Properties of Fluid Density or Hass densils 2 = Mow of fluid Value fer welt Lqm/ee or 1000 Kg hm . Volume of uid Specific Neigh oy Waght densi Weg of flurd _ Mam of [luid = 8 Volum. Of fluid Nalumwar foaa 0 = 4 Volue for veols 9810 N/m3 or 981 Dync/cc. Specific volume * Volume of a fluid _ | “Tam of Cuda g so, wk ko xxpreed an m3 /Kq. ov cel qm. w= Peoblemd One Cylindritot Container of OSmb heigynt and Aianwie of 25cm D fully Hed ly oO fluid of weight \0oN Derewmine mam dentils , Wan dentiy & Specific volume oa i & Sp. Gram’ 3 Tolod volume of Muid = 1E-h = 2x 28550 4 = 24550 ec 20-0245" . 4. 100 . Nfm3 eign dumsify = aaaae = 4060 N[m Mass density - Heignt demsily _ 4080 — ai, a fm? 4298! 9-81 = 94x10° m/v 3 daiy = Netimad density of trot Cluid (2) Specatic. re = Normal density of weliz ($4) a AIG Ka lm? jOoo Ka lm? p = odie [unt um property | Tes specific Volume = Aon oe aeSiG? This in tre property that offers yesistance to the Movement of ¢ t of One layer of fluid 40 Another f adjacent Layer of (lid. Top layer Causes @ Shear \{ [Cistance) strom om he adjacent loyer. This Sheow Sly U1 Prpestional te he ote of Change of Velocily win yesped of distance. TMs Shear Slr in denoted “d ec ay soa oy This Pxdpovhona Constomt MM mA Viscosity So, We Can Soy Vis losing ja tre Pepured Shear ‘Shem xo produce unit Cate of Shear Strain. SO, x Eupremion 4 = 0/(Ga)- $0, Unit of Viscosi¥g wit be Shear stre @ Eee NOTE! = chomye of veloCits Fanis viscosity ko actually Chamnge of distom be . Keown as dynamic Viscesir fx ee The most wsed une nite eee of Miscotilg in poise. That wwe C465 ntl For le / (Lenyn)” wa ; = fore eel } Se, 4 Poise = d Ayre gec/on Ponte ¥ me 4 Kat see fms 9B: Poise e eer ee % He viscosity, of wotew fo, MKS unit = Kal see h ahah Os sehen CGS Unit = Ayre see [em™ ST Unib = Newton. See /mt™a lé Tis be tue ako of dynamic Vistesily and densily of uid Y unit of AA [=e x time ou] A ves =, se ee So, ural ef ” cai or ae > [werrjin) | mes 8 | es Lae reece) : [m. gee) oe [MT 2d, phe’ J per] > = mt [see ov Som [See Ml In C65 Unt Kinematic , viscosity iy Known os Stoke Newtons Law of Viscasilgs “The Shea sive €C) ‘on’ 0 fluid element Layer in Aivecthy Proportional to the vote of Shear strain. lg we be fladt hich obey the cleowe velakon +4 loued Neuttenian fluid, Yomer Wk is Called Non— Nentonian uid. Tdeat Ltuid jo tre fluid ; ham ny no Ms Co$i ts. Bur = tot is pot “possible Pracially. 5 o t 6, Ub ie an bnoginony Fluid, ° i: _ Tdeat flaid {deat Solid han no velocilg > veloriy gradient rodient, 60 in not moveable , 40, Tdeel Solid 4s possible pract tal: Cohesion ¢ Proper ty of a Maqawid, by which motets OF tee liquid oltached te each oteyr Adhesion § Property of ow Liguia, oy Which enables to adhere a body which Comes ile Contact Surface Tension 5 Propurty by which @ Surface of De Liquid act aS elaske memeorant Under bens ion unit 2 N(mt, — (Gores [Aistonce) ay "Sf Stcee ye Copilary $ Pe yw phenomensu of cise (att ef o Lgsd Surface du Soret tube {h laW t= . Pasta tae pretsvere