeters wide (Ansari et al., 2013).

Moreover, Clitoria ternatea is commonly grown as an ornamental,

medicinal, or fodder plant. The plant is well-adapted to various climates and

highly palatable to livestock, therefore, it is used as forage (Ansari et al., 2013).

Also, most of the parts of the butterfly pea are used in traditional medicine. The

juice extracted from the flowers are used as ointment for insect bites and skin

diseases; the roots are helpful against asthma, burning sensations, ascites,

inflammation, leucoderma, leprosy, hemicrania, amentia, and pulmonary

tuberculosis; and the seeds are cathartic and useful for visceralgia. In India, the

flower, root, and stem are even recommended for the treatment of scorpion

stings and snakebites (Ansari et al., 2013).

Past studies have also evaluated Clitoria ternatea extracts and it was

shown that the plant contain promising antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective

(Caroline and Padmavati, 2015), antiasthmatic, and neuropharmacological

properties (Ramli and Salleh, 2018). Butterfly pea was found to contain

phytochemicals, having high levels of antioxidant activities and phenolic

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compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, xanthenes, procyanidins

(Ansari et al., 2013), anthocyanins, alkaloids, ternatins, saponins, taraxerol, and

taraxerone (Ramli et al., 2018). These antioxidants pose as radical scavengers

that prevent lipid peroxidation and other free radical-mediated processes,

enabling Clitoria ternatea to protect the human body from several diseases that

come from reactions of radicals (Ansari et al., 2013). Furthermore, the leaf and

flower extracts of Clitoria ternatea possess hypoglycemic effects that can

regulate biochemical activitites associated with diabetes mellitus (Ansari et al.,

2013). Leaf extracts also showed strong hepotoprotective properties against

paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride in induced rats (Ramli et al., 2018) due to

the phytochemicals and antioxidants present (Ansari et al., 2013).

Consequently, in the Taur and Patil (2011) study, when mice were given a

high concentration of butterfly pea root extract by injection, the total leucocyte

and eosinophil counts decreased after 24 hours, largely due to the root extract's

anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory effects. The root extract also has

neurological advantages, too. Murthy, Rai, and Rao (2001) found out that

neonatal rats administered with 100 mg/kg of aqueous butterfly pea root extract

have increased acetylcholine (Ach) content in their hippocampus and showed

improvement on retention of passive avoidance and spatial learning tests when

intubated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of aqueous root extract for 30 days which are

indicators of improving cognitive behavior. Finally, the root extract has also

increased the brain structure of dendritic arborization, namely hippocampal

neurons and amygdala, leading to increased protein synthesis such as

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acetylcholinesterase (Murthy et al., 2001). These findings reinforce the capacity

of Clitoria ternatea to affect the improvement of learning skills and neurological

health.

On the other hand, in the research of Deshmukh and Jadhav, a mineral

analysis was conducted on the leaves of blue and white butterfly pea varieties

(2014). Calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and zinc were revealed to contain

the leaves. Calcium and magnesium are essential for the development of the

skeleton, growth and other critical processes in the body; manganese is required

for the support of the immune system and for the production of energy and also

works to regulate the effects of stress with B-complex vitamins and with vitamin K

to support blood clotting; iron is essential for the prevention of anemia and other

related diseases, while zinc plays an important role in protein synthesis, normal

body development, and recovery from illness (Deshmukh et al., 2014).

. In addition, studies have been carried out to determine the value-added

products derived from the plant of Clitoria ternatea. One of these studies was

conducted by Abeysekera, Abeysekera, Jayanath, and Lakshan (2019) to assess

the antioxidant and glycemic-regulating properties of the plant and to establish a

blue butterfly pea flower extract-incorporated beverage with commercial

potential. At different time intervals, the produced beverage was evaluated for 28

days along with a color map. The results revealed that the most accepted

formulation of the butterfly pea-incorporated beverage was composed of butterfly

pea blue flower extract, Stevia extract, and lime at a ratio of 983.25:1.75:15

which also had significantly higher consumer preference for sensory attributes
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and shelf life of 28 days without preservatives. The butterfly pea-incorporated

beverage was also discovered to have antioxidant properties but no glycemic-

regulating activities. This study then concluded that because the drink caused by

Clitoria ternatea has antioxidant properties, it can be consumed as a natural drink

to control oxidative stress associated with chronic diseases.