ar Lntensils of fyessuure at oa point of [mn a Static fluid WU LGuar hu au divechou, fy Tes oe Eoin~ Tosa The Ei Atmos ph evic Pressure » ; 4 A Nu2e Layer of akmesphere Susrmunds Wwe tanth, $0, therefore Le exerts Pressure on eavry's £ Surface ad-moS phere pres wre Some Thok in Pressure Enten sing to1 KPa Prewmwre NLacls lomt of Waker TAG Cm of repay Wea Albsolue prem t Prenwre Meoured with te Yelerence to AbSolWZ Vatu prevure. [absolute 24 Promure] Gouge premuve : Pram we menawred boy te Vel of any Lasturamcne vain “sen peek of obmesphenric Crermwre of datum surfite Manometar © Tastrument$ used for Measuring Preoowre Cxampk — Piezometor (most Simple momomerer) Piaomelie* Pressure ob A Poink = g.gh N[m™___| freee nemonphenie . presswrve nee ae es at Precsud Abgolule Pregsveye __ AbsolulzZ Zeno Ppresswre amnics |. | Cluid Slakic ® FUdd Kine metics | (8) Fluid Dynamics. Fudd Mech \* EF Stelic = body dn wok AM motion ; > eguilibrinm undey fre achon of externot force F Dynamic — body 40 iM motion > aclion of Premwre , force ete Such agers F. Gnematres > body ww am motHou a bur freely , no achon of Premusre, fore ere Such ahems Tes a The Civilians “a heen Page frit gasBuoyontys Whim a body is Cunexsed Lu a fed, ow upward force ds exerted oy tre fluid Ow te body. jhe tolat weignt of tet flail divplted by tue body. this forte In (ued lomoyoncy amd the Contre of bueyonl4 Uiu we hw Centace of Grane of pe fluid Aisplaced Problem 4-4. ' aa Tosa This upworrd forte ian efaod to Given mar, Wooden block flonte iy vootot« whe Lent 6-0 mtr yMolm © 2-6 vioket _ Depin oe mr, co Wa Densily 650 Ry fro? [Now density ] * i pekermine Contre of puoyomty. S¥r5 x 60) = a2-5m3 ) 2 G50x9-81x 22-5) = 1434HN. pieignt of Wooden ‘lock = Weignt of waver displaced vieianr of wodzir Volume of Wobllw dis plaled = Thiam sealer mas 1434 = 981 x 103 Volume of wotew clisple 14-625 = 26x GOxh a> hz 0-975 mr, bp esm—t BD vValume of bloc =Q@. Wagnr of block = wa (6 x yn Yolume, = 14-625 m3. ced = Volume of wooden block do wel &, Centre of buegancy = 0995 = 0-495 mk from base of bckMela. -Gontne § “BA body in flooding ina liquid, Tf UF floods Sheridentally ua poker. The Centare of Grom “amd Centve of ue on remains xn same neutaal axix. But if tue wo dD ; “coplae the dy Yven a Smau Omqulax Ayplacement , Cemtac of buoyancy REE GS hitte from tre newt avis Them, this force ding, of bueyani4 touch a tre newtaal ayis tn & Pein (MN) Thot 4 Called melar Contac. AY gute (ul aie placement FOUL Js ¥ aL 4 = i pS | + pee pats oxic : Distomée GM in Caled meta Contaie heignh a 2 y= Volume of bady Suto morded cin Cluid. BM = = cp al Y ov, velume of fluid displaced by tne, body Tez moment of TnextaPevolem 4.10 6 ae innate dex i EeCotey 10! A seid tay Cylinder of Hiametin 4-omr las @ age No 19 ge’ helank- of 3 mb con 2 NR Le Centric heiont aercict of the Cylinder (the Sp Gromls Of tw Ofinder 0.6. Die da bomb, hign b= gomt Se Grawiy = 06. walk 4 v_ Se, Dephy of junersion of Cylinder = (0-6 @ 30) = 1B me . 