Another study by Caroline et al. (2015) had two objectives, namely,

determining the physicochemical properties, anti-microbial activity, and

antioxidant property of Clitoria ternatea flower extract and fully incorporating the

extract into hard candies with high antioxidant property but still retaining the

natural color of the extract. Via quantitative analysis, this study showed that

flavanoids, phlobatannins, reducing sugars, proteins and carbohydrates were

found in the Clitoria ternatea extract and that the flower extract has the highest

59.3 percent free radical-scavenging property. In addition, the results showed the

antimicrobial activity of the flower extract by measuring its inhibition zone against

Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and salmonella species. Finally, sensory

evaluation of the butterfly pea flower extract-based candy was conducted using a

nine-point hedonic scale in terms of taste, color, odor, and appearance. The shelf

life of the preservative product was found to be 57 days, while those without it

were 30 days. The overall approved formulation for candies with preservatives

was the 2.5 mL concentration that was purple-reddish but those without

preservatives, the 2 mL concentration was the overall accepted concentration

that was bluish and had the highest hedonic scale of all the formulations. The
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authors of this study then concluded that Clitoria ternatea extract's natural and

edible dye can be used as an alternative food colorant in any food compound.

REFERENCES

Abeysekera, W., Abeysekera, W., Jayanath, N., Lakshan, S. (2019). A commercial

potential blue pea (Clitoria ternatea l.) flower extract incorporated beverage
having functional properties. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6545798/

ACF & IRIS. (2016). Socio-economy of chronic malnutrition in the Philippines: a

preliminary key trends analysis by 2030. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Socio-Economic-of-
Social-Malnutrition.pdf

Aguila, D., Capanzana, M., Gironella, G., Montecillo, K. (2018). Nutritional status of
children ages 0–5 and 5–10 years old in households headed by fisherfolks in the
Philippines. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542568_Nutritional_status_of_childr
en_ages_0-5_and_5-
10_years_old_in_households_headed_by_fisherfolks_in_the_Philippines

Ansari, A., Dubey, A., Zingare, M., Zingare, P. (2013). Clitoria ternatea (Aparajita): a
review of the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective potentials. Retrieved
on December 20, 2019 from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clitoria-
ternatea-(-APARAJITA-)-%3A-A-REVIEW-OF-THE-%2C-Zingare-Zingare/
bd5499007caa11b37b3ab81b0a7d48d77c606154

ASEAN, UNICEF, WHO. (2016). Regional report on nutrition security in ASEAN.

Retrieved on December 23, 2019 from:
https://www.asean.org/storage/2016/03/Regional-Report-on-Nutrition-Security-in-
ASEAN-Volume-2.pdf

Blössner, M. & De Onis, M. (2005). Malnutrition: quantifying the health impact at

national and local level. Retrieved on December 22, 2019 from:
https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/MalnutritionEBD12.pdf
 12

Brown, Cook, Donnelly, Eagles, Franco, Hanson, Mullen, Partridge, Pengelly,

Peters, Schultze-Kraft, (2005). Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea). Retrieved on
December 16, 2019 from: https://www.feedipedia.org/node/318

Caroline, A. & Padmavati, R. (2015). Evaluation of C. ternatea extract and

incorporation into hard candy. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.academia.edu/11475072/Evaluation_of_C._Ternatea_Extract
_and_Incorporation_into_Hard_Candy

Deshmukh, S. & Jadhav, V. (2014). Bromatological and mineral assessment of

Clitoria ternatea linn. Leaves. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267467731_Bromatological_and
_mineral_assessment_of_Clitoria_ternatea_linn_leaves

FAO. (2018). Asia and the Pacific regional overview of food security and nutrition
2018 – accelerating progress towards the SDGs. Retrieved on December
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International Monetary Fund. (2018). ASEAN progress towards sustainable

development goals and the role of the IMF. Retrieved on December 23,
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https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/28341101118a
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Madore, A., Pearson, H., Rosenberg, J., Wachter, K., Weintraub, R. (2015).
Malnutrition. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
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malnutrition

Murthy, K., Rai, K., Rao, M. (2001). Clitoria ternatea (linn) root extract treatment
during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory in rats.
Retrieved on January 2, 2020 from:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5860/25945128e706b88532f0af6405578
a5c48b5.pdf

Piwowar, A., Rychlikto, M., Teleszko, M. (2017). Dried vegetables snacks –

review of the process technologies and consumption preferences among
students. Retrieved on December 25, 2019 from:
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ES_SNACKS_-
_REVIEW_OF_THE_PROCESS_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_CONSUMPTIO
N_PREFERENCES_AMONG_STUDENTS