8 Sy (ABS =P = O-dimb AG S = pS me is 4 T= MOT about YY = aa Ve Volume of Cyliter im water = Bd’ x deptr of Conmention # 6, Meta Centric hedgmr GH: " \ aks T x Boh Bi gues § dt = 64 — (45-04) ae . Ld yh 4 (4.0) ees 0g = ga 1s = -0-05 mt (ve) Sign means hob tre mele Cenlae is bells tre Contre J GaelFi looting body g Sulo- mer ded bodies , Tts Concition 3— a) Stable Equitiomun v ‘\) Weignt of beady = farce of frou Cy layand Contre of lene buoyamey (B) in Above Centar of Grog (6) b) Unstable Equilibrium ——— as ~~ il) We Fe a YW) Bw beUow 6. IG’ AGI 'S all ¢) Newtrod Equdivy um Tye Cintas VQ We fe WB LG ot me Some point A Swomerged body in Called Stabe wae Af ° Ue Comes to Ls orginal position aflan a Slignh dete, disturbance . 4 Plane Surface Sub mex Wm @ Uguid otal prow wrt ()= 34 Ah: spectiegrontiy mero denbrts, of {Witd 3a Cre ween voce Kay fered A> 9-31 m/s” n> Sutfete Owen, Lys Fos pivtence fom Lleod Surface and Centre o Sra of tar badey - (F Ao iM newton)Ber now's equation For ao Steady , bleat flow of om Crkompre i late, wich Consists of Prenure, fluid, tre total ener energy , Kinemoke energy And dota energy ok omy Rank of te FUid % Constant. = Prevrwre Qnexyry for _ aa S¢ Prom ute head = Unite wegite winemolic. head) Kinemolic Rnewary Per = wr voir wuakene 4 dalam head = dala enenyy Por beg Gun Wane Bor netus 2guotion we lan Seq tro $0, From RM ow SE, fy, Sie setayiser get auch & aq fF BE Te —> From Meir ye Can qer Theo neh Cod Velo vy .Notceyw & WEIR A notch means an Opening Pyovided an side of (Os TOU. this etch ay wpe Jt meanuring We vole of flew ot a Liquid eWeors ave te Gytvut ov ™ Monory Studi While mnotchey ore mitelic Stuchure axe of voy Smal Side A ihteok Notches 3— Sep} Clamification of % 0 Reckoun gata notche, ; ; hes yi 2) “Tram qintow note Tes %) Taapi2oidal notches ” 4) Srepped mnotchen Emp) Camifi colon of Weire_ ~ ‘) Rehan Yala wer =r 2) Triangular 9 Tes a 3) Tropideidat % The Cio FD) Shavp-corred 5) Board —crested uv Nophe Tne wpper edge of a notch (Sheet of water) Csest & The bottom edge of & notch¥ Dischow ge Over ow rectangular notch o Mei re git Coie Chee rei head of Walle over tu Crest Leng» of Notch oY weir we Fox finding discharge, We Consider an elementary hovilontad Ship of wot of tticknen dh ak h depm from free Sun fale Now, rea of two Strip ot =L%dh cay Wea Know meovehcal velo ty a through ne Soap = (2a W = goomm 2 09m Q = Boo tr/see = 0-3 mb?) see Wea Krew fey vectomalow nokeh B= tq pax od = Yy 40062 XL XY2ETBI [o-o] %& QZ v se 0197 Mm Soy ih = he 7™. ary mn 8n. Find te his cherge oven & triangulex ser ech of aingls, 60° Whin Tat head over tue V notch jn Oo3me Axume Caz Cae O56 Discharge oven V notch T triamguter natch | s B= jet tom $x 24 x fy ¢ Is ° g % Ob x tom'ae’» foxgayT » [O°3] fe 0-04 mb see \V Son80. Vlaten flows over w cechoma wlan Wwiely : Amb wide at & depth of icomm ana after ints Pamen nvuyh o trhomguter wight angled Wweix . Toteng discharge Coelfidient for Yeclon gular ama angio Welt @d 0.62 and 0-59 veppectiveby Find peo dancomele dept over tno thang lone ndket,, = Por Yeckanqwler Wely given fret Length (LS Lmk ° Dephy of Wekow (H) = 1600im = 0-15 mk Ca = 0-62 peel. 56, Totet Ais charge C8) shee I pay 5 % xob2 x £ 7x49 (ois) | = 10:1062S m7 see This Aischonge MU Ge same When it parr Anvouge, thangulor wey, Dake given fe tantly wey, Cae o'59 02 40° So Toko LS Crom ge 3 Ser ey tom & [rg iH) js i » 00ers = Sy o09 tongs loxae] [H] a IW”? = 0.07631 3 ie oO: 3S 32 mr. ~e phe Ae phe over re triangulor notch. TusK Devivodion of discharge formule Over Tanguay oF V notch ow x ts s.—/ Tes ‘afl *e ae (u-n) Oo We heignk of Wolin, and. Oc angle of the nokch . hovege Co-effitienE of tw notch AB ea. Si = (U-h) tom 2 we oe, AB = (H-h) ton (az disc Crom te Vigne Side faw, ton OS dh iv verg Small $e, ne Com vba free of Vee Gip = 2ABX dn = 2 (4-n) tam B dh theoveti al velo = {mh Dishange Trough tre Skip§s Cd Jegh dg = Ca Fae Wh) me od Now fa toby dlischonfe O = $d@ 90. tam§ u LL a) Siz 94 ton B mm fe nen) dn 2 Cir-n) tom Sdn 4 rq f(w-w) ae 4 } 4) Ip cage Stee Az 2 3), Sh 2 9 ta tom & {4 - \% ye a] \s 2 Beg tome Le)”Veloats of | approach (— yifonsaer O weir provicked OC%O% A ver. Tht waltr Poon i Approaching tha war pocdesses O Cortay : z vein » Krenn a velotis of approach, Te discdhnge mode i tntreaned dus 40 Velori Lak, Va Ad hae veld Gihy, of approach, "ie Bh “atte heignt cha = Mor as hogar er head ha to 2 | falled bu Mead due to Velodilg of aprreech, —¥, Dischoge buono on ace War wD aven Premerohy , bret ib B23 eq ie vy wy, Fromncis_f “Foy rules gistreal «fore ai : ned pret oa % H+") “Bani s Correl se Po ue ned bgp tart, Sexien of reciunt ‘6f ouve: | debed met apven Coe une yelocity of oper ath 4 THese farmules exper tents: rf yew axe ond iF yee tenpsss} foros. —_—_ A disco of 2000 m/sec ib to ‘pod Over -@ wrectompbart weds. Te wor i deviled: bate a mumbew of operinys ench of spon lomk Tr ne vetocihy, of appre i moor of openings peoded qn orden, Pt head of wale. over fe ep exceed amb. asd ase Crernt iv not=) Tote aschengs 8B Lenym- of each Velen of = 2000 m>/see Opening L = ome APPYoach Va as A mt/see. Mead: over woe He mk Leb, numer. of opening = N Head due to valocihs of approach —» rye hoa > MA WAKA bo. et sc. 4, DEVE Dis ege cwelGeiuct | ha wot afvin So) We are wsing — newe From as ' Povmunla Tete fore Sie, nad [rm nate] ul Sythe Zaeoon) cs 20H + had] 8) Bos 4.84 foc oanterare [esiesy" > (g-2tss) oy = 49-94 m™]see Tate anRe rte Dischoye* for, One openiay qo0o_ '” fy Lt, 7 -gqag, 28°88 = 28 Numer of opering, = So, Total mumbey, of opentiny abated keLoy total. 2000 m?