Ramli, E. & Salleh, R. (2018). A potential of telang tree (Clitoria ternatea) in

human health. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325183019_A_potential_of_Tela
ng_tree_Clitoria_ternatea_in_human_health

Staples, I. (1992). Clitoria ternatea l. Retrieved on January 2, 2020 from:

http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&id=17

Taur, D. & Patil, R. (2011). Evaluation of antiasthmatic activity of Clitoria ternatea

l. roots. Retrieved on January 2, 2020 from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21575696

UNICEF. (2019). Children, food, and nutrition: growing well in a changing world.
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https://www.unicef.org/media/60806/file/SOWC-2019.pdf

UNICEF, World Health Organization, World Bank Group. (2019). Levels and
trends in child malnutrition. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme-2019-key-findings.pdf?ua=1

Aguila, D., Capanzana, M., Gironella, G., Montecillo, K. (2018). Nutritional status
of children ages 0–5 and 5–10 years old in households headed by
fisherfolks in the Philippines. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542568_Nutritional_status_of
_children_ages_0-5_and_5-
10_years_old_in_households_headed_by_fisherfolks_in_the_Philippines

Ansari, A., Dubey, A., Zingare, M., Zingare, P. (2013). Clitoria ternatea
(Aparajita): a review of the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective
potentials. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clitoria-ternatea-(-APARAJITA-)-
%3A-A-REVIEW-OF-THE-%2C-Zingare-Zingare/
bd5499007caa11b37b3ab81b0a7d48d77c606154

Caroline, A. & Padmavati, R. (2015). Evaluation of C. ternatea extract and

incorporation into hard candy. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.academia.edu/11475072/Evaluation_of_C._Ternatea_Extract
_and_Incorporation_into_Hard_Candy

FAO. (2018). Asia and the Pacific regional overview of food security and nutrition
2018 – accelerating progress towards the SDGs. Retrieved on December
22, 2019 from: http://www.fao.org/3/CA0950EN/ca0950en.pdf
 14

Madore, A., Pearson, H., Rosenberg, J., Wachter, K., Weintraub, R. (2015).
Malnutrition. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/concept-notes/
malnutrition

Rai, K. (2010). Neurogenic potential of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract–a

basis for enhancing learning and memory. Retrieved on January 3, 2020
from: https://publications.waset.org/10297/pdf

Ramli, E. & Salleh, R. (2018). A potential of telang tree (Clitoria ternatea) in

human health. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325183019_A_potential_of_Tela
ng_tree_Clitoria_ternatea_in_human_health

Stuart, G. (2019). Pukingan. Retrieved on January 3, 2020 from:

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pukingan.html

Aguila, D., Capanzana, M., Gironella, G., Montecillo, K. (2018). Nutritional status
of children ages 0–5 and 5–10 years old in households headed by
fisherfolks in the Philippines. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324542568_Nutritional_status_of
_children_ages_0-5_and_5-
10_years_old_in_households_headed_by_fisherfolks_in_the_Philippines

Ansari, A., Dubey, A., Zingare, M., Zingare, P. (2013). Clitoria ternatea
(Aparajita): a review of the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective
potentials. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clitoria-ternatea-(-APARAJITA-)-
%3A-A-REVIEW-OF-THE-%2C-Zingare-Zingare/
bd5499007caa11b37b3ab81b0a7d48d77c606154

Caroline, A. & Padmavati, R. (2015). Evaluation of C. ternatea extract and

incorporation into hard candy. Retrieved on December 16, 2019 from:
https://www.academia.edu/11475072/Evaluation_of_C._Ternatea_Extract
_and_Incorporation_into_Hard_Candy

FAO. (2018). Asia and the Pacific regional overview of food security and nutrition
2018 – accelerating progress towards the SDGs. Retrieved on December
22, 2019 from: http://www.fao.org/3/CA0950EN/ca0950en.pdf
 15

Madore, A., Pearson, H., Rosenberg, J., Wachter, K., Weintraub, R. (2015).
Malnutrition. Retrieved on December 17, 2019 from:
https://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/case-collection/concept-notes/
malnutrition

Rai, K. (2010). Neurogenic potential of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract–a

basis for enhancing learning and memory. Retrieved on January 3, 2020
from: https://publications.waset.org/10297/pdf

Ramli, E. & Salleh, R. (2018). A potential of telang tree (Clitoria ternatea) in

human health. Retrieved on December 20, 2019 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325183019_A_potential_of_Tela
ng_tree_Clitoria_ternatea_in_human_health

Stuart, G. (2019). Pukingan. Retrieved on January 3, 2020 from:

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Pukingan.html