/See dis Chow th 99.0 . ar Tes a The CiviliansDimensional and Medel Analysis Dimentions ¢ Le ch i) Fovee = men a Accelerahiqu 2, M% > weds (Time) = fuer?) beeline ur 2) Specie weignk’= Yetame ~ a = [Meet ey Awhls Covered by Tad 2,0 gouy Wee t 4) Anyway Acceleastoq = vod eo Pes: pore 7) (Timeyr 5) pischoye “BM Ayer x velo Wy = = [M° aay * if ) oy ce Viscosity (A) = oy eos Stren 3) Angwlor welocihg = aac Cale of voles ay enmye of Aijante Force YLime (uer)” 2 [Melt] D) Kinematic visce we (¥) Dynamic vistesi oy hs \\ mean deni by — Inetrt) © [Nes] [Mert] 8) treoreh cot velocus: ni) v = [2% © opr] {2% ce J (eecdrntony Bhat) _ Tes. 2 { bre ee Lan] _ Blimenionalty HonrofineousReyn otal Number $- Tt 2s defined on The wodio af sutra forte of a {lowing fluid ond the viscow force of tre. fluid. Tnevlia farce man % Acectonotion of tre fluid (x Volume) x Velocity time uv W _ x (Pvte x distom Ce) . s «tom ey tacts x @xAxV XV 2 © av> Vistaun Fert. 2 Shear SOY) x five PRUE du yA = we % . ay 2 beer. Uo defiuoteou netds pumbey = SAV Pry As 7 ee ved LW, i wee Roemede wyscesit5 || - = ie a Vel a : av) S = Ove L . he & is In Case of fipe flow; 4, - dia (a). Reymatda Number (=i Proudels Niumbew (Fe) © ae Caw Ee u wn defined oy Me Dandie: weet of he swabs Mo SPO i, EM NURS et Re Sieg Tnenhe force = eave ara Porte duu te qos = man X Aecetomation due ie = (@ y Volume) xg = EKXAXKLYX® $0, Fyaude numer (Fe) ‘2 ga , Bary 4 Cudar’s Numloer (Eu) Te is detuned on Pe Snore vot of tre | falio of tre inthe force of a lowing Ltulic to tue Prenure force. Inextia foree — fA Reo wre force = Trtins¥y, of Prema Prec. = pKa. ; So Me P-& = Tes A The CiviliansQ. Wola ks Flowing tuwugn a pipe of La 30cm ab an Nelen Of AMS. Find tre verocia, of O81 flow ta another’ pipe of Ka foem, if the Conciten of dy namie Similodliy is Sotivyped behvecn tur ted pipe The vis easily of Wotrn and OW is aven an co-ed Peise amd 0-026 Poise Te Sp. Giactly of otf in 6-8. (faye 527) Dy nomi Similani ig , 50 Reynold number fox oth Aha pipes! Shorkd toe Same Reynolds nimiex (Re) = SYA, 3 roe bo, fot pipe 5 and Pipe? @, - IMAL & do i wy Mo We one given Tot f Cipe 4. Crpe 2. liquid > Hetew eggs ofl d, = O0tm = 0-3 mr A, =lodm = O-L mt Vp, 29 Vv = 4 mb/see Ly, = O-OL Pearse \eo: 004 Sf unk 8 My = 0-026" Poise 530-0028 ST Unit | = 1000 Ka, font 3 83.2 0-8 X 1000 = B00 K4/ m3 jooox AX 03 _ Boor Ve ¥ Ot = 0: oo1 0: 0a2r a> “Ny = OS mr] oct ~ he Tes a The CiviliansA pire of dia, bSmt ds veguared fo branspat on oil eb Sp {rom by 0-9 And. viscotilg 3x10? prise : at tw ali of Jooo it/see. Tests ew wore Contuctie a 15 cm Ato pipe wing water at 2'c. Find le Spey and OE of flon iu tlic model. viscesitg” ol wotir at Zo°c UU O-ol pase, 4) “Ew: Case, of Ol, pia CG) = 1sml viscesity of el Gi) = Bxio? poke = 3x Id ag Fg) = 900 Ky fmt? Be Duwi Discharge =" 3000 Ut (see = 3mt3/ see frien ¥ Neat >? ree “Discho y = 2 = ~ : aM als” 647 m/see : i per Ot | oD. as Tem = ots mh) Tn Coe of wHe, dia’ Os YZ, = 1009 KE |m? - 0-00! ST Unit — Mo = ad Poise = # TPeoume velsakys Maus. 3 \ “sty)) or 3 Tn tuis Be RP @ athind | mB be ape numbers | rf , ave Samet, gv, Bie By Sa Da ed } Mite My OMp SaB24 oy as . goo x1 64% 415% 207 | Si 2a, on ts + 3x 1079 x 1000 * Ghai | = 5.094 mt [See * 2 Ve = Ral of How = Velocity x A¥ee! = 5-091 * BB tgs)” = g9-9 hit [seePlow EN OPEN GHAN NER 4) steady Plow ~ se 28 20 ov (O%. —’, 260 3 Ot at at (wer0ciky ) (roe of Stor) (aurt of Cus) #) Upstate, fle Qy. - 28 OY Lio: eet? Ape FS o6 on 2) Uniform Flim pekocity of Sle = ~ depth of flew Tea ngs Seckion of Channel. ee germans Commtoant. 4) Now - Urtterm fl ? = rijern tes ou are nor Constant Crude Numweer fe = a ya mean ve av, of Mem D> ny drowe dept. 5) Swe Critital Fhe. fe is lem trom 40 8). CAO flow ar fan te Teg The Civilian 1) Super Citicar Eh? fe prea te? thom 40.Wolter du o channel Length, of Chamnel Pred Of. thowing wali. Slope of eed Vz mean velo Ci bg . - — 7 “patam Pa Weed pevimele W of he Cress-secton. Sf = fachonar wasistance fey whit valume Per um + ater so, Wagn of W = Specie Hea yevolume of pale Wolk. Ldtween tao Ces gechion. ay, & 2-2 = WAL ‘ , Component alony ye divedhon ef tien Wisin b thar iy egusd bos WAL. Sint Rackons resisteunée, Asainge motion, of “rol. | =F ¥ Suntete, nen x Gotacing)” Experimentally ne2. for , date. SutGice AEA PL go, fricHonad’ vesistomce = Bra. $0, We lam bag, WALSiNE = pei” wW ae = Ae Sink 4.2 f [Fant = clot fere : t " Uo ee tem > yVvO= \y2 se ik tm (aed chezy's Constant + M $0 , Vischawge (8) = Area x velocity GQ Sind ten velecile af ftom and voli of flow of valor Atexougn a sceckongutar Channst, of Gmt wide and 3m deepy When Ue, dy yunniry fod The Chromnel ts haw toed Slope an 4 im 2000. Take Cherys Covblank © =S5¢ Width of veckongulovy Channel (12) = 6 mr Se pe —— Q= sa mee a eM Gay Lea 43) 2A mb” Bed Slepe (1) = 1 & 2000 = 4/2600 AhEDWp Cdrokarts (A) 21ST us ; t P a 1g Hydrol miom depth Mz G= =: (some Porimette (BE OES S ODE ez IME fem cneayp Cormda wre Cue © Tar, u nte Valery of Hs Me ede ea ne os ufrs.%.doeo “2 je Gob mr sec A-XV = 1 A806 = 24-108 mb?/so0 Rote of fer ® °=~ 8n.@ Gnd ved Slope of a veclingular Tes. Chaunel of wiclby G mr @n%A dap ame G8 or ad 5 The, Yale of (low mM Siven 20 m/see ' aries chery» Contant @ 2 60. ee 2 1 by = one _ 10 P b+2d Stryr” 2 mn cheryr formut2 , | en 7% 11.7 ani £4 ae A 96 = io ¥ 5e oat (=b 1 fie celle ' : D bs Soe “Bed Slope = 1 in 69S. AR oo — Qn B. Find the loed Slope of a traprlsidel Chownet fpf bed width Gmb, depth of wots Bmk Ona Side Slope ot 3 pontenGs +o 4 Nontical, When & tue discharge Dwomh the. Lown Bom"ts Trke Chéryo Loner C= to. Bel Mam () = émr deptn @) = 3mr Discnge (8) zayemtfsec 5 6 210 Be = Bud = 225 mb. Top wide = bm+2R2SmtLism = 10.5 rat Vette) perimeto. @) > 6180629 + 2A mE poe Ngreese™ @° So, P= 13-5 mb ren oy tropileider CA) = Sty = 2435 me Wydroulic mean dept, (m) = A Zs, a = 1-833 Ms we Kron, B= AcNmi [Prem Chery formals} 3 b0= BAISK OX {BBIXL a 42 (aus 6)’ = Yess poee a 8. A, Find Tt Coke of flow of wate eovfh a V Shape | Chomnel A Shown im Signe , fake te vent Bb’ Chery londiomr © = $5 amd Slope of ta beg - Alton. 2 €¢2 99 A= mt t = Vrooo LAP = ADE = 30 ° AB Bb = 4mt 3 Yan 0 = | se Ad = A mM t = N3 A Acc 8 A ny $6, Aveo 06 APRHE = Ly hen BD ; 2 od, gi a a Ze 44 = fe-vymetze (P) 2A, : = ee ! Cs ef Gina, PIS mt © Hy dirouiGg mean deptn alee, Usiry herp) Pores ae ‘(ane o dise a open iChuaed thew) wre gal uae 8 = Ae dtme = 4-239 ¥ 56 {ro Wes, y 4 = 16066 mi? see . > he